ALBERT

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: Teilw. zugl.: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1994

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Aachen, TH, Diss., 1995

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1994

Anmerkung: Teilw. zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1995

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1994

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Frankfurt, Univ., Diss., 1995 u.d.T.: Tektono-metamorphe Entwicklung, Verformungsmechanismen und Geometrie in der Prehnit-Pumpellyit-faziellen Kruste des Bowers Terrane

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1994

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Habil., 1993

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1995

Anmerkung: Teilw. zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1996

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1995

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Braunschweig, Univ., Diss., 1996

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1994

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1994

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss. 1997

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1995

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1994 u.d.T.: Untersuchung zur jahreszeitlichen Variation der Circadianrhythmik der Körpertemperatur und der Befindlichkeit sowie zum Arbeits- und Schlafverhalten bei fünf männlichen Überwinterern in der Antarktis

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Natural ice sheets Choosing an ice control structure Flexible structures Ice booms Frazil collector lines Fence booms Rigid or semirigid structures Pier-mounted booms Stone groins Artificial islands Removable gravity structures Timber cribs Weirs Pilings and dolphins Structures built for other purposes Hydroelectric dams Wicket dams Light piers and towers Bridge piers Breakwaters Ice control not using Structures Channel improvements Ice sheet tying Ice sheet bridges Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice control structure

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Preface Introduction Elastomers and sealant formulations Mechanical behavior of sealants Phenomenological behavior of rubbers and elastomers Hyperelastic constitutive model Examples of sealant behavior Mechanical response of seals Basic structural geometry and loading configurations of seals Conventional performance testing for studying the load and deformation response of joint and crack seals Response of seals to joint movements Summary and recommendations Literature cited Abstract

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Results and analysis Leading tire resistance Trailing tire resistance Deep snow Undercarriage drag Multiple passes Shallow snow resistance model Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Snow data Appendix B: Observations of snow deformation by a wheel Appendix C: Wheeled vehicle motion resistance data Abstract

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Shallow snow Undisturbed snow on a firm substrate Undisturbed snow on a soft substrate Undisturbed snow over ice Disturbed, processed and packed snow Deep snow Ice Freezing or thawing ground conditions Bearing capacity of freezing ground Effect of thawing conditions on vehicle performance Speed made good Internal motion resistance Slopes Summary and recornmendations Literature cited Appendix A: Cold Regions Mobility Model CRM-1.F Appendix B: FORTRAN code using NRMM/CAMMS variables and format Appendix C: Traction coefficients on packed snow Appendix D: NRMM checkout data Abstract

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Results and discussion Cylindrical structures Conical structures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Relationship between flexural strength and in-situ unconfined compressive strength Appendix B: Test data

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Site selection and preparation Prespill assessment Seawater application Postspill assessment Enzyme assay and analysis of soil flora Results and discussion Soil-solution conductivities Vascular plant response Cryptogam response Site factors and plant response Soil flora and extracellular soil enzymes Limitations of this study Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Plant taxa included in this study

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Introduction Principal relationships Constitutive equation Failure criteria Secondary creep: Flow equations Creep at constant stress (σ = Const.) Creep model Creep strain (σ = Const.) Creep at constant strain rate (ϵ = Const.) Stress-strain relationship Stress/strain/strain rate at failure Test data Preliminary analysis Constant stress tests (σ = Const.) Constant strain rate tests (ϵ = Const.) The principle of superposition Thermodynamic equation of creep Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output

Anmerkung: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental facility and procedures Ice test basin Ice growth procedure Measurements Ice growth and structure Ice thickness distribution Ice growth during freeze-up Ice growth during warm-up Structure of urea-doped ice Mechanical properties of urea-doped ice Introductory remarks Model of a two-layer elastic material Properties of urea-doped ice during freeze-up Properties of urea-doped ice during warm-up Applications to test program scheduling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Results of ice thickness measurements for various growth conditions Appendix B: Properties of untempered ice Appendix C: Properties of tempered ice

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Methodology Potential flow around an arbitrary airfoil Incompressible velocity field Droplet trajectory equation Computational procedure for trajectories Determining the point of impact Calculation of collision efficiencies Accreting an ice layer Determining the accuracy of the flow field Determining the accuracy of the trajectories Results and discussion Comparing results with and without the history term Collision efficiency of NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 0° attack angle Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A : Sample input Appendix B: Sample output Appendix C : Program listing

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Results Ice forces on inclined structures Transition of ice action due to velocity increase Aspect ratio Bridge pier nose geometry Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1994

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1993

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 1996

Anmerkung: Zugl.: München, Univ., Diss., 1993 , Inhalt: Zusammenfassung/Summary. - Vorwort und Danksagung. - Quellenlage. - Erläuterungen zum Text. - Abkürzungsverzeichnis. - 1. Einleitung. - 2. Geschichtliche Einordnung der deutschen Polarforschung. - 2.1 Erste Entdeckungsreisen. - 2.1.1 Arktis. - 2.1.1.1 Wirtschaftliche Interessen. - 2.1.1.2 Wissenschaftliche Interessen. - 2.1.2 Antarktis. - 2.1.2.1 Wirtschaftliche Interessen. - 2.1.2.2 Wissenschaftliche Interessen. - 2.2 Expeditionsperioden seit der Jahrhundertwende. - Abbildungen. - Tabellen. - 3. Fördernde Persönlichkeiten. - 3.1 Georg von Neumayer. - 3.2 Ferdinand Frhr. von Richthofen. - 3.3 Albrecht Penck. - 3.4 Friedrich Schmidt-Ott. - 3.5 Fridtjof Nansen. - 3.6 Erich von Drygalski. - 3.7 Alfred Wegener. - 3.8 Max Gratewahl. - 3.9 Kontakte der deutschen Polarforscher untereinander. - Tabellen. - 4. Aufgaben der Polarforschung aus der Sicht verschiedener Forscher und Gruppen. - 4.1 Arktis. - 4.1.1 Drygalski. - 4.1.2 Zeppelin. - 4.1.3 Schröder-Stranz. - 4.1.4 Wegener. - 4.1.5 Aeroarctic. - 4.1.6 II. Internationales Polarjahr. - 4.2 Antarktis. - 4.2.1 Drygalski. - 4.2.2 Wegener. - 4.2.3 Filchner. - 4.2.4 Ritscher. - 4.3 Diskussion. - 4.3.1 Arktis. - 4.3.2 Antarktis. - Abbildungen. - 5. Forschungsdisziplinen und ihre Methoden. - 5.1 Allgemeine Methoden. - 5.2 Geographie. - 5.2.1 Erkundung. - 5.2.1.1 Erkundungstouren von einer Station. - 5.2.1.2 Durchquerung. - 5.2.1.3 Flächenhafte Erkundung. - 5.2.2 Vermessung. - 5.3 Biologie. - 5.4 Geologie. - 5.5 Ozeanographie. - 5.5.1 Stationsmessungen. - 5.5.2 Ozeanographischer Schnitt. - 5.5.3 Flächenhafte Messungen. - 5.6 Glaziologie. - 5.6.1 Punkt- und Schnittmessungen. - 5.6.2 Flächenhafte Messungen. - 5.7 Meteorologie. - 5.7.1 Klimamessungen. - 5.7.2 Aerologische Messungen. - 5.7.3 Flächenhafte und räumliche Erfassung. - 5.8 Magnetik. - 5.8.1 Zeitliche Änderung. - 5.8.2 Räumliche Änderung entlang der Reiseroute. - 5.8.3 Flächenhafte Änderung. - 5.9 Diskussion. - 5.9.1 Entwicklung der Expeditionsform. - 5.9.2 Entwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Forschungsmethoden. - Abbildung. - 6. Pläne nicht durchgeführter Expeditionen. - 6.1 Grönland. - 6.1.1 Georgi-Expedition. - 6.2 Antarktis. - 6.2.1 Kasack-Expedition. - 6.2.2 Ritscher-Expedition. - 6.2.3 Herrligkoffer-Expedition. - 6.3 Diskussion. - 6.3.1 Grönland. - 6.3.2 Antarktis. - Abbildungen. - 7. Problementwicklung aus Drygalskis Sicht. - 7.1 Wasser und Landverteilung in der Polargebieten. - 7.2 Bau und Form der Antarktis. - 7.3 Natur der Polargebiete. - 7.4 Morphologische Probleme der Eiszeit und Alfred Wegeners Theorie der Kontinentalverschiebung. - 7.5 Zusammenhang zwischen Klima und Eisbildung. - 7.6 Ozeanische und atmosphärische Polarfront und ihr Einfluß auf das Klima. - 7.7 Die Meeresströmungen und ihre Beeinflussung durch die hohen antarktischen Breiten. - 7.8 Die Bedeutung der Polarwelt für die Entstehung der Organismen. - 7.9 Über die Bewegung des Inlandeises. - 7.10 Probleme im Zusammenhang mit kosmischen Kräften. - 7.11 Diskussion. - Zusammenfassung der Diskussion. - 8. Innerwissenschaftliche Förderung. - 8.1 Mündliche Verbreitung der Ideen. - 8.1.1 Geographische Gesellschaft in Bremen. - 8.1.2 Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde zu Berlin. - 8.1.3 Versammlung Deutscher Naturfreunde und Ärzte. - 8.1.4 Deutscher Geographentag. - 8.1.5 Internationaler Geographenkongreß. - 8.1.6 Internationaler Kongreß fur die Erforschung der Polargebiete. - 8.2 Ausstellungen. - 8.3 Schriftliche Verbreitung der Ideen. - 8.4 Für Polarunternehmungen eingesetzte Gruppen. - 8.4.1 Drygalski-Expedition. - 8.4.2 Filchner-Expedition. - 8.4.3 Schröder-Stranz-Expedition. - 8.4.4 Aeroarctic-Expedition. - 8.4.5 Wegener-Expedition. - 8.4.6 Deutscher Beitrag zum II. Internationalen Polarjahr. - 8.5 Internationale Kooperationen von Polarunternehmungen. - 8.6 Internationale Förderung der Aeroarctic. - 8.7 Allgemeine Förderung der Polarforschung. - 8.8 Diskussion. - 9. Außerwissenschaftliche Förderung. - 9.1 Nationale Förderung. - 9.1.1 Drygalski. - 9.1.2 Filchner. - 9.1.3 Schröder-Stranz. - 9.1.4 Aeroarctic. - 9.1.5 Wegener. - 9.1.6 Deutscher Beitrag zum II. Internationalen Polarjahr. - 9.1.7 Ritscher. - 9.2 Internationale Förderung. - 9.3 Diskussion. - Abkürzungen und Erläuterungen zu den Tabellen. - Tabellen. - 10. Politische und wirtschaftliche Einordnung der deutschen Polarforschung. - 10.1 Wilhelminische Politik, das Verhältnis zu England und die Erschließung Sibiriens unter dem Zaren. - 10.2 Weltverkehr und Wettervorhersage während der Weltwirtschaftskrise. - 10.3 Sicherung der Rohstoffversorgung im Rahmen des Vierjahresplans. - 10.4 Besitzanprüche in der Antarktis. - 10.5 Diskussion. - Abbildungen. - 11. Bestimmende Parameter bei der Ausführung von Expeditionen. - 11.1 Verkehrs- und Kommunikationstechnik. - 11.2 Gesellschaftliche Bedingungen. - 11.2.1 Vertragliche Abmachungen. - 11.2.2 Persönliche Voraussetzungen. - 11.3 Naturverhältnisse. - 11.4 Diskussion. - 11.4.1 Einsatz der Verkehrs- und Kommunikationsmittel. - 11.4.2 Organisationsform und persönliche Voraussetzungen polarer Expeditionen. - 11.4.3 Auswirkung der angetroffenen Naturverhältnisse. - Zusammenfassung der Diskussion. - Tabellen. - Abbildungen. - 12. Wertung der deutschen Polarforschung im internationalen Rahmen. - 13. Ausblick. - 14. Tabellenverzeichnis. - 15. Abbildungsverzeichnis. - 16. Index. - 16.1 Namensregister. - 16.2 Ortsregister. - 16.3 Sachregister. - 16.4 Konkordanztabelle. - 17. Literaturverzeichnis. - 17.1 Gedruckte Quellen. - 17.2 Ungedruckte Quellen. - Anhangsverzeichnis. - Anhang.

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1996