ALBERT

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Zürich, Univ., Diss., 2007 , Contents: Abstract. - Zusammenfassung. - Acknowledgements. - Contents. - List of figures. - List of tables. - List of abbreviations. - List of symbols. - Latin symbols. - Greek symbols. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 State of research. - 1.1.1 Hydrothermal regime of the active layer in debris slopes. - 1.1.2 Slope stability of the active layer in debris slopes. - 1.2 Motivation. - 1.3 Hypothesis. - 1.4 Objectives. - 2 Field investigations. - 2.1 Study site. - 2.2 Field methods. - 2.2.1 Field research infrastructure. - 2.2.2 Field measuring array. - 2.2.3 Measurements in detail. - 2.3 Field results and interpretation. - 2.3.1 Meteorological conditions. - 2.3.2 Hydrological ground parameters. - 2.3.3 Thermal ground parameters. - 2.3.4 Geotechnical parameters. - 2.4 Discussion of field investigations. - 2.4.1 Water balance. - 2.4.2 Heat balance. - 2.4.3 Relation between water and heat balance. - 2.4.4. Suitability of measuring equipment and reliability of data. - 2.4.5 Relevance of results in context of climate change. - 2.5 Summary of field investigations. - 3 Laboratory experiments. - 3.1 Analysis of granular materials. - 3.2 Development of inclinable shear apparatus. - 3.2.1 Requirements. - 3.2.2 Solution. - 3.2.3 Construction. - 3.3 Systematic 4-factorial screening shear test series. - 3.3.1 Methods of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.2 Results and analysis of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.3 Discussion of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.4 Summary of systematic shear test series. - 3.4 Physical simulation of thaw-induced failure of the active layer. - 3.4.1 Methods for simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.2 Results of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.3 Discussion of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.4 Summary of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.5 Comparison of systematic shear tests and failure simulation. - 4 Integral discussion of field and laboratory investigations. - 4.1 Implications of the laboratory simulation for the field study site. - 4.2 Implications of the shear test series for the field in general. - 5 Conclusions. - 6 Outlook. - References. - Curriculum Vitae. , Zsfassung in dt. Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents: Structure and function of contemporary food webs on Arctic shelves: an introduction / P. Wassmann. - Past glacial and interglacial conditions in the Arctic Ocean and marginal seas - a review / D. A. Darby, L. Polyak and H. A. Bauch. - Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves / E. Carmack, D. Barber, J. Christensen, R. Macdonald, B. Rudels and E. Sakshaug. - Physical and biological characteristics of the pelagic system across Fram Strait to Kongsfjorden / H. Hop, S. Falk-Petersen, H. Svendsen, S. Kwasniewski, V. Pavlov, O. Pavlova and J. E. Søreide. - Food webs and carbon flux in the Barents Sea / P. Wassmann, M. Reigstad, T. Haug, B. Rudels, M. L. Carroll, H. Hop, G. W. Gabrielsen, S. Falk-Petersen, S. G. Denisenko, E. Arashkevich, D. Slagstad and O. Pavlova.

Anmerkung: ""Preface""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""Contents""; ""Chapter 1 Structure and Composition of the Lower and Middle Atmosphere""; ""Chapter 2 Radiative Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere""; ""Chapter 3 Dynamics of the Troposphere and Stratosphere""; ""Chapter 4 Waves in the Troposphere and Stratosphere""; ""Chapter 5 Chemical Processes in the Stratosphere and Troposphere""; ""Chapter 6 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Antarctic Ozone Hole""; ""Chapter 7 Transport Processes in the Stratosphere and Troposphere""; ""Chapter 8 Stratosphere�Troposphere Exchange"". , ""Chapter 9 Stratospheric Influence on Tropospheric Weather and Climate""""Acronyms""; ""List of Symbols""; ""Table of Physical Constants""; ""Answers to Selected Problems""; ""Index"".

Anmerkung: Contents Theme 1 History of Antarctic Research 1.1 The Road to Gondwana via the Early SCAR Symposia / A. B. Ford 1.2 Exploring the Unknown: History of the First German South Polar Expedition 1901–1903 / C. Lüdecke Theme 2 Antarctica – The Old Core 2.1 Characteristics of Metamorphosed Banded Iron Formation and Its Relation to the Magnetic Anomaly in the Mt. Riiser-Larsen Area, Amundsen Bay, Enderby Land, Antarctica / M. Funaki, P. Dolinsky, N. Ishikawa, A. Yamazaki 2.2 Experimental Constraints on the Decompressional P-T Paths of Rundvågshetta Granulites, Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica / T. Kawasaki, Y. Motoyoshi 2.3 Sapphirine – Orthopyroxene – Garnet Granulite from Schirmacher Hills, Central Dronning Maud Land / S. Baba, M. Owada, E. S. Grew, K. Shiraishi 2.4 Genesis of Ferropotassic A-Type Granitoids of Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / M. J. D’Souza, A. V. K. Prasad, R. Ravindra 2.5 Late Pan-African Fluid Infiltration in the Mühlig-Hofmann- and Filchnerfjella of Central Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / A. K. Engvik, S. Elvevold 2.6 Electron Microprobe (EMP) Dating on Monazite from Forefinger Point Granulites, East Antarctica: Implication for Pan-African Overprint / Y. Motoyoshi, T. Hokada, K. Shiraishi 2.7 Tectonic Subdivision of the Prince Charles Mountains: A Review of Geologic and Isotopic Data / E. V. Mikhalsky, A. A. Laiba, B. V. Beliatsky 2.8 Crustal Provinces of the Prince Charles Mountains Region and Surrounding Areas in the Light of Aeromagnetic Data / A. V. Golynsky, V. N. Masolov, V. S. Volnukhin, D. A. Golynsky 2.9 Magnetic Anomalies of the Grove Mountains Region and Their Geological Significance / A. V. Golynsky, D. A. Golynsky, V. N. Masolov, V. S. Volnukhin Theme 3 The Continent Beneath the Ice 3.1 ADMAP – A Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map of the Antarctic / A. V. Golynsky, M. Chiappini, D. Damaske, F. Ferraccioli, C. A. Finn, T. Ishihara, H. R. Kim, L. Kovacs, V. N. Masolov, P. Morris, R. von Frese 3.2 Identifying Major Sedimentary Basins Beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet from Aeromagnetic Data Analysis / R. E. Bell, M. Studinger, G. Karner, C. A. Finn, D. D. Blankenship 3.3 Bedrock Plateaus within the Ross Embayment and beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Formed by Marine Erosion in Late Tertiary Time / D. S. Wilson, B. P. Luyendyk 3.4 Inversion of Airborne Gravity Data Acquired over Subglacial Lakes in East Antarctica / I. Y. Filina, D. D. Blankenship, L. Roy, M. K. Sen, T. G. Richter, J. W. Holt 3.5 Russian Geophysical Studies of Lake Vostok, Central East Antarctica / V. N. Masolov, S. V. Popov, V. V. Lukin, A. N. Sheremetyev, A. M. Popkov 3.6 Morphology of the Subglacial Bed Relief of Lake Vostok Basin Area (Central East Antarctica) Based on RES and Seismic Data / S. V. Popov, A. N. Lastochkin, V. N. Masolov, A. M. Popkov 3.7 Deep Reflection Imaging beneath the Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica, by SEAL-2002 Seismic Experiment / M. Yamashita, H. Miyamachi, M. Kanao, T. Matsushima, S. Toda, M. Takada, A. Watanabe 3.8 Seismic Anisotropy beneath Northern Victoria Land from SKS Splitting Analysis / S. Pondrelli, L. Margheriti, S. Danesi Theme 4 Gondwana Margins in Antarctica 4.1 Scouting Craton’s Edge in Paleo-Pacific Gondwana / C. A. Finn, J. W. Goodge, D. Damaske, C. M. Fanning 4.2 The Matusevich Fracture Zone in Oates Land, East Antarctica / G. Kleinschmidt, A. L. Läufer 4.3 Tectonic Model for Development of the Byrd Glacier Discontinuity and Surrounding Regions of the Transantarctic Mountains during the Neoproterozoic – Early Paleozoic / E. Stump, B. Gootee, F. Talarico 4.4 Depositional Environments of the Byrd Group, Byrd Glacier Area: A Cambrian Record of Sedimentation, Tectonism, and Magmatism / B. Gootee, E. Stump 4.5 Late-Ross Structures in the Wilson Terrane in the Rennick Glacier Area (Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica) / A. L. Läufer, G. Kleinschmidt, F. Rossetti 4.6 Style of Uplift of Paleozoic Terranes in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Evidence from K-Ar Age Patterns / C. J. Adams Theme 5 Antarctic Peninsula Active Margin Tectonics 5.1 Patagonia – Antarctica Connections before Gondwana Break-Up / F. Hervé, H. Miller, C. Pimpirev 5.2 Moho Depth along the Antarctic Peninsula and Crustal Structure across the Landward Projection of the Hero Fracture Zone / T. Janik, P. Þroda, M. Grad, A. Guterch 5.3 Crustal Thinning and the Development of Deep Depressions at the Scotia- Antarctic Plate Boundary (Southern Margin of Discovery Bank, Antarctica) / J. Galindo-Zaldívar, J. C. Balanyá, F. Bohoyo, A. Jabaloy, A. Maldonado, J. M. Martínez-Martínez, J. Rodríguez-Fernández, E. Suriñach 5.4 Bransfield Basin Tectonic Evolution / J. Galindo-Zaldívar, L. Gamboa , A. Maldonado, S. Nakao, Y. Bochu 5.5 The Sedimentary Sequences of Hurd Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands: Part of the Late Jurassic–Cretaceous Depositional History of the Antarctic Peninsula / C. Pimpirev, K. Stoykova, M. Ivanov, D. Dimov 5.6 Regional Structures and Geodynamic Evolution of North Greenwich (Fort Williams Point) and Dee Islands, South Shetland Islands / J. F. Dumont, E. Santana, F. Hervé, C. Zapata 5.7 The Eocene Volcaniclastic Sejong Formation, Barton Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica: Evolving Arc Volcanism from Precursory Fire Fountaining to Vulcanian Eruptions / S. B. Kim, Y. K. Sohn, M. Y. Choe 5.8 Elephant Island Recent Tectonics in the Framework of the Scotia-Antarctic-South Shetland Block Triple Junction (NE Antarctic Peninsula) / J. Galindo-Zaldívar, A. Maestro, J. López-Martínez, C. S. de Galdeano 5.9 Tectonics and Geomorphology of Elephant Island, South Shetland Islands / J. López-Martínez, R. A. J. Trouw, J. Galindo-Zaldívar, A. Maestro, L. S. A. Simões, F. F. Medeiros, C. C. Trouw 5.10 Geodynamical Studies on Deception Island: DECVOL and GEODEC Projects / M. Berrocoso, A. García-García, J. Martín-Dávila, M. Catalán-Morollón, M. Astiz, M. E. Ramírez, C. Torrecillas, J. M. E. de Salamanca Theme 6 Antarctic Rift Tectonics 6.1 Mawson Breccias Intrude Beacon Strata at Allan Hills, South Victoria Land: Regional Implications / D. H. Elliot, E. H. Fortner, C. B. Grimes 6.2 What Supports the Marie Byrd Land Dome? An Evaluation of Potential Uplift Mechanisms in a Continental Rift System / W. E. LeMasurier 6.3 A Multi-Phase Rifting Model for the Victoria Land Basin, Western Ross Sea / F. J. Davey, L. De Santis 6.4 Rift History of the Western Victoria Land Basin: A new Perspective Based on Integration of Cores with Seismic Reflection Data / C. R. Fielding, S. A. Henrys, T. J. Wilson 6.5 Constraints on the Timing of Extension in the Northern Basin, Ross Sea / S. C. Cande, J. M. Stock 6.6 The Structure of the Continental Margin off Wilkes Land and Terre Adélie Coast, East Antarctica / J. B. Colwell, H. M. J. Stagg, N. G. Direen, G. Bernardel, I. Borissova 6.7 Post-Rift Continental Slope and Rise Sediments from 38° E to 164° E, East Antarctica / P. E. O’Brien, S. Stanley, R. Parums Theme 7 Antarctic Neotectonics, Observatories and Data Bases 7.1 On Seismic Strain-Release within the Antarctic Plate / A. M. Reading 7.2 Vertical Crustal Deformation in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: Observation versus Model Prediction / M. Scheinert, E. Ivins, R. Dietrich, A. Rülke 7.3 Seismic Activity Associated with Surface Environmental Changes of the Earth System, around Syowa Station, East Antarctica / M. Kanao, K. Kaminuma 7.4 Geodynamic Features and Density Structure of the Earth’s Interior of the Antarctic and Surrounded Regions with the Gravimetric Tomography Method / R. Kh. Greku, V. P. Usenko, T. R. Greku 7.5 Some Recent Characteristics of Geomagnetic Secular Variations in Antarctica / A. Meloni, L. R. Gaya-Piqué, P. De Michelis, A. De Santis 7.6 Topographic and Geodetic Research by GPS, Echosounding and ERS Altimetric, and SAR Interferometric Surveys during Ukrainian Antarctic Expeditions in the West Antarctic / R. Greku, G. Milinevsky, Y. Ladanovsky, P. Bahmach, T. Greku 7.7 Geodetic Research o

Anmerkung: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Algen im Klimawandel: Neue Messmethoden zeigen den Gasaustausch der Zellen in Echtzeit = Algae and climate change: new methods show the gas exchange of cells in real time / Björn Rost, Klaus-Uwe Richter Arktische Klimaprozesse und globale atmo-sphärische Auswirkungen = Arctic climate processes and global atmo-spheric impacts / Klaus Dethloff, Annette Rinke, Elena Sokolova, Subodh Kumar Saha Das Klima der letzten 10 000 Jahre: Eine Verknüpfung aus Beobachtungsdaten, Umweltarchiven und Modellstudien = The climate of the last 10 000 years: Combining observational data with environ-mental archives and model studies / Gerrit Lohmann Chemische Ökologie mariner Protisten - Bedeutung für die Dynamik mariner Nahrungsketten = Chemical ecology of marine protists - implications for marine food web dynamics / Allan Cembella, Uwe John, Bernd Krock, Tilman Alpermann, Urban Tillmann Nährstoffbelastung des Wattenmeeres: Besserung in Sicht = Eutrophication of the Wadden Sea: Signs of improvement / J. E. E. van Beusekom, M. Loebl, K. Reise, A. Schanz Planktonregen im Südpolarmeer: Das europä-ische Eisendüngungsexperiment EIFEX (Euro-pean Iron Fertilization Experiment) = Plankton rain in the Southern Ocean: The Euro-pean Iron Fertilization Experiment EIFEX / Philipp Assmy, Boris Cisewski, Joachim Henjes, Christine Klaas, Oliver Sachs Sind Lebensgemeinschaften polarer Meere Verlierer der Klimaveränderung? = Does global warming pose a threat to polar ecosystems? / Gisela Lannig, Ute Jacob, Thomas Brey, Rainer Knust, Hans-O. Pörtner Marine Genomik – Von den Genen zur Evolution und Ökologie mariner Organismen = Marine Genomics – through genomes to evolution and ecology of marine organisms / Klaus Valentin Frostblumen: Salzige Kristalle auf dünnem Eis = Frost flowers: salty crystals on thin ice / Hans-Werner Jacobi, Sandra Lehmann Gemeinsam in den Hausgarten: Deutsch-französische Kooperation in der Tiefseeforschung = Together ‘en route‘ for HAUSGARTEN:Franco-German co-operation in deep-sea research / Thomas Soltwedel, Michael Klages Fernerkundung in arktischen Periglazial-landschaften – Auf den Spuren der Permafrost-dynamik = Remote sensing in Arctic periglacial landscapes – The tracing of permafrost dynamics / Guido Große, Dirk Wagner, Lutz Schirrmeister Frühling im Weddellmeer: Biologisch-physikalische Wechselwirkungen zwischen Atmosphäre, Eis und Ozean = Go with the floe: biological-physical interac-tions between atmosphere, ice and ocean in the Weddell Sea / Christian Haas, Gerhard Dieckmann, Hartmut Hellmer, Michael Schröder 3. Forschung = Research MARCOPOLI 3.1 MARINE 3.2 COAST 3.3 POLAR 3.4 Neue Themen = Additional funding 4. Entwicklungen in den Fachbereichen = Progresses in the Scientific Divisions 5. Neue Technologien = New technologies 6. Logistik und Forschungsplattformen = Logistics and research platforms 7. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 8. Mariner Umweltschutz = Marine environmental protection 9. Informationszentrum = Information centre 10. Bibliothek = Library 11. Technologietransfer = Technology transfer 12. Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 13. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 14. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex

Anmerkung: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Anmerkung: The Sun. The formation of the stars and the Sun ; The characteristics of the Sun ; A representation of the Sun ; The internal structure of the Sun ; The photosphere, solar radiation, the solar wind ; The thermal profile of the solar atmosphere ; Solar dynamics ; The Sun: the source of space weather -- The Earth. The Earth within the solar system ; The internal structure of the Earth : the geomagnetic field ; The atmosphere of the Earth ; The magnetosphere -- Toward a space weather. The consequences of solar agressions on our technological environment ; Other impacts of solar activity ; Space weather in order to forecast -- Appendices..

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Part I Anatomy of a cyclone 1 Anatomy of a cyclone 1.1 A 'typical' extra-tropical cyclone 1.2 Describing the atmosphere 1.3 Air masses and fronts 1.4 The structure of a typical extra-tropical cyclone Review questions 2 Mathematical methods in fluid dynamics 2.1 Scalars and vectors 2.2 The algebra of vectors 2.3 Scalar and vector fields 2.4 Coordinate systems on the Earth 2.5 Gradients of vectors 2.6 Line and surface integrals 2.7 Eulerian and Lagrangian frames of reference 2.8 Advection Review questions 3 Properties of fluids 3.1 Solids, liquids, and gases 3.2 Thermodynamic properties of air 3.3 Composition of the atmosphere 3.4 Static stability 3.5 The continuum hypothesis 3.6 Practical assumptions 3.7 Continuity equation Review questions 4 Fundamental forces 4.1 Newton's second law: F=ma 4.2 Body, surface, and line forces 4.3 Forces in an inertial reference frame 4.4 Forces in a rotating reference frame 4.5 The Navier-Stokes equations Review questions 5 Scale analysis 5.1 Dimensional homogeneity 5.2 Scales 5.3 Non-dimensional parameters 5.4 Scale analysis 5.5 The geostrophic approximation Review questions 6 Simple steady motion 6.1 Natural coordinate system 6.2 Balanced flow 6.3 The Boussinesq approximation 6.4 The thermal wind 6.5 Departures from balance Review questions 7 Circulation and vorticity 7.1 Circulation 7.2 Vorticity 7.3 Conservation of potential vorticity 7.4 An introduction to the vorticity equation Review questions 8 Simple wave motions 8.1 Properties of waves 8.2 Perturbation analysis 8.3 Planetary waves Review questions 9 Extra-tropical weather systems 9.1 Fronts 9.2 Frontal cyclones 9.3 Baroclinic instability Review questions Part II Atmospheric phenomena 10 Boundary layers 10.1 Turbulence 10.2 Reynolds decomposition 10.3 Generation of turbulence 10.4 Closure assumptions Review questions 11 Clouds and severe weather 11.1 Moist processes in the atmosphere 11.2 Air mass thunderstorms 11.3 Multi-cell thunderstorms 11.4 Supercell thunderstorms and tornadoes 11.5 Mesoscale convective systems Review questions 12 Tropical weather 12.1 Scales of motion 12.2 Atmospheric oscillations 12.3 Tropical cyclones Review questions 13 Mountain weather 13.1 Internal gravity waves 13.2 Flow over mountains 13.3 Downslope windstorms Review questions 14 Polar weather 14.1 Katabatic winds 14.2 Barrier winds 14.3 Polar lows Review questions 15 Epilogue: the general circulation 15.1 Fueled by the Sun 15.2 Radiative-convective equilibrium 15.3 The zonal mean circulation 15.4 The angular momentum budget 15.5 The energy cycle Appendix A - symbols Appendix Β - constants and units Bibliography Index

Anmerkung: CONTENTS COMPOSITION OF THE OFFICE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. THE POLAR REGIONS: AN URGENT NEED FOR PROTECTION A. EXTREME BUT FRAGILE REGIONS 1. The Arctic Ocean 2. Antarctica B. FRANCE'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ANTARCTICA TREATY 1. The origins of the treaty and the Antarctic system 2. Mining a suspended issue 3. Tourism: a new peaceful threat? II. THE POLES: THEIR KEY ROLE IN UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE A. UNDERSTANDING PAST CLIMATES TO UNDERSTAND THE FUTURE CLIMATE 1. Recent ice cores from Greenland 2. lce cores from Antarctica 3. Ocean core samples: the transpolar link 4. The future of glacial core sampling B. THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION 1. The general circulation system 2. The importance of the creation of cold, deep waters 3. The Antarctic Ocean, a carbon sink C. THE POLAR REGIONS AT THE HEART OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 1. Will the Arctic ice shelf disappear in the summer? 2. Will Greenland melt completely? 3. Can a diagnosis be made concerning the assessment of Antarctica's mass? III. FRANCE'S FIRST-CLASS BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH A. AN EXCEPTIONAL HERITAGE 1. A unique geographic situation 2. 40 to 50 years of continuous observations B. ADAPTING TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 1. Adapting to climate change 2. Understanding the adaptation to extreme environments C. INNOVATIVE RESEARCH 1. The equipment of animals 2. Hormonal, molecular and genetic research 3. The implications for the organization of research IV. OBSERVING THE EARTH, OBSERVING THE UNIVERSE A. OBSERVATORIES FOR THE EARTH AND THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE 1. Seismology 2. Measuring gravity and terrestrial magnetism 3. Studying the stratosphere and monitoring the ozone layer '1. Observing the ionosphere B. ANTARCTIC ASTRONOMY: A NEW FIELD 1. Recognizing this fast-growing discipline 2. Concordia: the best site in the world/or astronomic observations? 3. Searching for meteorites in Antarctica 4. Measuring cosmic radiation V. PREPARING THE SPACE MISSIONS IN ANTARCTICA A. PREPARING AND VALIDATING THE SATELLITE MISSIONS 1. Space and the polar regions: preparation complementarity 2. Validating on the ground observations made from space B. PREPARING MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS AND MOON OR MARS-BASED STATIONS 1. Concordia - a unique research site 2. Studying behaviour in an extreme environment 3. Physiological studies C. TESTING EXPLORATION MATERIAL 1. American examples and projects 2. European perspectives VI. FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE POLAR REGIONS A. DEVELOPING FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC, STRENGTHENING ITS PRESENCE IN ANTARCTICA 1. Developing France's Arctic presence 2. Strengthening our presence in the southern regions B. IPEV (THE FRENCH PAUL-EMILE VICTOR INSTITUTE), AN AGENCY OF MEANS VII. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: A NECESSITY AND A GOAL A. HOW TO ENCOURAGE A EUROPEAN PROCESS? 1. The European Union: a sufficient framework? 2. The practical and political limitations of cooperation 3. Towards an Italian-German-French engine? B. WHAT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR FRANCE ON THE EVE OF THE IPY? 1. Excellence, proximity and longevity: three key criteria for cooperation 2. Developing a network for the stations VIII. THE RAPPORTEUR'S CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS 1. Strategic regions 2. Regions to protect 3. Essential regions for understanding climate change 4. Life in the polar regions: of great value to humanity 5. The polar regions: an observatory for the Earth 6. Strongly support the development of astronomy at Concordia 7. Take advantage of the polar regions' complementarity with the space missions 8. Strengthen France's presence in the polar regions 9. Reorganize France's presence in the polar regions 10. Better coordinate polar research 11. Solve the problem of insufficient funding for polar-research logistics 12. Define a French strategy for European and international cooperation APPENDICES SPEAKERS PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1 MARCH 2007 SEMINAR: "OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE" PART ONE: LUNCH-DEBATE I. MR. HENRI REVOL, PRESIDENT OF THE OPECST II. MR. JEAN-LOUIS ETIENNE PART TWO: OFFICIAL OPENING SESSION I. INTRODUCTION A. MR. CHRISTIAN GAUDIN, SENATOR, RAPPORTEUR FOR THE OPECST B. MS. CATHERINE BRECHIGNAC, PRESIDENT OF THE CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) C. MR. MICHEL JARRAUD, SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION D. MR. CHRISTIAN COINTAT, SENATOR, PRESIDENT OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ARTIC STUDY GROUP II. OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE BY MR. CHRISTIAN PONCELET, PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE III. THEMATIC DEBATE-THE POLES: INDICATORS AND EVIDENCE FOR MANKIND A. MS. NELLY OLIN, MINISTER OF ECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT B. MS. VALERIE MASSON-DELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST, CEA C. MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST, CNRS D. MS. JOELLE ROBERT-LAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST, CNRS E. DEBATE IV. CLOSING SPEECHES A. MR. FRAN〈;:OIS GOULARD, MINISTER FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH B. HIS SERENE HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT II OF MONACO APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. VALERIE MASSONDELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST - CEA APPENDIX 2: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. JOELLE ROBERTLAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST - CNRS APPENDIX 3: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST- CNRS

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 The meteorology of monsoons. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Meteorology of the tropics. - 1.3 The Indian Ocean monsoon system. - 1.4 Theory of monsoons. - 2 Controls on the Asian monsoon over tectonic timescales. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 The influence of Tibet. - 2.3 Oceanic controls on monsoon intensity. - 2.4 Summary. - 3 Monsoon evolution on tectonic timescales. - 3.1 Proxies for monsoon intensity. - 3.2 Monsoon reconstruction by oceanic upwelling. - 3.3 Continental climate records. - 3.4 Eolian dust records. - 3.5 Evolving flora of East Asia. - 3.6 History of Western Pacific Warm Pool and the Monsoon. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 Monsoon evolution on orbital timescales. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Orbital controls on monsoon strength. - 4.3 Eolian records in North-east Asia. - 4.4 Monsoon records from cave deposits. - 4.5 Monsoon variability recorded in ice caps. - 4.6 Monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments. - 4.7 Salinity records in marine sediments. - 4.8 Pollen records in marine sediments. - 4.9 Paleoproductivity as an indicator of monsoon strength. - 4.10 The Early Holocene monsoon. - 4.11 Mid–Late Holocene monsoon. - 4.12 Summary. - 5 Erosional impact of the Asian monsoon. - 5.1 Monsoon and oceanic strontium. - 5.2 Reconstructing erosion records. - 5.3 Reconstructing exhumation. - 5.4 Estimating marine sediment budgets. - 5.5 Erosion in Indochina. - 5.6 Erosion in other regions. - 5.7 Monsoon rains in Oman. - 5.8 Changes in monsoon-driven erosion on orbital timescales. - 5.9 Tectonic impact of monsoon strengthening. - 5.10 Climatic control over Himalaya exhumation. - 5.11 Summary. - 6 The Late Holocene monsoon and human society. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Holocene climate change and the Fertile Crescent. - 6.3 Holocene climate change and the Indus Valley. - 6.4 Holocene climate change and early Chinese cultures. - 6.5 Monsoon developments since 1000 AD. - 6.6 Monsoon and religion. - 6.7 Impacts of future monsoon evolution. - 6.8 Summary. - References. - Further reading. - Index.

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Greifswald, Univ., Diss., 2005

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. RC Filter. 3. General linear time invariant systems. 4. The seismometer. 5. The sampling process. 6. Analog-to-digital conversion. 7. From infinitely continuous to finite discrete. 8. The digital anti-alias filter. 9. Inverse and simulation filtering of digital seismograms. 10. The measurement of wavelet parameters from digital seismograms. References. Appendix: Solution to problems.

Anmerkung: Utrecht, Univ., Diss., 2008

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles. - 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere. - 1.4 Energy Interactions with Earth Surface Features. - 1.5 Data Acquisition and Interpretation. - 1.6 Reference Data. - 1.7 The Global Positioning System. - 1.8 Characteristics of Remote Sensing System. - 1.9 Successful Application of Remote Sensing. - 1.10 Geographic Information Systems. - 1.11 Organization of the Book. - Works Cited. - 2 Elements of Photographic Systems. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography. - 2.3 Photographic Basics. - 2.4 Film Photography. - 2.5 Digital Photography. - 2.6 Aerial Cameras. - 2.7 Spatial Resolution of Camera Systems. - 2.8 Aerial Videography. - 2.9 Multiband Imaging. - 2.10 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs. - 3.3 Photographic Scale. - 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs. - 3.5 Area Measurement. - 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features. - 3.7 Image Parallax. - 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography. - 3.9 Production of Maps and Orthophotos. - 3.10 Flight Planning. - 3.11 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 4 Introduction to Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.3 Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment. - 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping. - 4.5 Geologic and Soil Mapping. - 4.6 Agricultural Applications. - 4.7 Forestry Applications. - 4.8 Rangeland Applications. - 4.9 Water Resource Applications. - 4.10 Urban and Regional Planning Applications. - 4.11 Wetland Mapping. - 4.12 Wildlife Ecology Applications. - 4.13 Archaeological Applications. - 4.14 Environmental Assessment. - 4.15 Natural Disaster Assessment. - 4.16 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation. - Works Cited. - 5 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Across-Track Scanning. - 5.3 Along-Track Scanning. - 5.4 Example Across-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery. - 5.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery. - 5.6 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.7 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.8 Thermal Scanning. - 5.9 Thermal Radiation Principles. - 5.10 Interpreting Thermal Scanner Imagery. - 5.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Scanners. - 5.12 Temperature Mapping with Thermal Scanner Data. - 5.13 FLIR Systems. - 5.14 Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.15 Conclusion . - Works Cited. - 6 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Early History of Space Imaging. - 6.3 Landsat Satellite Program Overview. - 6.4 Landsat-1,-2, and-3. - 6.5 Landsat-4 and -5. - 6.6 Landsat-6 Planned Mission. - 6.7 Landsat-7. - 6.8 Landsat Image Examples. - 6.9 Landsat Data Continuity Mission. - 6.10 Long-Term Future of the Landsat Program and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. - 6.11 SPOT Satellite Program. - 6.12 SPOT-1,-2, and-3. - 6.13 SPOT-4. - 6.14 SPOT-5. - 6.15 SPOT Image Examples. - 6.16 Other Earth Resource Satellites. - 6.17 Meteorological Satellites Frequently Applied to Earth Surface Feature Observation. - 6.18 Ocean Monitoring Satellites. - 6.19 Earth Observing System. - 6.20 Space Station Remote Sensing . - Works Cited. - 7 Digital Image Interpretation and Analysis. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Image Rectification and Restoration. - 7.3 Image Enhancement. - 7.4 Contrast Manipulation. - 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation. - 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation. - 7.7 Image Classification. - 7.8 Supervised Classification. - 7.9 The Classification Stage. - 7.10 The Training Stage. - 7.11 Unsupervised Classification. - 7.12 Hybrid Classification. - 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels. - 7.14 The Output Stage. - 7.15 Postclassification Smoothing. - 7.16 Object-Oriented Classification. - 7.17 Classification Accuracy Assessment. - 7.18 Data Merging and GIS Integration. - 7.19 Hyperspectral Image Analysis. - 7.20 Biophysical Modeling. - 7.21 Scale Effects. - 7.22 Image Transmission and Compression. - 7.23 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 8 Microwave and Lidar Sensing. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Radar Development. - 8.3 Side-Looking Radar System Operation. - 8.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar. - 8.5 Geometric Characteristics of Radar Imagery. - 8.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals. - 8.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics. - 8.8 Radar Image Interpretation. - 8.9 Interferometric Radar. - 8.10 Radar Remote Sensing from Space. - 8.11 Seasat-1. - 8.12 Shuttle Imaging Radar. - 8.13 Almaz-1. - 8.14 ERS-1 and ERS-2. - 8.15 Envisat. - 8.16 JERS-1. - 8.17 ALOS. - 8.18 Radarsat. - 8.19 High Resolution Spaceborne Radar Systems. - 8.20 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. - 8.21 Spaceborne Radar System Summary. - 8.22 Passive Microwave Sensing. - 8.23 Lidar. - Works Cited. - Appendix A Radiometric Concepts,Terminology, and Units. - Geometric Characteristics of Radiation Measurement. - Radiometric Terminology and Units. - Appendix B Remote Sensing Data and Information Resources. - Sources of Remote Sensing Data and Information. - Remote Sensing Periodicals. - Remote Sensing Glossaries. - Online Remote Sensing Courses and Tutorials. - Appendix C Sample Coordinate Transformation and Resampling Procedures. - Two-Dimensional Affine Coordinate Transformation. - Resampling Procedures . - Appendix D Radar Signal Concepts, Terminology,and Units. - Signal Power and Radar Cross Section. - Complex Amplitude of Radar Signals. - Index

Anmerkung: Contents Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Discovery 1.2 General Introduction 1.3 Just for Fun — An Isotope Biography of Mr. Polychaete Chapter 2. Isotope Notation and Measurement Overview 2.1 The Necessary Minimum for Ecologists 2.2 Why Use the 5 Notation? 2.3 Why Is 8 a Good Substitute for % Heavy Isotope? 2.4 8 and the Ratio-of-Ratios 2.5 Chapter Summary Chapter 3. Using Stable Isotope Tracers Overview 3.1 Isotope Circulation in the Biosphere 3.2 Landscape Ecology and Isotope Maps 3.3 Community Ecology and Invasive Species in Food Webs 3.4 Life History Ecology and Animal Migrations 3.5 Plants, Microbes, and Scaling Up 3.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 4. Isotope Chi ("I Chi") Overview 4.1 Chocolate Isotopes 4.2 Oxygen in the Sea 4.3 Equations for Isotope Chi ("I Chi") 4.4 Building an I Chi Gain-Loss Model, Step by Step 4.5 Errors in I Chi Models 4.6 Exact Equations for I Chi Models 4.7 Cows in a Pasture 4.8 Chapter Summary Chapter 5. Mixing Overview 5.1 Isotope Mixing in Food Webs 5.2 Isotope Sourcery 5.3 Mixing Mechanics 5.4 Advanced Mixing Mechanics 5.5 Mixing Assumptions and Errors or the Art and Wisdom of Using Isotope Mixing Models 5.6 River Sulfate and Mass-Weighted Mixing 5.7 A Special Muddy Case and Mixing Through Time 5.8 The Qualquan Chronicles and Mixing Across Landscapes 5.9 Dietary Mixing, Turnover, and a Stable Isotope Clock 5.10 Chapter Summary Chapter 6. Isotope Additions Overview 6.1 Addition Addiction 6.2 The Golden Spike Award for Isotopes 6.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 7. Fractionation Overview 7.1 Fractionation Fundamentals 7.2 Isotopium and Fractionation in Closed Systems 7.3 A Strange and Routine Case 7.4 A Genuine Puzzle — Fractionation or Mixing? 7.5 Cracking the Closed Systems 7.6 Equilibrium Fractionation, Subtle Drama in the Cold 7.7 A Supply/Demand Model for Open System Fractionation 7.8 Open System Fractionation and Evolution of the Earth's Sulfur Cycle 7.9 Open System Legacies 7.10 Conducting Fractionation Experiments 7.11 Chapter Summary Chapter 8. Scanning the Future Overview 8.1 The Isotope Scanner 8.2 Mangrove Maude 8.3 The Beginner's Advantage—Imagine! 8.4 Chapter Summary Appendix. Important Isotope Equations and Useful Conversions Index Supplemental Electronic Materials on the Accompanying CD A. Chapter 1 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems B. Chapter 2 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems Technical Supplement 2A: Measuring Spiked Samples Technical Supplement 2B: Ion Corrections Technical Supplement 2C: The Ratio Notation and The Power of 1 C. Chapter 3 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems D. Chapter 4 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets E. Chapters 5 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets F. Chapter 6 Color Figure and Cartoon Problems I Chi Spreadsheet Technical Supplement 6A: How Much Isotope Should I Add? Technical Supplement 6B: Noisy Data and Data Analysis with Enriched Samples G. Chapter 7 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets Technical Supplement 7A: A Chemist's View of Isotope Effects Technical Supplement 7B: Derivations of Closed System Isotope Equations H. Chapter 8 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I. All Problems for Chapters 1-8 J. All Answers to Problems for Chapters 1-8 K. All Figures and Cartoons L. All I Chi Spreadsheets M. A Reading List

Anmerkung: Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 Some Examples of Spectral Methods 1.2.1 A Fourier Galerkin Method for the Wave Equation 1.2.2 A Chebyshev Collocation Method for the Heat Equation 1.2.3 A Legendre Galerkin with Numerical Integration (G-NI) Method for the Advection-Diffusion-Reaction Equation 1.2.4 A Legendre Tau Method for the Poisson Equation 1.2.5 Basic Aspects of Galerkin, Collocation, G-NI and Tau Methods 1.3 Three-Dimensional Applications in Fluids: A Look Ahead 2. Polynomial Approximation 2.1 The Fourier System 2.1.1 The Continuous Fourier Expansion 2.1.2 The Discrete Fourier Expansion 2.1.3 Differentiation 2.1.4 The Gibbs Phenomenon 2.2 Orthogonal Polynomials in (−1, 1) 2.2.1 Sturm-Liouville Problems 2.2.2 Orthogonal Systems of Polynomials 2.2.3 Gauss-Type Quadratures and Discrete Polynomial Transforms 2.3 Legendre Polynomials 2.3.1 Basic Formulas 2.3.2 Differentiation 2.3.3 Orthogonality, Diagonalization and Localization 2.4 Chebyshev Polynomials 2.4.1 Basic Formulas 2.4.2 Differentiation 2.5 Jacobi Polynomials 2.6 Approximation in Unbounded Domains 2.6.1 Laguerre Polynomials and Laguerre Functions 2.6.2 Hermite Polynomials and Hermite Functions 2.7 Mappings for Unbounded Domains 2.7.1 Semi-Infinite Intervals 2.7.2 The Real Line 2.8 Tensor-Product Expansions 2.8.1 Multidimensional Mapping 2.9 Expansions on Triangles and Related Domains 2.9.1 Collapsed Coordinates and Warped Tensor-Product Expansions 2.9.2 Non-Tensor-Product Expansions 2.9.3 Mappings 3. Basic Approaches to Constructing Spectral Methods 3.1 Burgers Equation 3.2 Strong and Weak Formulations of Differential Equations 3.3 Spectral Approximation of the Burgers Equation 3.3.1 Fourier Galerkin 3.3.2 Fourier Collocation 3.3.3 Chebyshev Tau 3.3.4 Chebyshev Collocation 3.3.5 Legendre G-NI 3.4 Convolution Sums 3.4.1 Transform Methods and Pseudospectral Methods 3.4.2 Aliasing Removal by Padding or Truncation 3.4.3 Aliasing Removal by Phase Shifts 3.4.4 Aliasing Removal for Orthogonal Polynomials 3.5 Relation Between Collocation, G-NI and Pseudospectral Methods 3.6 Conservation Forms 3.7 Scalar Hyperbolic Problems 3.7.1 Enforcement of Boundary Conditions 3.7.2 Numerical Examples 3.8 Matrix Construction for Galerkin and G-NI Methods 3.8.1 Matrix Elements 3.8.2 An Example of Algebraic Equivalence between G-NI and Collocation Methods 3.9 Polar Coordinates 3.10 Aliasing Effects 4. Algebraic Systems and Solution Techniques 4.1 Ad-hoc Direct Methods 4.1.1 Fourier Approximations 4.1.2 Chebyshev Tau Approximations 4.1.3 Galerkin Approximations 4.1.4 Schur Decomposition and Matrix Diagonalization 4.2 Direct Methods 4.2.1 Tensor Products of Matrices 4.2.2 Multidimensional Stiffness and Mass Matrices 4.2.3 Gaussian Elimination Techniques 4.3 Eigen-Analysis of Spectral Derivative Matrices 4.3.1 Second-Derivative Matrices 4.3.2 First-Derivative Matrices 4.3.3 Advection-Diffusion Matrices 4.4 Preconditioning 4.4.1 Fundamentals of Iterative Methods for Spectral Discretizations 4.4.2 Low-Order Preconditioning of Model Spectral Operators in One Dimension 4.4.3 Low-Order Preconditioning in Several Dimensions 4.4.4 Spectral Preconditioning 4.5 Descent and Krylov Iterative Methods for Spectral Equations 4.5.1 Multidimensional Matrix-Vector Multiplication 4.5.2 Iterative Methods 4.6 Spectral Multigrid Methods 4.6.1 One-Dimensional Fourier Multigrid Model Problem 4.6.2 General Spectral Multigrid Methods 4.7 Numerical Examples of Direct and Iterative Methods 4.7.1 Fourier Collocation Discretizations 4.7.2 Chebyshev Collocation Discretizations 4.7.3 Legendre G-NI Discretizations 4.7.4 Preconditioners for Legendre G-NI Matrices 4.8 Interlude 5. Polynomial Approximation Theory 5.1 Fourier Approximation 5.1.1 Inverse Inequalities for Trigonometric Polynomials 5.1.2 Estimates for the Truncation and Best Approximation Errors 5.1.3 Estimates for the Interpolation Error 5.2 Sturm-Liouville Expansions 5.2.1 Regular Sturm-Liouville Problems 5.2.2 Singular Sturm-Liouville Problems 5.3 Discrete Norms 5.4 Legendre Approximations 5.4.1 Inverse Inequalities for Algebraic Polynomials 5.4.2 Estimates for the Truncation and Best Approximation Errors 5.4.3 Estimates for the Interpolation Error 5.4.4 Scaled Estimates 5.5 Chebyshev Approximations 5.5.1 Inverse Inequalities for Polynomials 5.5.2 Estimates for the Truncation and Best Approximation Errors 5.5.3 Estimates for the Interpolation Error 5.6 Proofs of Some Approximation Results 5.7 Other Polynomial Approximations 5.7.1 Jacobi Polynomials 5.7.2 Laguerre and Hermite Polynomials 5.8 Approximation in Cartesian-Product Domains 5.8.1 Fourier Approximations 5.8.2 Legendre Approximations 5.8.3 Mapped Operators and Scaled Estimates 5.8.4 Chebyshev and Other Jacobi Approximations 5.8.5 Blended Trigonometric and Algebraic Approximations 5.9 Approximation in Triangles and Related Domains 6. Theory of Stability and Convergence 6.1 Three Elementary Examples Revisited 6.1.1 A Fourier Galerkin Method for the Wave Equation 6.1.2 A Chebyshev Collocation Method for the Heat Equation 6.1.3 A Legendre Tau Method for the Poisson Equation 6.2 Towards a General Theory 6.3 General Formulation of Spectral Approximations to Linear Steady Problems 6.4 Galerkin, Collocation, G-NI and Tau Methods 6.4.1 Galerkin Methods 6.4.2 Collocation Methods 6.4.3 G-NI Methods 6.4.4 Tau Methods 6.5 General Formulation of Spectral Approximations to Linear Evolution Problems 6.5.1 Conditions for Stability and Convergence: The Parabolic Case 6.5.2 Conditions for Stability and Convergence: The Hyperbolic Case 6.6 The Error Equation 7. Analysis of Model Boundary-Value Problems 7.1 The Poisson Equation 7.1.1 Legendre Methods 7.1.2 Chebyshev Methods 7.1.3 Other Boundary-Value Problems 7.2 Singularly Perturbed Elliptic Equations 7.2.1 Stabilization of Spectral Methods 7.3 The Eigenvalues of Some Spectral Operators 7.3.1 The Discrete Eigenvalues for Lu = −uxx 7.3.2 The Discrete Eigenvalues for Lu = −νuxx + βux 7.3.3 The Discrete Eigenvalues for Lu = ux 7.4 The Preconditioning of Spectral Operators 7.5 The Heat Equation 7.6 Linear Hyperbolic Equations 7.6.1 Periodic Boundary Conditions 7.6.2 Nonperiodic Boundary Conditions 7.6.3 The Resolution of the Gibbs Phenomenon 7.6.4 Spectral Accuracy for Non-Smooth Solutions 7.7 Scalar Conservation Laws 7.8 The Steady Burgers Equation Appendix A. Basic Mathematical Concepts A.1 Hilbert and Banach Spaces A.2 The Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality A.3 Linear Operators Between Banach Spaces A.4 The Fr´echet Derivative of an Operator A.5 The Lax-Milgram Theorem A.6 Dense Subspace of a Normed Space A.7 The Spaces Cm(Ω), m ≥ 0 A.8 Functions of Bounded Variation and the Riemann(-Stieltjes) Integral A.9 The Lebesgue Integral and Lp-Spaces A.10 Infinitely Differentiable Functions and Distributions A.11 Sobolev Spaces and Sobolev Norms A.12 The Sobolev Inequality A.13 The Poincar´e Inequality A.14 The Hardy Inequality A.15 The Gronwall Lemma Appendix B. Fast Fourier Transforms Appendix C. Iterative Methods for Linear Systems C.1 A Gentle Approach to Iterative Methods C.2 Descent Methods for Symmetric Problems C.3 Krylov Methods for Nonsymmetric Problems Appendix D. Time Discretizations D.1 Notation and Stability Definitions D.2 Standard ODE Methods D.2.1 Leap Frog Method D.2.2 Adams-Bashforth Methods D.2.3 Adams-Moulton Methods D.2.4 Backwards-Difference Formulas D.2.5 Runge-Kutta Methods D.3 Integrating Factors D.4 Low-Storage Schemes References Index

Anmerkung: Contents Preface PART I Framework of Climate Science CHAPTER 1 Overview of Climate Science Climate and Climate Change 1-1 Geologic Time Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales 1-2 How This Book Is Organized Development of Climate Science 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change Overview of the Climate System 1-4 Components of the Climate System 1-5 Climate Forcing 1-6 Climate System Responses 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response 1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks CHAPTER 2 Climate Archives, Data, and Models Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution 2-1 Types of Archives 2-2 Dating Climate Records 2-3 Climatic Resolution Climatic Data 2-4 Biotic Data 2-5 Geological and Geochemical Data Climate Models 2-6 Physical Climate Models 2-7 Geochemical Models PART II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 3 CO2and Long-Term Climate Greenhouse Worlds Faint Young Sun Paradox Carbon Exchanges Between Rocks and the Atmosphere 3-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere 3-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat? 3-3 Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat? 3-4 Gaia Hypothesis Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon Subcycle Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”? A Snowball Earth? CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate Plate Tectonics 4-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates 4-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions Polar Position Hypothesis 4-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions Since 500 Myr Ago Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea 4-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago 4-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis 4-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading 4-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis 4-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering 4-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming 4-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering 4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin 4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback? CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse 5-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch? 5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future Sea Level Changes and Climate 5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level 5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level Asteroid Impact Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago 6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation 6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements 6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling? 6-4 Gateway Hypothesis 6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO2 6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis 6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis Climate DebateTiming of the Uplift in Western North America Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation Earth’s Orbit Today 7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons 7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit 7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation 7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time 7-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season 7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records 7-8 Time Series Analysis 7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records 7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons Monsoon Circulations 8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons 8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean 8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic 8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment 8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil 8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago 8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size 9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing 9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation 9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay 9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence 9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Ice Cores 10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores 10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air 10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2 10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go? 10-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean? 10-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater 10-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters A Closer Look at Climate Science: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping 10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4 Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO2and CH4 CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World 11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly at 41,000 Years? 11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses? 11-3 CO2 Feedback at 41,000 Years? Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World 11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South? Why did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at ~100,000 Years? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response 11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock 11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local Environment 11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases PART IV Deglacial Climate Change CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas 12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum 12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets? 12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons 12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the Continents 12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern Ice Sheets 12-9 Climate Changes far from the Northern Ice Sheets How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling 12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling 12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power 13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt? 13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level 13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial Two-Step To

Anmerkung: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Rinnen im Meereis: Heizung für die Atmosphäre? = Leads in Sea Ice: Heating the Atmosphere? / Christof Lüpkes, Vladimir Gryanik, Anna Barbara Herold, Gerit Birnbaum, Ulrike Wacker, Jörg Hartmann Die polaren Ozeane vor dem Hintergrund der Klimaänderung – Ein Vergleich = The Polar Oceans in the context of climate change – commons and contrasts / Eberhard Fahrbach, Christian Haas und Ursula Schauer Wissenschaftliches Rechnen und Ozeanographie für das Krisenmanagement: Der Beitrag des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts zum Deutsch-Indonesischen Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem = Scientific computing and oceanography for hazard management: The contribution of the Alfred Wegener Institute to the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System / Jörn Behrens, Wolfgang Hiller, Jens Schröter Klimaarchiv Eis – Das European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) = Climate archive in ice - the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) / Hubertus Fischer, Frank Wilhelms, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Hans Oerter, Hanno Meyer, Peter Köhler, Rainer Gersonde & Heinz Miller Schwarzschiefer vom Nordpol entschlüsseln Klimageschichte: Der Arktische Ozean war vor 45 Millionen Jahren so warm wie die Ostsee heute = Black shales near the North Pole decipher climate history: The Arctic Ocean at 45 Ma was as warm as the modern Baltic Sea / Ruediger Stein, Petra Weller, Bettina Boucsein und Jens Matthiessen Leben auf dem Mars? Methan-bildende Mikroorganismen aus sibirischen Permafrost-böden als Studienobjekte = Life on Mars? Methane-forming micro-organisms from Siberian permafrost soils as study objects / Dirk Wagner und Daria Morozova Seeelefanten helfen Südozeanmodellierern = Elephant Seals help validate Finite Element Ice-Ocean Model / Ralph Timmermann Neuigkeiten in der Krillforschung: Licht kontrolliert Lebensfunktionen des Krills = News in Krill research: Light controls life functions of krill / Mathias Teschke, Bettina Meyer, Carsten Pape, Susanne Spahic Wie wird man 400 Jahre alt? Altersvorsorge der Islandmuschel (Arctica islandica) = Living 400 years – what is the secret of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)? / Doris Abele, Eva Philipp, Julia Strahl, Thomas Brey Langzeitforschung auf Helgoland und Sylt: Ein Finger am Puls der Nordsee = Long-Term Ecological Research at Helgoland and Sylt: Keeping a Finger at the Pulse of the North Sea / Justus E.E. van Beusekom, Maarten Boersma, Karsten Reise and Karen H. Wiltshire 3. Forschung = Research MARCOPOLI 3.1 MARINE 3.2 COAST 3.3 POLAR 3.4 Neue Themen = Additional funding 4. Helmholtz-Nachwuchsgruppen = Helmholtz Young Investigator Groups 5. Entwicklungen in den Fachbereichen = Progresses in the Scientific Divisions 6. Neue Technologien = New technologies 7. Logistik und Forschungsplattformen = Logistics and research platforms 8. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 9. Mariner Umweltschutz = Marine environmental protection 10. Wissenschaftliches Rechenzentrum = Scientific data processing centre 11. Bibliothek = Library 12. Technologietransfer = Technology transfer 13. Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 14. Schulprojekt = School project 15. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 16. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex , Text in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents List of contributors Introduction Part I Geophysical methods 1 Electrical methods / C. Kneisel and C. Hauck 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Measurement principles 1.3 Data acquisition 1.4 Data processing 1.5 Periglacial applications and particularities 1.6 Conclusions 1.7 Checklist References 2 Electromagnetic methods / A. Hardt and C. Hauck 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Background 2.3 Periglacial applications and particularities 2.4 Conclusions 2.5 Checklist References 3 Refraction seismics / L. Schrott and T. Hoffmann 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Measurement principles 3.3 Limitations of seismic refraction based on measurement principles 3.4 Data acquisition 3.5 Data processing 3.6 Periglacial applications and particularities 3.7 Checklist References 4 Ground-penetrating radar / I. Berthling and K. Melvold 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Measurement principles 4.3 Data acqusition 4.4 Data processing 4.5 Periglacial applications and particularities 4.6 Recommendations References Part Il Case studies 5 Typology of vertical electrical soundings for permafrost/ground ice investigation in the forefields of small alpine glaciers / R. Delaloye and C. Lambiel 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Method 5.3 Typology 5.4 Conclusions References 6 ERT imaging for frozen ground detection / M. Ishikawa 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Data acquisition and quality control 6.3 Case studies 6.4 Summary References 7 Electrical resistivity values of frozen soil from YES and TEM field observations and laboratory experiments / K. Harada 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods 7.3 Results 7.4 Summary References 8 Results of geophysical surveys on Kasprowy Wierch, the Tatra Mountains, Poland / W. Dobinski, B. Zogala, K. Wzietek and L. Litwin 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Field site 8.3 Methods 8.4 Measurements 8.5 Analysis and interpretation of the measurements 8.6 Conclusions References 9 Reassessment of DC resistivity in rock glaciers by comparing with P-wave velocity: a case study in the Swiss Alps / A. Ikeda 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methods 9.3 Field sites with borehole information 9.4 Results 9.5 Discussion 9.6 Conclusions References 10 Quantifying the ice content in low-altitude scree slopes using geophysical methods / C. Hauck and C. Kneisel 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methods 10.3 Field sites 10.4 Results 10.5 Discussion and conclusions References 11 The use of GPR in determining talus thickness and talus structure / O. Sass 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Study sites and data acquisition 11.3 Results 11.4 Conclusions References 12 GPR soundings of rock glaciers on Svalbard / I. Berthling, B. Etzelmüller, H. Farbrot, K. Isaksen, M. Wåle and R. Ødegård 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methods 12.3 Results and interpretation 12.4 Discussion References 13 Arctic glaciers and ground-penetrating radar. Case study: Stagnation Glacier, Bylot Island, Canada / T. Irvine-Fynn and B. Moorman 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Field site 13.3 Field methods 13.4 Processing methods 13.5 Results 13.6 Discussion 13.7 Conclusions References 14 Mapping of subglacial topography using GPR for determining subglacial hydraulic conditions / K. Melvold and T. V. Schuler 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Field site 14.3 Methodology 14.4 Results 14.5 Discussion 14.6 Conclusions References 15 Snow measurements using GPR: example from Amundsenisen, Svalbard / K. Melvold 15.1 Introduction 15.2 GPR and GPS equipment and measurements 15:3 Data processing 15.4 Results and discussion 15.5 Conclusions References 16 Mapping frazil ice conditions in rivers using ground penetrating radar / I. Berthling, H. Benjaminsen and A. Kvambekk 16J Introduction 16.2 Setting and field procedures 16.3 Results 16.4 Discussion 16.5 Conclusions References Contents Appendix Tables of geophysical parameters for periglacial environments Index

Anmerkung: Zugl.: München,Univ. der Bundeswehr, Diss., 2005