ALBERT

Note: Contents Acknowledgement 1 Russian-German Co-operation 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Working areas 2.2 General logistics and transportation 2.3 Technical Report of the Station Samoylov 2.4 Time tables of Working group 2.4.1 Team 1 (Samoylov Island) 2.4.2 Team 2 (Arga Complex) 2.4.3 Team 3 (Bykovsky Peninsula) 2.5 Participants of expedition 2.6 Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes in Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Methods and field experiments 3.3 Preliminary results 3.3.1 Recent soil studies 3.3.2 Methane emission 3.3.3 In situ studies on CH4-Fluxes 3.3.4 Permafrost and ice wedge coring 3.4 Further investigations 3.5 References 4 Biological Research in the Lena Delta 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Zooplankton from Tundra Water Basin the Lena Delta 4.3 Avifauna of northwestern Lena Delta 4.4 Genetics Diversity and Taxonomy of Artic Lemming 5 Shore Erosion and Sediment Flux from Eroded Islands 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methods 5.3 Results 5.4 Discussion and conclusions 6 Investigation of Run Off in the Sardakh-Trofimovsky Bifurcation Point of the Lena River Delta 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Previous Research 6.3 Measurements of 2001 6.4 Conclusions 6.5 References 7 Coastal Processes and Methane Dynamics in the Northwestern Part of the Lena Delta 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pecularities of coastal processes and shoreline dynamics of the accumulative-erosive coastal system 7.3 Bathymetric measurements 7.4 Methane-related investigations of soils and waters in the Sanga-Dzhie region 7.5 Bathymetry and biogeochemistry of Sanga-Dzhie lagoon and Sanga lake lagoon at the western coast of Arga Complex 7.6 References 8 Paleoecological and Permafrost Studies of the Ice Complex in the Laptev Sea area (Bykovsky Pensinsula) 8.1 Introduction. objectives and logistics 8.2 Methods and field measurements 8.3 Preliminary results 8.4 Further investigations 8.5 References 9 Appendix Table A3-1: Soil types of the central Lena Delta Table A3-2: Soil profiles descriptions Table A3-3: Classification of soils of Samoylov Island Table A3-4: Characteristics of soil subtypes Table A3-3 Table A3-5: List of soil and plant samples Table A3-6: List of sediment and water samples Table A3-7: List of ice wedge samples Table A3-8: List of permafrost sediment samples Table A3-9: List of gas samples Table A4-1 : List of birds and their status in the study area Table A4-2: List of trapped lemmings Table A7-1 : Water temperature vertical profiles Table A7-2: Active layer depth in the Arga region Table A7-3: Investigation sites in the Arga region Table A7-4: List of samples from Arga region Table A8-1: Description of sedimentary units and samples Table A8-2: List of macrofossil samples Table A8-3: List of sediment samples Table A8-4: Description of ice in the ice wedges transects Table A8-5: List of ice wedge samples for isotope study Table A8-6: List of mammal bones on Bykovsky Peninsula

Note: Chapter 1. The Crystal Structure of Apatite, Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH,Cl) by John M. Hughes and John Rakovan, p. 1 - 12 Chapter 2. Compositions of the Apatite-Group Minerals: Substitution Mechanisms and Controlling Factors by Yuanming Pana and Michael E. Fleet, p. 13 - 50 Chapter 3. Growth and Surface Properties of Apatite by John Rakovan, p. 51 - 86 Chapter 4. Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Monazite, Pretulite, and Xenotime by Lynn A. Boatner, p. 87 - 122 Chapter 5. The Crystal Chemistry of the Phosphate Minerals by Danielle M.C. Huminicki and Frank C. Hawthorne, p. 123 - 254 Chapter 6. Apatite in Igneous Systems by Philip M. Piccoli and Philip A. Candela, p. 255 - 292 Chapter 7. Apatite, Monazite, and Xenotine in Metamorphic Rocks by Frank S. Spear and Joseph M. Pyle, p. 293 - 336 Chapter 8. Electron Microprobe Analysis of REE in Apatite, Monazite and Xenotime: Protocols and Pitfalls by Joseph M. Pyle, Frank S. Spear, and David A. Wark, p. 337 - 362 Chapter 9. Sedimentary Phosphorites - An Example: Phosphoria Formation, Southeastern Idaho, U.S.A by Andrew C. Knudsen and Mickey E. Gunter, p. 363 - 390 Chapter 10. The Global Phosphorus Cycle by Gabriel M. Filippelli, p. 391 - 426 Chapter 11. Calcium Phosphate Biominerals by James C. Elliott, p. 427 - 454 Chapter 12. Stable Isotope Composition of Biological Apatite by Matthew J. Kohn and Thure E. Cerling, p. 455 - 488 Chapter 13. Trace Elements in Recent and Fossil Bone Apatite by Clive N. Trueman and Noreen Tuross, p. 489 - 522 Chapter 14. U-TH-Pb Dating of Phosphate Minerals by T. Mark Harrison, Elizabeth J. Catlos, and Jean-Marc Montel, p. 523 - 558 Chapter 15. (U-Th)/He Dating of Phosphates: Apatite, Monazite, and Xenotime by Kenneth A. Farley and Daniel F. Stockli, p. 559 - 578 Chapter 16. Fission Track Dating of Phosphate Minerals and the Thermochronology of Apatite by Andrew J.W. Gleadow, David X. Belton, Barry P. Kohn, and Roderick W. Brown, p. 579 - 630 Chapter 17. Biomedical Application of Apatites by Karlis A. Gross and Christopher C. Berndt, p. 631 - 672 Chapter 18. Phosphates as Nuclear Waste Forms by Rodney C. Ewing and LuMin Wang, p. 673 - 700 Chapter 19. Apatite Luminescence by Glenn A. Waychuna, p. 701 - 742

Note: Chapter 1. New Developments in Deformation Studies: High-Strain Deformation by Stephen J. Mackwell and Mervyn S. Paterson, p. 1 - 20 Chapter 2. New Developments in Deformation Experiments at High Pressure by William B. Durham, Donald J. Weidner, Shun-ichiro Karato, and Yanbin Wang, p. 21 - 50 Chapter 3. Deformation of Granitic Rocks: Experimental Studies and Natural Examples by Jan Tullis, p. 51 - 96 Chapter 4. Laboratory Constraints on the Rheology of the Upper Mantle by Greg Hirth, p. 97 - 120 Chapter 5. Partial Melting and Deformation by David L. Kohlstedt, p. 121 - 136 Chapter 6. Dislocations and Slip Systems of Mantle Minerals by Patrick Cordier, p. 137 - 180 Chapter 7. Instability of Deformation by Harry W. Green II and Chris Marone, p. 181 - 200 Chapter 8. Brittle Failure of Ice by Erland M. Schulson, p. 201 - 525 Chapter 9. Seismic Wave Attenuation: Energy Dissipation in Viscoelastic Crystalline Solids by Reid F. Cooper, p. 253 - 290 Chapter 10. Texture and Anisotropy by Hans-Rudolf Wenk, p. 291 - 330 Chapter 11. Modeling Deformation of Polycrystalline Rocks by Paul R. Dawson, p. 331 - 352 Chapter 12. Seismic Anisotropy and Global Geodynamics by Jean-Paul Montagner and Laurent Guillot, p. 353 - 386 Chapter 13. Theoretical Analysis of Shear Localization in the Lithosphere by David Bercovici and Shun-ichiro Karato, p. 387 - 420

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - Introduction and Scientific Background / J.C.R. Hunt, J. Norbury and I. Roulstone. - 1. A view of the equations of meteorological dynamics and various approximations / A. A. White. - 2. Extended-geostrophic Euler-Poincare models for mesoscale oceanographic flow / J. S. Allen, D. D. Holm and P. A. Newberger. - 3. Fast singular oscillating limits of stably-stratified 3D Euler and Navier-Stokes equations and ageostrophic wave fronts / A. Babin, A. Mahalov and B. Nicolaenko. - 4. New mathematical developments in atmosphere and ocean dynamics, and their application to computer simulations / M. J. P. Cullen. - 5. Rearrangements of functions with applications to meteorology and ideal fluid flow / R. J. Douglas. - 6. Statistical methods in atmospheric dynamics: probability metrics and discrepancy measures as a means of defining balance / S. Baigent and J. Norbury.

Note: Contents Prologue Acknowledgments List of Symbols PART I Foundations 1 INTRODUCTION: The Basic Challenge 1.1 The Climate System 1.2 Some Basic Observations 1.3 External Forcing 1.3.1 Astronomical Forcing 1.3.2 Tectonic Forcing 1.4 The Ice-Age Problem 2 TECHNIQUES FOR CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION 2.1 Historical Methods 2.1.1 Direct Quantitative Measurements 2.1.2 Descriptive Accounts of General Environmental Conditions 2.2 Surficial Biogeologic Proxy Evidence 2.2.1 Annually Layered Life Forms 2.2.2 Surface Geomorphic Evidence 2.3 Conventional Nonisotopic Stratigraphic Analyses of Sedimentary Rock and Ice 2.3.1 Physical Indicators 2.3.2 Paleobiological Indicators (Fossil Faunal Types and Abundances) 2.4 Isotopic Methods 2.4.1 Oxygen Isotopes 2.4.2 Deuterium and Beryllium in Ice Cores 2.4.3 Stable Carbon Isotopes 2.4.4 Strontium and Osmium Isotopes 2.5 Nonisotopic Geochemical Methods 2.5.1 Cadmium Analysis 2.5.2 Greenhouse Gas Analysis of Trapped Air in Ice Cores 2.5.3 Chemical and Biological Constituents and Dust Layers in Ice Cores 2.6 Dating the Proxy Evidence (Geochronometry) 3 A SURVEY OF GLOBAL PALEOCLIMATIC VARIATIONS 3.1 The Phanerozoic Eon (Past 600 My) 3.2 The Cenozoic Era (Past 65 My) 3.3 The Plio-Pleistocene (Past 5 My) 3.4 Variations during the Last Ice Age: IRD Events 3.5 The Last Glacial Maximum (20 ka) 3.6 Postglacial Changes: The Past 20 ky 3.7 The Past 100 Years 3.8 The Generalized Spectrum of Climatic Variance 3.9 A Qualitative Discussion of Causes 4 GENERAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 The Fundamental Equations 4.2 Time Averaging and Stochastic Forcing 4.3 Response Times and Equilibrium 4.4 Spatial Averaging 4.5 Climatic-Mean Mass and Energy Balance Equations 4.5.1 The Water Mass Balance 4.5.2 Energy Balance 5 SPECIAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PALEOCLIMATE: Structuring a Dynamical Approach 5.1 A Basic Problem: Noncalculable Levels of Energy and Mass Flow 5.2 An Overall Strategy 5.3 Notational Simplifications for Resolving Total Climate Variability 5.4 A Structured Dynamical Approach 5.5 The External Forcing Function, F 5.5.1 Astronomical/Cosmic Forcing 5.5.2 Tectonic Forcing 6 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: Prototypical Climatic Applications 6.1 Local (or Internal) Stability 6.2 The Generic Cubic Nonlinearity 6.3 Structural (or External) Stability: Elements of Bifurcation Theory 6.4 Multivariable Systems 6.4.1 The Two-Variable Phase Plane 6.5 A Prototype Two-Variable Model 6.5.1 Sensitivity of Equilibria to Changes in Parameters: Prediction of the Second Kind 6.5.2 Structural Stability 6.6 The Prototype Two-Variable System as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of Random Forcing 6.6.1 The Stochastic Amplitude 6.6.2 Structural Stochastic Stability 6.7 More Than Two-Variable Systems: Deterministic Chaos PART II Physics of the Separate Domains 7 MODELING THE ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE STATE AS FAST-RESPONSE COMPONENTS 7.1 The General Circulation Model 7.2 Lower Resolution Models: Statistical-Dynamical Models and the Energy Balance Model 7.2.1 A Zonal-Average SDM 7.2.2 Axially Asymmetric SDMs 7.2.3 The Complete Time-Average State 7.3 Thermodynamic Models 7.3.1 Radiative-Convective Models 7.3.2 Vertically Averaged Models (the EBM) 7.4 The Basic Energy Balance Model 7.5 Equilibria and Dynamical Properties of the Zero-Dimensional (Global Average) EBM 7.6 Stochastic Resonance 7.7 The One-Dimensional (Latitude-Dependent) EBM 7.8 Transitivity Properties of the Atmospheric and Surface Climatic State: Inferences from a GCM 7.9 Closure Relationships Based on GCM Sensitivity Experiments 7.9.1 Surface Temperature Sensitivity 7.10 Formal Feedback Analysis of the Fast-Response Equilibrium State 7.11 Paleoclimatic Simulations 8 THE SLOW-RESPONSE "CONTROL" VARIABLES: An Overview 8.1 The Ice Sheets 8.1.1 Key Variables 8.1.2 Observations 8.2 Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide 8.3 The Thermohaline Ocean State 8.4 A Three-Dimensional Phase-Space Trajectory 9 GLOBAL DYNAMICS OF THE ICE SHEETS 9.1 Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions 9.2 A Scale Analysis 9.3 The Vertically Integrated Ice-Sheet Model 9.4 The Surface Mass Balance 9.5 Basal Temperature and Melting 9.6 Deformable Basal Regolith 9.7 Ice Streams and Ice Shelves 9.8 Bedrock Depression 9.9 Sea Level Change and the Ice Sheets: The Depression-Calving Hypothesis 9.10 Paleoclimatic Applications of the Vertically Integrated Model 9.11 A Global Dynamical Equation for Ice Mass 10 DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 10.1 The Air-Sea Flux, Q↑ 10.1.1 Qualitative Analysis of the Factors Affecting Q↑ 10.1.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Ocean Carbon Balance 10.1.3 A Parameterization for Q↑ 10.2 Terrestrial Organic Carbon Exchange, W↑G 10.2.1 Sea Level Change Effects 10.2.2 Thermal Effects 10.2.3 Ice Cover Effects 10.2.4 Long-Term Terrestrial Organic Burial, W↓G 10.2.5 The Global Mass Balance of Organic Carbon 10.3 Outgassing Processes, V↑ 10.4 Rock Weathering Downdraw, W↓ 10.5 A Global Dynamical Equation for Atmospheric CO2 10.6 Modeling the Tectonically Forced CO2 Variations, µˆ : Long-Term Rock Processes 10.6.1 The Long-Term Oceanic Carbon Balance 10.6.2 The GEOCARB Model 10.7 Overview of the Full Global Carbon Cycle 11 SIMPLIFIED DYNAMICS OF THE THERMOHALINE OCEAN STATE 11.1 General Equations 11.1.1 Boundary Conditions 11.2 A Prototype Four-Box Ocean Model 11.3 The Wind-Driven, Local-Convective, and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations 11.3.1 The Wind-Driven Circulation: Gyres and Upwelling 11.3.2 Local Convective Overturnings and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations 11.4 The Two-Box Thermohaline Circulation Model: Possible Bimodality of the Ocean State 11.4.1 The Two-Box System 11.4.2 A Simple Model of the TH Circulation 11.4.3 Meridional Fluxes 11.4.4 Dynamical Analysis of the Two-Box Model 11.5 Integral Equations for the Deep Ocean State 11.5.1 The Deep Ocean Temperature 11.5.2 The Deep Ocean Salinity 11.6 Global Dynamical Equations for the Thermohaline State: θ and Sφ PART III Unified Dynamical Theory 12 THE COUPLED FAST- AND SLOW-RESPONSE VARIABLES AS A GLOBAL DYNAMICAL SYSTEM: Outline of a Theory of Paleoclimatic Variation 12.1 The Unified Model: A Paleoclimate Dynamics Model 12.2 Feedback-Loop Representation 12.3 Elimination of the Fast-Response Variables: The Center Manifold 12.4 Sources of Instability: The Dissipative Rate Constants 12.5 Formal Separation into Tectonic Equilibrium and Departure Equations 13 FORCED EVOLUTION OF THE TECTONIC-MEAN CLIMATIC STATE 13.1 Effects of Changing Solar Luminosity and Rotation Rate 13.1.1 Solar Luminosity (S) 13.1.2 Rotation Rate (Ω) 13.2 General Effects of Changing Land-Ocean Distribution and Topography (h) 13.3 Effects of Long-Term Variations of Volcanic and Cosmic Dust and Bolides 13.4 Multimillion-Year Evolution of CO2 13.4.1 The GEOCARB Solution 13.4.2 First-Order Response of Global Ice Mass and Deep Ocean Temperature to Tectonic CO2 Variations 13.5 Possible Role of Salinity-Driven Instability of the Tectonic-Mean State 13.6 Snapshot Atmospheric and Surficial Equilibrium Responses to Prescribed y-Fields Using GCMs 14 THE LATE CENOZOIC ICE-AGE DEPARTURES: An Overview of Previous Ideas and Models 14.1 General Review: Forced vs. Free Models 14.1.1 Models in Which Earth-Orbital Forcing Is Necessary 14.1.2 Instability-Driven (Auto-oscillatory) Models 14.1.3 Hierarchical Classification in Terms of Increasing Physical Complexity 14.2 Forced Ice-Line Models (Box 1, Fig. 14-1) 14.3 Ice-Sheet Inertia Models 14.3.1 The Simplest Forms (Box 2) 14.3.2 More Physically Based Ice-Sheet Models: First Applications 14.3.3 Direct Bedrock Effects (Box 3) 14.3.4 Bedrock-Calving Effects (Box 4) 14.3.5 Basal Meltwater and Sliding (Box 5) 14.3.6 Ice Streams and Ice Shelf Effects 14.3.7 Continental Ice-Sheet Movement (Box 6) 14.3.8 Three-Dimensional (λ, φ, hI) Ice-Sheet Models 14.4 The Need for Enhancement of the Coupled Ice-Sheet/Atmospheric Climate Models 14.5 Ice-Sheet Variables Coupled with Additional Slow-Response Variables 14.5.1 Regolith Mass, mr (Box 7) 14.5.2 The Deep Ocean Te

Note: Table of contents List of contributors Preface A global vegetation index for SeaWiFS: Design and applications / N. Gobron, F, Melin, B. Pinty, M. M. Verstraete, J.-L. Widlowski and G. Bucini Modeling sensible heat flux using estimates of soil and vegetation temperatures: the HEIFE and IMGRASS experiments / Li Jia, Massimo Menenti, Zhongbo Su, Zhao-Liang Li, Vera Djepa and Jiemin Wang Exploitation of Surface Albedo Derived from the Meteosat Data to Characterize Land Surface Changes / Bernard Pinty, Michel M. Verstraete, Nadine Gobron, Fausto Roveda, Yves Govaerts, John V. Martonchik,David J. Diner and Ralph A. Kahn Towards a Climatology of Australian Land Surface Albedo for use in Climate Models / Ian F. Grant Collocated surface and satellite observations as constraints for Earth radiation budget simulations with global climate models / Martin Wild How well do aerosol retrievals from satellites and representation in global circulation models match ground-based AERONET aerosol statistics? / S. Kinne, B. Holben, T. Eck, A. Smirnov, O. Dubovik, I. Slutsker, D. Tanre, G. Zibozdi, U. Lohmann, S. Ghan, R. Easter, M. Chin, P. Ginoux, T. Takemura, I, Tegen, D. Koch, R. Kahn, E. Vermote, L. Stowe, O. Torres, M. Mishchenko, I. Geogdzhayev and A. Hiragushi Remote Sensing of Snow and Characterization of Snow Albedo for Climate Simulations / Anne W. Nolin and Allan Frei Using the Special Sensor Microwave Imager to Monitor Surface Wetness and Temperature / Alan Basist and Claude Williams Snow Cover Fraction in a General Circulation Model / A. Roesch, M. Wild and A. Ohmura Boreal Forest Fire Regimes and Climate Change / B.J. Stocks, B.M. Wotton, M.D. Flannigan, M.A. Fosberg, D.R. Cahoon and J.G. Goldammer Specification of surface characteristics for use in a high resolution regional climate model: on the role of glaciers in the Swiss alps / Stéphane Goyette, Claude Collet and Martin Beniston Using Satellite Data Assimilation to Infer Global Soil Moisture Status and Vegetation Feedback to Climate / Wolfgang Knorr and Jan-Peter Schulz The Use of Remotely-sensed Data for the Estimation of Energy Balance Components in a Mountainous Catchment Area / P.A. Brivio, R. Colombo and M. Meroni Integration of operationally available remote sensing and synoptic data for surface energy balance modelling and environmental applications on the regional scale / Stefan Niemeyer and Jürgen Vogt

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Series Preface. - Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1 Introduction. - 1 Modeling Dynamic Systems. - 1.1 Model Components. - 1.2 Dynamic Modeling as a Skill and Art. - 1.3 Modeling in STELLA. - 1.4 Principles of Modeling. - Part 2 Some General Methods for Modeling. - 2 Four-Model Set. - 2.1 Stimulus-Response Model. - 2.2 Self-Referencing Model. - 2.3 Goal-Seeking Model. - 2.4 Goal-Setting Model. - 2.5 Examples. - 2.5.1 Exponential Decay of a Stock. - 2.5.2 Newtonian Cooling. - 3 Gradual Development of a Dynamic Model. - 3.1 Modeling Industrialization for a Simple Agrarian Society. - 3.2 Impacts of Per Capita Food Consumption on Population Growth. - 3.3 Adding Agriculture. - 3.4 Adding Industry. - 4 Two Independent Variables. - 4.1 Population Cohorts. - 4.1.1 Basic Cohort Model. - 4.1.2 Population Cohort Array. - 4.1.3 U.S. Population Growth. - 4.2 River Toxins. - 5 Randomness. - 5.1 Flipping a Coin. - 5.2 Intoxication Model. - 6 Positive and Negative Feedback. - 6.1 The Basic Model. - 6.2 Positive Feedback with Fixed Points. - 6.3 Elaborations. - 7 Derivatives and Lags. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Applications of Derivatives and Lags. - 7.2.1 Simple Population Model. - 7.2.2 Two-Population Model. - Part 3 Chemistry Models. - 8 The Law of Mass Action. - 8.1 Breakdown of Nitrogen Dioxide into Nitrogen Oxide and Oxygen. - 8.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 9 Chance-Cleland Model for Enzyme-Substrate Interaction. - 10 The Olsen Oscillator. - Part 4 Genetics Models. - 11 Mating of Alleles. - 11.1 Heterozygosity and Disease Resistance. - 11.2 The Mating of Two Alleles into a Genotype: Proving the Hardy-Weinberg Law. - 12 Natural Selection and Mutation. - 13 Artificial Worms. - Part 5 Ecological Models. - 14 Robin Population. - 15 Two-Stage Insect Model. - 16 The Zebra Mussel. - 17 Single Cell Forest. - 18 Predator-Prey Models. - 18.1 Basic Model of Predator-Prey Interactions. - 18.2 Spatial Predator-Prey Model. - 19 Epidemic Modeling. - 20 Reestablishment of Wolves. - 21 Lyme Disease. - 22 Tragedy of the Commons. - Part 6 Economic Models. - 23 Introduction to Modeling Economic Processes. - 24 The Competitive Firm. - 25 The Monopolistic Firm. - 25.1 Basic Model. - 25.2 Taxing Monopolies. - 26 Competitive Equilibrium. - 27 Substitution. - 27.1 Isoquants. - 27.2 Finding the Profit-Maximizing Output Level and Input Combinations. - 28 Time Value. - 29 Opportunity Cost. - 30 Optimal Tree Cutting. - 31 Fisheries Reserve Model. - 32 Dynamic Scarcity. - 32.1 Competitive Scarcity. - 32.2 Monopoly Scarcity. - 33 Market Game. - 34 Pig Cycle. - Part 7 Engineering Models. - 35 The Assembly Line. - 35.1 Basic Model. - 35.2 Car Assembly Line. - 36 Models of Gravity and Acceleration. - 36.1 Falling Rock. - 36.2 Projectile Motion. - 36.3 Mass-Damper-Spring. - 36.4 Mechanical Amplifier. - 37 Chaos. - 37.1 A New Paradigm. - 37.2 Jenson Chaos. - 37.3 Lorenz Chaos. - 37.4 Two-Well Chaos. - Part 8 Conclusion. - 38 Beginning a Dialog. - Appendixes. - A1 System Requirements. - A1.1 Macintosh. - A1.2 Windows. - A2 Quick Help Guide. - A2.1 Overview of the STELLA(r) Operating Environment. - A2.2 Drawing an Inflow to a Stock. - A2.3 Drawing an Outflow from a Stock. - A2.4 Replacing a Cloud with a Stock. - A2.5 Bending Flow Pipes. - A2.6 Repositioning Flow Pipes. - A2.7 Reversing Direction of a Flow. - A2.8 Flow Define Dialog-Builtins. - A2.9 Moving Variable Names. - A2.10 Drawing Connectors. - A2.11 Defining Graphs and Tables. - A2.12 Dynamite Operations on Graphs and Tables. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction to the atmosphere. - Weather and climate. - Atmospheric hazards: assault by the elements. - The atmosphere: a part of the earth system. - Earth's four spheres. - Earth's spheres interact. - The carbon cycle. - Composition of the atmosphere. - Major components. - Carbon dioxide. - Variable components. - Ozone depletion - a global issue. - The ozone hole. - Effects of ozone depletion. - Montreal Protocol. - Probing the atmosphere. - Height and structure of the atmosphere. - Pressure changes. - Temperature changes. - Vertical variations in composition. - The ionosphere. - 2 Heating Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Earth-Sun Relationships. - Earth's Motions. - The Seasons. - Earth's Orientation. - Solstices and Equinoxes. - Energy, Heat, and Temperature. - Types of Energy. - Heat Energy Versus Temperature. - Mechanisms of Energy Transfer. - Conduction. - Convection. - Radiation. - Laws of Radiation. - The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation. - Reflection and Scattering. - Absorption by Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Radiation Emitted by Earth. - Heating the Atmosphere. - The "Greenhouse Effect". - Role of Clouds in Heating Earth. - Heat Budget. - Latitudinal Heat Balance. - 3 Temperature. - For the Record: Air Temperature Data. - Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature. - Land and Water. - Ocean Currents. - Altitude. - Geographic Position. - Cloud Cover and Albedo. - World Distribution of Temperatures. - Cycles of Air Temperature. - Daily Temperature Variations. - Magnitude of Daily Temperature Changes. - Annual Temperature Variations. - Temperature Measurement. - Mechanical Thermometers. - Electrical Thermometers. - Instrument Shelters. - Temperature Scales. - Applications of Temperature Data. - Heating Degree-Days. - Cooling Degree-Days. - Growing Degree-Days. - Temperature and Comfort. - 4 Moisture and Atmospheric Stability. - Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere. - Water's Changes of State. - Water in the Atmosphere. - Vapor Pressure and Saturation. - Relative Humidity. - How Relative Humidity Changes. - Natural Change in Relative Humidity. - Dew Point Temperature. - Humidity Measurement. - Adiabatic Temperature Changes. - Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation. - Lifting Processes. - Orographic Lifting. - Frontal Wedging. - Convergence. - Localized Convective Lifting. - Contents. - The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability. - Types of Stability. - Stability and Daily Weather. - How Stability Changes. - Temperature Changes and Stability. - Vertical Air Movement and Stability. - 5 Forms of Condensation and Precipitation. - Condensation. - Condensation Aloft and Cloud Formation. - Clouds. - Cloud Classification. - Cloud Descriptions. - Fog. - Fogs Formed by Cooling. - Fogs Formed by Evaporation. - Dew and Frost. - How Precipitation Forms. - Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process. - Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process. - Forms of Precipitation. - Rain. - Snow. - Sleet and Glaze. - Hail. - Rime. - Precipitation Measurement. - Standard Instruments. - Measuring Snowfall. - Measurement Errors. - Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar. - Intentional Weather Modification. - Cloud Seeding. - Fog and Cloud Dispersal. - Hail Suppression. - Frost Prevention. - Inadvertent Weather Modification: Urban-Induced Precipitation. - 6 Air Pressure and Winds. - Understanding Air Pressure. - Measuring Air Pressure. - Factors Affecting Air Pressure. - Pressure Changes With Altitude. - Factors Affecting Wind. - Pressure-Gradient Force. - Coriolis Force. - Friction. - Winds Aloft and Geostrophic Flow. - Curved Flow and the Gradient Wind. - Surface Winds. - How Winds Generate Vettical Air Motion. - Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and Anticyclones. - Factors That Promote Vertical Airflow. - Wind Measurement. - 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Scales of Atmospheric Motion. - Large- and Small-Scale Circulation. - Structure of Wind Patterns. - Local Winds. - Land and Sea Breezes. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Chinook (Foehn) Winds. - Katabatic (Fall) Winds. - Country Breeze. - Global Circulation. - Single-Cell Circulation Model. - Three-Cell Circulation Model. - Observed Distribution of Pressure and Winds. - Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts. - Semipermanent Pressure Systems: The Real World. - Monsoons. - The Asian Monsoon. - The North American Monsoon. - The Westerlies. - Why Westerlies?. - Jet Streams. - Origin of the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Subtropical Jet Stream. - Waves in the Westerlies. - Westerlies and Earth's Heat Budget. - Global Winds and Ocean Currents. - The Importance of Ocean Currents. - Ocean Currents and Upwelling. - El Niño and La Niña. - Global Distribution of Precipitation. - Zonal Distribution of Precipitation. - Distribution of Precipitation Over the Continents. - Precipitation Regimes on a Hypothetical Continent. - 8 Air Masses. - What Is an Air Mass?. - Source Regions. - Classifying Air Masses. - Air-Mass Modification. - Properties of North American Air Masses. - Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses. - Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air Over Warm Water. - Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses. - Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses. - Continental Tropical (eT) Air Masses. - 9 Weather Patterns. - Polar-Front Theory. - Fronts. - Warm Fronts. - Cold Fronts. - Stationary Fronts. - Occluded Fronts. - Drylines. - Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Formation: The Clash of Two Air Masses. - Development of Cyclonic Flow. - Occlusion: The Beginning of the End. - Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Cyclogenesis. - Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation. - Divergence and Convergence Aloft. - Traveling Cyclones. - Patterns of Movement. - Anticyclonic Weather and Blocking Highs. - Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Violent Spring Weather. - Weather in Peoria. - 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. - What's in a Name?. - Thunderstorms. - Air-Mass Thunderstorms. - Stages of Development. - Occurrence. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Supercell Thunderstorms. - Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes. - Lightning and Thunder. - What Causes Lightning?. - The Lightning Stroke. - Thunder. - Tornadoes. - The Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes. - Tornado Development. - Tornado Climatology. - Profile of a Tornado. - Tornado Destruction. - Tornado Forecasting. - Tornado Watches and Warnings. - Doppler Radar. - 11 Hurricanes. - Profile of a Hurricane. - Hurricane Formation and Decay. - Hurricane Formation. - Hurricane Decay. - Hurricane Destruction . - Storm Surge. - Wind Damage. - Inland Flooding. - Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes. - The Role of Satellites. - Aircraft Reconnaissance. - Radar and Data Buoys. - Hurricane Watches and Warnings. - 12 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - The Weather Business: A Brief Overview. - Weather Analysis. - Gathering Data. - Weather Maps: Pictures of the Atmosphere. - Weather Forecasting. - Synoptic Weather Forecasting. - Numerical Weather Prediction. - Statistical Methods. - Techniques Used in Short-Range Forecasting. - Long-Range Forecasts. - Forecast Accuracy. - Tools in Weather Forecasting. - Satellites in Weather Forecasting. - What Weather Satellites Reveal. - Measurement by Satellite. - Weather Forecasting and Upper-Level Flow. - The Winter of 1977. - 13 Air Pollution. - A Brief Historical Perspective. - Air Pollution: Not a new Problem. - Some Historic Episodes. - Sources and Types of Air Pollution. - Primary Pollutants. - Secondary Pollutants. - Trends in Air Quality. - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution. - Wind as a Factor. - The Role of Atmospheric Stability. - Acid Precipitation. - Extent and Potency of Acid Precip

Note: CONTENTS: Introduction / Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 1: Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems / Thomas F. Anderson and Michael A. Arthur. - Chapter 2: Stable isotopes of sulfur, nitrogen and deuterium in recent marine environments / Ian R. Kaplan. - Chapter 3: Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique / Ján Veizer. - Chapter 4: The application of stable isotopes to studies of the origin of dolomite and to problems of diagenesis of clastic sediments / Lynton S. Land. - Bibliography.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction: Distributions and Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.1 Categorical Response Data. - 1.2 Distributions for Categorical Data. - 1.3 Statistical Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.4 Statistical Inference for Binomial Parameters. - 1.5 Statistical Inference for Multinomial Parameters. - Notes. - Problems. - 2. Describing Contingency Tables. - 2.1 Probability Structure for Contingency Tables. - 2.2 Comparing Two Proportions. - 2.3 Partial Association in Stratified 2 x 2 Tables. - 2.4 Extensions for I x J Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 3. Inference for Contingency Tables. - 3.1 Confidence Intervals for Association Parameters. - 3.2 Testing Independence in Two-Way Contingency Tables. - 3.3 Following-Up Chi-Squared Tests. - 3.4 Two-Way Tables with Ordered Classifications. - 3.5 Small-Sample Tests of Independence. - 3.6 Small-Sample Confidence Intervals for 2 x 2 Tables. - 3.7 Extensions for Multiway Tables and Nontabulated Responses. - Notes. - Problems. - 4. Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. - 4.1 Generalized Linear Model. - 4.2 Generalized Linear Models for Binary Data. - 4.3 Generalized Linear Models for Counts. - 4.4 Moments and Likelihood for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.5 Inference for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.6 Fitting Generalized Linear Models. - 4.7 Quasi-likelihood and Generalized Linear Models. - 4.8 Generalized Additive Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 5. Logistic Regression. - 5.1 Interpreting Parameters in Logistic Regression. - 5.2 Inference for Logistic Regression. - 5.3 Logit Models with Categorical Predictors. - 5.4 Multiple Logistic Regression. - 5.5 Fitting Logistic Regression Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 6. Building and Applying Logistic Regression Models. - 6.1 Strategies in Model Selection. - 6.2 Logistic Regression Diagnostics. - 6.3 Inference About Conditional Associations in 2 x 2 x K Tables. - 6.4 Using Models to Improve Inferential Power. - 6.5 Sample Size and Power Considerations. - 6.6 Probit and Complementary Log-Log Models. - 6.7 Conditional Logistic Regression and Exact Distributions. - Notes. - Problems. - 7. Logit Models for Multinomial Responses. - 7.1 Nominal Responses: Baseline-Category Logit Models. - 7.2 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Logit Models. - 7.3 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Link Models. - 7.4 Alternative Models for Ordinal Responses. - 7.5 Testing Conditional Independence in I x J x K Tables. - 7.6 Discrete-Choice Multinomial Logit Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 8. Loglinear Models for Contingency Tables. - 8.1 Loglinear Models for Two-Way Tables. - 8.2 Loglinear Models for Independence and Interaction in Three-Way Tables. - 8.3 Inference for Loglinear Models. - 8.4 Loglinear Models for Higher Dimensions. - 8.5 The Loglinear_Logit Model Connection. - 8.6 Loglinear Model Fitting: Likelihood Equations and Asymptotic Distributions. - 8.7 Loglinear Model Fitting: Iterative Methods and their Application. - Notes. - Problems. - 9. Building and Extending Loglinear/Logit Models. - 9.1 Association Graphs and Collapsibility. - 9.2 Model Selection and Comparison. - 9.3 Diagnostics for Checking Models. - 9.4 Modeling Ordinal Associations. - 9.5 Association Models. - 9.6 Association Models, Correlation Models, and Correspondence Analysis. - 9.7 Poisson Regression for Rates. - 9.8 Empty Cells and Sparseness in Modeling Contingency Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 10. Models for Matched Pairs. - 10.1 Comparing Dependent Proportions. - 10.2 Conditional Logistic Regression for Binary Matched Pairs. - 10.3 Marginal Models for Square Contingency Tables. - 10.4 Symmetry, Quasi-symmetry, and Quasiindependence. - 10.5 Measuring Agreement Between Observers. - 10.6 Bradley-Terry Model for Paired Preferences. - 10.7 Marginal Models and Quasi-symmetry Models for Matched Sets. - Notes. - Problems. - 11. Analyzing Repeated Categorical Response Data. - 11.1 Comparing Marginal Distributions: Multiple Responses. - 11.2 Marginal Modeling: Maximum Likelihood Approach. - 11.3 Marginal Modeling: Generalized Estimating Equations Approach. - 11.4 Quasi-likelihood and Its GEE Multivariate Extension: Details. - 11.5 Markov Chains: Transitional Modeling. - Notes. - Problems. - 12. Random Effects: Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Categorical Responses. - 12.1 Random Effects Modeling of Clustered Categorical Data. - 12.2 Binary Responses: Logistic-Normal Model. - 12.3 Examples of Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.4 Random Effects Models for Multinomial Data. - 12.5 Multivariate Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.6 GLMM Fitting, Inference, and Prediction. - Notes. - Problems. 13. Other Mixture Models for Categorical Data. - 13.1 Latent Class Models. - 13.2 Nonparametric Random Effects Models. - 13.3 Beta-Binomial Models. - 13.4 Negative Binomial Regression. - 13.5 Poisson Regression with Random Effects. - Notes. - Problems. - 14. Asymptotic Theory for Parametric Models. - 14.1 Delta Method. - 14.2 Asymptotic Distributions of Estimators of Model Parameters and Cell Probabilities. - 14.3 Asymptotic Distributions of Residuals and Goodnessof-Fit Statistics. - 14.4 Asymptotic Distributions for Logit/Loglinear Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 15. Alternative Estimation Theory for Parametric Models. - 15.1 Weighted Least Squares for Categorical Data. - 15.2 Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data. - 15.3 Other Methods of Estimation. - Notes. - Problems. - 16. Historical Tour of Categorical Data Analysis. - 16.1 Pearson-Yule Association Controversy. - 16.2 R. A. Fisher's Contributions. - 16.3 Logistic Regression. - 16.4 Multiway Contingency Tables and Loglinear Models. - 16.5 Recent and Future? Developments. - Appendix A. Using Computer Software to Analyze Categorical Data. - A.1 Software for Categorical Data Analysis. - A.2 Examples of SAS Code by Chapter. - Appendix B. Chi-Squared Distribution Values. - References. - Examples Index. - Author Index. - Subject Index.

Note: In kyrill. Schr. - Legende russ. u. engl.

Note: Chapter 1. Crystal Chemistry of the Rhombohedral Carbonates by Richard J. Reeder, p. 1 - 48 Chapter 2. Phase Relations of Rhombohedral Carbonates by Julian R. Goldsmith, p. 49 - 76 Chapter 3. Solid Solutions and Solvi Among Metamorphic Carbonates with Applications to Geologic Thermobarometry by Eric J. Essene, p. 77 - 96 Chapter 4. Magnesian Calcites: Low-Temperature Occurrence, Solubility and Solid Solution Behavior by Fred T. Mackenzie, William D. Bischoff, Finlay C. Bishop, Michele Loijens, Jane Schoonmaker, and Roland Wollast, p. 97 - 144 Chapter 5. Crystal Chemistry and Phase Relations of Orthorhombic Carbonates by J. Alexander Speer, p. 145 - 190 Chapter 6. The Polymorphs of CaCO3 and the Aragonite-Calcite Transformation by Willima D. Carlson, p. 191 - 226 Chapter 7. The Kinetics of Calcium Carbonate Dissolution and Precipitation by John W. Morse, p. 227 - 264 Chapter 8. Trace Elements and Isotopes in Sedimentary Carbonates by Jan Veizer, p. 265 - 300 Chapter 9. Microstructures in Carbonates by Hans-Rudolf Wenk, David J. Barber, and Richard J. Reeder, p. 301 - 368

Note: Chapter 1. Rate Laws of Chemical Reactions by Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 1 - 68 Chapter 2. Dynamic Treatment of Geochemical Cycles: Global Kinetics by Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 69 - 110 Chapter 3. Kinetics of Weathering and Diagenesis by Robert A. Berner, p. 111 - 134 Chapter 4. Transition State Theory by Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 135 - 170 Chapter 5. Irreversible Thermodynamics in Petrology by George W. Fisher and Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 171 - 210 Chapter 6. Diffusion in Electrolyte Mixtures by David E. Anderson, p. 211 - 260 Chapter 7. The Atomistic Basis of Kinetics: Defects in Minerals by Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 261 - 320 Chapter 8. Kinetics of Crystallization of Igneous Rocks by R. James Kirkpatrick, p. 321 - 398

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Executive Summary with Key Findings and Recommendations Current State of the Art Key Scientific Challenges and Recommendations Major New Synthesis Initiative Required Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP Policy Implications Summary 1. Introduction Rationale for Pan-Arctic Hydrologic Synthesis Report Framework 2. A Strategy for Detecting and Understanding Arctic Hydrological Change: Arctic-CHAMP Arctic-CHAMP Basic Long-Term Monitoring Arctic-CHAMP Field-Based Process Studies Arctic-CHAMP Synthesis Modeling Execution of Arctic-CHAMP 3. Role and Importance of Water in the Arctic System The Integrated Water Cycle of the Pan-Arctic Land Atmosphere Ocean Importance of Arctic Hydrology to the Arctic System Importance of the Arctic to the Earth System 4. Unprecedented Change to Arctic Hydrological Systems Changes to the Land-Based Hydrologic Cycle Changes to the Atmosphere The Changing Arctic Ocean and its Regional Seas 5. Impacts and Feedbacks Associated with Arctic Hydrological Change Direct Impacts on Ecosystems Arctic Water Cycle Change and Humans Land-Atmosphere-Ocean Feedbacks Land-Atmosphere-Ocean-Human Feedbacks 6. Implementation of Arctic-CHAMP References Appendix 1. NSF-ARCSS Arctic Hydrology Workshop Participants Appendix 2. Current Gaps in Understanding the Pan-Arctic Hydrological Cycle Appendix 3. Integration of Arctic-CHAMP with NSF and Other Federal Agency Initiatives Appendix 4. International Collaborations