ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Part 1 Introduction --- 1 Outline of the Environmental Monitoring of TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tomoyuki TAKAHASHI) --- 2 Outline of the Radiation Dose Estimation of Residents After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Sentaro TAKAHASHI) --- Part 2 Overview --- 3 Accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant: Sequences, FP Released, Lessons Learned (Jun SUGIMOTO) --- 4 Some Comments on Dose Assessment for Members of the Public After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Jiro INABA) --- Part 3 Radiation Survey of the Environment --- 5 Environmental Radiation Status in and Around Tokyo Immediately After the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster (Takeshi IIMOTO) --- 6 Radiation Survey Along Two Trails in Mt. Fuji to Investigate the Radioactive Contamination Due to TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant Accident (Kazuaki YAJIMA) --- 7 Development of a Carborne Survey System, KURAMA (Minoru TANIGAKI) --- 8 Radiation Measurement in East Japan in 2011 After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident (Takumi KUBOTA) --- Part 4 Environmental Radioactivity --- 9 Distribution of Plutonium Isotopes in Marine Sediments Off Japan Before and After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: A Review (Jian ZHENG) --- 10 Time Trend Change of Air Dose Rate on Paved Area in Fukushima City After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Shin-ya HOHARA) --- 11 Observation of Radionuclides in Marine Biota off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tatsuo AONO) --- Part 5 Transfer Models and/or Parameters --- 12 Evaluating Removal of Radionuclides from Landfill Leachate Using Generally Practiced Wastewater Treatment Processes (Nao ISHIKAWA) --- 13 Studies on Radiocesium Transfer in Agricultural Plants in Fukushima Prefecture (Takashi SAITO) --- Part 6 Source Estimation --- 14 Investigation of Uncertainty in the Release Rates of I 131 and Cs 137 from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Estimated from Environmental Data (Shigekazu HIRAO) --- 15 Source Term Estimation of 131I and 137Cs Discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Atmosphere (Haruyasu NAGAI) --- Part 7 Dose Assessment --- 16 NIRS's Activities for the Reconstruction of Early Internal Exposure in the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident (Osamu KURIHARA) --- 17 Internal Radiation Dose of KURRI Volunteers Working at Evacuation Shelters After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Yuko KINASHI) --- 18 Probabilistic Assessment of Doses to the Public Living in Areas Contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Shogo TAKAHARA) --- 19 Reduction of External Exposure for Residents Owing to the Fukushima Nuclear Accident by Weathering and Decontamination (Hiroko YOSHIDA)

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 “Diffusive Demand” and “Creative Demand” --- 2 The 21st Century Paradigm and the Role of Information Technology --- 3 “Vision 2050” as the Rescue of a “Limited Earth” --- 4 Finding a Way Out Through Creative Demand, I --- 5 Finding a Way Out Through Creative Demand, II --- 6 Toward the Realization of a “Platinum Society”

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability: Science Advancement and Leadership Development --- Biodiversity Agriculture Supports Human Populations --- Conservation and Sustainable Management of Soil Biodiversity for Agricultural Productivity --- Conservation Tillage Assessment For Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emission In Rainfed Agro-Ecosystem --- Improving Biodiversity in Rice Paddy Fields to Promote Land Sustainability --- Agroforestry Models for Promoting Effective Risk Management and Building Sustainable Communities --- Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability: Conservation of Forest Resources in Madagascar --- Community-Based Mangrove Forest Management in Thailand: Key Lesson Learned for Environmental Risk Management --- Necessity of Adaptive Risk Management for Fisheries and Wildlife --- Valuation of Non-Marketed Agricultural Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Southeast Asia --- Emerging Socio-Economic and Environmental Issues Affecting Food Security: A Case Study of Silang-Santa Rosa Subwatershed --- Strengthening the Capacity of Flood-Affected Rural Communities in Padang Terap, State of Kedah, Malaysia --- Mitigating Coastal Erosion in Fort Dauphin, Madagascar --- Risk Management of Chemical Pollution: Principles from the Japanese Experience --- Research on the Sod Between Chlorophyll-a and Organic Matter BOD, COD, Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen in Stagnant Lake Basins --- Managing Construction Development Risks to the Environment --- Ecosystem Restoration Using the Near-Natural Method in Shanghai --- Sustainable Management of Urban Green Environments: Challenges and Opportunities --- Environment and Social Capacity Assessment for Sustainability Promotion and Risk Management --- Rural Landscape Conservation in Japan: Lessons from the Satoyama Conservation Program in Kanagawa Prefecture --- Enhancing Students’ Ecological Thinking to Improve Understanding of Environmental Risk --- Interactive Multimedia Education System (IMES) as a International Education Platform

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Marginality—An Overview and Implications for Policy --- Part 1 Concepts and Theory --- 2 Marginality—A Framework for Analyzing Causal Complexities of Poverty --- 3 Exclusion and Initiatives to “Include”: Revisiting Basic Economics to Guide Development Practice --- 4 Marginality from a Socio-ecological Perspective --- Part 2 Dimensions and Prevalence of Marginality --- 5 Mapping Marginality Hotspots --- 6 The Poorest: Who and Where They Are --- 7 Targeting the Poorest and Most Vulnerable: Examples from Bangladesh --- 8 Correlates of Extreme Poverty in Rural Ethiopia --- 9 Examining the Circle of Attachment, Trauma, Shame, and Marginalization: the Unheard Voices of Young Kutchi Girls --- Part 3 Environmental Drivers of Marginality --- 10 Poverty, Agriculture and the Environment: the Case of Sub-Saharan Africa --- 11 The Marginal Poor and their Dependence on Ecosystem Services: Evidence from South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa --- 12 Land Degradation, Poverty, and Marginality --- Part 4     Experiencing Marginality in Africa and Asia --- 13 Tackling Social Exclusion and Marginality for Poverty Reduction: Indian Experiences --- 14 Consumption Behavior of the Poorest and Policy Implications in Indonesia --- 15 Addressing Extreme Poverty and Marginality: Experiences in Rural China --- 16 Experiences in Targeting the Poorest: a Case Study from Bangladesh --- 17 Rural Poverty and Marginalization in Ethiopia: a Review of Development Interventions --- Part 5 Responses to Marginality at Different Levels: State, Business, and Community --- 18 Macro, Fiscal, and Decentralization Options to Address Marginality and Reach the Extremely Poor --- 19 Social Protection, Marginality, and Extreme Poverty: Just Give Money to the Poor --- 20 Innovative Business Approaches for the Reduction of Extreme Poverty and Marginality --- 21 Business Initiatives that Overcome Rural Poverty and Marginality Through Creating Shared Value --- 22 The Marginalized and Poorest in Different Communities and Settings of Ethiopia

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- 1. The Full-Scale Laboratory: The Practice of Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance Missions and Their Contribution to Earthquake Engineering --- 2. Rapid Earthquake Loss Assessment after Damaging Earthquakes --- 3. Existing Buildings: The New Italian Provisions for Probabilistic Seismic Assessment --- 4. Seismic Response of Precast Industrial Buildings --- 5. The Role of Site Effects at The Boundary Between Seismology and Engineering: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes --- 6. Seismic Analysis and Design of Bridges with an Emphasis to Eurocode Standards --- 7. From Performance- and Displacement-Based Assessment of Existing Buildings per EN1998-3 to Design of New Concrete Structures in Fib MC2010 --- 8. Testing Historic Masonry Structural Elements and/or Building Models --- 9. Earthquake Risk Reduction: From Scenario Simulators Including Systemic Interdependency to Impact Indicators --- 10. Physics-Based Earthquake Ground Shaking Scenarios in Large Urban Areas --- 11. A Seismic Performance Classification Framework to Provide Increased Seismic Resilience --- 12. Towards Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Modern Unreinforced Masonry Structures --- 13. Pushover Analysis for Plan Irregular Building Structures --- 14. Recent Development and Application of Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation and Conditions for Their Correct Use --- 15. Conservation Principles and Performance-Based Strengthening of Heritage Buildings in Post-Event Reconstruction --- 16. Earthquake Risk Assessment: Present Shortcomings and Future Directions --- 17. The Role of Pile Diameter on Earthquake-Induced Bending --- 18. Predictive Models for Earthquake Response of Clay and Quick Clay Slopes.- 19. Recent Advances in Seismic Soil Liquefaction Engineering --- 20. Seismic Hazard and Seismic Design and Safety Aspects of Large Dam Projects

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sediment provenance studies concern the origin, composition, transportation and deposition of detritus and therefore are an important part of understanding the links between basinal sedimentation, and hinterland tectonics and unroofing. Such studies can add value at many stages of hydrocarbon exploitation, from identifying regional-scale crustal affinities and sediment dispersal patterns during the earliest stages of exploration, to detailed correlation in producing reservoirs and understanding the impact of mineralogy on reservoir diagenesis. The volume showcases the wide variety of techniques available, using examples and applications from all aspects of sediment provenance research. The papers are organized into four sets around the following themes: Overview: applications of provenance information in hydrocarbon reservoir sandstones Provenance, diagenesis and reservoir quality Provenance studies linking sediment to source Looking forward: development of techniques and data handling This book is dedicated to the memory of Maria Mange and Robert A. Scott.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The aim of this book is to demonstrate the use of SAR data in three application domains, i.e. land cover (Part II), topography (Part III), and land motion (Part IV). These are preceded by Part I, where an extensive and complete review on speckle and adaptive filtering is provided, essential for the understanding of SAR images. Part II is dedicated to land cover mapping. Part III is devoted to the generation of Digital Elevation Models based on radargrammetry and on a wise fusion (by considering sensor characteristic and acquisition geometry) of interferometric and photogrammetric elevation data. Part IV provides a contribution to three applications related to land motion.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: TRANSMIT (Training Research and Applications Network to Support the Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats) is an initiative funded by the European Commission through a Marie Curie Initial Training Network. It provided a coordinated program of academic and industrial training, focused on atmospheric phenomena that can significantly impair a wide range of systems and applications that are at the core of several activities embedded in our daily life. TRANSMIT deals with the harmful effects of the ionosphere on these systems. Main aim of the project has been to develop a web based prototype demonstrator aiming to showcase the project research outcomes in a user friendly manner, through a series of model outputs and tools that could serve as the blueprint for a future service to assist users and industry to mitigate the effects of ionospheric threats to GNSS. This book is concerned with the TRANSMIT 2014 Workshop Appraisal of Scientific and Technological Output that took place in Torino (Italy) on February 2014, where a full update on the status of the prototype development and the next steps leading to its full implementation were provided.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Nowadays advanced remote sensing technology plays tremendous roles in building a quantitative and comprehensive understanding of how the Earth system works. The advanced remote sensing technology is also used widely to monitor and survey the natural disasters and man-made pollution. Besides, telecommunication is considered as an accuracy remote sensing advanced technology tool. Precise usage of remote sensing and telecommunication cannot be built without comprehensive understanding of mathematics and physics. This book has three parts (i) microwave remote sensing applications, (ii) nuclear, geophysics and telecommunication; and (iii) environment remote sensing investigations.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume is a follow-up of PAGEOPH Topical Volume 167 (2010) and again reports on the latest advances in science and technology that have been achieved to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). This progress in the development and testing of new sensor technologies and analysis methodologies in all relevant scientific disciplines improves the detection, location and characterization of CTBT-relevant events. In particular the latter poses a challenge for smaller events, where natural or manmade but CTBT-irrelevant sources can generate false positive events. Being able to effectively identify these events while maintaining a minimum risk of missing a nuclear explosion is the overall challenge. The 29 papers in this volume can be structured into 16 waveform studies, eight contributions in the field of radionuclide monitoring and related atmospheric backtracking, and five papers related to on-site inspection or overhead detection of relevant events, with many of these originally presented at a special session on “Research and Development in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring” at the most recent annual General Assemblies of the European Geosciences Union (EGU). The volume addresses the interests of scientists and practitioners whose work is related to the CTBT relevant applications and technologies in the fields of seismology, hydro-acoustics, infra-sound, meteorology and nuclear physics.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume presents a selection of papers showing the current focus of studies of deformation structures and processes within the continental crust. The selected contributions use a large range of analytical techniques suited to the full range of structure sizes and fine-tuned to the physical process that controls the deformation, from the grain boundary at the micro-scale, the lithological contact at the meso-scale to the plate boundary at the global scale. The papers in the volume are grouped into three sections relating to specific lines of research within the analysis of rock deformation structures and processes, in particular in respect to the continental crust: structures within shear zones and faults; magmatic structures, and microstructures and rheology. These sections include papers describing field studies, experimental rock deformation and numerical modelling of deformation processes.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 “Diffusive Demand” and “Creative Demand” --- 2 The 21st Century Paradigm and the Role of Information Technology --- 3 “Vision 2050” as the Rescue of a “Limited Earth” --- 4 Finding a Way Out Through Creative Demand, I --- 5 Finding a Way Out Through Creative Demand, II --- 6 Toward the Realization of a “Platinum Society”

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Part 1 Introduction --- 1 Outline of the Environmental Monitoring of TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tomoyuki TAKAHASHI) --- 2 Outline of the Radiation Dose Estimation of Residents After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Sentaro TAKAHASHI) --- Part 2 Overview --- 3 Accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant: Sequences, FP Released, Lessons Learned (Jun SUGIMOTO) --- 4 Some Comments on Dose Assessment for Members of the Public After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Jiro INABA) --- Part 3 Radiation Survey of the Environment --- 5 Environmental Radiation Status in and Around Tokyo Immediately After the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster (Takeshi IIMOTO) --- 6 Radiation Survey Along Two Trails in Mt. Fuji to Investigate the Radioactive Contamination Due to TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant Accident (Kazuaki YAJIMA) --- 7 Development of a Carborne Survey System, KURAMA (Minoru TANIGAKI) --- 8 Radiation Measurement in East Japan in 2011 After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident (Takumi KUBOTA) --- Part 4 Environmental Radioactivity --- 9 Distribution of Plutonium Isotopes in Marine Sediments Off Japan Before and After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: A Review (Jian ZHENG) --- 10 Time Trend Change of Air Dose Rate on Paved Area in Fukushima City After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Shin-ya HOHARA) --- 11 Observation of Radionuclides in Marine Biota off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tatsuo AONO) --- Part 5 Transfer Models and/or Parameters --- 12 Evaluating Removal of Radionuclides from Landfill Leachate Using Generally Practiced Wastewater Treatment Processes (Nao ISHIKAWA) --- 13 Studies on Radiocesium Transfer in Agricultural Plants in Fukushima Prefecture (Takashi SAITO) --- Part 6 Source Estimation --- 14 Investigation of Uncertainty in the Release Rates of I 131 and Cs 137 from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Estimated from Environmental Data (Shigekazu HIRAO) --- 15 Source Term Estimation of 131I and 137Cs Discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Atmosphere (Haruyasu NAGAI) --- Part 7 Dose Assessment --- 16 NIRS's Activities for the Reconstruction of Early Internal Exposure in the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident (Osamu KURIHARA) --- 17 Internal Radiation Dose of KURRI Volunteers Working at Evacuation Shelters After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Yuko KINASHI) --- 18 Probabilistic Assessment of Doses to the Public Living in Areas Contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Shogo TAKAHARA) --- 19 Reduction of External Exposure for Residents Owing to the Fukushima Nuclear Accident by Weathering and Decontamination (Hiroko YOSHIDA)

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This Special Publication contains 43 scientific studies presented at the 5th conference on ‘Clays in natural and engineered barriers for radioactive waste confinement’ held in Montpellier, France in 2012. The conference and this resulting volume cover all the aspects of clay characterization and behaviour considered at various temporal and spatial scales relevant to the confinement of radionuclides in clay, from basic phenomenological process descriptions to the global understanding of performance and safety at repository and geological scales. Special emphasis has been given to the modelling of processes occurring at the mineralogical level within the clay barriers. The papers in this Special Publication consider research into argillaceous media under the following topic areas: large-scale geological characterization; clay-based concept/large-scale experiments; hydrodynamical modelling; geochemistry; geomechanics; mass transfer/gas transfer; mass transfer mechanisms. The collection of different topics presented in this Special Publication demonstrates the diversity of geological repository research.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Oman Mountains contain one of the world's best- exposed and best-understood fold–thrust belts and the largest, best-exposed and most intensively studied ophiolite complex on Earth. This volume presents new international research from authors currently active in the field focusing on the geology of the Oman Mountains, the foreland region, the carbonate platforms of Northern and Central Oman and the underlying basement complex. In addition there is a particular focus on geoconservation in the region. The volume is divided into three main sections that discuss the tectonics of the Arabian plate using insights from geophysics, petrology, structural geology, geochronology and palaeontology; the petrology and geochemistry of the Oman Ophiolite and the sedimentary and hydrocarbon systems of Oman, drawing on the geophysics, structure and sedimentology of these systems. The volume is enhanced by numerous colour images provided courtesy of Petroleum Development Oman.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Hydrothermal ore deposits that are exploited for gold include both gold-only deposits, such as orogenic deposits, and gold-bearing examples of the common hydrothermal deposits types that are formed around upper-crustal magmatic centres, in particular porphyry and epithermal deposits. Fluid-inclusion data have shown that ore fluids of gold-only deposits are compositionally distinct compared to fluids of other deposit types. This Special Publication includes an up-to-date summary of thermodynamic parameters of aqueous Au species at high temperatures and pressures; a dataset of fluid inclusion properties and compositions from orogenic deposits of different parts of the world; several comprehensive case studies of different types of gold deposits and their fluids from USA, Brazil, Egypt, Slovakia and Bulgaria; and numerical modelling aimed to define key parameters that affect fluid flow and gold deposition at a range of scales.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chronology is the backbone of history, and there is a wise saying stating there is no history without a chronology. Earths evolutionary history is built up by geochronology, i.e. time benchmarks upon which the geological history is built up step by step over its total time period of about 4.5 billion years. The first marker in this history is the Jack Hills zircon from Australia dated at about 4.4 GA. The most detailed records come from seasonal changes within annual varves. Stratigraphy provides the basic chronological ordering of layers by layers, units by units, fossil assemblage by assemblage, varves by varves, growth zone by growth zone, etc. The radiometric techniques implied the introduction of absolute age determinations. This book includes a combination of methodological presentations and related case studies, from where we learn about practical problems and achievements. Therefore, the book should be of basic interest both for scientists in their practical in field and laboratory, as well as for general educational purpose.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Global warming has dramatically increased the frequency and severity of flooding events worldwide. As a result, many man-made and natural ecosystems have become flood-prone. For plants, the main consequence of flooding is the drastic reduction of oxygen availability that restricts respiratory energy production and finally affects survival. Flooding can negatively influence crop production and wild plant distributions, since most plants are sensitive to excessively wet conditions. However, plants have evolved a broad spectrum of adaptive responses to oxygen deficiency that eventually leads to tolerance. Many of these morphological and physiological adaptations have been described in some crops and wild plant species and considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular aspects governing tolerance traits. Moreover, the molecular mechanism of plant oxygen sensing has been recently elucidated. However, many other aspects concerning plant acclimation responses to flooding remain unanswered. With this research topic we seek to build an online collection of articles addressing various aspects relating to “plant responses to flooding’’ which will reflect the exciting new developments and current state of the art in this vibrant and dynamic research field. All kinds of articles, including original research articles, short reviews, methods and opinions are welcome, in the attempt to broadly and freely disseminate research information, tools and protocols.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: We live in a world where the loss of sea ice and thawing of coastal grounds in the north, and renewed marine transgression and an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events globally, are becoming commonplace. This volume presents a timely examination of coasts, the geological environment at particular risk as global warming brings on this new reality. In 23 papers, low lying, mainly siliciclastic coasts are reviewed, described and analysed under a variety of climates in quasi-stable tectonic settings along passive, trailing-continental edges from Polar Regions to the Tropics. Examples include coasts of the Arctic seas, temperate to tropical eastern shores of the Americas, western Portugal, Mediterranean, Persian Gulf, South Africa and Australia. The entire coastal zone is considered, ranging from geophysical processes and products to biological entities including the adaption of inhabitants of various climatic zones. Knowledge of the state of the coasts now, and how the coastal plain has evolved since the Late Pleistocene, is crucial for any realistic planning for the future.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Introduction --- Advances in 40Ar/39Ar dating: from archaeology to planetary sciences – introduction / Fred Jourdan, Darren F. Mark and Chrystele Verati / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 1-8, 16 January 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.24 --- Perspectives on 40Ar/39Ar dating / Ian McDougall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 9-20, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.20 --- Methodological developments --- Some footnotes to the optimization-based calibration of the 40Ar/39Ar system / Paul R. Renne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 21-31, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.17 --- Neutron-induced 37Ar recoil ejection in Ca-rich minerals and implications for 40Ar/39Ar dating / F. Jourdan and P. R. Renne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 33-52, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.15 --- Direct measurement of recoil effects on 40Ar/39Ar standards / Chris M. Hall / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 53-62, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.7 --- FCs-EK: a new sampling of the Fish Canyon Tuff 40Ar/39Ar neutron flux monitor / L. E. Morgan, D. F. Mark, J. Imlach, D. Barfod and R. Dymock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 63-67, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.21 --- Petrology and geochronology of ‘muscovite age standard’ B4M / Alexandra R. Heri, Martin Robyr and Igor M. Villa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 69-78, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.2 --- Argon extraction from geological samples by CO2 scanning laser step-heating / D. N. Barfod, D. F. Mark, A. Tait, R. C. Dymock and J. Imlach / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 79-90, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.23 --- The multi-diffusion domain model: past, present and future / T. Mark Harrison and Oscar M. Lovera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 91-106, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.9 --- Diffusion of Ar in K-feldspar: Present and absent / Igor M. Villa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 107-116, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.4 --- 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and the diffusion of 39Ar in phengite–muscovite intergrowths during step-heating experiments in vacuo / Marnie A. Forster and Gordon S. Lister / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 117-135, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.16 --- Ar diffusion and solubility measurements in plagioclases using the ultra-violet laser depth-profiling technique / Jo-Anne Wartho, Simon P. Kelley and Stephen C. Elphick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 137-154, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.13 --- Modelling effect of sericitization of plagioclase on the 40K/40Ar and 40Ar/39Ar chronometers: implication for dating basaltic rocks and mineral deposits / Chrystèle Verati and Fred Jourdan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 155-174, 25 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.14 --- The other isotopes: research avenues based on 36Ar, 37Ar and 38Ar / Grenville Turner and Ray Burgess / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 175-188, 13 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.8 --- Applications: Tectonics --- 40Ar/39Ar Thermochronology on Central China Orogen: Cooling, uplift and implications for orogeny dynamics / Fei Wang, Rixiang Zhu, Quanlin Hou, Dewen Zheng, Liekun Yang, Lin Wu, Wenbei Shi, Huile Feng, Haiqing Sang, Hongyuan Zhang and Qing Liu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 189-206, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.3 --- 40Ar/39Ar ages of crystallization and recrystallization of rock-forming polyhalite in Alpine rocksalt deposits / C. Leitner, F. Neubauer, J. Genser, S. Borojević-Šoštarić and G. Rantitsch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 207-224, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.5 --- Persistent long-term (c. 24 Ma) exhumation in the Eastern Alaska Range constrained by stacked thermochronology / Jeff A. Benowitz, Paul W. Layer and Sam Vanlaningham / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 225-243, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.12 --- 40Ar/39Ar hornblende provenance clues about Heinrich event 3 (H3) / Greg E. Downing, Sidney R. Hemming, Anne Jost and Martin Roy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 245-263, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.18 --- Observation of centimetre-scale argon diffusion in alkali feldspars: implications for 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology / Stephanie Flude, Alison M. Halton, Simon P. Kelley, Sarah C. Sherlock, James Schwanethal and Camilla M. Wilkinson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 265-275, 10 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.25 --- Applications: Volcanology --- 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the Haifanggou and Lanqi formations: When did the first flowers bloom? / Su-Chin Chang, Haichun Zhang, Sidney R. Hemming, Gary T. Mesko and Yan Fang / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 277-284, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.1 --- Timing of geothermal activity in an active island-arc volcanic setting: First 40Ar/39Ar dating from Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) / C. Verati, P. Patrier-Mas, J. M. Lardeaux and V. Bouchot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 285-295, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.19 --- Applications: Planetary sciences --- Issues in dating young rocks from another planet: Martian shergottites / Jisun Park, Donald D. Bogard, Laurence E. Nyquist and G. F. Herzog / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 297-316, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.10 --- A laser probe 40Ar/39Ar investigation of poikilitic shergottite NWA 4797: implications for the timing of shock metamorphism / Erin L. Walton, Simon Kelley, Christopher D. K. Herd and Anthony J. Irving / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 317-332, 20 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.11 --- 40Ar/39Ar ages of impacts involving ordinary chondrite meteorites / Timothy D. Swindle, D. A. Kring and J. R. Weirich / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 333-347, 24 January 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.6 --- A high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age for hydrated impact glass from the Dellen impact, Sweden / D. F. Mark, P. Lindgren and A. E. Fallick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 378, 349-366, 30 September 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP378.22

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume summarizes the state of the art of Variscan geology from Iberia to the Bohemian Massif. The European Variscan belt consists of two orogens: the older, northern and the younger, southern. The northern Variscan realm was dominated by Late Devonian–Carboniferous rifting, subduction and collisional events as defined by sedimentary records, crustal growth, recycling of continental crust and large-scale deformations. In contrast, the southern European crust was reworked by major Late Carboniferous collision followed by Permian wrenching. The Late Carboniferous–Permian orogeny overprinted the previously accreted system in the north, but with much lower intensity, resulting in magmatic recycling and extensional tectonics. These two main orogenic cycles do not reflect episodic evolution of a single orogenic system but a complete change in orientation of stress field, thermal regime, degree of reworking and recycling of European crust, reflecting a major switch in plate configurations at the Early–Late Carboniferous boundary.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Fundamentally concerned with place and our ability to understand human relationships with environment over time, Historical Geographic Information Systems (HGIS) as a tool and a subject has direct bearing on the study of contemporary social and environmental issues and realities. To date, HGIS projects in Canada are few and publications that discuss these projects directly even fewer. This book brings together case studies of HGIS projects in historical geography, social and cultural history, and environmental history from Canada’s diverse regions. Topics explored include religion and ethnicity, migration, indigenous land practices, rebuilding a nineteenth-century neighborhood, and working with Google Earth.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This Special Publication includes articles presenting recent advances in marine tephrochronological studies and outlines innovative techniques in geochemical fingerprinting, stratigraphy and the understanding of depositional processes. It represents a significant resource for the palaeoceanographic community at a time when marine tephrochronology is being more widely recognized. It will also serve as a valuable reference to a much wider community of Earth scientists, climate scientists and archaeologists, particularly in highlighting the role of tephra studies in stratigraphy and regional/extra-regional correlations, as well as in tracing the long-term history of regional and global volcanism in the deep-sea archive.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability: Science Advancement and Leadership Development --- Biodiversity Agriculture Supports Human Populations --- Conservation and Sustainable Management of Soil Biodiversity for Agricultural Productivity --- Conservation Tillage Assessment For Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emission In Rainfed Agro-Ecosystem --- Improving Biodiversity in Rice Paddy Fields to Promote Land Sustainability --- Agroforestry Models for Promoting Effective Risk Management and Building Sustainable Communities --- Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability: Conservation of Forest Resources in Madagascar --- Community-Based Mangrove Forest Management in Thailand: Key Lesson Learned for Environmental Risk Management --- Necessity of Adaptive Risk Management for Fisheries and Wildlife --- Valuation of Non-Marketed Agricultural Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Southeast Asia --- Emerging Socio-Economic and Environmental Issues Affecting Food Security: A Case Study of Silang-Santa Rosa Subwatershed --- Strengthening the Capacity of Flood-Affected Rural Communities in Padang Terap, State of Kedah, Malaysia --- Mitigating Coastal Erosion in Fort Dauphin, Madagascar --- Risk Management of Chemical Pollution: Principles from the Japanese Experience --- Research on the Sod Between Chlorophyll-a and Organic Matter BOD, COD, Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen in Stagnant Lake Basins --- Managing Construction Development Risks to the Environment --- Ecosystem Restoration Using the Near-Natural Method in Shanghai --- Sustainable Management of Urban Green Environments: Challenges and Opportunities --- Environment and Social Capacity Assessment for Sustainability Promotion and Risk Management --- Rural Landscape Conservation in Japan: Lessons from the Satoyama Conservation Program in Kanagawa Prefecture --- Enhancing Students’ Ecological Thinking to Improve Understanding of Environmental Risk --- Interactive Multimedia Education System (IMES) as a International Education Platform

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Caledonides are a major orogenic belt that stretches from the Arctic, through Scandinavia, East Greenland, Britain and Ireland into the Atlantic coast of North America. Following the break-up of Rodinia, the Caledonides formed in the Palaeozoic by the drifting of various continents and their eventual aggregation in the Silurian and Devonian. The orogen subsequently fragmented during the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. This volume brings together 25 papers presenting the results of modern research that investigates the orogenic processes and the provenance of specific components of the belt. The contributions reflect different lines of research, linking traditional field studies with modern analytical techniques. In addition three overview papers summarize the main features of the belts in Scandinavia, Svalbard, East Greenland, Britain and Ireland, highlighting the advances made since the last major synthesis of the Scandinavian Caledonides 30 years ago, and discussing important open questions.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: There is considerable academic and practical interest in stone and stone buildings, as exemplified by the wide range of high-quality and innovative work being conducted in the pursuit of the effective preservation and restoration of historic buildings. This is reflected in the numerous publications on stone and stone buildings that regularly find their way into the public domain. Not least amongst these are a number of Geological Society Special Publications, which have appeared in recent years. This current volume seeks to bring to the attention of the various professionals in the field (geologists, architects, engineers, conservators and conservation scientists) recent work centred on the characterization and performance of this important resource and its use in historic buildings. The volume has wider relevance, including to those interested in the heritage of stone.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PART I: Ester Boserup’s Intellectual Heritage --- 1. Ester Boserup: An Interdisciplinary Visionary Relevant for Sustainability --- 2. “Finding Out Is My Life”: Conversations with Ester Boserup in the 1990s --- 3. Boserup’s Theory on Technological Change as a Point of Departure for the Theory of Sociometabolic Regime Transition --- PART II Land Use, Technology and Agriculture --- 4. The Dwindling Role of Population Pressure in Land Use Change – a Case from the South West Pacific --- 5. Conceptual and Empirical Approaches to Mapping and Quantifying Land-Use Intensity --- 6. Malthusian Assumptions, Boserupian Response in Transition to Agriculture Models --- 7. Reconciling Boserup with Malthus: Agrarian Change and Soil Degradation in Olive Orchards in Spain (1750-2000) --- 8. Beyond Boserup: The Role of Working Time in Agricultural Development --- PART III: Population and Gender --- 9. Following Boserup’s Traces: From Invisibility to Informalisation of Women’s Economy to Engendering Development in Translocal Spaces --- 10. Daughters of the Hills: Gendered Agricultural Production, Modernisation, and Declining Child Sex Ratios in the Indian Central Himalayas --- 11. Revisiting Boserup’s Hypotheses in the Context of Africa --- 12. An Interpretation of Large-Scale Land Deals Using Boserup’s Theories of Agricultural Intensification, Gender and Rural Development --- 13. Labour Migration and Gendered Agricultural Asset Shifts in Southeastern Mexico: Two Stories of Farming Wives and Daughters --- 14. Working Time of Farm Women and Small-Scale Sustainable Farming in Austria --- 15. A Human Ecological Approach to Ester Boserup: Steps Towards Engendering Agriculture and Rural Development --- 16. Conclusions: Re-Evaluating Boserup in the Light of the Contributions to this Volume

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- 1. The Full-Scale Laboratory: The Practice of Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance Missions and Their Contribution to Earthquake Engineering --- 2. Rapid Earthquake Loss Assessment after Damaging Earthquakes --- 3. Existing Buildings: The New Italian Provisions for Probabilistic Seismic Assessment --- 4. Seismic Response of Precast Industrial Buildings --- 5. The Role of Site Effects at The Boundary Between Seismology and Engineering: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes --- 6. Seismic Analysis and Design of Bridges with an Emphasis to Eurocode Standards --- 7. From Performance- and Displacement-Based Assessment of Existing Buildings per EN1998-3 to Design of New Concrete Structures in Fib MC2010 --- 8. Testing Historic Masonry Structural Elements and/or Building Models --- 9. Earthquake Risk Reduction: From Scenario Simulators Including Systemic Interdependency to Impact Indicators --- 10. Physics-Based Earthquake Ground Shaking Scenarios in Large Urban Areas --- 11. A Seismic Performance Classification Framework to Provide Increased Seismic Resilience --- 12. Towards Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Modern Unreinforced Masonry Structures --- 13. Pushover Analysis for Plan Irregular Building Structures --- 14. Recent Development and Application of Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation and Conditions for Their Correct Use --- 15. Conservation Principles and Performance-Based Strengthening of Heritage Buildings in Post-Event Reconstruction --- 16. Earthquake Risk Assessment: Present Shortcomings and Future Directions --- 17. The Role of Pile Diameter on Earthquake-Induced Bending --- 18. Predictive Models for Earthquake Response of Clay and Quick Clay Slopes.- 19. Recent Advances in Seismic Soil Liquefaction Engineering --- 20. Seismic Hazard and Seismic Design and Safety Aspects of Large Dam Projects

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Section I: Introduction – migration, gender and social justice: the research and policy agendas --- Section II: Transformation of social reproduction systems and migration: local-global interactions --- Section III: The state and female internal migration: Rights and livelihood security --- Section IV: Complexity of gender: embodiment and intersectionality --- Section V: Liminal legality, citizenship and migrant rights mobilization --- Section VI: Conclusion – the complexities of migration research-policy interactions --- Annex A - Portfolio of Migration Projects, 2006-2009 (21 May 2009) --- Women’s Rights and Citizenship Program --- Annex B - Profile of the Editors

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume addresses the challenges facing explorers and developers alike in a region that is becoming a major focus of the petroleum industry in the United Kingdom, Faroes and North Norway. Several West of Shetland fields are still in the appraisal phase almost a decade after discovery. Sub-volcanic exploration risks remain high: sub-volcanic structural traps are imaged poorly, and so the geophysical community is responding with the application of latest technology. The more simple reservoirs might not be large enough to prompt informed and speedy development decisions; larger fields might have a combination of complexities, requiring a phased approach to the development. Infrastructure has been slow to arrive and planned developments have been subject to dramatic swings in fiscal regime ranging from special allowances to unexpected tax increases. Environmental challenges are significant when moving into more remote, deeper water. The perception of these challenges by the third parties has become much more acute. To sustain its right to operate, the industry has to demonstrate safe drilling operations and appropriate response capability with government agencies.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: An introduction to the Anthropocene: case for and against a new epoch --- A stratigraphical basis for the Anthropocene? / Colin N. Waters, Jan A. Zalasiewicz, Mark Williams, Michael A. Ellis and Andrea M. Snelling / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 1-21, 24 March 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.18 --- The ‘Anthropocene’ as a ratified unit in the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart: fundamental issues that must be addressed by the Task Group / S. C. Finney / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 23-28, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.9 --- The term ‘Anthropocene’ in the context of formal geological classification / P. L. Gibbard and M. J. C. Walker / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 29-37, 25 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.1 --- Can an Anthropocene Series be defined and recognized? / Jan Zalasiewicz, Mark Williams and Colin N. Waters / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 39-53, 10 March 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.16 --- The nature of anthropogenic deposits and landscape modification --- An assessment of lithostratigraphy for anthropogenic deposits / J. R. Ford, S. J. Price, A. H. Cooper and C. N. Waters / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 55-89, 8 April 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.12 --- The relationship between archaeological stratigraphy and artificial ground and its significance in the Anthropocene / M. Edgeworth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 91-108, 25 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.3 --- The mineral signature of the Anthropocene in its deep-time context / Jan Zalasiewicz, Ryszard Kryza and Mark Williams / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 109-117, 19 December 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.2 --- Geomagnetic and mineral magnetic characterization of the Anthropocene / Ian Snowball, Mark W. Hounslow and Andreas Nilsson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 119-141, 19 December 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.13 --- A biostratigraphical signature for the Anthropocene --- Is the fossil record of complex animal behaviour a stratigraphical analogue for the Anthropocene? / M. Williams, J. A. Zalasiewicz, C. N. Waters and E. Landing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 143-148, 25 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.8 --- Palaeontological evidence for defining the Anthropocene / Anthony D. Barnosky / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 149-165, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.6 --- Coral reefs in the Anthropocene: persistence or the end of the line? / O. Hoegh-Guldberg / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 167-183, 20 March 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.17 --- Microbiotic signatures of the Anthropocene in marginal marine and freshwater palaeoenvironments / I. P. Wilkinson, C. Poirier, M. J. Head, C. D. Sayer and J. Tibby / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 185-219, 31 January 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.14 --- Geochemical signatures and catastrophic events --- Assessing the Anthropocene with geochemical methods / Agnieszka Gałuszka, Zdzisław M. Migaszewski and Jan Zalasiewicz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 221-238, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.5 --- Definition of the Anthropocene: a view from the underworld / Ian J. Fairchild and Silvia Frisia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 239-254, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.7 --- Ice Sheets and the Anthropocene / Eric W. Wolff / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 255-263, 25 November 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.10 --- The release and persistence of radioactive anthropogenic nuclides / Gary J. Hancock, Stephen G. Tims, L. Keith Fifield and Ian T. Webster / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 265-281, 28 February 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.15 --- Volcanic markers for dating the onset of the Anthropocene / Victoria C. Smith / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 283-299, 21 November 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.11 --- The technosphere concept --- Technology as a geological phenomenon: implications for human well-being / P. K. Haff / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 301-309, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.4

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- Foreword by Keith Solomon and John Giesy --- Foreword by Coordinating Board of Editors --- Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in The United States – Overview and Conclusions --- Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Fate in the Environment and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos and its Oxon in the United States --- Exposures of Aquatic Organisms to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use in the United States --- Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Risk to Pollinators from the Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Marginality—An Overview and Implications for Policy --- Part 1 Concepts and Theory --- 2 Marginality—A Framework for Analyzing Causal Complexities of Poverty --- 3 Exclusion and Initiatives to “Include”: Revisiting Basic Economics to Guide Development Practice --- 4 Marginality from a Socio-ecological Perspective --- Part 2 Dimensions and Prevalence of Marginality --- 5 Mapping Marginality Hotspots --- 6 The Poorest: Who and Where They Are --- 7 Targeting the Poorest and Most Vulnerable: Examples from Bangladesh --- 8 Correlates of Extreme Poverty in Rural Ethiopia --- 9 Examining the Circle of Attachment, Trauma, Shame, and Marginalization: the Unheard Voices of Young Kutchi Girls --- Part 3 Environmental Drivers of Marginality --- 10 Poverty, Agriculture and the Environment: the Case of Sub-Saharan Africa --- 11 The Marginal Poor and their Dependence on Ecosystem Services: Evidence from South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa --- 12 Land Degradation, Poverty, and Marginality --- Part 4     Experiencing Marginality in Africa and Asia --- 13 Tackling Social Exclusion and Marginality for Poverty Reduction: Indian Experiences --- 14 Consumption Behavior of the Poorest and Policy Implications in Indonesia --- 15 Addressing Extreme Poverty and Marginality: Experiences in Rural China --- 16 Experiences in Targeting the Poorest: a Case Study from Bangladesh --- 17 Rural Poverty and Marginalization in Ethiopia: a Review of Development Interventions --- Part 5 Responses to Marginality at Different Levels: State, Business, and Community --- 18 Macro, Fiscal, and Decentralization Options to Address Marginality and Reach the Extremely Poor --- 19 Social Protection, Marginality, and Extreme Poverty: Just Give Money to the Poor --- 20 Innovative Business Approaches for the Reduction of Extreme Poverty and Marginality --- 21 Business Initiatives that Overcome Rural Poverty and Marginality Through Creating Shared Value --- 22 The Marginalized and Poorest in Different Communities and Settings of Ethiopia

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Arsenic is perhaps history’s favorite poison, often termed the "King of Poisons" and the "Poison of Kings" and thought to be the demise of fiction’s most famous ill-fated lovers. The toxic nature of arsenic has been known for millennia with the mineral realgar (AsS), originally named “arsenikon” by Theophrastus in 300 B.C.E. meaning literally "potent." For centuries it has been used as rat poison and as an important component of bactericides and wood preservatives. Arsenic is believed to be the cause of death to Napoleon Bonaparte who was exposed to wallpaper colored green from aceto-arsenite of copper (Aldersey-Williams 2011). The use of arsenic as a poison has been featured widely in literature, film, theatre, and television. Its use as a pesticide made it well known in the nineteenth century and it was exploited by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in the Sherlock Holmes novel The Golden Pince-Nez (Conan-Doyle 1903). The dark comedy Arsenic and Old Lace is a prime example of arsenic in popular culture, being first a play but becoming famous as a movie. Arsenic has figured prominently not only in fiction but in historical crimes as well (Kumar 2010). A high profile case of the mid-nineteenth century involved a hydrotherapist, Dr. Thomas Smethurst, who was accused of using arsenic to poison a woman he had befriended (Wharton 2010). Based on analytical evidence from a renowned toxicologist, Alfred Swaine Taylor, a death sentence was imposed, however Taylor had to confess that his apparatus was contaminated. The verdict was overturned after public opinion was voiced against it and a plea for clemency was made to Queen Victoria. In recent years, arsenic has been recognized as a widespread, low-level, natural groundwater contaminant in many parts of the world, particularly in places such as West Bengal and Bangladesh, where it has given rise to chronic human-health issues. Long-term exposure to arsenic has been shown to cause skin lesions, blackfoot disease, and cancer of the skin, bladder, and lungs, and is also associated with developmental effects, cardiovascular disease, neurotoxicity, and diabetes (WHO 2012). Arsenate’s toxicity is caused by its close chemical similarities to phosphate; it uses a phosphate transport system to enter cells. Arsenic occurs in many geological environments including sedimentary basins, and is particularly associated with geothermal waters and hydrothermal ore deposits. It is often a useful indicator of proximity to economic concentrations of metals such as gold, copper, and tin, where it occurs in hydrothermally altered wall rocks surrounding the zones of economic mineralization. Arsenic is commonly a persistent problem in metal mining and there has been significant effort to manage and treat mine waste to mitigate its environmental impacts. This volume compiles and reviews current information on arsenic from a variety of perspectives, including mineralogy, geochemistry, microbiology, toxicology, and environmental engineering. The first chapter (Bowell et al. 2014) presents an overview of arsenic geochemical cycles and is followed by a chapter on the paragenesis and crystal chemistry of arsenic minerals (chapter 2; Majzlan et al. 2014). The next chapters deal with an assessment of arsenic in natural waters (chapter 3; Campbell and Nordstrom 2014) and a review of thermodynamics of arsenic species (chapter 4; Nordstrom et al. 2014). The next two chapters deal with analytical measurement and assessment starting with measuring arsenic speciation in solids using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (chapter 5; Foster and Kim 2014). Chapter 6 (Leybourne and Johannesson 2014) presents a review on the measurement of arsenic speciation in environmental media: sampling, preservation, and analysis. In chapter 7 (Amend et al. 2014) there is a review of microbial arsenic metabolism and reaction energetics. This is followed by an overview of arsenic toxicity and human health issues (chapter 8; Mitchell 2014) and an assessment of methods used to characterize arsenic bioavailability and bioaccessibility (chapter 9; Basta and Jurasz 2014). This leads into chapter 10 (Craw and Bowell 2014), which describes the characterization of arsenic in mine waste with some examples from New Zealand, followed by a chapter on the management and treatment of arsenic in mining environments (chapter 11; Bowell and Craw 2014). The final three chapters are in-depth case studies of the geochemistry and mineralogy of legacy arsenic contamination in different historical mining environments: the Giant gold mine in Canada (chapter 12; Jamieson 2014), the Sierra Nevada Foothills gold belt of California (chapter 13; Alpers et al. 2014), and finally, the hydrogeochemistry of arsenic in the Tsumeb polymetallic mine in Namibia (chapter 14; Bowell 2014).

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and radiation and spectroscopic methods measure this interaction by measuring the radiative energy of the interaction in terms of frequency or wavelength or their changes. A variety of spectroscopic methods saw their first applications in mineralogical studies in the early 1960s and 1970s and since then have flourished where today they are routinely employed to probe both the general nature of mineralogical and geochemical processes as well as more atom specific interactions. In 1988, a Reviews in Mineralogy volume (Volume 18) was published on Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology by Frank Hawthorne (ed). The volume introduced the reader to a variety of spectroscopic techniques that, up to that time, were relatively unknown to most of the mineralogical and geochemical community. The volume was a great success and resulted in many of these techniques becoming main stream research tools. Since 1988, there have been many significant advances in both the technological aspects of these techniques and their applications to problems in Earth Sciences in general while the range and breadth of the techniques currently employed have greatly expanded since those formative years. The current volume compliments the original volume and updates many of the techniques. In addition, new methods such as X-ray Raman and Brillouin spectroscopy have been added, as well as non-spectroscopic chapters such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for completeness. The first chapter by Lavina et al. introduces the reader to current X-ray diffraction methods, while those of Newville and Henderson et al. separately cover the widely used techniques of EXAFS and XANES. The new in situ high-pressure technique of X-ray Raman is covered in the chapter by Lee et al. There is an emphasis in all these chapters on synchrotron based methods which continues in the Luminescence chapter by Waychunas. Chapters on high resolution TEM and its associated spectroscopies, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are covered by Brydson et al., and Nesbitt and Bancroft, respectively. The study of mineral surfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy has been covered by Jupille. UV/Vis and IR spectroscopies are described in the chapters by Rossman, Clark et al., Della Ventura et al., and Hofmeister. Rossman’s chapter covers the basics of UV/Vis while Clark et al. describes the detection of materials in the Solar system utilizing UV and IR methods. Synchrotron-based IR imaging is covered by Della Ventura et al. and errors and uncertainties associated with IR and UV/Vis data are covered in the chapter by Hofmeister. Photon/phonon interactions such as Raman and Brillouin are outlined by Neuville et al. and Speziale et al. The latter technique is relatively new outside the fields of condensed matter and minerals physics but is gaining increasing use as interest in elastic properties and anomalous behaviors at high pressure continues to grow. The chapters by Stebbins and Xue, and Pan and Nilges outline the current status of magnetic resonance methods such as NMR and EPR, respectively. Finally the last three chapters have been included for completeness and cover the basics of the theoretical simulations that are carried out to investigate phases beyond accessible experimental pressure-temperature ranges, as well as aiding in the interpretation of experimental spectra (Jahn and Kowalski), the high pressure methods that are now commonly employed for many spectroscopic studies (Shen and Wang) and finally a chapter on methods used in high-temperature melt and crystallization studies (Neuville et al.).

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The major goal of this laboratory manual is to teach students how to identify minerals. As such, we developed a lab manual integrated closely with the textbook and DVD by Dyar and Gunter (2008) illustrated by Dennis Tasa, with focus on the authors' "Big Ten" minerals. This lab manual puts more emphasis on understanding the relationships between a mineral’s structure and composition with its properties and the procedure in identifying minerals than memorizing a hundred minerals. The manual acts as a skeleton to build upon as the instructor sees fit, allowing the addition of mineral samples and exercises. Labs concentrate on four topics: 1) analytical equipment, 2) physical and optical properties, 3) mineral identification, and 4) special projects. The first two labs introduce the students to the different instruments used for mineral identification: 1) a tour of the X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) facilities with brief explanations of the concepts driving them and 2) an introduction to the polarizing light microscope (PLM). The next section of labs focuses on defining and learning the techniques to identify the physical and optical properties of minerals. Lab exercises begin with students comparing the properties of two or three different known minerals and then lead to observing the properties of and identifying an unknown mineral using the DVD’s mineral database. The students then apply their knowledge of mineral properties to the "Big Ten" minerals divided into labs by class (framework silicates, sheet silicates, etc.). Students use the DVD database and lab materials to observe and measure the properties of the minerals and to build their own mineral lab manual, which they can later use in Petrology. The pages in the manual can either be printed, or the students can fill them in electronically. The semester ends with two projects: 1) building a spindle stage and using it with the EXCALIBR program to expand the student’s understanding of optical properties of minerals and to aid in mineral identification and 2) assemble a collection of 20 minerals that must be identified by the students using the techniques and resources learned over the semester.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- Acknowledgements --- Chapter 1 – Natural Heritage at Risk by Climate Change --- Chapter 2 – Climate Change in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 3 – Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrological Cycle in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 4 – Potential impacts of climate change on protected habitats --- Chapter 5 – Climate Change impact modelling cascade - Benefits and limitations for --- Chapter 6 – Indicators for Monitoring Climate Change-Induced Effects on Habitats – a --- Chapter 7 – Remote Sensing-based Monitoring of Potential Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 8 – Assessment of Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 9 – Legal Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation --- Chapter 10 – A Methodical Framework for Climate Change-Adapted Management in Protected Areas --- Chapter 11 – Monitoring concept of climate-induced impacts on peat bog vegetation in Pokljuka plateau in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 12 – Concept for the monitoring of climate induced impacts on rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 13 – Suggested management measures for Natura 2000 Habitats in Körös-Maros National Park, Hungary --- Chapter 14 – Climate-induced challenges for wetlands: revealing the background for the adaptive ecosystem management in the Biebrza Valley, Poland --- Chapter 15 – Habitat changes caused by sea level rise, driven by climate change in the Northern Adriatic coastal wetlands, Slovenia --- Chapter 16 – Potential impacts of climate change on forest habitats in the Biosphere Reserve Vessertal-Thuringian Forest in Germany --- Chapter 17 – Potential Impact of Climate Change on Alpine Habitats from Bucegi Natural Park, Romania --- Chapter 18 – Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Habitats and their Effects on Invasive Plant Species in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania --- Chapter 19 - Reproduction biology of an alien invasive plant: a case of drought-tolerant Aster squamatus on the Northern Adriatic seacoast, Slovenia --- Chapter 20 – Conclusions and Recommendations for Adapting Conservation Management in the Face of Climate Change --- Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nutrients are increasingly affected by human activities. So far, modeling has been central for our understanding of how this will affect ecosystem functioning and the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients. These models have been forced to adopt a reductive approach built on the flow of carbon and nutrients between pools that are difficult or even impossible to verify with empirical evidence. Furthermore, while some of these models include the response in physiology, ecology and biogeography of primary producers to environmental change, the microbial part of the ecosystem is generally poorly represented or lacking altogether. The principal pool of carbon and nutrients in soil is the organic matter. The turnover of this reservoir is governed by microorganisms that act as catalytic converters of environmental conditions into biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients. The dependency of this conversion activity on individual environmental conditions such as pH, moisture and temperature has been frequently studied. On the contrary, only rarely have the microorganisms involved in carrying out the processes been identified, and one of the biggest challenges for advancing our understanding of biogeochemical processes is to identify the microorganisms carrying out a specific set of metabolic processes and how they partition their carbon and nutrient use. We also need to identify the factors governing these activities and if they result in feedback mechanisms that alter the growth, activity and interaction between primary producers and microorganisms. By determining how different groups of microorganisms respond to individual environmental conditions by allocating carbon and nutrients to production of biomass, CO2 and other products, a mechanistic as well as quantitative understanding of formation and decomposition of organic matter, and the production and consumption of greenhouse gases, can be achieved. In this Research Topic, supported by the Swedish research councils' programme "Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in a Changing Landscape" (BECC), we intend to promote this alternative framework to address how cycling of carbon and nutrients will be altered in a changing environment from the first-principle mechanisms that drive them – namely the ecology, physiology and biogeography of microorganisms – and on up to emerging global biogeochemical patterns. This novel and unconventional approach has the potential to generate fresh insights that can open up new horizons and stimulate rapid conceptual development in our basic understanding of the regulating factors for global biogeochemical cycles. The vision for the research topic is to facilitate such progress by bringing together leading scientists as proponents of several disciplines. By bridging Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemistry, connecting microbial activities at the micro-scale to carbon fluxes at the ecosystem-scale, and linking above- and belowground ecosystem functioning, we can leap forward from the current understanding of the global biogeochemical cycles.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume contains papers presented in part at a symposium held in May 2012 at Göttingen University, to honour Professor Joachim Reitner for his numerous contributions to the fields of geobiology, geology, and palaeontology. Our present volume reflects the breadth of Reitner’s interests and accomplishement with tributes and research or review papers by his students, former students, collaborators, and friends. The symposium was held in conjunction with Joachim Reitner’s 60th birthday. | Contents --- Hansen, B. T.: Preface --- Wiese, F.; Reich, M. & Arp, G.: Introduction --- Keupp, H. & Fuchs, D.: Different regeneration mechanisms in the rostra of aulacocerids (Coleoidea) and their phylogenetic implications --- Fuchs, D.: First evidence of Mastigophora (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the early Callovian of La Voulte-sur- Rhône (France) --- Luo Cui; Schäfer, N.; Duda, J.-P. & Li Li-xia: Preservation of organic matter in sponge fossils: a case study of ‘round sponge fossils’ from the Cambrian Chengjiang Biota with Raman spectroscopy. --- Sánchez-Beristain, F.; Duda, J.-P.; López-Esquivel Kransksith, L. & García-Barrera, P.: A brief synopsis on the history of sponge research in the Upper Triassic St. Cassian Formation (Dolomites, NE Italy) --- Afşar, F.; Duda, J.-P.; Zeller, M.; Verwer, K.; Westphal, H. & Eberli, G. P.: First report of sponge rhaxes in the Picún Leufú Formation (Tithonian–Berriasian), Neuquén Basin, Argentina --- Janussen, D.: The second fossil Hyalonema species (Porifera: Hexactinellida), from the Late Cretaceous Arnager limestone, Bornholm, Denmark --- Riegel, W.; Wiese, F.; Arp, G. & Wilde, V.: Microphytoplankton from the Jena Formation (Lower Muschelkalk Subgroup, Anisian) in the forestry quarry at Herberhausen near Göttingen, Germany --- Arp, G. & Reimer, A.: Hydrochemistry, biofilms and tufa formation in the karstwater stream Lutter (Herberhausen near Göttingen) --- Dreier, A. & Hoppert, M.: Following the traces of symbiont bearing molluscs during earth history --- Heim, C.; Quéric, N.-V.; Ionescu, D.; Simon, K. & Thiel, V.: Chemolithotrophic microbial mats in an open pond in the continental subsurface – implications for microbial biosignatures --- Leefmann, T.; Blumenberg, M.; Schmidt, B. C. & Thiel, V.: Raman spectroscopy of biosignatures in methanerelated microbialites --- Cangemi, M. & Madonia, P.: Mud volcanoes in onshore Sicily: a short overview --- Haude, R.; Corriga, M. G.; Corradini, C. & Walliser, O. H.: Bojen-Seelilien (Scyphocrinitidae, Echinodermata) in neudatierten Schichten vom oberen Silur bis untersten Devon Südost- Marokkos --- Reich, M. & Ansorge, J.: Santonian sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Sierra del Montsec, Spain --- Reich, M.: Supplement to: ‘How many species of fossil holothurians are there? --- Thuy, B.; Gale, A. S.; Stöhr, S. & Wiese, F.: Shallow- water brittle-star (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) assemblages from the Aptian (Early Cretaceous) of the North Atlantic: first insights into bathymetric distribution patterns --- Hornung, J. J.: A new species of the barnacle genus Tesseropora (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Tetraclitidae) from the Early Pliocene of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain) --- Karl, H.-V.; Arp, G.; Siedersbeck, E. & Reitner, J.: A large ichthyosaur vertebra from the lower Kössen Formation (Upper Norian) of the Lahnewiesgraben near Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book brings together some of the world’s leading water researchers with an especially written collection of chapters on: water economics; transboundary water; water and development; water and energy; and water concepts.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chapter 1: Short-lived trace gases in the surface ocean and the atmosphere --- Chapter 2: Transfer across the air-sea interface --- Chapter 3: Air-sea interactions of natural long-lived greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4) in a changing climate --- Chapter 4: Ocean-Atmosphere interactions of particles --- Chapter 5: Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS science

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Advances in the study of naturally fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs: a broad integrated interdisciplinary applied topic / Guy H. Spence, Gary D. Couples, Tim G. Bevan, Roberto Aguilera, John W. Cosgrove, Jean-Marc Daniel and Jonathan Redfern / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 1-22, 9 July 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.19 --- Investigating fracture networks using outcrop, core and geophysical data --- Sedimentological controls on the fracture distribution and network development in Mesaverde Group sandstone lithofacies, Uinta Basin, Utah, USA / Ryan Sonntag, James P. Evans, Paul La Pointe, Meagan Deraps, Hope Sisley and David Richey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 23-50, 10 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.4 --- Comparison of digital outcrop and conventional data collection approaches for the characterization of naturally fractured reservoir analogues / Thomas D. Seers and David Hodgetts / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 51-77, 19 April 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.13 --- Fault linkage and damage zone architecture in tight carbonate rocks in the Suez Rift (Egypt): implications for permeability structure along segmented normal faults / A. Rotevatn and E. Bastesen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 79-95, 10 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.12 --- Quantifying fracture density and connectivity of fractured chalk reservoirs from core samples: implications for fluid flow / D. A. Sagi, M. Arnhild and J. F. Karlo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 97-111, 26 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.16 --- Characterizing discontinuities in naturally fractured outcrop analogues and rock core: the need to consider fracture development over geological time / S. R. Hencher / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 113-123, 9 May 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.15 --- Numerical and statistical simulations and models --- What can we learn from high-resolution numerical simulations of single- and multi-phase fluid flow in fractured outcrop analogues? / Sebastian Geiger and Stephan Matthäi / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 125-144, 5 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.8 --- Geomechanical impacts on flow in fractured reservoirs / Gary D. Couples / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 145-172, 25 June 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.17 --- Geomechanical mechanisms involving faults and fractures for observed correlations between fluctuations in flowrates at wells in North Sea oilfields / Kes J. Heffer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 173-186, 28 August 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.2 --- Fluid flow through porous sandstone with overprinting and intersecting geological structures of various types / Xiaoxian Zhou, Mohammad Karimi-Fard, Louis J. Durlofsky and Atilla Aydin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 187-209, 14 March 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.11 --- Influences of nodular chert rhythmites on natural fracture networks in carbonates: an outcrop and two-dimensional discrete element modelling study / Guy H. Spence and Emma Finch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 211-249, 7 March 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.18 --- Sills as fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs: examples and models / Agust Gudmundsson and Ingrid F. Løtveit / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 251-271, 10 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.5 --- A methodology to characterize fractured reservoirs constrained by statistical geological analysis and production: a real field case study / Matthieu Delorme, Rosane Oliveira Mota, Nina Khvoenkova, André Fourno and Benoit Nœtinger / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 273-288, 29 July 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.14 --- Case studies --- Characterization of highly fractured basement, Say'un Masila Basin, Yemen / Ann Murray and David W. Montgomery / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 289-310, 27 July 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.1 --- Characterizing seismic-scale faults pre- and post-drilling; Lewisian Basement, West of Shetlands, UK / Clare Slightam / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 311-331, 11 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.6 --- Integration of outcrop and subsurface data during the development of a naturally fractured Eocene carbonate reservoir at the East Ras Budran concession, Gulf of Suez, Egypt / William Bosworth, Samir Khalil, Alan Clare, Joe Comisky, Hany Abdelal, Tom Reed and George Kokkoros / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 333-360, 31 July 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.3 --- The Machar Oil Field, UK Central North Sea: impact of seismic reprocessing on the development of a complex fractured chalk field / M. V. Ward, C. Pearse, Y. Jehanno, M. O'Hanlon, A. Zett and D. Houliston / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 361-377, 17 October 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.10 --- Dual-porosity fractured Miocene syn-rift dolomite reservoir in the Issaran Field (Gulf of Suez, Egypt): a case history of the zonal isolation of highly fractured water carrier bed / Ati Saoudi, Adel R. Moustafa, Ramadan I. Farag, Maher M. Omara, Hossam Wally, Ahmed Fouad, Amr Tag and Ramy Z. Ragab / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 379-394, 5 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.7 --- The importance of natural fractures in a tight reservoir for potential CO2 storage: a case study of the upper Triassic–middle Jurassic Kapp Toscana Group (Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway) / K. Ogata, K. Senger, A. Braathen, J. Tveranger and S. Olaussen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 374, 395-415, 10 September 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP374.9

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Orogenic andesites have long intrigued scientists because of their remarkable compositional similarities to the continental crust. The significance of orogenic andesites as proxies to continental crust formation has been recognized for over 30 years, but no consensus model of andesite genesis exists. Much of the controversy revolves around whether orogenic andesites are primary melts of slab and mantle materials, or instead evolve from basaltic mantle melts at shallower crustal levels. In three sections, this book provides an overview of andesite genesis at convergent margins that focuses on the slab–mantle interaction, crustal processing and andesite evolution through the life of volcanic arcs. Without favouring a particular view, the books aims to engender cross-fertilization and discussion that will smooth the pathway towards a holistic communal model of andesite petrogenesis and its role within the broader geochemical cycles of the Earth.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Over the past 20 years there has been a major growth in efforts to quantify the geometry and dimensions of sediment bodies from analogues to provide quantitative input to geological models. The aim of this volume is to examine the current state of the art, from both an industry and an academic perspective. Contributions discuss the challenges of extracting relevant data from different types of sedimentary analogue (outcrop, process models, seismic) and the application and significance of such information for improving predictions from subsurface static and dynamic models. Special attention is given to modelling reservoir properties and gridding issues for predicting subsurface fluid flow. As such, the volume is expected to be of interest to both the geoscience community concerned with the fundamentals of sedimentary architecture as well as geological modellers and engineers interested in how these characteristics are modelled and influence subsurface predictions.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The 2010 tsunamis generated in Haiti, Chile, and Indonesia caused various damage on the coasts. In the past, the 1755 Lisbon, 1964 Alaska, and 2003 Algeria earthquakes also generated damaging tsunamis. This volume contains an introduction and 18 papers, mostly presented at the 25th International Tsunami Symposium held 1-4 July 2011. They report the above tsunamis and discuss tsunami DART observations, warning systems, risk management in the Pacific, modelling of earthquake and landslide tsunamis, and probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sand, clay and rock have to be excavated for a variety of purposes, such as dredging, trenching, mining (including deep sea mining), drilling, tunnel boring and many other applications. Many excavations take place on dry land, but they are also frequently required in completely saturated conditions, and the methods necessary to accomplish them consequently vary widely. This book provides an overview of cutting theories. It begins with a generic model, valid for all types of soil (sand, clay and rock), and continues with the specifics of dry sand, water-saturated sand, clay, atmospheric rock and hyperbaric rock. Small blade angles and large blade angles are discussed for each soil type, and for each case considered the equations/model for cutting forces, power and specific energy are given. With models verified by laboratory research, principally from the Delft University of Technology, and data from other recognized sources, this book will prove an invaluable reference for anybody whose work involves major excavations of any kind.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Boden und Böden --- Einleitung --- 1.2 Der Umgang mit Böden --- Veränderungen von Böden durch menschliche Eingriffe --- Prähistorischer Umgang mit den Böden --- Die dunklen Erden Amazoniens --- Der Umgang mit Böden im vormodernen China --- Intensivierte Bodennutzung in der Neuzeit --- Der Umgang mit Böden im Ökologischen Landbau --- 1.3 Die Geschichte der Bodenkunde --- Die Wurzeln der Bodenkunde --- Die geobiowissenschaftliche/forstliche Tradition --- Die agrarwissenschaftliche Tradition --- Die chemische Tradition --- Die kulturtechnische Tradition --- 2 Böden als Naturkörper --- Einleitung --- Gliederung der Bodenlebewesen --- 2.1 Mineralkörper von Böden --- Silicate --- Gesteinsbildende Oxide --- Carbonate, Sulfate, Chloride, Phosphate --- Gesteine als Ausgangsmaterial der Bodenentwicklung --- Gesteinsgemische und Substratabfolgen --- Saprolite --- Anthropogene Gesteine --- Chemische Verwitterungsprozesse --- Tonminerale --- Carbonate, Gips und lösliche Salze --- Schwerminerale --- Tonminerale Methodik --- Pedogene Oxide --- Carbonate und Salze --- Textur der mineralischen Substanz --- 2.2 Humuskörper von Böden --- Humusformen und -typen --- Waldstreu --- Streu landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflächen --- Modellsysteme für Huminstoffe --- Alter der Humusstoffe --- Nährstoffgehalte und -nachlieferung --- 2.4 Bodenlebewesen --- Bodenfauna --- Biodenbiomasse --- Einfluss der Standort- und Bodeneigenschaften auf die Bodenfauna --- Einfluss des Bodenlebens auf Streuabbau und Aggregatbildung --- Bodenenzyme --- 2.5 Potenziale in Böden --- Bodenreaktion --- 2.6 Gefüge und Porengrößenverteilung --- Körnung und Konsistenz --- Mineralischer Feinboden --- Mineralischer Grobboden --- Organische Bodenpartikel --- Gefüge --- Morphologie --- Kräfte und Spannungen in Böden --- Wasserbindung und Porengrößenverteilung --- Wasserbewegung und Wasserleitfähigkeit des Bodens --- Thermisches Verhalten der Böden --- Bodenmechanik --- Makroskopische mechanische Verfahren --- Rheologie --- 2.7 Flüsse in Böden --- Makroporen und präferenzielle Sickerung --- Transportformen --- Wärmefluss und Wärmehaushalt --- Physikochemische Aspekte des Stofftransports in Böden --- Gastransport in Böden --- Transport gelöster Stoffe im Boden --- 3 Böden als Teile von Landschaften --- Einleitung --- 3.2 Klassifikation von Böden --- Geschichte und Prinzipien der Bodenklassifikation --- Systematik der Böden Deutschlands --- Die Österreichische Bodensystematik 2000 (OBS 2000) --- Bezugsgrundlage der Boden-Ressourcen der Erde (WRB) --- Bezugsgrundlage der Boden-Ressourcen der Erde (WRB), 2. Auflage 2006, 1. Update 2007 --- FAO/Unesco, Bodenkarte der Welt --- Systematik der bodenbildenden Substrate --- 3.3 Wichtige Bodeneinheiten --- Podsole --- Terrae calcis --- Reduktosole --- Watten und Strände – Salzwiesen und Mangrovenwälder --- Subhydrische Böden --- Moore --- 3.4 Böden als Landschaftssegmente --- Grundsätze der Bodenvergesellschaftung --- Bodentragende Landschaftsformen --- Klassifikation von Bodengesellschaften --- Watten und Marschen Nordwestdeutschlands --- Norddeutsche Jungmoränenlandschaften --- Norddeutsche Altmoränenlandschaften --- Nord- und mitteldeutsche Lössbörden und Sandlössgebiete --- Böden städtisch-industrieller Verdichtungsräume --- Bodenlandschaften kühlhumider Zonen (Boreale Wälder) --- Bodengeographie der Waldsteppen und Steppen --- Bodenlandschaften subtropischer mediterraner Zonen --- Bodengeografie der wechselfeuchten Tropen am Beispiel Indiens --- 3.5 Kartierungstechnik --- Kartierungstechnik --- 3.6 Bodenkundliche Kartenwerke --- Bodenkundliche Kartenwerke --- 4 Funktionen von Böden --- Einleitung --- 4.2 Standortfunktionen von Böden --- Böden als Waldstandorte --- Böden als Grünlandstandorte --- Deutsche Weinbaustandorte --- Böden als Obstbaustandorte --- Böden als Baugrund und Baustoff --- Die amtliche Bodenschätzung in Deutschland --- 4.4 Böden als Bestandteil des Landschaftshaushaltes --- Boden und Landschaftswasserhaushalt --- Landschaftsstoffhaushalt --- 4.5 Böden als landschafts- und kulturgeschichtliche Urkunden --- Böden als landschafts- und kulturgeschichtliche Urkunden --- Böden und Bodenmerkmale unterschiedlichen Alters --- Datierungsmethoden --- Norddeutsches Vereisungsgebiet --- Süddeutsches Vereisungsgebiet --- Lößgebiete Süddeutschlands --- Paläoböden in periglazialen Lagen der Mittelgebirge --- 5 Bodenkultivierung, Bodenmelioration --- Einleitung --- 5.1 Grundlagen der Bodenkultivierung und Bodenmelioration --- Grundlagen der Bodenkultivierung und Bodenmelioration --- 5.2 Meliorationsverfahren --- Meliorationsverfahren --- 5.3 Kultivierungsverfahren --- Marschkultur --- Einleitung --- Moorkulturen --- Plaggen --- Tiefenbearbeitung --- Bewässerung --- 6 Anthropogene Bodenveränderungen und -belastungen --- Einleitung --- 6.1 Bodenüberformung und -versiegelung --- Bodenüberformung und -versiegelung --- 6.2 Anthropogene Gefügeänderung --- Bewirtschaftungssysteme und ihre Auswirkungen auf das Bodengefüge --- Anthropogene Gefügeänderungen --- Forstliche Bodenbewirtschaftung --- Melioration von tiefreichend schadverdichteten Neu- und Altlandstandorten --- 6.3 Abtrag von Böden --- Physikalische Ursachen der Wassererosion --- Erosionsformen --- Winderosion --- Abtrag von Böden --- Feststofftransport in Fließgewässern --- Quantifizierung des Bodenabtrags anhand von Modellen --- 6.4 Düngung von Böden --- Düngung von Böden --- 6.5 Kontamination von Böden --- Organische Pflanzenschutzmittel --- Antibiotika --- Radionuklide 7 Bodenschutz --- Einleitung --- 7.1 Gesetzliche Grundlagen --- Bundes-Bodenschutzgesetz (Wortlaut) --- Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (Wortlaut) --- Bodenschutzrecht --- 7.2 Bodenschutz in der Landwirtschaft --- Einleitung --- Gesetzliche Instrumente --- Ökonomische Instrumente --- 7.3 Bodenschutzrelevante Planungen --- Planung und Umsetzung im urbanindustriellen und suburbanen Raum --- 7.4 Schutz vor mechanischer Belastung --- Schutz vor mechanischer Belastung --- 7.5 Schutz vor Abtrag und Überflutung --- Schutz vor Abtrag und Überflutung --- 7.6 Schutz vor stofflichen Belastungen --- Schutz landwirtschaftlicher Böden vor Überdüngung --- Schutz vor Säuren --- Schutz vor Salzen und Alkalinität --- Schutz vor Belastung mit Pflanzenschutzmitteln --- Schutz vor Organika --- Schutz vor Kontamination durch Deponien --- Schutz vor Kontamination bei Reststoffverwertung --- 7.7 Erziehung zum Bodenschutz --- Erziehung zum Bodenschutz --- 8 Bodensicherung, -sanierung und -restaurierung --- Einleitung --- 8.1 Rechtsgrundlagen der Bodensanierung --- Rechtsgrundlagen der Bodensanierung --- 8.3 Rekultivierung unterschiedlicher Böden und Substrate --- Rekultivierung unterschiedlicher Böden und Substrate --- 8.4 Rekultivierung fremdgenutzter Standorte --- Rekultivierung aufgegebener Industrie-, Gewerbe und Verkehrsflächen --- 8.5 Rekultivierung und Renaturierung von Abgrabungsflächen --- Rekultivierung und Renaturierung von Abgrabungsflächen --- 8.6 Sanierungsbedürftigkeit und Schutzwürdigkeit von Böden --- Sanierungsbedürftigkeit und Schutzwürdigkeit von Böden

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A01: Dynamics of Atmospheric Composition --- A Study on the Production and Emission of Marine-Derived Volatile Halocarbons / Y. Yokouchi, A. Ooki, S. Hashimoto and N. Itoh / pp. 1-25. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.001 --- Measurements of Gaseous Peroxides in the Oceanic Lower Atmosphere / S. Hatakeyama and T. Akatsuka / pp. 27-31. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.002 --- Phase Partitioning of NH3 and Gas to Particle Conversion / K. Osada / pp. 33-36. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.003 --- New Particle Formation of Marine Aerosols / K. Miura, H. Furutani, Y. Iwamoto, K. Nagano, H. Kobayashi, M. Mochida, H. Mukai, S. Hashimoto, M. Takami and M. Uematsu / pp. 37-41. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.004 --- A Study of the Chemical Processes in Aerosols and Their Impacts on the Environment Using X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy / Y. Takahashi, M. Higashi, T. Furukawa, T. Miyoshi, M. Fujiwara and M. Uematsu / pp. 43-50. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.005 --- Variability in Mineral Dust Deposition over the North Pacific and Its Potential Impact on the Ocean Productivity / H. Fukushima / pp. 51-60. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.006 --- Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction through Atmospheric Aerosol Particles Observed in a Single Nanoparticle Aspect / H. Furutani, J. Jinyoung and M. Uematsu / pp. 61-69. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.007 --- Simultaneous Measurements of Hygroscopic Property and Cloud Condensation Nucleus Activity of Aerosol Particles of Marine Biogenic Origin / M. Mochida / pp. 71-81. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.008 --- Eruption of Mt. Kilauea Impacted Cloud Droplet and Radiation Budget over North Pacific / I. Uno, K. Eguchi and K. Yumimoto / pp. 83-87. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.009 --- A02: Variability of Gas Exchanges at the Air-Sea Interface --- High-Resolution Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds Dissolved in Seawater Using Equilibrator Inlet-Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry (EI-PTR-MS) / Hiroshi Tanimoto, Sohiko Kameyama, Yuko Omori, Satoshi Inomata and Urumu Tsunogai / pp. 89-115. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.001 --- Study of the Production Processes of Marine Biogenic Methane and Carbonyl Sulfide Using Stable Isotope Analysis / S. Toyoda, K. Yamada, Y. Ueno, K. Koba and O. Yoshida / pp. 117-121. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.002 --- Long-Term Changes of Greenhouse Gases in the Ocean and Their Feedback Effects on the Climate / Yutaka W. Watanabe, Ichiro Yasuda and Nobuo Tsurushima / pp. 123-150. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.003 --- Temporal and Spatial Variations in Carbonate System and Air-Sea CO2 Flux in the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension / H. Yoshikawa-Inoue, T. Midorikawa and T. R. Takamura / pp. 151-161. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.004 --- A03: Dynamics of the Marine Ecosystem --- Bioavailability and Biogeochemical Processes of Trace Metals in the Surface Ocean / S. Takeda, H. Obata, A. Okubo, M. Sato and Y. Kondo / pp. 163-176. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.001 --- Detailed Variations in Bioactive Elements in the Surface Ocean and Their Interaction with Microbiological Processes / H. Ogawa, K. Kogure, J. Kanda, F. Hashihama and M. Suzumura / pp. 177-197. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.002 --- Photoheterotrophic Process in Surface Seawater Environments / K. Hamasaki, Y. Sato-Takabe, A. Taniguchi and Y. Tada / pp. 199-202. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.003 --- Ecological Study of Bacterial Populations Related to Biogenic Gas Transformation in Marine Environments / K. Hamasaki, R. Kaneko, A. Mouri, Y. Tada, N. Kasamatsu-Takasawa and I. Nagao / pp. 203-209. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.004 --- A04: Modelling of the Interaction between the Ocean and the Atmosphere --- Modeling for Evaluation and Prediction of Effects of Short-Term Atmospheric Disturbance on Air-Sea Material Cycling / M. Fujii and A. Tanaka / pp. 211-222. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a04.001 --- Relating Phytoplankton Pnysiology to North Pacific Biogeochemistry / S. Lan Smith, Maki N. Aita, Masahito Shigemitsu and Yasuhiro Yamanaka / pp. 223-235. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a04.002 --- Coupling of Physical and Bio-Geochemical Process and Monitoring Ocean Circulation Using Data Assimilation System / Y. Ishikawa, T. Awaji, M. Ikeda and T. Toyoda / pp. 237-241. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a04.003

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chapter 1: Short-lived trace gases in the surface ocean and the atmosphere --- Chapter 2: Transfer across the air-sea interface --- Chapter 3: Air-sea interactions of natural long-lived greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4) in a changing climate --- Chapter 4: Ocean-Atmosphere interactions of particles --- Chapter 5: Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS science

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PART I: Ester Boserup’s Intellectual Heritage --- 1. Ester Boserup: An Interdisciplinary Visionary Relevant for Sustainability --- 2. “Finding Out Is My Life”: Conversations with Ester Boserup in the 1990s --- 3. Boserup’s Theory on Technological Change as a Point of Departure for the Theory of Sociometabolic Regime Transition --- PART II Land Use, Technology and Agriculture --- 4. The Dwindling Role of Population Pressure in Land Use Change – a Case from the South West Pacific --- 5. Conceptual and Empirical Approaches to Mapping and Quantifying Land-Use Intensity --- 6. Malthusian Assumptions, Boserupian Response in Transition to Agriculture Models --- 7. Reconciling Boserup with Malthus: Agrarian Change and Soil Degradation in Olive Orchards in Spain (1750-2000) --- 8. Beyond Boserup: The Role of Working Time in Agricultural Development --- PART III: Population and Gender --- 9. Following Boserup’s Traces: From Invisibility to Informalisation of Women’s Economy to Engendering Development in Translocal Spaces --- 10. Daughters of the Hills: Gendered Agricultural Production, Modernisation, and Declining Child Sex Ratios in the Indian Central Himalayas --- 11. Revisiting Boserup’s Hypotheses in the Context of Africa --- 12. An Interpretation of Large-Scale Land Deals Using Boserup’s Theories of Agricultural Intensification, Gender and Rural Development --- 13. Labour Migration and Gendered Agricultural Asset Shifts in Southeastern Mexico: Two Stories of Farming Wives and Daughters --- 14. Working Time of Farm Women and Small-Scale Sustainable Farming in Austria --- 15. A Human Ecological Approach to Ester Boserup: Steps Towards Engendering Agriculture and Rural Development --- 16. Conclusions: Re-Evaluating Boserup in the Light of the Contributions to this Volume

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- Foreword by Keith Solomon and John Giesy --- Foreword by Coordinating Board of Editors --- Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in The United States – Overview and Conclusions --- Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Fate in the Environment and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos and its Oxon in the United States --- Exposures of Aquatic Organisms to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use in the United States --- Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Risk to Pollinators from the Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Section I: Introduction – migration, gender and social justice: the research and policy agendas --- Section II: Transformation of social reproduction systems and migration: local-global interactions --- Section III: The state and female internal migration: Rights and livelihood security --- Section IV: Complexity of gender: embodiment and intersectionality --- Section V: Liminal legality, citizenship and migrant rights mobilization --- Section VI: Conclusion – the complexities of migration research-policy interactions --- Annex A - Portfolio of Migration Projects, 2006-2009 (21 May 2009) --- Women’s Rights and Citizenship Program --- Annex B - Profile of the Editors

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- Acknowledgements --- Chapter 1 – Natural Heritage at Risk by Climate Change --- Chapter 2 – Climate Change in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 3 – Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrological Cycle in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 4 – Potential impacts of climate change on protected habitats --- Chapter 5 – Climate Change impact modelling cascade - Benefits and limitations for --- Chapter 6 – Indicators for Monitoring Climate Change-Induced Effects on Habitats – a --- Chapter 7 – Remote Sensing-based Monitoring of Potential Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 8 – Assessment of Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 9 – Legal Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation --- Chapter 10 – A Methodical Framework for Climate Change-Adapted Management in Protected Areas --- Chapter 11 – Monitoring concept of climate-induced impacts on peat bog vegetation in Pokljuka plateau in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 12 – Concept for the monitoring of climate induced impacts on rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 13 – Suggested management measures for Natura 2000 Habitats in Körös-Maros National Park, Hungary --- Chapter 14 – Climate-induced challenges for wetlands: revealing the background for the adaptive ecosystem management in the Biebrza Valley, Poland --- Chapter 15 – Habitat changes caused by sea level rise, driven by climate change in the Northern Adriatic coastal wetlands, Slovenia --- Chapter 16 – Potential impacts of climate change on forest habitats in the Biosphere Reserve Vessertal-Thuringian Forest in Germany --- Chapter 17 – Potential Impact of Climate Change on Alpine Habitats from Bucegi Natural Park, Romania --- Chapter 18 – Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Habitats and their Effects on Invasive Plant Species in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania --- Chapter 19 - Reproduction biology of an alien invasive plant: a case of drought-tolerant Aster squamatus on the Northern Adriatic seacoast, Slovenia --- Chapter 20 – Conclusions and Recommendations for Adapting Conservation Management in the Face of Climate Change --- Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: OPENING ADDRESS On behalf of the Local Organizing Committee, I welcome you all to the first International Workshop on GPS-techniques in surveying and geodesy held at this university. This workshop is designed to bring together experts from various countries and also scientists who carry out, analyze and interpret such measurements with those who work on instrumental and theoretical problems. The workshop focuses hereby on high-precision applications with emphasis on monitoring time-dependent phenomena such as those relevant to geodynamics as well as men-made constructions as those in civil engineering and similar fields. It is astonishing to see how, in spite of all earlier satellite work over the last two decades, GPS-methods became so fast a relevant new technology, in its proper sense, in modern geodesy and surveying besides VLBI and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR). With the recent development of new dual-frequency receivers the role of GPS-procedures in monitoring large-scale phenomena over big distances will still expand; and the application of kinematical GPS-approaches is of utmost interest in solving high-precision problems. It is indeed fascinating to realize how GPS-methods have become in such a short time a surprisingly efficient and effective, this means : fast, precise and easy to apply, tool which is able to replace already now, after a few years of existence and with an incomplete set of a few out of the 18 satellites (of the final stage), at least partially some expensive, slow and cumbersome classical surveying methods. On the other hand, it cannot be overemphasized that GPS-procedures are still at their beginning and the full spectrum of their capabilities still has to be explored. In Europe, for example, where excellent classical surveying systems do exist the situation is quite different from the situation in other countries such as Canada or the USA. Even within Europe the application types of GPS-methods will vary; for example, in Norway the situation is quite different from central European countries. It is often forgotten, that together with GPS we will have to introduce new concepts and a new thinking in combination with other modern satellite procedures. GPS itself can resolve only a small part of the problems to be solved by modern geodesy but it will open the way to a great variety of new applications and capabilities. Modern global tectonics is just one of the new disciplines of high interest and great practical impact. I could continue in citing other similarly important new fields. GPS is, however, of special importance because it replaces old technologies and fills gaps where modern and efficient tools are most needed. Consequently, also the optimal combination of GPS-methods with new auxiliary and also classical high-precision techniques is of great importance, mainly under the european conditions outlined above. Moreover, the real-time or almost-real-time use of GPS in combination with photogrammetry, inertial geodesy, gravity gradiometry or even classical surveying is of substantial interest. It is indeed important to realize the new concepts in modern satellite and space methods and I, therefore, spoke above of a new "technology" which should be optimally developed as there is a worldwide need of such capabilities and tools. In view of the few active NAVSTAR-satellites in sky in 1988 this is perhaps not the best year for GPS-applications but the right time for a review of the experience gained until now and using it as a base for the planning of the future...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: INTRODUCTION While the complex mechanical properties of rocks and soils are studied for quite a while, it is only in the last decades that sound established mathematical models were developed based on accurate experimental data. Some rheological properties of geomaterials as for instance creep, were studied for a long time but the experimental data reported were incomplete and, as a consequence, the models developed have missed either the generality necessary for the solving of engineering problems or some of the major specific mechanical properties possessed by these materials as for instance dilatancy and/or compressibility , long term damage etc. Generally, these very particular empirical models were made for a specific test only and therefore are not appropriate for solving problems involving general loading histories. Let us remind that due to the presence of a great number of cracks and/or pores existing in roks and soils, the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials is quite distinct from that of other materials as for instance metals or plastics. That is why rock and soil rheology has some specific aspects. It must also be mentioned that the solving of various problems of rock and soil mechanics posed by modern technology was not possible by using time-independent models, thus the study and development of rehological models become absolutely necessary. In the last decade or so, very accurate experimantal data became available as a result of the development of experimental techniques and of the growing interest for this field of research in the scientific community. These data, in turn, have made possible the development of genuine models for geomaterials, mainly rheological models, able to describe such properties as creep, dilatancy and/or compressibility during creep, long term damage and failure occurring after various time intervals, slip surface formation etc. Today it is clear that no accurate constitutive equation for rocks can be formulated unless the dilatancy phenomena and the time effects are not included. Another idea is the need of a better description of the concepts of damage and failure of rocks, again using in someway the concepts of irreversible dilatancy or another related notion. In soil rheology it is clear that the scale effect may be taken into consideration in order to obtain a corect information from the routine tests. Also in writing the constitutive equations for soils it is neccessary to take into account the microscopic or local phenomena, because there is a great variety of types of saturated or nonsaturated soils, granular or cohesionless soil etc. The aim of the Euromech Colloquium 196 devoted to Rock and Soil Rheology and therefore that of the present volume too, is to review some of the main results obtained in the last years in this field of research and also to formulate some of the major not yet solved problems which are now under consideration. Exchange of opinions and scientific discussions are quite helpful mainly in those areas where some approaches are controversial and the progress made is quite fast. That is especially true for the rheology of geomaterials, domain of great interest for mining and petroleum engineers, engineering geology, seismology, geophlsics, civil engineering, nuclear and industrial waste storage, geothermal energy storage, caverns for sports, culture, telecommunications, storage of goods and foodstuffs (cold, hot and refrigerated storages), underground oil and natural gas reservoirs etc. Some of the last obtained results are mentioned in the present volume...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The aim of this volume is to reflect the current state of geoscientific activity focused on the geodynamic evolution of the Atlas system and to discuss new results and ideas. The volume provides a selection of papers on the geological history, structural development, and geophysical data of Morocco. It was not possible to cover all areas of geoscientific interest, however, we hope to shed some light on the major geodynamic problems.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE The suggestion to compile and publish this volume dealing with some geoscientific problems of the Central Andes came up during a conference on "Mobility of Active Continental Margins" held in Berlin, February 1986. At this international conference, organized by the Berlin Research Group "Mobility of Active Continental Margins", colleagues from Europe, Southern and Northern America reported on their current investigations in the Central Andes. The Central Andes claim a special position in the 7000 km long Andean mountain range. In Northern Chile, Southern Bolivia and Northwest Argentina the Central Andes show their largest width with more than 650 km and along a Geotraverse between the Pacific coast and the Chaco all typical Andean morphotectonic units are well developed. Here, the pre-Andean evolution is documented by outcropping of Paleozoic and pre-Cambrian rocks. The characteristic phenomena of the Andean cycle can be studied along the entire geotraverse. The migration of the tectonic and magmatic activity starting in Jurassic and being active t i l l Quaternary is clearly evidenced. Besides the Himalaya, the Central Andes show with 70-80 km and -400 mgal the largest crustal thickness known in mountain ranges. These and many other interesting and exciting geoscientific features encouraged a group of geoscientists from both West-Berlin universities (Freie UniversitAt and Technische UniversitAt) to focus their studies along a geotraverse through the Central Andes. The realization of these studies would not have been possible without the active assistance and close cooperation of our colleagues from the geoscientific institutions in Salta (Argentina), La Paz and Santa Cruz (Bolivia) and Antofagasta and Santiago (Chile). Concerning the German participation, this joint and interdisciplinary project is financially supported since 1982 as Reserach Group" Mobility of Active Continental Margins" by the German Research Society and by the West-Berlin universities as well. A number of colleagues from universities in West Germany take part in this project, too. The papers presented here deal with the period from Late Precambrian up to the youngest phenomena in Quaternary. The contributions cover the whole spectrum of geoscientific research, geology, paleontology, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics and geomorphology. In conclusion, the data published here may help to improve the picture of Andean structure and evolution. The detailed investigations carried out in the past years show, that the first simple plate tectonic models proposed in the beginning of the seventies have to improved and modified. Furthermore, the results can be seen as contribution to the international Lithospheric Project and as a useful data base for the construction of a Central Andean Transect...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This is volume I of the two-volume special issue Scattering and Attenuation of Seismic Waves which will contain total 17 invited review papers and about 30 c- tributed papers. The scope and contents of the special issue are described in the following Introduction. This volume includes 21 contributed papers arranged in the following order: Scattering theory and modeling including the scattering attenuation and its separation from the intrinsic attenuation; numerical method and simulation; field observation including coda Q and surface wave Q measurement; inversion; laboratory attenuation measurement of rock samples.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: INTRODUCTION The awareness that mankind is able to influence and modify not only the local but also the global climate has led to a strongly growing interest in climate research. Strengthened research activities, which also made use of improved and novel experimental techniques, have yielded a wealth of information on climatic patterns in the past. At the same time, climate modelling has made much progress. While some questions have been answered, new problems have been recognized. One question related to anthropogenio climatic change is about the nature and causes of natural variations, against the background of which man-made changes must be viewed. The contributions to this volume all deal with the variabilitY of climate. Some papers are reviews of the knowledge to a current topic, others have more the character of an original contribution. The obseryational studies cover the range from year-to-year variations up to glacial-interglacial contrast, thereby going from instrumental data to results from proxy records...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: INTRODUCTION - WHY THIS BOOK? Why study Numerical Geology? Although geologists have dabbled in numbers since the time of Hutton and Playfair, 200 years ago (Merriam 1981e), geology until recently lagged behind other sciences in both the teaching and geological application of mathematics, statistics and computers. Geology Departments incorporating these disciplines in their undergraduate courses are still few (particularly outside the USA). Only two international geomathematical/computing journals are published (Computers & Geosciences; Mathematical Geology), compared with dozens covering, say, petrology or mineralogy. It also remains common practice for years (and $1000s) to be spent setting up computerized machines to produce large volumes of data in machine-readable form, and then for geologists to plot these by hand on a sheet of graph paper! Despite this, the use of numerical methods in geology has now begun to increase at a rate which implies a revolution of no less importance than the plate tectonic revolution of the 1960's -- one whose impact is beginning to be felt throughout the academic, commercial, governmental and private consultative geological communities (Merriam 1969, 1981c). Although a few pioneers have been publishing benchmark papers for some years, the routine usage of machine-based analytical techniques, and the advent of low-priced desk-top microcomputers, have successively enabled and now at last persuaded many more geologists to become both numerate and computerate. Merriam (1980) estimated that two decades of increasing awareness had seen the percentage of geomathematical papers (sensu lato) rise to some 15% of all geological literature; meanwhile, mineralogy-petrology and geochemistry had both fallen to a mere 5% each! In these Notes, geomathematics and numerical geology are used interchangeably, to cover applications of mathematics, statistics and computing to processing real geological data. However, as applications which primarily store or retrieve numbers (e.g. databases) are included, as well as those involving actual mathematical calculations, 'Numerical Geology' is preferred in the title. 'Geomathematics' in this sense should not be confused with 'geostatistics', now usually restricted to a specialised branch of geomathematics dealing with ore body estimation (§20). Reasons for studying Numerical Geology can be summarised as follows: (1) Volumes of new and existing numerical data: The British Geological Survey, the world's oldest, recently celebrated its 150th anniversary by establishing a National Geoscience data-centre, in which it is hoped to store all accumulated records on a computer (Lumsden & Flowarth 1986). Information already existing in the Survey's archives is believed to amount to tens or hundreds of Gb (i.e. = 1010-11 characters) and to be increasing by a few percent annually. The volumes of valuable data existing in the worM's geological archives, over perhaps 250 years of geological endeavour, must therefore be almost immeasurably greater. It is now routine even for students to produce hundreds or thousands of multi-element analyses for a single thesis, while national programs of geochemical sampling easily produce a million individual dement values. Such volumes of data simply cannot be processed realistically by manual means; they require mathematical and statistical manipulation on computers -- in some cases large computers. (2) Better use of coded/digitised data: In addition to intrinsically numerical (e.g. chemical) data, geology produces much information which can be more effectively used if numerically coded. For example, relatively little can be done with records of, say, 'limestone' and 'sandstone' in a borehole log, but very much more can be done if these records are numerically coded as 'limestone = 1' and 'sandstone = 2'. Via encoding, enormous volumes of data are opened to computer processing which would otherwise have lain dormant. More importantly, geological maps - perhaps the most important tool of the entire science - can themselves be digitised (turned into large sets of numbers), opening up vast new possibilities for manipulation, revision, scale-change and other improvements. (3) Intelligent data use: It is absurd to acquire large volumes of data and then not to interpret them fully. Field geologists observing an outcrop commonly split into two (or more) groups, arguing perhaps over the presence or absence of a preferred orientation in kyanite crystals on a schist foliation surface. The possibility of actually measuring these orientations and analyzing them statistically (§17) is rarely aired-- at last in this author's experience! Petrologists are equally culpable when they rely on X-Y or, at maximum 'sophistication', X-Y-Z (triangular) variation diagrams, in representing the evolution of igneous rocks which have commonly been analyzed for up to 50 elements! Whereas some geological controversies (especially those based on interpretation of essentially subjective field observations) cannot be resolved numerically, many others can and should be. This is not to say (as Lord Kelvin did) that quantitative science is the only good science, but qualitative treatment of quantitative data is rarely anything but bad science. (4) Literature search and data retrieval: Most research projects must begin with reviews of the literature and, frequently, with exhaustive compilations of existing data. These are essential if informed views on the topic are to be reached, existing work is not merely to be duplicated, and optimum use is to be made of available funding, The ever-expanding geological literature, however, makes such reviews and compilations increasingly time-consuming and expensive via traditional manual means. Use of the increasing number of both bibliographical and analytical databases (§3) is therefore becoming a prequisite for well-informed, high-quality research. (5) Unification of interests: In these days of inexorably increasing specialisation in ever narrower topics, brought about by the need to keep abreast of the exploding literature, numerical geology forms a rare bridge between different branches not only of geology but of diverse other sciences. The techniques covered in this book are equally applicable (and in many cases have been in routine use for far longer) in biology, botany, geography, medicine, psychology, sociology, zoology, etc. Within geology itself, most topics covered here are as valuable to the stratigrapher as to the petrologist. 'Numerical geologists' are thus in the unique (and paradoxical) position of being both specialists and non-specialists; they may have their own interests, but their numerical and computing knowledge can often help all of their colleagues. (6) Employment prospects: There is a clear and increasing demand for computerate/numerate geologists in nearly all employment fields. In Australia, whose economy is dominated by geology-related activities (principally mining), a comprehensive national survey (AMIRA 1985) estimated that A$40M per annum could be saved by more effective use of computers in geology. Professional computer scientists are also of course in demand, but the inability of some of their number to communicate with 'laymen' is legendary! Consequently, many finns have perpetual need for those rare animals who combine knowledge of computing and mathematics with practical geological experience. Their unique bridging role also means that numerical geologists are less likely to be affected by the vaguaries of the employment market than are more specialised experts. Rationale and aims of this book This is a highly experimental book, constituting the interim text for new (1988) courses in 'Numerical Geology' at the University of Western Australia. It is published in the Springer Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences series precisely because, as the rubric for this series has it, "the timeIiness of a manuscript is more important than its form, which may be unfinished or tentative." Readers are more than welcome to send constructive comments to the author, such that a more seasoned, comprehensive version can be created in due course. Readers' indulgence is meanwhile craved for the number of mistakes which must inevitably remain in a work involving so many citations and cross-references. Emphasis is particularly placed on the word Notes in the series rifle: this book is not a statistical or mathematical treatise. It is not intended to stand on its own, but rather to complement and target the existing literature. It is most emphatically not a substitute for sound statistical knowledge, and indeed, descriptions of each technique are deliberately minimized such that readers shouM never be tempted to rely on this book alone, but should rather read around the subject in the wealth of more authoritative statistical and geomathematical texts cited. In other words, this is a synoptic work, principally about 'how to do', 'when not to do', 'what are the alternatives' and 'where to find out more'. It aims specifically: (1) to introduce geologists to the widest possible range of numerical methods which have already appeared in the literature; and thus (2) to infuse geologists with just sufficient background knowledge that they can: (a) locate more detailed sources of information; (b) understand the broad principles behind interpreting most common geological problems quantitatively; (c) appreciate how to take best advantage of computers; and thereby (d) cope with the "information overload" (Griffiths 1974) which they increasingly face. Even these aims require the reader to become to some extent geologist, computer scientist, mathematician and statistician rolled into one, and a practical balance has therefore been attempted, in which just enough information is hopefully given to expedite correct interpretation and avoidance of pitfalls, but not too much to confuse or deter the reader. Despite the vast literature in mathematics, statistics and computing, and that growing in geomathematics, no previous book was found to fulfill these alms on its own. The range of methods covered here is deliberately much wider than in previous geomathematical textbooks, to provide at least an introduction to most methods geologists may encounter, but other books are consequently relied on for the detail which space here precludes. These Notes adopt a practical approach similar to that in language guidebooks -- at the risk of emulating the 'recipe book' abhorred in some quarters. Every Topic provides a minimum of highly condensed sketch-notes (fuller descriptions are included only where topics are not well covered in existing textbooks), complemented by worked examples using real data from as many fields of geology as space permits. Specialists should thereby be able to locate at least one example close to their problems of the moment. In the earlier (easier) topics, simple worked examples are calculated in full, and equations are given wherever practicable (despite their sometimes forbidding appearance), to enable readers not only to familiarise themselves with the calculations but also to experiment with their own data. In the later (multivariate) topics (where few but the sado-masochistic would wish to try the calculations by hand!), the worked examples comprise simplified output from actual software, to familiarise readers with the types of computer output they may have to interpret in practice. Topics were arranged in previous geomathematical textbooks by statistical subject: 'analysis of variance', 'correlation', 'regression', etc., while nonparametric (rank) methods were usually dealt with separately from classical methods (if at all). Here, topics are arranged by operation (what is to be done), and both classical and rank techniques are covered together, with similar emphasis. When readers know what they want to do, therefore, they need only look in one Topic for all appropriate techniques. The main difficulty of this work is the near impossibility of its goal-- though other books with similarly ambitious goals have been well enough received (e.g.J.Math.Geol. 18(5), 511-512). Some constraints have necessarily been imposed to keep the Notes of manageable size. Geophysics, for example, is sketchily covered, because (i) numerical methods are already far more integrated into most geophysics courses than geology courses; (ii) several recent textbooks (e.g. Cantina & Janecek 1984) cover the corresponding ground for geophysicists. Structural geology is less comprehensively covered or cited than, say, stratigraphy, because (a) it commands many applications of statistics and computing unto itself alone (e.g. 3-D modelling, 'unravelling' of folds), whereas these Notes aim at techniques equally applicable to most branches of geology; (b) excellent comprehensive reviews of structural applications are already available (e.g. Whitten 1969,1981). Remote sensing is also barely covered, since comprehensive source guides similar in purpose to the present one already exist (Carter 1986). For the sake of brevity, phrases throughout this book which refer to males are, with apologies to any whose sensitivities are thereby offended, taken to include females!

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A. J. Fleet, K. Kelts, and M. R. Talbot: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:vii-x, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.01 --- Part I Tectonic, Geological, Geochemical and Biological Framework --- K. Kelts: Environments of deposition of lacustrine petroleum source rocks: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:3-26, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.02 --- J. F. Talling: Modern phytoplankton production in African lakes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:27-28, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.03 --- M. R. Talbot: The origins of lacustrine oil source rocks: evidence from the lakes of tropical Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:29-43, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.04 --- P. De Deckker: Large Australian lakes during the last 20 million years: sites for petroleum source rock or metal ore deposition, or both? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:45-58, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.05 --- R. S. Oremland, J. E. Cloern, R. L. Smith, C. W. Culbertson, J. Zehr, L. Miller, B. Cole, R. Harvey, Z. Sofer, N. Iversen, M. Klug, D. J. Des Marais, and G. Rau: Microbial and biogeochemical processes in Big Soda Lake, Nevada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:59-75, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.06 --- C. P. Summerhayes: Predicting palaeoclimates / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:77-78, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.07 --- Part II Palaeoenvironmental Indicators --- B. J. Katz: Clastic and carbonate lacustrine systems: an organic geochemical comparison (Green River Formation and East African lake sediments) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:81-90, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.08 --- M. Vandenbroucke and F. Behar: Geochemical characterization of the organic matter from some recent sediments by a pyrolysis technique / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:91-101, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.09 --- J. K. Volkman: Biological marker compounds as indicators of the depositional environments of petroleum source rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:103-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.10 --- H. L. ten Haven, J. W. de Leeuw, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, P. A. Schenck, S. E. Palmer, and J. E. Zumberge: Application of biological markers in the recognition of palaeohypersaline environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:123-130, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.11 --- W. Davison: Interactions of iron, carbon and sulphur in marine and lacustrine sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:131-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.12 --- R. F. Yuretich: Possible relationships of stratigraphy and clay mineralogy to source rock potential in lacustrine sequences / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:139-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.13 --- B. Bahrig: Palaeo-environment information from deep water siderite (Lake of Laach, West Germany) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:153-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.14 --- Jiang De-xin: Spores and pollen in oils as indicators of lacustrine source rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:159-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.15 --- Part III Case Studies --- A. D. Duncan and R. F. M. Hamilton: Palaeolimnology and organic geochemistry of the Middle Devonian in the Orcadian Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:173-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.16 --- S. J. Hillier and J. E. A. Marshall: Hydrocarbon source rocks, thermal maturity and burial history of the Orcadian Basin, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:203, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.17 --- J. Parnell: Significance of lacustrine cherts for the environment of source-rock deposition in the Orcadian Basin, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:205-217, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.18 --- G. W. F. Loftus and J. T. Greensmith: The lacustrine Burdiehouse Limestone Formation—a key to the deposition of the Dinantian Oil Shales of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:219-234, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.19 --- J. Parnell: Lacustrine petroleum source rocks in the Dinantian Oil Shale Group, Scotland: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:235-246, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.20 --- P. J. W. Gore: Lacustrine sequences in an early Mesozoic rift basin: Culpeper Basin, Virginia, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:247-278, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.21 --- Fu Jiamo, Sheng Guoying, and Liu Dehan: Organic geochemical characteristics of major types of terrestrial petroleum source rocks in China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:279-289, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.22 --- Luo Binjie, Yang Xinghua, Lin Hejie, and Zheng Guodong: Characteristics of Mesozoic and Cenozoic non-marine source rocks in north-west China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:291-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.23 --- S. C. Brassell, G. Eglinton, Guoying Sheng, and Jiamo Fu: Biological markers in lacustrine Chinese oil shales / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:299-308, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.24 --- Wang Tieguan, Fan Pu, and F. M. Swain: Geochemical characteristics of crude oils and source beds in different continental facies of four oil-bearing basins, China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:309-325, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.25 --- D. M. McKirdy, R. E. Cox, and J. G. G. Morton: Biological marker, isotopic and geological studies of lacustrine crude oils in the western Otway Basin, South Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:327, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.26 --- A. C. Hutton: The lacustrine Condor oil shale sequence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:329-340, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.27 --- M. R. Gibling: Cenozoic lacustrine basins of South-east Asia, their tectonic setting, depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:341-351, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.28 --- P. Anadón, L. Cabrera, and R. Julià: Anoxic-oxic cyclical lacustrine sedimentation in the Miocene Rubielos de Mora Basin, Spain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:353-367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.29 --- R. Crossley and B. Owen: Sand turbidites and organic-rich diatomaceous muds from Lake Malawi, Central Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:369-374, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.30

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: M. G. Audley-Charles and A. Hallam: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:1-4, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.01 --- Neville J. Price, Geoffrey D. Price, and Sarah L. Price: Gravity glide and plate tectonics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:5-21, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.02 --- J. F. Dewey: Lithospheric stress, deformation, and tectonic cycles: the disruption of Pangaea and the closure of Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:23-40, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.03 --- Robert Hall: Basement and cover rock history in western Tethys: HT-LP metamorphism associated with extensional rifting of Gondwana / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:41-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.04 --- C. D. Mann and C. Vita-Finzi: Holocene serial folding in the Zagros / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:51-59, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.05 --- D. H. Tarling: Gondwanaland and the evolution of the Indian Ocean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:61-77, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.06 --- M. G. Audley-Charles: Evolution of the southern margin of Tethys (North Australian region) from early Permian to late Cretaceous / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:79-100, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.07 --- I. Metcalfe: Origin and assembly of south-east Asian continental terranes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:101-118, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.08 --- A. M. C. Şengör, Demir Altıner, Altan Cin, Timur Ustaömer, and K. J. Hsü: Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:119-181, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.09 --- L. R. M. Cocks and R. A. Fortey: Lower Palaeozoic facies and faunas around Gondwana / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:183-200, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.10 --- W. G. Chaloner and G. T. Creber: Fossil plants as indicators of late Palaeozoic plate positions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:201-210, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.11 --- J. B. Waterhouse: The nature, extent, and subsequent dispersal of the Permian Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:211-212, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.12 --- Edith Kristan-Tollmann: Unexpected microfaunal communities within the Triassic Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:213-223, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.13 --- Jacques Thierry: Structure and palaeogeography of the western Tethys during the Jurassic: tests based on ammonite palaeobiogeography / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:225-234, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.14 --- Gerd E. G. Westermann: Middle Jurassic ammonite biogeography supports ambi-Tethyan origin of Tibet / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:235-239, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.15 --- Derek V. Ager: Mesozoic Turkey as part of Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:241-245, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.16 --- P. W. Skelton: The trans-Pacific spread of equatorial shallow-marine benthos in the Cretaceous / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:247-253, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.17 --- Jean-Claude Rage: Gondwana, Tethys, and terrestrial vertebrates during the Mesozoic and Cainozoic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:255-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.18 --- Brian R. Rosen and Andrew B. Smith: Tectonics from fossils? Analysis of reef-coral and sea-urchin distributions from late Cretaceous to Recent, using a new method / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:275-306, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.19 --- T. C. Whitmore: Phytogeography of the eastern end of Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 37:307-311, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.20

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: L. M. Parson and A. C. Morton: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:ix-xii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.01: Volcanic and Tectonic Framework --- R. S. White: A hot-spot model for early Tertiary volcanism in the N Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:3-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.02 --- M. H. P. Bott: A new look at the causes and consequences of the Icelandic hot-spot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:15-23, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.03 --- J. F. Dewey and B. F. Windley: Palaeocene-Oligocene tectonics of NW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:25-31, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.04 --- Dipping Reflectors and NE Atlantic Evolution --- J. C. Mutter and C. M. Zehnder: Deep crustal structure and magmatic processes: the inception of seafloor spreading in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:35-48, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.05 --- J. Skogseid and O. Eldholm: Early Cainozoic evolution of the Norwegian volcanic passive margin and the formation of marginal highs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:49-56, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.06 --- L. M. Parson and the ODP Leg 104 Scientific Party: Dipping reflector styles in the NE Atlantic Ocean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:57-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.07 --- L. G. Viereck, P. N. Taylor, L. M. Parson, A. C. Morton, J. Hertogen, I. L. Gibson, and the ODP Leg 104 Scientific Party: Origin of the Palaeogene Vøring Plateau volcanic sequence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:69-83, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.08 --- S. T. Gudlaugsson, K. Gunnarsson, M. Sand, and J. Skogseid: Tectonic and volcanic events at the Jan Mayen Ridge microcontinent / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:85-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.09 --- H. C. Larsen and S. Jakobsdóttir: Distribution, crustal properties and significance of seawards-dipping sub-basement reflectors off E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:95-114, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.10 --- M. S. Andersen: Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary extension and volcanism around the Faeroe Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:115-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.11 --- R. J. Merriman, P. N. Taylor, and A. C. Morton: Petrochemistry and isotope geochemistry of early Palaeogene basalts forming the dipping reflector sequence SW of Rockall Plateau, NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:123-134, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.12 --- J. I. Faleide, A. M. Myhre, and O. Eldholm: Early Tertiary volcanism at the western Barents Sea margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:135-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.13 --- L. Kristjansson and J. Helgason: Some properties of basalt lava sequences and volcanic centres in a plate-boundary environment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:147-155, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.14 --- H. C. Larsen: A multiple and propagating rift model for the NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:157-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.15 --- E Greenland and the Faeroe Islands --- R. C. O. Gill, T. F. D. Nielsen, C. K. Brooks, and G. A. Ingram: Tertiary volcanism in the Kangerdlugssuaq region, E Greenland: trace-element geochemistry of the Lower Basalts and tholeiitic dyke swarms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:161-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.16 --- P. M. Holm: Nd, Sr and Pb isotope geochemistry of the Lower Lavas, E Greenland Tertiary Igneous Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:181-195, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.17 --- A. J. C. Hogg, J. J. Fawcett, J. Gittins, and M. P. Gorton: Cyclical tholeiitic volcanism and associated magma chambers: eruptive mechanisms in E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:197-200, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.18 --- R. H. Noble, R. M. Macintyre, and P. E. Brown: Age constraints on Atlantic evolution: timing of magmatic activity along the E Greenland continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:201-214, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.19 --- D. H. Tarling, E. A. Hailwood, and R. Løvlie: A palaeomagnetic study of lower Tertiary lavas in E Greenland and comparison with other lower Tertiary observations in the northern Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:215-224, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.20 --- R. Waagstein: Structure, composition and age of the Faeroe basalt plateau / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:225-238, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.21 --- Volcanism in Basins to the N and W of the British Isles --- F. G. F. Gibb and R. Kanaris-Sotiriou: The geochemistry and origin of the Faeroe-Shetland sill complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:241-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.22 --- F. J. Fitch, G. L. Heard, and J. A. Miller: Basaltic magmatism of late Cretaceous and Palaeogene age recorded in wells NNE of the Shetlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:253-262, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.23 --- A. C. Morton, D. Evans, R. Harland, C. King, and D. K. Ritchie: Volcanic ash in a cored borehole W of the Shetland Islands: evidence for Selandian (late Palaeocene) volcanism in the Faeroes region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:263-269, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.24 --- M. S. Stoker, A. C. Morton, D. Evans, M. J. Hughes, R. Harland, and D. K. Graham: Early Tertiary basalts and tuffaceous sandstones from the Hebrides Shelf and Wyville-Thomson Ridge, NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:271-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.25 --- M. V. Wood, J. Hall, and J. J. Doody: Distribution of early Tertiary lavas in the NE Rockall Trough / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:283-292, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.26 --- A. C. Morton, J. E. Dixon, J. G. Fitton, R. M. Macintyre, D. K. Smythe, and P. N. Taylor: Early Tertiary volcanic rocks in Well 163/6-1A, Rockall Trough / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:293-308, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.27 --- M. P. Tate and M. R. Dobson: Syn- and post-rift igneous activity in the Porcupine Seabight Basin and adjacent continental margin W of Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:309-334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.28 --- British Tertiary Igneous Province --- A. E. Mussett, P. Dagley, and R. R. Skelhorn: Time and duration of activity in the British Tertiary Igneous Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:337-348, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.29 --- I. G. Meighan, A. G. McCormick, D. Gibson, J. A. Gamble, and I. J. Graham: Rb-Sr isotopic determinations and the timing of Tertiary central complex magmatism in NE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:349-360, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.30 --- P. J. O’Connor: Strontium isotope geochemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks, NE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:361-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.31 --- B. R. Bell and C. H. Emeleus: A review of silicic pyroclastic rocks of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:365-379, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.32 --- R. W. England: The early Tertiary stress regime in NW Britain: evidence from the patterns of volcanic activity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:381-389, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.33 --- J. H. Bédard, R. S. J. Sparks, R. Renner, R. Hunter, and M. Cheadle: A re-evaluation of the origin and nature of layered peridotite, troctolite and gabbro in the Eastern Layered Series of the Rhum ultrabasic complex, Inner Hebrides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:391, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.34: The North Sea Sedimentary Record --- O. B. Nielsen and C. Heilmann-Clausen: Palaeogene volcanism: the sedimentary record in Denmark / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:395-405, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.35 --- R. W. O’B. Knox and A. C. Morton: The record of early Tertiary N Atlantic volcanism in sediments of the North Sea Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:407-419, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.36 --- A. Nøttvedt, L. T. Berglund, E. Rasmussen, and R. J. Steel: Some aspects of Tertiary tectonics and sedimentation along the western Barents Shelf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:421-425, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.37: Review of Igneous Activity --- B. G. J. Upton: History of Tertiary igneous activity in the N Atlantic borderlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:429-453, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.38

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Geophysics of the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- R. T. Haworth, R. Hipkin, R. D. Jacobi, M. Kane, J. P. Lefort, M. D. Max, H. G. Miller, and F. Wolff: Geophysical framework and the Appalachian-Caledonide connection / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:3-20, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.01 --- F. A. Cook, D. H. Matthews, and A. W. B. Jacob: Crustal and upper mantle structure of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen from seismic results / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:21-33, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.02 --- J. C. Briden, D. V. Kent, P. L. Lapointe, J. L. Roy, R. A. Livermore, A. G. Smith, M. K. Seguin, R. Van der Voo, and D. R. Watts: Palaeomagnetic constraints on the evolution of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:35-48, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.03 --- J. P. Lefort, M. D. Max, and J. Roussel: Geophysical evidence for the location of the NW boundary of Gondwanaland and its relationship with two older satellite sutures / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:49-60, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.04 --- Pre-Arenig Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- Derek Powell, T. B. Andersen, A. A. Drake, Jr, Leo Hall, and J. D. Keppie: The age and distribution of basement rocks in the Caledonide orogen of the N Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:63-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.05 --- Frederic L. Schwab, Johan P. Nystuen, and Linda Gunderson: Pre-Arenig evolution of the Appalachian-Caledonide orogen: sedimentation and stratigraphy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:75-91, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.06 --- S. Conway Morris and A. W. A. Rushton: Precambrian to Tremadoc biotas in the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:93-109, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.07 --- Nicholas Rast, B. A. Sturt, and A. L. Harris: Early deformation in the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:111-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.08 --- Ben Harte: Lower Palaeozoic metamorphism in the Moine-Dalradian belt of the British Isles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:123-134, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.09 --- Inge Bryhni: Early Palaeozoic metamorphism in the Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:135-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.10 --- Jo Laird: Pre-Arenig metamorphism in the Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:141-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.11 --- D. W. Rankin, Harald Furnes, A. C. Bishop, B. Cabanis, D. J. Milton, S. J. O’Brien, and R. S. Thorpe: Plutonism and volcanism related to the pre-Arenig evolution of the Caledonide-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:149-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.12 --- James W. Skehan: Evolution of the Iapetus Ocean and its borders in pre-Arenig times: a synthesis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:185-229, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.13 --- Arenig-Wenlock Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- R. A. Fortey and L. R. M. Cocks: Arenig to Llandovery faunal distributions in the Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:231-246, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.14 --- David L. Bruton and David A. T. Harper: Arenig-Llandovery stratigraphy and faunas across the Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:247-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.15 --- Robert B. Neuman: Palaeontological evidence bearing on the Arenig-Caradoc development of the Iapetus Ocean basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:269-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.16 --- C. J. Stillman: Ordovician to Silurian volcanism in the Appalachian—Caledonian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:275-290, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.17 --- Leo M. Hall and David Roberts: Timing of Ordovician deformation in the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:291-309, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.18 --- Jo Laird: Arenig to Wenlock age metamorphism in the Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:311-345, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.19 --- G. J. H. Oliver: Arenig to Wenlock regional metamorphism in the Paratectonic Caledonides of the British Isles: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:347-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.20 --- R. D. Dallmeyer: Polyphase tectonothermal evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:365-379, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.21 --- David R. Wones and A. K. Sinha: A brief review of early Ordovician to Devonian plutonism in the N American Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:381-388, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.22 --- W. E. Stephens: Granitoid plutonism in the Caledonian orogen of Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:389-403, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.23 --- W. S. McKerrow: The development of the Iapetus Ocean from the Arenig to the Wenlock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:405-412, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.24 --- Wenlock to Mid-Devonian Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- M. F. Thirlwall: Wenlock to mid-Devonian volcanism of the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:415-428, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.25 --- David Roberts: Timing of Silurian to middle Devonian deformation in the Caledonides of Scandinavia, Svalbard and E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:429-435, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.26 --- W.S. McKerrow: Wenlock to Givetian deformation in the British Isles and the Canadian Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:437-448, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.27 --- P. H. Osberg: Silurian to Lower Carboniferous tectonism in the Appalachians of the USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:449-452, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.28 --- Peter Robinson, R. J. Tracy, D. S. Santallier, P.-G. Andreasson, and J. I. Gil-Ibarguchi: Scandian-Acadian-Caledonian sensu strictu metamorphism in the age range 430–360 Ma / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:453-467, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.29 --- D. V. Kent and J. D. Keppie: Silurian-Permian palaeocontinental reconstructions and circum-Atlantic tectonics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:469-480, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.30 --- N. J. Soper: Timing and geometry of collision, terrane accretion and sinistral strike-slip events in the British Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:481-492, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.31 --- J. Chaloupský: Caledonian folding in the Bohemian Massif / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:493-498, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.32 --- Robert D. Hatcher, Jr: The third synthesis: Wenlock to mid-Devonian (end of Acadian orogeny) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:499-504, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.33 --- Mid-Devonian-Permian Activity in the Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen --- Robert D. Hatcher, Jr: Basement-cover relationships in the Appalachian-Caledonian-Variscan orogen: mid-Devonian (end of Acadian orogeny) to end of Permian / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:507-514, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.34 --- William A. Thomas and Paul E. Schenk: Late Palaeozoic sedimentation along the Appalachian orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:515-530, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.35 --- K. C. Allen and D. L. Dineley: Mid-Devonian to mid-Permian floral and faunal regions and provinces / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:531-548, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.36 --- Michael Robert Leeder: Devono-Carboniferous river systems and sediment dispersal from the orogenic belts and cratons of NW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:549-558, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.37 --- O. Don Hermes and Daniel P. Murray: Middle Devonian to Permian plutonism and volcanism in the N American Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:559-571, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.38 --- E. H. Francis: Mid-Devonian to early Permian volcanism: Old World / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:573-584, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.39 --- Nicholas Rast: Tectonic implications of the timing of the Variscan orogeny / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:585-595, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.40 --- Daniel P. Murray: Post-Acadian metamorphism in the Appalachians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:597-609, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.41 --- Francisco J. Martínez and Joël Rolet: Late Palaeozoic metamorphism in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Brittany and related areas in SW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:611-620, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.42 --- John Rodgers: Fourth time-slice: mid-Devonian to Permian synthesis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 38:621-626, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.038.01.43

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE The CERN Accelerator School (CAS) was founded in 1983 with the aim to preserve and disseminate the knowledge accumulated at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) and elsewhere on particle accelerators and storage rings. This is being achieved by means of a biennial programme of basic and advanced courses on general accelerator physics supplemented by specialized and topical courses as well as Workshops. The chapters included in this present volume are taken from one of the specialized courses, Applied Geodesy for Particle Accelerators, held at CERN in April 1986. When construction of the first large accelerators started in the 1950's, it was necessary to use geodetic techniques to ensure precise positioning of the machines' components. Since that time the means employed have constantly evolved in line with technological progress in general, while a number of specific developments - many of them achieved at CERN - have enriched the range of available instruments. These techniques and precision instruments are used for most of the world's accelerators but can also be applied in other areas of industrial geodesy: surveying of civil engineering works and structures, aeronautics, nautical engineering, astronomical radio-interferometers, metrology of large dimensions, studies of deformation, etc. The ever increasing dimensions of new accelerators dictates the use of the best geodetic methods in the search for the greatest precision, such as distance measurements to 10 -7, riqorous evaluation of the local geoid and millimetric exploitation of the Navstar satellites. At the same time, the powerful computer methods now available for solving difficult problems are also applicable at the instrument level where data collection can be automatically checked. Above all, measuring methods and calculations and their results can be integrated into data bases where the collection of technical parameters can be efficiently managed. In order to conserve the logical presentation of the different lectures presented at the CAS school, the chapters presented here have been grouped under four main topics. The first and the fourth deal with spatial and theoretical geodesy, while the second and third are concerned with the work of applied geodesy, especially that carried out at CERN. Readers involved in these subjects will find in the following chapters, if not the complete answer to their problems, at least the beginning of solutions to them.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: INTRODUCTION Evaporites may form in a spectrum of environments from continental sabkha (playa) to deep basins (see Kendall 1978 a, b, Schreiber 1978, 1986, Friedman and Krumbein 1985, for review). In the last two decades, many ancient evaporite basins have been interpreted using the sabkha model and the deep desiccated basin model, the former not excluding the latter. However, growing evidence has been gathered indicating that most evaporites are formed in subaqueous environments, so that it cannot be reasonably expected that one depositional model alone will explain the entire basin fill. The chapters in this volume discuss characteristic examples of evaporite basins, mostly of moderate size. Aspects of a saline giant, the Zechstein basin of Central and NW Europe, have been considered in Volume 10 of "Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences"...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE It is to-day generally recognized by environmental scientists that the particular behaviour of trace metals in the environment is determined by their specific physico-chemical forms rather than by their total concentration. With the introduction, several years ago, of atomic absorption spectrometry at many laboratories involved in environmental studies, a technique for simple, rapid and cheap determination of total metal concentrations in environmental samples became available. As a consequence, there is a plethora of scientific papers and reports where metal concentrations in the environment are only reported as total concentrations. It appears that the simplicity of making accurate determinations of total metal contents in water, sediment and biological samples has somewhat masked the need for improved knowledge about the various forms of metals occurring in the environment as well as the bioavailahility of these forms. In other words, the need for metal speciation in studies of metals in the environment does not seem to have become obvious to most environmental scientists until relatively recently. As a matter of fact, it was only in the middle of the 1970s that the first systematic attempts were made to obtain information about the various metal species occurring in environmental samples. During the last ten years, however, a revolutionary change of attitude towards the importance of metal speciation has occurred and considerable research effort has been devoted by environmental scientists to measuring the concentrations of biologically important trace metals in surface waters. There is currently an increasing effort to couple the development of chemical analytical techniques to process-related biological problems. Concurrently, a new focus is being imposed on ecological impact studies, that of determining which active trace metal species merit the most intensive research from the standpoint of environmental perturbation. Current efforts are directed towards the development of chemical speciation schemes which can be related directly to measures of bioavailability...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PREFACE During the last few years, evaporites have increasingly been regarded as sediments and not only as chemical precipitates. Especially the intensive study of the Zechstein facies has resulted in a vast amount of observations and interpretations which are of general significance, offering important information to all sedimentologists interested in carbonates and evaporites. It seems therefore useful to introduce the sedimentological approach in a basin where various chemical concepts have been developed. This is the aim of the present volume, and this approach will be recognized by the reader in most of the chapters. The idea of publishing a collection of papers on the Zechstein facies and related rocks found an enthusiastic response, although later some contributors were, for various reasons, unable to meet the deadline. However, the papers submitted cover all major fields and will certainly stimulate further research...

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Based on a series of tutorial lectures given at the School on Combinatorial Optimization, held at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, July 8-19, 1985