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  • Articles  (871)
  • English  (560)
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  • 2010-2014  (863)
  • 1980-1984  (8)
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  • 1940-1944
  • 2012  (863)
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  • 2010-2014  (863)
  • 1980-1984  (8)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Februar 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Am 20. Januar hieß es auf unserem Berg ein weiteres Mal: „Drei Minuten Zeit, ein Quadratmeter Platz. Nicht mehr. Kein PowerPoint. Nur das, was man am Körper tragen kann. Und damit das eigene Forschungsgebiet kurz, knapp, verständlich und mitreißend vorstellen.“ Das GFZ veranstaltete nach dem Erfolg im Jahr 2011 erneut den regionalen Vorentscheid Brandenburg-Berlin des FameLab Germany 2012.
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: On 12 September 2007, an Mw 8.4 earthquake occurred within the southern section of the Mentawai segment of the Sumatra subduction zone, where the subduction thrust had previously ruptured in 1833 and 1797. Traveltime data obtained from a temporary local seismic network, deployed between December 2007 and October 2008 to record the aftershocks of the 2007 event, was used to determine two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) velocity models of the Mentawai segment. The seismicity distribution reveals significant activity along the subduction interface and within two clusters in the overriding plate either side of the forearc basin. The downgoing slab is clearly distinguished by a dipping region of high Vp (8.0 km/s), which can be a traced to ∼50 km depth, with an increased Vp/Vs ratio (1.75 to 1.90) beneath the islands and the western side of the forearc basin, suggesting hydrated oceanic crust. Above the slab, a shallow continental Moho of less than 30 km depth can be inferred, suggesting that the intersection of the continental mantle with the subducting slab is much shallower than the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone despite localized serpentinization being present at the toe of the mantle wedge. The outer arc islands are characterized by low Vp (4.5–5.8 km/s) and high Vp/Vs (greater than 2.0), suggesting that they consist of fluid saturated sediments. The very low rigidity of the outer forearc contributed to the slow rupture of the Mw 7.7 Mentawai tsunami earthquake on 25 October 2010.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In the framework of the Dead Sea Integrated Research project (DESIRE), 59 seismological stations were deployed in the region of the Dead Sea Basin. Twenty of these stations recorded data of sufficiently high quality between May and September 2007 to be used for ambient seismic noise analysis. Empirical Green’s functions are extracted from cross-correlations of long term recordings. These functions are dominated by Rayleigh waves, whose group velocities can be measured in the frequency range from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz. Analysis of positive and negative correlation lags of the Green’s functions makes it possible to identify the direction of the source of the incoming energy. Signals with frequencies higher than 0.2 Hz originate from the Mediterranean Sea, while low frequencies arrive from the direction of the Red Sea. Travel times of the extracted Rayleigh waves were measured between station pairs for different frequencies, and tomographically inverted to provide independent velocity models. Four such 2D models were computed for a set of frequencies, all corresponding to different sampling depths, and thus together giving an indication of the velocity variations in 3D extending to a depth of 10 km. The results show low velocities in the Dead Sea Basin, consistent with previous studies suggesting up to 8 km of recent sedimentary infill in the Basin. The complex structure of the western margin of the Basin is also observed, with sedimentary infill present to depths not exceeding 5 km west of the southern part of the Dead Sea. The high velocities associated with the Lisan salt diapir are also observed down to a depth of ~5 km. The reliability of the results is confirmed by checkerboard recovery tests.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    IUGG Secretariat, KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We investigate the source of the Mw 7.6 Padang earthquake by inverting three-component global positioning system (GPS) data and broad-band regional seismic-displacement waveforms. The earthquake involved oblique-reverse slip either on an E–W, south-dipping plane, or on a N–S, west-dipping plane. Finite-fault inversions indicate that the rupture primarily propagated downdip and southwest from the hypocentre, with a scalar seismic moment between 3.4 and 3.7 × 1020 N m (Mw 7.62–7.65). Analysis of the seismic and geodetic data do not allow for unique identification of the causative focal plane. Aftershock patterns strongly suggest the E–W plane was the causative focal plane, but aligned geological structures in the downgoing plate favour the N–S plane. In either case, this unusually large intraslab earthquake has moved closer to failure the deepest portion of the overlying megathrust, which last ruptured during a great earthquake more than two centuries ago and is late in its seismic cycle.
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: [...] In this thesis it is shown that the epoch-differenced ionospheric delay correction is sufficient for estimating the tropospheric delay, e.g., the Zenith Total Delay (ZTD), from SF GPS data. Based on this result, the Satellite-specific Epoch-differenced Ionospheric Delay model (SEID) was developed. In the SEID model the ionospheric corrections for SF data are generated from the observations of surrounding reference stations equipped with DF receivers. With the derived ionospheric corrections and the SF data, pseudo L2 data are generated, which can be processed using existing GPS processing software packages without any changes. [...]
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Global change has triggered a number of environmental changes, such as alterations in climate, geo-resources soil and water, atmospheric chemistry, and land productivity. Many areas of the system Earth-Man are affected, thereby directly impacting the lives of present and future generations. Like many countries, Germany too is also faced with the threat of increased droughts and heat waves, soil degradation, winter storms, water shortages at one extreme and flood events at the other, as well as a decline in biodiversity. These changes can range across broad temporal and spatial scales and present strong regional differences. The TERENO observatory “Northeastern German Lowland” spans an area which is considered as one of the regions in Germany most severely affected by climate change. The impact of increased dry periods is already being felt ,drying out the regions’ numerous lakes and mires. The observatory covers the catchment area of the Uecker river, the Müritz National Park, the biosphere reserve Schorfheide-Chorin and the DEMMIN calibration and validation test site operated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam is coordinating work at the observatory and is cooperating closely with universities and other research organisations. Of particular significance is the emphasis being placed on geoarchives and landscape development. The aim is to acquire and combine high quality data on climate and landscape developments in the past and present to develop forecasts for the future.
    Language: German
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  • 13
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Februar 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: 100 Jahre ist es her, dass Alfred Wegener öffentlich das Weltwissen der Geologie in Frage stellte. „Wegner hat es in einer enormen intellektuellen Leistung geschafft, mit einem einzigen Konzept die diversen Beobachtungen zu verknüpfen und die Widersprüche aufzulösen“, sagt dazu Professor Onno Oncken, Direktor des Departments „Geodynamik und Geomaterialien“ am GFZ. „Damit hat er der gesamten Wissensgemeinschaft die rote Karte gezeigt“.
    Language: German
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: German
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Two regions in West Antarctica have received increased attention over the last years due to their potential sensitivity to climate change: the Antarctic Peninsula, which currently experiences warming at rates greater than the global average (Vaughan, 2006), ongoing ice shelf disintegration and subsequent glacier acceleration (Scambos et al., 2004); and the Amundsen Sea Sector (AS), where ice velocities, ice discharge and glacial imbalances are extreme compared to the rest of the continent (Rignot et al., 2008). The satellite gravimetry mission GRACE reveals interannual variations in ice mass related to varying snowfall, which is strongly influenced by the global climate phenomenon El Nino (Sasgen et al., 2010).
    Language: German
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Multibeam bathymetry revealed the occurrence of numerous craterlike depressions, so-called pockmarks, on the sea floor of the Hammerfest Basin and the Loppa High, south-western Barents Sea. To investigate whether these pockmarks are related to ongoing gas seepage, microbial processes associated with methane metabolism were analyzed using geochemical, biogeochemical and microbiological techniques. Gravity cores were collected along transects crossing individual pockmarks, allowing a direct comparison between different locations inside (assumed activity center), on the rim, and outside of a pockmark (reference sites). Concentrations of hydrocarbons in the sediment, particularly methane, were measured as headspace (free) gas, and in the occluded and adsorbed gas fraction. Down to a depth of 2.6 m below sea floor (mbsf) sulfate reduction rates were quantified by radiotracer incubations. Concentrations of dissolved sulfate in the porewater were determined as well. Neither the sulfate profiles nor the gas measurements show any evidence of microbial activity or active fluid venting. Methane concentrations and sulfate reduction rates were extremely low or even below the detection limit. The results show that the observed sediment structures are most likely paleo-pockmarks, their formation probably occurred during the last deglaciation.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The guidebook contains a thematic description an background information for each field day. The overall setting and development of the Saxo-Thuringian zone within the Variscan orogen is presented in Kroner and Romer (2010). This material is not included in this guide book (because of copyright reasons) and will be handed out to field trip participants as separate handout.
    Language: English
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 20
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
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  • 21
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 23
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-08-09
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  • 24
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    Publication Date: 2021-01-28
    Language: German
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-01-29
    Language: German , English
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2021-01-29
    Language: German
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  • 27
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    Zentralinstitut Physik der Erde
    In:  Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts Physik der Erde
    Publication Date: 2021-01-29
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  • 28
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    Zentralinstitut Physik der Erde
    In:  Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts Physik der Erde
    Publication Date: 2021-01-29
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  • 29
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Geologische Speicherung von CO2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: Film 5: "Pilotstandort Ketzin" (Länge 05:05) "Am Pilotstandort Ketzin in Brandenburg wird seit Juni 2008 erstmals in Deutschland CO2 in unterirdische Gesteinsschichten eingeleitet und gespeichert. ...". Das Überwachungsprogramm für den CO2-Speicher am Pilotstandort Ketzin zählt im internationalen Vergleich zu den modernsten und umfangreichsten. Zentral ist hierbei die Kombination verschiedener Überwachungsmethoden mit jeweils unterschiedlichen zeitlichen und räumlichen Auflösungsvermögen. Welche Methoden werden eingesetzt? Und welche Erkenntnisse gibt es bereits? Produktionsjahr: 2011-2012
    Language: German
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  • 30
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Geologische Speicherung von CO2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: Film 2: "Geological Conditions and Capacities" (Length 06:00) "Porous rocks with good permeability have, in Germany and world-wide, the highest potential for geological CO2 storage. ..." Where do these rocks occur? And which further criteria need potential CO2 storage sites to meet? Production Year: 2010-2012
    Language: English
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  • 31
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Geologische Speicherung von CO2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: Film 4: "Speicherüberwachung und Prognose" (Länge 06:54) "Die geologische Speicherung von CO2 hat ein klares Ziel: Die Menge des vom Menschen erzeugten Treibhausgases CO2 zu reduzieren. ..." Hierfür bedarf es der genauen Überwachung eines CO2-Speichers, denn Sicherheit und Schutz von Mensch, Tier und Ökosystem stehen dabei an erster Stelle. Welche Überwachungsmethoden für CO2-Speicher stehen zur Verfügung? Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012
    Language: German
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  • 32
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Geologische Speicherung von CO2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: Film 08 Beschreibung folgt. Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012
    Language: German
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  • 33
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe April 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Kein Grund zur Selbstzufriedenheit, aber freuen darf man sich trotzdem: zwei starken untermeerischen Beben vor Sumatra mit den Magnituden 8,6 und 8,2 folgte ein pünktlich jeweils nach etwas über vier Minuten ausgehender Tsunami-Alarm und ca. 4 Stunden später eine Entwarnung. Dies zeigt, dass das Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem in Indonesien korrekt funktioniert hat, und das auch nicht zum ersten Mal.
    Language: German
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  • 34
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe April 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Am 11. April 2012 um 8.38 Uhr UTZ ereignete sich etwa 500 km westlich der indonesischen Provinz Aceh im Norden Sumatras eine starkes Erdbeben der Magnitude 8,6 Mw, das zu einer Tsunamiwarnung in Indonesien und im Indischen Ozean führte. Es folgte ca. 2 Stunden später ein sehr starkes Nachbeben mit der Magnitude 8,2 Mw. Die gute Nachricht ist: Das Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem hat bestens funktioniert, die Folgeschäden des Erdbebens/Tsunamis blieben äußerst gering.
    Language: German
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: A damaging and widely felt moderate earthquake (Mw 6.4) hit the rural, mountainous region of southwestern Pakistan on October 28, 2008. The main shock was followed by another earthquake of identical magnitude (Mw 6.4) on the next day. The spatial distribution of aftershocks and focal mechanism revealed a NW–SE striking rupture with right-lateral strike-slip motion which is sympathetic to the NNW–SSE striking active mapped Urghargai Fault. The occurrence of strike-slip earthquakes suggests that along with the thrust faults, strike slip faults too are present beneath the fold-and-thrust belt of Sulaiman–Kirthar ranges and accommodates some of the relative motion of the Indian and Eurasian plates. To assess the characteristics of this sequence, the statistical parameters like aftershocks temporal decay, b-value of G–R relationship, partitioning of radiated seismic energy due to aftershocks, and spatial fractal dimension (D-value) have been examined. The b-value is estimated as 1.03 ± 0.42 and suggests the tectonic genesis of the sequence and crustal heterogeneity within rock mass. The low p-value of 0.89 ± 0.07 implies slow decay of aftershocks activity which is probably an evidence for low surface heat flow. A value of spatial fractal dimension of 2.08 ± 0.02 indicates random spatial distribution and that the source is a two-dimensional plane filled-up by fractures. The static coseismic Coulomb stress changes due to the foreshock (Mw 5.3) were found to increase stress by more than 0.04 bars at the hypocenter of the main shock, thus promoting the failure. The cumulative coseismic Coulomb stress changes due to the foreshock and mainshocks suggest that most of the aftershocks occurred in the region of increased Coulomb stress, and to the SE to the mainshock rupture.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Information on soil surface state is valuable for many applications such as climate studies and monitoring of permafrost regions. C-band scatterometer data indicate good potential to deliver information on surface freeze/thaw. Variation in state or amount of water contained in the soil causes significant alteration of dielectric properties of the soil which is markedly observable in scatterometer backscattered signal. A threshold-analysis method is developed to derive a set of parameters to be used in evaluating the normalized backscatter measurements through decision trees and anomaly detection modules for determination of freeze/thaw conditions. The model parameters are extracted from two years (2007-2008) backscatter data from ASCAT scatterometer onboard Metop satellite collocated with ECMWF ReAnalysis (ERA-Interim) soil temperature. Backscatter measurements are flagged as indicator of frozen/unfrozen surface, and snowmelt or existing water on the surface. The output product, so-called surface state flag (SSF), compares well with two modeled soil temperature data sets as well as the air temperature measurements from synoptic meteorological stations across the northern hemisphere. The SSF time series are also validated with soil temperature data available at four in situ observation sites in Siberian and Alaska regions showing the overall accuracy of about 80% to 90%.
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Risiken und der Umgang mit ihnen stellen zentrale Herausforderungen der modernen Gesellschaft dar. Gesellschaftliche Relevanz erlangen Risiken erst dadurch, dass über sie kommuniziert wird. Dies gilt auch für Naturrisiken wie zum Beispiel Hochwasser. Swen Zehetmair gibt am Beispiel des Einzugsgebiets der deutschen Elbe einen umfassenden Einblick in die verschiedenen Kommunikationszusammenhänge, die den gesellschaftlichen Umgang mit Hochwasserrisiken prägen und untersucht die am Hochwasserrisikomanagement beteiligten soziale Systeme. Konflikte und Kooperationen, strukturelle Kopplungen sowie die Probleme der politischen Steuerung im Hochwasserrisikomanagement werden dabei thematisiert und Herausforderungen für das Risikomanagement veranschaulicht.
    Language: German
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In 2004 and 2005 a passive seismic experiment was carried out in the northern and northeastern part of the Bohemian Massif (Sudetes) to study the lithospheric structure. We present results from Ps and Sp receiver function analyses. With one exception, Moho depth at stations in the northwestern part of the study area varies between 28 and 32 km. Thicker crust up to 35 km was mapped toward the south (Moldanubian unit) and toward the east (Moravo–Silesian and Brunovistulian units) confirming results from previous active seismic measurements. There exists a relatively sharp step in Moho depth between units of the central Sudetes (~ 30 km) and the Moravo–Silesian unit (~ 35 km). The vp/vs ratios inverted from primary and multiple Moho Ps conversions hint for different crustal compositions of the units. Toward the Carpathian thrust we have no clear indications for any crustal root or slab beneath the western Carpathians. However, our data suggests a deepening of the Moho or at least a complicated crust–mantle transition in this area. Additional Ps phases were observed between 6 and 10 s delay time in the Sudetes. These phases cannot be explained by Moho reverberations, but are most probably caused by low velocity zones in the middle crust or lithospheric mantle as shown by modeling of theoretical receiver functions. The stations showing these abnormal phases are located in the area of Permo-Carboniferous basins on probably Teplá–Barrandian crust. Therefore we assume that the phases hint at a mid-crustal low velocity zone between 16 and 20 km depth, which is interpreted as a felsic solidified magma reservoir of the Permo-Carboniferous volcanism beneath the Sudetic Basins. Sp receiver functions show phases with negative polarity at 9 to 12 s lead time on average, which we interpret as lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary at about 80 to 110 km depth.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 40
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    In:  Seismological Research Letters
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 41
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 42
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    International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO)
    In:  IAPSO Annual Report
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 43
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    In:  AAPG Datapages Search and Discovery
    Publication Date: 2021-03-27
    Description: Several projects initiated and coordinated by the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam ‐ GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences focus on shale gas and may serve as entry points for the understanding of general features for efficient shale-gas production, not only in Europe. The integrated research on European shale gas started by launching the prominent Gas Shales in Europe project (GASH) in 2009 and slightly earlier in 2008 the GeoEnergie project (GeoEn). The Herald Tribune declared in August 2008 “Europe starting search for shale gas”. New on the agenda is the ESOP initiative (European Sustainable Operating Practices) which addresses environmental concerns.
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  • 44
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Geologische Speicherung von CO2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Film 5: "Ketzin Pilot Site" (Length 05:05) "At the Ketzin pilot site in Brandenburg, Germany, CO2 has been injected into an underground storage formation since June, 2008. ...". The monitoring methods used at the pilot site Ketzin are among the most comprehensive in the field of CO2 storage worldwide. Important is the combination of different monitoring methods, each with different temporal and spatial resolutions. Which methods are used? And what have we already learned? Production Year: 2011-2012
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  • 45
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Geologische Speicherung von CO2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: Film 1: "Forschung für den Klimaschutz" (Länge 03:59) "Es steht außer Zweifel, dass der Mensch durch den Ausstoß von Treibhausgasen wie z.B. CO2 für die Klimaveränderungen auf der Erde mit verantwortlich ist. ..." Fakt ist, dass mit der Industrialisierung der CO2-Gehalt in der Atmosphäre weit über die Höchstwerte der vergangenen hunderttausende von Jahren stieg. Warum ist die geologische CO2-Speicherung neben dem Senken des Energieverbrauchs, dem Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien und der effizienteren Nutzung der Energie eine der Möglichkeiten, der weiteren Anreicherung von CO2 in der Atmosphäre entgegen zu wirken? Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012
    Language: German
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  • 46
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Geologische Speicherung von CO2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: Film 2: "Geologische Voraussetzungen und Kapazitäten" (Länge 06:00) "Poröse Gesteinsschichten mit guter Durchlässigkeit sind in Deutschland, aber auch weltweit, die wichtigste geologische Speichermöglichkeit für CO2. ..." Wo kommen diese Gesteinsschichten vor? Und welchen weiteren Kriterien müssen potenzielle CO2-Speicher genügen? Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012
    Language: German
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  • 47
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Geologische Speicherung von CO2
    Publication Date: 2021-03-30
    Description: Film 3: "Rückhaltemechanismen" (Länge 04:31) "... Um die Reduktionsziele zu erreichen, muss das CO2 dauerhaft im Untergrund bleiben. Für sorgfältig ausgewählte Speicherstandorte sind keine Leckagen zu erwarten. ..." Es gibt verschiedene natürliche Rückhaltemechanismen, die auf unterschiedlichen Zeitskalen dafür sorgen, dass das CO2 zunehmend im Speicher gebunden wird. Um welche Mechanismen handelt es sich hierbei und wie funktionieren sie? Produktionsjahr: 2010-2012
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  • 48
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    IUGG Secretariat, KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
    In:  IUGG Publications
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Language: French , English
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  • 49
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Juli/August 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Der 4. DAK Firmenlauf Potsdam am 6. Juni 2012 war ein voller Erfolg für das GFZ. Sowohl unser Frauenteam „Die Erdbeschleuniger“ als auch das Männerteam „GFZ-1“ setzten sich gegen insgesamt 1.200 Teilnehmer durch und standen am Ende des Tages ganz oben auf dem Podest. Neben hartem Training das Rezept für diesen Erfolg: „Die Erdbeschleuniger“ waren als einziges Team so clever in Richtung der Erdumdrehung zu laufen anstatt entgegen und „GFZ-1“ nutzten Daten aus Schwerefeldmessungen – somit den Pfad der geringsten Erdanziehung – und gewannen so mit Leichtigkeit.
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  • 50
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Februar 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Das IFM-GEOMAR wurde am 1. Januar 2012 umbenannt in GEOMAR | Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel. Wir suchten das Gespräch mit dem Direktor des GEOMAR, Prof. Dr. Peter Herzig, der Direktorin des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts, Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte, und unserem eigenen Vorstand, Prof. Dr. Reinhard Hüttl, um herauszufinden, was dieses Dreibein für den „Erde“-Teil des Forschungsbereichs Erde und Umwelt bedeutet.
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Estimating reliable depths for shallow seismic sources is important in both seismo-tectonic studies and in seismic discrimination studies. Surface wave excitation is sensitive to source depth, especially at intermediate and short-periods, owing to the approximate exponential decay of surface wave displacements with depth. A new method is presented here to retrieve earthquake source parameters from regional and teleseismic intermediate period (100–15 s) fundamental-mode surface wave recordings. This method makes use of advances in mapping global dispersion to allow higher frequency surface wave recordings at regional and teleseismic distances to be used with more confidence than in previous studies and hence improve the resolution of depth estimates. Synthetic amplitude spectra are generated using surface wave theory combined with a great circle path approximation, and a grid of double–couple sources are compared with the data. Source parameters producing the best-fitting amplitude spectra are identified by minimizing the least-squares misfit in logarithmic amplitude space. The F-test is used to search the solution space for statistically acceptable parameters and the ranges of these variables are used to place constraints on the best-fitting source. Estimates of focal mechanism, depth and scalar seismic moment are determined for 20 small to moderate sized (4.3 ≤Mw≤ 6.4) earthquakes. These earthquakes are situated across a wide range of geographic and tectonic locations and describe a range of faulting styles over the depth range 4–29 km. For the larger earthquakes, comparisons with other studies are favourable, however existing source determination procedures, such as the CMT technique, cannot be performed for the smaller events. By reducing the magnitude threshold at which robust source parameters can be determined, the accuracy, especially at shallow depths, of seismo-tectonic studies, seismic hazard assessments, and seismic discrimination investigations can be improved by the application of this methodology.
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Water is stored at very different places on Earth as vapor, liquid or in solid state. It is constantly exchanged between the storage compartments in atmosphere, ocean and on the continents. With time-variable gravity fields of the satellite mission GRACE, GFZ provides unique data sets for continental hydrology and climate research to describe water storage variations at large spatial scales. This allows to quantify the related water fluxes and to make a substantial contribution towards a better understanding of the global climate system and its water cycle including freshwater resources from regional to global scales. In addition, research at GFZ improves prognostic capabilities of hydrological models by integrating GRACE data and adds complementary small-scale data from ground-based gravimetry to study water storage dynamics. Decadal variations and long-term trends, either due to climate variability or anthropogenic impact, can only be adequately resolved, however, by extended gravity time series in the course of a GRACE Follow-On mission.
    Language: German
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  • 53
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Februar 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Das Wohnzimmer ist passé. Dank Kuratorin Sara Barnes sind die Werke einer Künstlerin des gemütlichen Kunstsalons (GFZeitung 02/2011) nun auch in traditionellen Austellungsräumen zu sehen. Achim Brauer ließ sich nicht lange bitten und gesellte sich zum zweiten Mal in den Kreis der Künstler, die an der Schnittstelle zur Wissenschaft arbeiten.
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  • 54
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 55
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 56
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe April 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Die künstliche Anreicherung von Grundwasser ermöglicht eine nachhaltige Nutzung der Ressource Wasser. In einem Pilotprojekt in Tucson, Arizona, werden Messungen eines vom GFZ erworbenen hochpräzisen iGrav-Supraleitgravimeters mit anderen Gravimetermessungen kombiniert, um Grundwasservorkommen zu erkunden. In diesem Gemeinschaftsprojekt des USGS, der University of Arizona und dem GFZ sollen die gewonnenen Informationen zu einem effizienteren Management von Anlagen zur Anreicherung des Grundwassers beitragen.
    Language: German
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  • 57
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Dezember 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: German
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The separation of Africa and South America about 130 million years ago was accompanied by huge volumes of magma derived from the mantle. Erosion has removed many of the surficial lavas but dolerite dyke swarms beneath them are preserved. These dykes are under study to determine the composition of magmas, the age of magmatism, and the direction of extensional stress in the crust. Here, we compare two dolerite dyke swarms from the southern African margin that are separated by about 2000 km. The northern area is the Etendeka Province of NW Namibia with the Henties Bay-Outjo dyke swarm (HOD). The southern area, at the tip of Africa, hosts the False Bay dyke swarm. The dolerites from these two areas differ in compositional diversity and magmatic temperatures, both being higher in the north. Three magma types are distinguished in the northern area and only one in the south. Temperatures calculated from olivine-melt equilibrium show a north-south decrease by about 150 °C. Converted to mantle potential temperature and compared with global averages, the data indicate “normal” upper mantle temperatures in southern region like in the mid-ocean ridge systems (1380 °C), and mantle temperatures in the northern area (1520 °C) similar to hotspot islands like Hawaii and Iceland. We conclude that breakup-related magmatism in the south was related to extension and passive decompression of an upper mantle with normal temperature and composition. The Tristan mantle plume greatly enhanced magma production in the Etendeka Province but was not the cause of continental breakup.
    Language: German
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We generated medium-range forecasts of runoff for a 50 km2 headwater catchment upstream of a reservoir using numerical weather predictions (NWPs) of the past as input to an operational hydrological model. NWP data originating from different sources were tested. For a period of 8.5 years, we computed daily forecasts with a lead time of +120 h based on an empirically downscaled version of the ECMWF’s ensemble prediction system. For the last 3.5 years of the test period, we also tried the deterministic COSMO-EU forecast disseminated by the German Weather Service for lead times of up to +72 h. Common measures of skill indicate superiority of the ensemble runoff forecast over single-value forecasts for longer lead times. However, regardless of which NWP data were being used, the probability of event detection (POD) was found to be generally lower than 50%. In many cases, values in the range of 20–30% were obtained. At the same time, the false alarms ratio (FAR) was often found to be considerably high. The observed uncertainties in the hydrological forecasts were shown to originate from both the insufficient quality of precipitation forecasts as well as deficiencies in hydrological modeling and quantitative precipitation estimation. With respect to the anticipatory control of reservoirs in the studied catchment, the value of the tested runoff forecasts appears to be limited. This is due to the unfavorably low POD/FAR ratio in conjunction with a high cost–loss ratio. However, our results indicate that, in many cases, major runoff events related to snow melt can be successfully predicted as early as 4–5 days in advance.
    Language: English
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In May 2012, a seismic sequence struck the Emilia region (northern Italy). The mainshock, of Ml 5.9, occurred on May 20, 2012, at 02:03 UTC. This was preceded by a smaller Ml 4.1 foreshock some hours before (23:13 UTC on May 19, 2012) and followed by more than 2,500 earthquakes in the magnitude range from Ml 0.7 to 5.2. In addition, on May 29, 2012, three further strong earthquakes occurred, all with magnitude Ml ≥5.2: a Ml 5.8 earthquake in the morning (07:00 UTC), followed by two events within just 5 min of each other, one at 10:55 UTC (Ml 5.3) and the second at 11:00 UTC (Ml 5.2). For all of the Ml ≥4.0 earthquakes in Italy and for all of the Ml ≥4.5 in the Mediterranean area, an automatic procedure for the computation of a regional centroid moment tensor (RCMT) is triggered by an email alert. Within 1 h of the event, a manually revised quick RCMT (QRCMT) can be published on the website if the solution is considered stable. In particular, for the Emilia seismic sequence, 13 QRCMTs were determined and for three of them, those with M 〉5.5, the automatically computed QRCMTs fitted the criteria for publication without manual revision. Using this seismic sequence as a test, we can then identify the magnitude threshold for automatic publication of our QRCMTs.
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  • 61
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Dezember 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Am 14. November 2012 fand zum zweiten Mal am GFZ der internationale GIS DAY statt. Bei der jährlich und weltweit gleichzeitig stattfindenden Veranstaltung im Rahmen der Geography Awareness Week der National Geographic Society gaben Experten für GeoInformationssysteme (GIS) einen Einblick in die breitgefächerte Nutzung von GIS in den aktuellen Forschungstätigkeiten und der Ausbildung.
    Language: German
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  • 62
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 63
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    In:  Scientific drilling : reports on deep earth sampling and monitoring
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 64
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    In:  System Erde
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Seismological and other geophysical observations from the surface show that the internal structure of our planet consists of concentric layers: the crust (on which we live), the mantle and a metallic core. However, even the deepest drill holes can access less than 1 percent of the Earth depth for chemical/physical measurements or sampling. A multidisciplinary approach combining geophysics, geochemistry, petrology and geodynamic modeling is required in order learn more about the deep Earth. Mineral physics provides data at high pressure measured in the laboratory. High pressure measurements performed at the GFZ in the framework of an international cooperation showed that the spin transition of divalent iron in ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O has a major effect on the elastic properties at conditions existing in the lower mantle. This spin transition of (Mg,Fe)O is caused by a pressure induced spin pairing of the 3d electrons between 40 and 60 GPa. The measurements showed that the bulk modulus and the density of ferropericlase increase by several percent at this pressure regime. Moreover, the shear wave velocity anisotropy increases by about 60 % in the same pressure range. These results suggest that the anisotropy in lowermost mantle is caused by the texture of the ferropericlase rather than by perovskite that is about four times more abundant. Additional new experiments performed on a synthetic mantle rock at the synchrotron light source PETRA III (DESY, Hamburg) have the potential to reveal the development of texture in rocks subject to the extreme pressures and temperatures conditions present in the very deep mantle of the Earth.
    Language: German
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Tafilalt region, located at the eastern end of the Anti-Atlas chain in Morocco, was shaken on 23 and 30 October 1992 by two moderate earthquakes of magnitude mb ∼ 5 and intensity ∼ VI MSK64, which caused two deaths and great damage in the area between Erfoud and Rissani. The review of data available on the seismic crisis allowed us to improve the knowledge on the macroseismic, instrumental and source parameters of the earthquakes. The main results of the present study are: (1) location of the epicentres with the help of data from a close portable network allowed us to propose new epicentral coordinates at 31.361° N, 4.182° W (23 October) and 31.286° N, 4.347° W (30 October); both events have focal depths of 2 km; (2) the shock of 30 October was followed by a series of 305 aftershocks, most of which were located west of Rissani; the 61 best-constrained events had focal depths of 5 to 19 km and magnitudes 0.7 to 3; (3) the largest damage was located in an area between the two epicentres within the Tafilalt valley and was probably amplified by site effects due to the proximity of the water table within the Quaternary sediments; (4) focal mechanisms of the main events correspond to strike-slip faulting with fault planes oriented N–S (left lateral) and E–W (right lateral); the only mechanism available for the aftershocks also corresponds to strike-slip faulting; (5) spectral analysis shows that the scalar seismic moment (Mo) of the first event is slightly larger than the second; the corresponding values of Mw are 5.1 and 5.0, respectively; (6) the dimensions of the faults for a circular fault model are 7.7 ± 1.4 and 7.4 ± 1.2 km, respectively; the average displacement is 4 cm for the first event and 3.7 cm for the second; the stress drop is 0.4 and 0.3 MPa, respectively, in agreement with standard values; (7) the Coulomb Stress test performed for both earthquakes suggests a relationship between both events only when the used location is at the limit of the horizontal uncertainty; (8) finally, the occurrence of these shocks suggests that the Anti-Atlas is undergoing tectonic deformation in addition to thermal uplift as suggested by recent publications.
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Mw=6.3 deep-focus earthquake beneath Granada, Spain, in 2010 consisted of three resolvable sub-events occurring within a time span of 5 s. Estimated sub-event seismic moment partitioning is 12%, 7% and 81%, respectively. All sub-events had similar focal mechanisms with a vertical and a near-horizontal nodal plane, and all occurred within 5 km of each other at a similar depth, suggesting rupture on the near-horizontal nodal plane. However, directivity analyses indicate that the first sub-event ruptured unilaterally on the vertical plane. Its modeled rupture length of ∼9 km and stress drop of ∼2 MPa are typical of crustal earthquakes. In contrast, the following sub-events show no clear directivity. The third, best resolved, sub-event had a hypocenter ∼2 km from the first and a focal mechanism indistinguishable from the first, but it had a rupture dimension of 〈6.5 km and a stress drop of 〉40 MPa. This requires an ambient stress field significantly greater than the stress drop of the first sub-event, implying that the first sub-event ruptured as a slip pulse with a transient weakening mechanism. The large stress drops of the second and third sub-events suggest a crack-like rupture without fault healing and with nearly total stress drop. Fault-zone melting and metastable olivine are viable mechanisms for these ruptures. In contrast, the rupture characteristics of the first sub-event seem incompatible with most mechanisms currently under consideration for deep-focus earthquakes.
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: German , English
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  • 68
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    In:  System Erde
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Our blue planet ows its habitability to a fascinating feedback mechanism that stabilises greenhouse gas concentrations and hence temperature at its surface at a level that has kept water in the liquid form throughout most of Earth’s history. Weathering of silicate rocks during the formation of soil consumes the CO2 that is continuously being emitted through volcanic degassing and deposits it as carbonate sediments on the seafloor. Through weathering feedbacks, this “geologic CO2 cycle” has the ability to accelerate whenever climate gets hotter, withdrawing more CO2, and slowing down if temperatures fall, or if less CO2 is available. Through this “thermostat” weathering stabilises climate over the 100 thousand year time scale. Tectonic activity is also a key player, as movements between segments of the Earth’s crust creates geomorphic relief that accelerates the formation of soils by weathering. At GFZ we explore these relationships with sophisticated isotope geochemichal methods. We find that weathering and soil formation is subject to strict “limits”, and that at present, Earth’s surface has the right kind of landscapes to make the “thermostat” work. Silicate weathering will, eventually, reduce the anthropogenic CO2 peak to pre-industrial levels. But the time required to do so is some hundred thousand years. The much faster fluxes of carbon into the Earth’s biomass and oceans dominate changes in greenhouse gas concentrations over the human time scale, but they would not do this effectively without the geologic thermostat roughly stabilising temperature in the background.
    Language: German
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  • 69
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    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 14, EGU2012-2960, 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The focus of this study is the high- resolution localization of more than 800 earthquakes in the Northern Chilean Salar Grande region at about 21S within the Andean Costal Cordillera. The events have been recorded by a temporary local network in 2010. We find, that seismicity is not only related to the Nazca slab but also occurs widely scattered within the overlying continental crust. Our highly resolved locations with typical uncertainties below 200 meters image two distinct seismogenic zones at the top and deeper within the mantle of the Nazca slab, as well as the prominent Atacama Fault Zone. The latter could eventually penetrate the entire crust, possibly joining the subduction interface at a depth of about 40 kilometers. In our further investigation, we have applied a waveform cross-correlation approach by which we were able to identify clusters of similar events with respect to location and source mechanism. Within these clusters we took advantage of waveform similarity to further decrease location uncertainties. Most of the crustal seismicity clusters locate on a subvertical planar structure beneath the surface traces of the Atacama Fault Zone, which extends from close to the surface down to the slab. This could indicate that seismicity in the forearc is not only caused by subduction- related deformation, but also by fluid processes. The irregular spatial distribution of the Nazca slab related clusters may be a consequence of topographic variations within the downgoing slab.
    Language: English
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  • 70
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    In:  Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland | Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften (ZDGG)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: German
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  • 71
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC) in Hyderabad monitored the 11 April 2012 tsunami off the coast of Sumatra, which was generated by a shallow strike–slip earthquake and it largest aftershock of magnitude Mw (mB) 8.5 and 8.2 respectively, that occurred inside the subducting slab of the Indian plate. The earthquake generated a small ocean-wide tsunami that has been recorded by various tide gauges and tsunami buoys located in the Indian Ocean region. ITEWC detected the earthquake within 3 min 52 s and issued six advisories (bulletins) according to its Standard Operating Procedure. The ITEWC performed well during the event, and avoided false alarms and unnecessary public evacuations, especially in the mainland part of India region.
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  • 73
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 74
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 75
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 76
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Februar 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Die Hochwassergefahr an kleinen und mittleren Flüssen in Deutschland wird auch in den nächsten Jahrzehnten nicht abnehmen – im Gegenteil. Eine deutliche Zunahme an Starkniederschlägen sorgt für vermehrtes Hochwasser. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt eine Studie des Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), eine gemeinsame Einrichtung des GFZ und des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT).
    Language: German
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  • 77
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe April 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Der am damaligen Königlich Preußischen Geodätischen Institut (heute Gebäude A 17) erstmalig gemessene Absolutwert der Erdanziehung war von 1909 bis 1971 internationaler Referenzwert für diese Größe, besser bekannt als „Potsdamer Schwerewert“. Der Spitzname „Potsdamer Kartoffel“ für das Schwerefeld-Geoid nimmt auf diesen traditionsreichen Wert Bezug. Der Pendelsaal, in dem der Schwerewert von 1898 bis 1904 gemessen wurde, ist nun frisch renoviert und mit historischen geodätischen Instrumenten und Büchern ausgestattet - Die Schatzkammer ist eröffnet!
    Language: German
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  • 78
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 79
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 80
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    In:  Scientific drilling : reports on deep earth sampling and monitoring
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/lecture
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We present a new, S-velocity model of the European upper mantle, constrained by inversions of seismic waveforms from broad-band stations in Europe and surrounding regions. We collected seismograms for the years 1990–2007 from all permanent stations in Europe for which data were available. In addition, we incorporated data from temporary experiments. Automated multimode inversion of surface and S-wave forms was applied to extract structural information from the seismograms, in the form of linear equations with uncorrelated uncertainties. The equations were then solved for seismic velocity perturbations in the crust and mantle with respect to a 3-D reference model with a realistic crust. We present two versions of the model: one for the entire European upper mantle and another, with the highest resolution, focused on the upper 200 km of the mantle beneath western and central Europe and the circum Mediterranean. The mantle lithosphere and asthenosphere are well resolved by both models. Major features of the lithosphere–asthenosphere system in Europe and the Mediterranean are indentified. The highest velocities in the mantle lithosphere of the East European Craton (EEC) are found at about 150 km depth. There are no indications for a deep cratonic root below about 330 km depth. Lateral variations within the cratonic mantle lithosphere are resolved as well. The locations of kimberlites correlate with reduced S-wave velocities in the shallow cratonic mantle lithosphere. This anomaly is present in regions of both Proterozoic and Archean crust, pointing to an alteration of the mantle lithosphere after the formation of the craton. Strong lateral changes in S-wave velocity are found at the northwestern margin of the EEC and may indicate erosion of cratonic mantle lithosphere beneath the Scandes by hot asthenosphere. The mantle lithosphere beneath western Europe and between the Tornquist–Teisseyre Zone and the Elbe Line shows moderately high velocities and is of an intermediate character, between cratonic lithosphere and the thin lithosphere of central Europe. In central Europe, Caledonian and Variscian sutures are not associated with strong lateral changes in the lithosphere–asthenosphere system. Cenozoic anorogenic intraplate volcanism in central Europe and the circum Mediterranean is found in regions of shallow asthenosphere and close to changes in the depth of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary. Very low velocities at shallow upper-mantle depths are present from eastern Turkey towards the Dead Sea transform fault system and Sinai, beneath locations of recent volcanism. Low-velocity anomalies extending vertically from shallow upper mantle down to the transition zone are found beneath the Massif Central, Sinai and the Dead Sea, the Canary Islands and Iceland.
    Language: English
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  • 84
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 85
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    In:  Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Earthquake moment tensors reflecting seven years of global seismic activity (2004–2010) are presented. The results are the product of the global centroid-moment-tensor (GCMT) project, which maintains and extends a catalog of global seismic moment tensors beginning with earthquakes in 1976. Starting with earthquakes in 2004, the GCMT analysis takes advantage of advances in the mapping of propagation characteristics of intermediate-period surface waves, and includes these waves in the moment-tensor inversions. This modification of the CMT algorithm makes possible the globally uniform determination of moment tensors for earthquakes as small as MW = 5.0. For the period 2004–2010, 13,017 new centroid-moment tensors are reported.
    Language: English
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  • 86
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS) at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad, is responsible for issuing tsunami bulletins in India. The tsunami centre operates on a 24 × 7 basis and monitors seismological stations, bottom pressure recorders and tidal stations throughout the Indian Ocean to evaluate potentially tsunamigenic earthquakes and disseminating tsunami bulletins. The end-to-end capabilities of this warning system have been well proven during all the tsunami-genic earthquakes that occurred since September 2007. Comparison of the earthquake parameters estimated by ITEWS with other international seismological agencies suggests that the system is performing well and has achieved the target set up by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
    Language: English
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  • 88
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: German
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 drilled into the Iheya North hydrothermal system in the middle Okinawa Trough in order to investigate active subseafloor microbial ecosystems and their physical and chemical settings. We drilled five sites during Expedition 331 using special guide bases at three holes for reentry, casing, and capping, including installation of a steel mesh platform with valve controls for postcruise sampling of fluids. At Site C0016, drilling at the base of the North Big Chimney (NBC) mound yielded low recovery, but core included the first Kuroko-type black ore ever recovered from the modern subseafloor.The other four sites yielded interbedded hemipelagic and strongly pumiceous volcaniclastic sediment, along with volcanogenic breccias that are variably hydrothermally altered and mineralized. At most sites, analyses of interstitial water and headspace gas yielded complex patterns with depth and lateral distance of only a few meters. Documented processes included formation of brines and vapor-rich fluids by phase separation and segregation, uptake of Mg and Na by alteration minerals in exchange for Ca, leaching of K at high temperature and uptake at low temperature, anhydrite precipitation, potential microbial oxidation of organic matter and anaerobic oxidation of methane utilizing sulfate, and methanogenesis. Shipboard analyses have found evidence for microbial activity in sediments within the upper 10–30 m below seafloor (mbsf) where temperatures were relatively low, but little evidence in the deeper hydrothermally altered zones and hydrothermal fluid regime.
    Language: English
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 91
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 92
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    In:  Water as a resource : water research for a sustainable future
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The disciplines of environmental protection and sustainable development are highly reliant on the continuous advancement of theoretical and practical knowledge. Germany can look back on many years of environmental and sustainability research and thus has both an opportunity and a duty to share its extensive technological and planning expertise with the rest of the world. After all, conserving the foundations of life and protecting people from natural hazards are not just domestic concerns. Three examples from the field of water management highlight the many means of imparting knowledge to young scientists across the globe.
    Language: English
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  • 93
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 94
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Tsunami early warning (TEW) is a challenging task as a decision has to be made within few minutes on the basis of incomplete and error-prone data. Deterministic warning systems have difficulties in integrating and quantifying the intrinsic uncertainties. In contrast, probabilistic approaches provide a framework that handles uncertainties in a natural way. Recently, we have proposed a method using Bayesian networks (BNs) that takes into account the uncertainties of seismic source parameter estimates in TEW. In this follow-up study, the method is applied to 10 recent large earthquakes offshore Sumatra and tested for its performance. We have evaluated both the general model performance given the best knowledge we have today about the source parameters of the 10 events and the corresponding response on seismic source information evaluated in real-time. We find that the resulting site-specific warning level probabilities represent well the available tsunami wave measurements and observations. Difficulties occur in the real-time tsunami assessment if the moment magnitude estimate is severely over- or underestimated. In general, the probabilistic analysis reveals a considerably large range of uncertainties in the near-field TEW. By quantifying the uncertainties the BN analysis provides important additional information to a decision maker in a warning centre to deal with the complexity in TEW and to reason under uncertainty.
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  • 96
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    In:  New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2)
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The scope of this Science Plan is to describe the scientific background, applications, and activities related to the EnMAP mission. Primarily, the Science Plan addresses scientists and funding institutions, but it may also be of interest for environmental stakeholders and governmental bodies. It is conceived to be a living document that will be updated throughout the whole mission. Current global challenges call for interdisciplinary approaches. Hence, the science plan is not structured in the traditional disciplinary way. Instead, it builds on overarching research themes to which EnMAP can contribute. This Science Plan comprises the following five chapters presenting the significance, background, framework, applications, and strategy of the EnMAP mission: Chapter 2 highlights the need for EnMAP data with respect to major environmental issues and various stakeholders. This chapter states the mission’s main objectives and provides a list of research themes addressing global challenges to whose understanding and management EnMAP can contribute. Chapter 3 presents an overview of the EnMAP mission from a scientific point of view including a brief description of the mission parameters, data products and access, and calibration/validation issues. Chapter 4 provides an overview of hyperspectral remote sensing regarding its principles, development, and current state and synergies to other satellite missions. Chapter 5 describes current lines of research and EnMAP applications to address the research themes presented in Chapter 2. Finally, Chapter 6 outlines the scientific exploitation strategy, which includes the strategy for community building, dissemination of knowledge and increasing public awareness.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 98
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Juli/August 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Europa führt mit Galileo das erste, unter ziviler Kontrolle stehende, weltweite Satellitennavigations- und Ortungssystem ein (GNSS – Global Navigation Satellite System). Dabei soll auch die Interoperabilität mit dem bekanntesten System dieser Art, dem amerikanische GPS, gewährleistet werden. Die von Galileo bereitgestellten Services sollen eine Echtzeitpositionierung mit Submetergenauigkeit zulassen. Durch zusätzliche Qualitätsinformationen der gesendeten Signale können dem Nutzer auch sicherheitskritische Anwendungen wie zum Beispiel Landeanflüge garantiert werden.
    Language: German
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  • 99
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    In:  Scientific drilling : reports on deep earth sampling and monitoring
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 100
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    In:  GeoForschungsZeitung / Ausgabe Dezember 2012
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Das GFZ bietet seit dem Jahr 2010 einen neuen, zukunftsträchtigen Ausbildungsberuf an – den Geomatiker. Geomatik ist die Herstellung von räumlichen Bezügen durch die Modellierung von Referenzsystemen. Die Auszubildenden Max Lemke und Luisa Schulte im Zentrum für GeoInformationsTechnologie ZeGIT sind die Ersten, die diese Ausbildung am GFZ genießen dürfen.
    Language: German
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