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  • 1
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    Groundwater flow reversal between small water bodies and their adjoining aquifers: A numerical experiment (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-21
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The countless kettle holes in the Late Pleistocene landscapes of Northern Europe are hotspots for biodiversity and biogeochemical processes. As a rule, they are hydraulically connected to the shallow groundwater system. The rapid, intensive turnover of carbon, nutrients and pollutants in the kettle holes therefore has a major impact on the quality of the shallow groundwater downstream. As a result of high‐evapotranspiration rates from their riparian vegetation or strong storm events, the process of downstream groundwater flow may stagnate and reverse back towards the kettle hole, making interactions between the groundwater and kettle hole more complex. Furthermore, the highly heterogeneous soil landscape in the catchment contributes to this complexity. Therefore, the present study aims to enhance our understanding of this complicated interaction. To this end, 24 model variants were integrated into HydroGeoSphere, capturing a wide range of uncertainties in quantifying the extent and timing of groundwater flow reversal between a kettle hole and the adjacent aquifer. The findings revealed that the groundwater flow reversal lasted between 1 month and 19 years at most and occurred in a distance of more than 140 m downstream of the kettle hole. Our results demonstrated that the groundwater flow reversal arises especially often in areas where the shallow aquifer possesses low‐hydraulic conductivity. There may also be a recurrent circulating flow between the groundwater and kettle hole, resulting in solute turnover within the kettle hole. This holds particularly true in dry periods with medium to low‐water levels within the kettle hole and a negative water balance. However, shallow groundwater flow reversals are not necessarily a consequence of seasonal effects. In this respect, the properties of the local shallow aquifer by far outweigh the effect of the kettle hole location in the regional flow regime.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Frequency of the direction of water flow from a kettle hole towards the aquifer and its reversal for different aquifer sediments on a vertically cross section through the water body and the surrounding aquifer.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="hyp14890-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:08856087:media:hyp14890:hyp14890-toc-0001"〉
    Description: https://open-research-data.zalf.de/default.aspx
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; groundwater flow reversal ; HydroGeoSphere ; kettle hole ; numerical experiment ; surface–groundwater interaction
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    People need freshwater biodiversity (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-21
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Freshwater biodiversity, from fish to frogs and microbes to macrophytes, provides a vast array of services to people. Mounting concerns focus on the accelerating pace of biodiversity loss and declining ecological function within freshwater ecosystems that continue to threaten these natural benefits. Here, we catalog nine fundamental ecosystem services that the biotic components of indigenous freshwater biodiversity provide to people, organized into three categories: material (food; health and genetic resources; material goods), non‐material (culture; education and science; recreation), and regulating (catchment integrity; climate regulation; water purification and nutrient cycling). If freshwater biodiversity is protected, conserved, and restored in an integrated manner, as well as more broadly appreciated by humanity, it will continue to contribute to human well‐being and our sustainable future via this wide range of services and associated nature‐based solutions to our sustainable future.〈/p〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉
    Description: María de Maeztu excellence accreditation 2018‐2022
    Description: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004837
    Description: Leibniz Competition: Freshwater Megafauna Futures
    Description: CGIAR Initiative on NEXUS Gains
    Keywords: ddc:333.9 ; ecosystem services ; freshwater biodiversity ; freshwater ecosystems ; freshwater life
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Rhine flood stories: Spatio‐temporal analysis of historic and projected flood genesis in the Rhine River basin (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The genesis of floods in large river basins often is complex. Streamflow originating from precipitation and snowmelt and different tributaries can superimpose and cause high water levels, threatening cities and communities along the riverbanks. For better understanding the mechanisms (origin and composition) of flood events in large and complex basins, we capture and share the story behind major historic and projected streamflow peaks in the Rhine River basin. Our analysis is based on hydrological simulations with the mesoscale Hydrological Model forced with both meteorological observations and an ensemble of climate projections. The spatio‐temporal analysis of the flood events includes the assessment and mapping of antecedent liquid precipitation, snow cover changes, generated and routed runoff, areal extents of events, and the above‐average runoff from major sub‐basins up to 10 days before a streamflow peak. We introduce and assess the analytical setup by presenting the flood genesis of the two well‐known Rhine floods that occurred in January 1995 and May 1999. We share our extensive collection of event‐based Rhine River flood genesis, which can be used in‐ and outside the scientific community to explore the complexity and diversity of historic and projected flood genesis in the Rhine basin. An interactive web‐based viewer provides easy access to all major historic and projected streamflow peaks at four locations along the Rhine. The comparison of peak flow genesis depending on different warming levels elucidates the role of changes in snow cover and precipitation characteristics in the (pre‐)Alps for flood hazards along the entire channel of the Rhine. Furthermore, our results suggest a positive correlation between flood magnitudes and areal extents of an event. Further hydro‐climatological research is required to improve the understanding of the climatic impact on the Rhine and beyond.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The genesis of riverine floods in large river basins often is complex. Streamflow originating from precipitation and snowmelt and different tributaries can superimpose and cause high water levels threatening cities and communities along the riverbanks. In this study, we capture and share the story behind major historic and projected streamflow peaks in the large and complex basin of the Rhine River.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="hyp14918-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:08856087:media:hyp14918:hyp14918-toc-0001"〉
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3239055
    Description: https://github.com/ERottler/rhine-flood-genesis
    Description: http://natriskchange.ad.umwelt.uni-potsdam.de:3838/rhine-flood-genesis
    Description: https://b2share.eudat.eu/records/72d7a4f5d38043d1a137228b39c7ecc3
    Keywords: ddc:551.46 ; climate change ; flood composition ; flood genesis ; mHM ; model simulations ; quantile extent ; Rhine River ; spatio‐temporal analysis ; web‐based dashboard
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Correcting Hargreaves‐Samani formula using geographical coordinates and rainfall over different timescales (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) approved the Hargreaves‐Samani formula (HAR‐85) as an alternative to the standard Penman‐Monteith method (FAO‐PM) for estimating grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo). With much less data demand, HAR‐85 is unequivocally useful where meteorological variables are often scarce, incomplete or unavailable. Herein, we evaluate HAR‐85 against FAO‐PM across 2.505 million km2, representing Sudan and South Sudan and encompassing wide hydroclimate domains including the Nile River. We further propose simple year‐round and seasonal adjustment models to correcting HAR‐85 across the entire study area. The models express HAR‐85's error in multiple linear regressions in terms of latitude, longitude, altitude and/or monthly rainfall. Varying data periods, including odd, even and all years, are used in the evaluation and the adjustment models development and validation processes to investigate the influence of changing data period. A suit of eight performance indicators shows dependency of the original bias of HAR‐85 on the geographical location, monthly rainfall amount, season of the year and data period. All error indicators amplify southward from the hyper‐arid region to the dry sub‐humid zone. For example, the mean bias error (MBE) ranges from −0.51 to 1.29 mm/day, respectively. Study area‐wide, HAR‐85 least represents FAO‐PM during the hottest month and the transitional month (between the wet and dry‐cool seasons) with MBE of 0.65 and 0.70 mm/day, respectively. Conversely, it represents FAO‐PM the most in the wettest month, with smallest MBE of 0.32 mm/day. Beholding this spatiotemporal trait, the final yearly and seasonal adjustment models developed herein enormously moderate the predominant overestimation of the original HAR‐85. The former model explains 46.7% of the error variance whereas 36.9% to 62.3% of the variation in the error is explainable by the latter models. These adjustment models narrow the monthly MBE among the stations from −0.71‐2.17 to −0.80‐1.20 and −0.65‐0.99 mm/day, respectively. Without undermining the accuracy, the year‐round adjustment model can still be feasibly recommended for general use across the study area.
    Description: For the vast area encompassing Sudan and South Sudan, with hyper‐arid, arid, semi‐arid and dry sub‐humid climates, the performance of the simple Hargreaves‐Samani formula is evaluated against FAO Penman‐Monteith method for estimating grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo). ETo is essentially latitude, rainfall, season and timescale dependent with dominant overestimation. Adjustment is proposed through year‐round and seasonal multiple linear regressions on latitude, altitude, longitude and monthly rainfall, explaining ~37‐62% of the bias error.
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; arid climates ; evaluation ; FAO Penman‐Monteith method ; grass reference evapotranspiration ; Hargreaves‐Samani method ; sub‐humid climates ; Sudan ; validation
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Drought versus flood: What matters more to the performance of Sahel farming systems? (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Recent climate change has brought new patterns of extreme events in terms of both drought and heavy rainfall to the drought‐prone African Sahel. The effects of these recent extreme events on the performance of the Sahel farming systems are still weakly investigated. This study aims at assessing effects of droughts versus floods on crop yield levels and losses, focusing on the so‐called recovery period, particularly 2001–2020. A newly developed productivity‐drought condition index (PDCI) is utilized to assess agricultural productivity as related to drought or flood in a highly vulnerable region, that is, the Sudanese Sahel. Four farming systems, namely traditional rainfed, mechanized rainfed, gravity irrigated and spate irrigated systems, with sorghum and millet as staple food crops, are considered. The PDCI is defined as a function of the integrated normalized difference vegetation index (iNDVI) over the growing season. To address temporal and spatial variabilities, scaling of the PDCI is done in two dimensions: space and time. Crop statistics are used to derive yield losses. Our results show that both drought and flood episodes (seven and six episodes, respectively) can be captured using the PDCI. Drought remains the most relevant risk to Sahel's crop productivity. Some recent large‐scale floods led to yield loss. However, floods cause smaller risks to agricultural productivity compared to droughts. Floods may even result in enhanced crop yields. Based upon scaling in the time or space domain, ranking the severity of drought impacts on crop yield for individual years from 2001 to 2020 reveals least to slightly different results. Vulnerability to drought depends on the crop type and farming system. Drought effect on crop yield from the irrigated sector is clear on individual years but not as a general statistical relationship. The parameter ‘percentage area under drought’ explains around one‐third of the variation in the rainfed crop yield. The spate irrigation scheme, the gravity irrigated system and the rainfed farmlands experienced respectively 87%, 57% and 46% of area under drought on average. Irrigated systems produce much higher crop yields than rainfed systems. The mechanized system is more drought‐vulnerable than the traditional system. These results call for identifying agricultural management pathways that recognize the combined implications of both hydrological extremes for the region's food security.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉A newly devised productivity‐drought condition index (PDCI) based on integrated normalized difference vegetation index (iNDVI) data is used to capture the performance of different Sahel farming systems. The performance is evaluated spatially and temporally in a comparative study of effects of droughts versus floods on crop yield levels and losses during 2001–2020. Our research shows that: Crop productivity of all farming systems is severely affected by drought; Flood events can also lead to a decline in productivity, but usually to a much lesser extent; The vulnerability to droughts and floods depends upon the farming system and crop type. Our analysis shows that the farming systems in the Sudanese Sahel have not reverted to conditions that could be described as a Sahel recovery. This study calls for agricultural management decisions, which are specific for the different farming systems, in response to climate variability.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="hyp14978-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:08856087:media:hyp14978:hyp14978-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.921846
    Description: https://edcintl.cr.usgs.gov/downloads/sciweb1/shared/fews/web/africa/east/dekadal/emodis/ndvi_c6/
    Description: https://earlywarning.usgs.gov/fews/datadownloads/East 20Africa/eMODIS 20NDVI 20C6
    Keywords: ddc:630 ; drought ; farming system ; flood ; normalized difference vegetation index ; performance ; productivity‐drought condition index ; Sahel ; yield loss
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Histories of habitability from the oikoumene to the Anthropocene (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report warns in stark terms that many long inhabited parts of the world are now on course to become uninhabitable. As astronomers continue to search the universe for new habitable planets, it is equally essential to historicize the consequences of changing habitability on this one. This article reviews how scholars have engaged with the widely noted but rarely theorized categories of “habitability” and “uninhabitability.” While tracing longer imperial genealogies, the primary focus is on notions of habitability in relation to European global empires in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and their postcolonial legacies. The article traces three key themes in the literature: that habitability was inherently limited, and beyond those limits allegedly lay uninhabitability; that habitability was differential and that certain places were habitable for some groups but not others (but that this might be changed by technological interventions); and finally, that the limits of habitability were not static, but could change for both better and worse. Here the links between colonialism and ideas of acclimatization, terraforming, “improvement,” deliberate uninhabitability, and an “Anthropocene” have all been central to the literature. These have often been closely associated with insidious forms of environmental determinism, which are taking on new forms in an age of crisis (especially in narratives around climate and migration). By drawing together previously disparate literatures, this article ultimately calls on scholars to embrace habitability studies more widely, and to expand on their interdisciplinary potential for communicating the societal consequences of a changing climate.〈/p〉
    Description: European Commission http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780
    Description: Irish Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002081
    Keywords: ddc:910 ; Anthropocene ; climate change ; empire ; environmental determinism ; habitability
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Distributive justice and the global emissions budget (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In order not to significantly overshoot maximum levels of warming like the 1.5 and 2°C target we must stay within a fixed emissions budget. How to fairly distribute the entitlements to emit within such a budget is perhaps the most intensely discussed question in all of climate justice. In our review we discuss the most prominent proposals in moral and political philosophy on how to solve this question and put a special emphasis on scholarly contributions from the last decade. We canvass the arguments for and against emissions egalitarianism, emissions sufficientarianism, and emissions grandfathering as well as the debates surrounding them. These are how to deal with non‐compliance, how to split emissions between producers and consumers, how to best account for terrestrial carbon sinks, and whether emissions from having children should be subtracted from parents' emissions budgets. From the viewpoint of justice, it matters not only that we act against climate change but also how we do so. This review aims to elucidate one of the major ways in which our reaction to climate change could be just or unjust.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:363.7 ; carbon sinks ; emissions egalitarianism ; historical responsibility ; integrationism ; non‐compliance
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Multispecies assemblages and multiple stressors: Synthesizing the state of experimental research in freshwaters (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Recent decades have witnessed a sharp biodiversity decline in freshwaters due to multiple stressors. The presence of multiple stressors is expected to affect community structure and interactions in freshwater ecosystems, with subsequent functional consequences. We synthesized the state of experimental, manipulative multiple‐stressor studies that focused on multispecies assemblages in freshwaters. Compared to rivers and lakes, wetland and groundwater ecosystems have received much less attention in identified multiple‐stressor research. Most of the identified studies investigated combinations of abiotic stressors (e.g., nutrients, pesticides, heavy metals, warming, altered flow and sedimentation) on microbes and invertebrates while biotic stressors and vertebrates have been largely overlooked. The responses of community structure (e.g., alpha diversity, biomass, and abundance), some community/ecosystem functions (e.g., photosynthesis and autotrophic activity, leaf litter degradation), and morphological traits like body size and growth forms were frequently investigated. We observed a clear gap in biotic interactions under multiple‐stressor conditions, which, although difficult to study, could impede a deeper mechanistic understanding of how multiple stressors affect freshwater assemblages and associated ecological processes. Although information on ecosystem recovery pathways following restoration is critical for freshwater management, few studies were designed to provide such information, signifying the disconnections between multiple‐stressor research and environmental practice. To bridge these gaps, researchers and environmental practitioners need to work together to identify key stressors and interactions at different spatial and temporal scales and prioritize stressor management. Such collaborations will enhance the translation of multiple‐stressor research into efficient management strategies to protect and restore freshwater ecosystems.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Leibniz‐Gemeinschaft
    Description: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
    Keywords: ddc:333.95 ; biodiversity ; freshwater ; management ; multiple stressors ; systematic literature review
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    A zircon classification scheme for sedimentary provenance analysis using radiation damage (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Detrital single‐grain zircon U–Pb geochronology is a powerful tool for provenance studies if information on the source rocks is available. This paper proposes a new source‐rock classification tool that uses the degree of annealing of radiation damage in detrital zircon; the annealing is expressed by the relationship between the width (full‐width at half‐maximum; FWHM) of the 〈italic toggle="no"〉v〈/italic〉〈sub〉3〈/sub〉[SiO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉] Raman band at ~1008 cm〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 and the calculated α‐dose. The host rocks of the zircons are classified into three types according to their emplacement process and/or thermal history: volcanic and rapidly cooled plutonic and high‐grade metamorphic rocks (type 1); rocks with hydrothermal zircons (type 2); slowly cooled igneous and metamorphic rocks (type 3). We construct a naive Bayes prediction model by training it with a collection of zircons of known types. The unknown zircons are assigned a probability of derivation from a specific host‐rock type. This classification scheme is best used as an accessory tool in provenance studies that apply detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Zircons are classified into three types based on annealing state revealed by Raman analysis and calculated α‐dose. This classification can be used to distinguish zircon in provenance study.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="gj4751-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:00721050:media:gj4751:gj4751-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003819
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; annealing ; Bayesian probability ; provenance analysis ; radiation damage ; zircon classification
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Warming and parasitism impair the performance of Baltic native and invasive macroalgae and their associated fauna (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Global warming, bioinvasions, and parasitism affect single‐species performances and species interactions, substantially impacting the structure and stability of marine ecosystems. In light of accelerated global change, the information derived from studies focusing on single species and single drivers is insufficient, calling for a multi‐stressor approach under near‐natural conditions. We investigated the effects of warming (+3°C) on the performance of a benthic community composed of native and invasive macroalgae, consumers and a trematode parasite in a mesocosm setting. We also assessed the effects of warming and parasitism on the survival and growth of gastropods and mussels and the thermal dependency of trematode performance. Our findings show that warming and grazing by infected gastropods had a large detrimental effect on the invasive macroalga growth. Furthermore, the single and interactive effects of parasitism and warming were detrimental to intermediate host survival and growth, especially to large mussels. Finally, cercarial emergence positively correlated to the natural peaks of summer temperatures, while infection intensity in mussels was higher in larger individuals. Our findings suggest that grazing and warming will be detrimental to the invasive macroalga, favoring the native alga. Moreover, parasitism will enhance grazing, especially in summer, when higher temperatures trigger parasite development. However, parasite‐enhanced grazing may be buffered by higher mortality or a shift in the size of infected intermediate hosts under warming. Our findings demonstrate how complex effects of ocean warming can be on food webs and how they can be mediated by parasitism and, as a result, influence native and invasive macroalgae differently.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; Baltic community ; climate change ; bioinvasions ; parasitism ; interactive effects ; macroalgae growth
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    A staging system for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) larvae based on external morphology and skeletal development (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-14
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Atlantic herring (〈italic toggle="no"〉Clupea harengus〈/italic〉) plays a key role within temperate marine food webs and is targeted by a significant over‐regional fishery. Due to its high economic importance, dynamics in herring stock biomass and recruitment are closely monitored, forming the basis for fisheries management advice. As recruitment patterns translate into the adult stock biomass, early life stage ecology has been thoroughly addressed in fisheries research. Larval monitoring programs commonly focus on length measurements and abundance indices, rarely, information on larval developmental stages is given. As length is highly influenced by temperature, salinity and food availability, their size range can significantly vary between cohorts, populations, and ecotypes. Nowadays, a systematic staging system from the 1970s provides the standard guide for herring larval development, although it does not fully resolve important developmental stages. Here, we propose an improved staging system based on external morphology and skeletal development of herring larvae. The staging system has been developed and tested with herring larvae from different populations of the North and Baltic Sea to ensure applicability. The system comprises 15 stages (+substages) in 5 major developmental phases: the yolk sac phase, the dorsal fin development, the caudal fin development, the pelvic fin development, and the juvenile phase. This staging system aims to simplify herring larval staging to gain a more specific picture of early life dynamics. Because of the detailed description of the development, future studies are better equipped to identify stages which, for example, show high mortality rates and better link them to environmental circumstances.〈/p〉
    Description: Universität Rostock http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012688
    Description: Promotionsstipendium Universität Rostock
    Keywords: ddc:597 ; Atlantic herring ; larval phases ; staging system
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    High‐resolution in situ stable isotope measurements reveal contrasting atmospheric vapour dynamics above different urban vegetation (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉We monitored stable water isotopes in liquid precipitation and atmospheric water vapour (δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉) using in situ cavity ring‐down spectroscopy (CRDS) over a 2 month period in an urban green space area in Berlin, Germany. Our aim was to better understand the origins of atmospheric moisture and its link to water partitioning under contrasting urban vegetation. δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 was monitored at multiple heights (0.15, 2 and 10 m) in grassland and forest plots. The isotopic composition of δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 above both land uses was highly dynamic and positively correlated with that of rainfall indicating the changing sources of atmospheric moisture. Further, the isotopic composition of δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 was similar across most heights of the 10 m profiles and between the two plots indicating high aerodynamic mixing. Only at the surface at ~0.15 m height above the grassland δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 showed significant differences, with more enrichment in heavy isotopes indicative of evaporative fractionation especially after rainfall events. Further, disequilibrium between δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 and precipitation composition was evident during and right after rainfall events with more positive values (i.e., values of vapour higher than precipitation) in summer and negative values in winter, which probably results from higher evapotranspiration and more convective precipitation events in summer. Our work showed that it is technically feasible to produce continuous, longer‐term data on δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 isotope composition in urban areas from in situ monitoring using CRDS, providing new insights into water cycling and partitioning across the critical zone of an urban green space in Central Europe. Such data have the potential to better constrain the isotopic interface between the atmosphere and the land surface and to thus, improve ecohydrological models that can resolve evapotranspiration fluxes.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In situ measurements of urban atmospheric water isotopes (δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉) at different heights produce reliable and stable high‐resolution data. Urban atmospheric vapour is influenced by varying drivers depending on the type of green space. δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 above grassland and tree stands was similar at 10 m height, but near‐surface δ〈sub〉v〈/sub〉 indicated higher evaporation and vapour enrichment over grass. We detected occasional dis‐equilibrium between vapour and precipitation isotopes.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="hyp14989-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:08856087:media:hyp14989:hyp14989-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Einstein Stiftung Berlin http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006188
    Description: Leverhulme Trust http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Einstein Research Unit
    Description: Einstein Foundation Berlin and Berlin University Alliance
    Description: BiNatur
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Leverhulme Trust through the ISO‐LAND project
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; atmospheric vapour isotopes ; cities ; ecohydrology ; equilibrium assumption ; in situ monitoring ; urban green spaces
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Improved understanding of vegetation dynamics and wetland ecohydrology via monthly UAV‐based classification (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Vegetation classification is an essential prerequisite for understanding vegetation‐water relations at a range of spatial scales. However, in site‐specific applications, such classifications were mostly based on a single Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flight, which can be challenging in grasslands and/or herbaceous‐dominated systems, as those communities are small in size and highly mixed. Here, we conducted monthly UAV flights for two years in a riparian wetland in Germany, with acquired imagery used for vegetation classification on a monthly basis under different strategies (with or without auxiliary information from other flights) to increase understanding in ecohydrology. The results show that multi‐flight‐based classification outperformed single‐flight‐based classification due to the higher classification accuracy. Moreover, improved sensitivity of temporal changes in community distribution highlights the benefits of multi‐flight‐based classification ‐ providing a more comprehensive picture of community evolution. From reference to the monthly community distribution, we argue that a combination of two or three flights in early‐ and late‐summer is enough to achieve comparable results to monthly flights, while mid‐summer would be a better timing in case only one flight is scheduled. With such detailed vegetation mapping, we further interpreted the complex spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in NDVI and explored the dominant areas and developmental progress of each community. Impacts from management (mowing events) were also evaluated based on the different responses between communities in two years. Finally, we explored how such vegetation mapping could help understand landscape ecohydrology, and found that the spatio‐temporal distribution of minimal soil moisture was related to NDVI peaks of local community, while grass distribution was explained by both topography and low moisture conditions. Such bi‐directional relationships proved that apart from contributing to an evidence base for wetland management, multi‐flight UAV vegetation mapping could also provide fundamental insights into the ecohydrology of wetlands.〈/p〉
    Description: Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)
    Description: Einstein Foundation Berlin and Berlin University Alliance
    Description: Leverhulme Trust http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; ecohydrology ; remote sensed vegetation dynamics ; soil moisture ; UAV ; unmanned aerial vehicles ; wetlands
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    The physiological response of an Antarctic key phytoplankton species to low iron and manganese concentrations (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) availability and the divergent requirements of phytoplankton species were recently shown to be potential important drivers of Southern Ocean community composition. Knowledge about Antarctic phytoplankton species requirements for Fe and Mn remains, however, scarce. By performing laboratory experiments and additional calculations of the photosynthetic electron transport, we investigated the response of the ecologically important species 〈italic toggle="no"〉Phaeocystis antarctica〈/italic〉 under a combination of different Fe and Mn concentrations. Fe deprivation alone provoked typical physiological characteristics of Fe limitation in 〈italic toggle="no"〉P. antarctica〈/italic〉 (e.g., lowered growth and photosynthetic efficiency). In comparison, under Mn deprivation alone, the growth and carbon production of 〈italic toggle="no"〉P. antarctica〈/italic〉 were not impacted. Its tolerance to cope with low Mn concentrations resulted from an efficient photoacclimation strategy, including a higher number of active photosystems II through which fewer electrons were transported. This strategy allowed us to maintain similar high growth and carbon production rates as FeMn‐enriched cells. Due to its low Mn requirement, 〈italic toggle="no"〉P. antarctica〈/italic〉 performed physiologically as Fe‐deprived cells under the combined depletion of Fe and Mn. Hence, our study reveals that different from other Southern Ocean phytoplankton species, 〈italic toggle="no"〉P. antarctica〈/italic〉 possesses a high capacity to cope with natural low Mn concentrations, which can facilitate its dominance over others, potentially explaining its ecological success across the Southern Ocean.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.944462
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; Southern Ocean ; Antarctic phytoplankton ; Trace metal ; photophysiology ; carbon fixation
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Multiclonal study of Daphnia magna with respect to adaptation to toxic cyanobacteria (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Mass developments of toxic cyanobacteria have increased in frequency due to global warming and eutrophication. Such cyanobacterial blooms impact whole freshwater ecosystems, especially reducing the abundance of herbivory species of the genus Daphnia. These negative effects on Daphnia have frequently been attributed to cyanobacterial secondary metabolites, among them hepatotoxic microcystins and protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors inhibit major digestive proteases in the gut of Daphnia which results in reduced fitness, that is, population growth. To date evidence for local adaptation of Daphnia to cyanobacteria is confined to microcystin‐producing cyanobacteria and based on comparison of individual clones from different populations but lacks evidence from multiclone microcosm experiments. In the present study, D. magna clones from a Swedish lake where they coexist with the microcystin‐free Microcystis sp. strain BM25 were compared to clones from a Polish population without cyanobacteria, first in single‐clone experiments and subsequently in a multiclonal experimental population. The Swedish clones were assumed to be locally adapted to this protease inhibitor‐producing cyanobacterium and indeed showed higher population growth rates, a proxy for fitness, and dominated the population in the presence of dietary Microcystis sp. BM25, but not in the absence of this cyanobacterium. The results indicate an adaptive tolerance of the Swedish population and point at local adaptation to locally co‐occurring protease inhibitor‐producing cyanobacteria.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; Daphnia magna ; multiclonal study ; toxic cyanobacteria ; adaption ; experiments
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Using continuous electrical conductivity measurements to derive major solute concentrations in karst systems (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrochemical data of karst springs provide valuable insights into the internal hydrodynamical functioning of karst systems and support model structure identification. However, the collection of high‐frequency time series of major solute species is limited by analysis costs. In this study, we develop a method to retrieve the individual solute concentration time series and their uncertainty at high temporal resolution for karst springs by using continuous observations of electrical conductivity (EC) and low‐frequency ionic measurements. Due to the large ion content and non‐negligible concentrations of aqueous complexes in karst systems, the concentration of each solute species occurring as free ion and as part of aqueous complexes are computed separately. The concentration of species occurring as free ions are computed considering their contributions to the total EC, whereas the concentration of the species as part of complexes are obtained from speciation calculations. The pivotal role of the complexation processes for the reconstruction of solute concentration time series starting from the EC signal is investigated in two karstic catchments with different geologies and temporal resolution of the available hydrochemical datasets, that is the Kerschbaum dolostone system in Austria and the Baget limestone system in France. The results show that complexation processes are significant and should be considered for the estimation of the total solute concentration in case of SO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉, Ca, Mg and HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉. The EC signal of a karst spring can be used to interpolate and quantify the dynamics of those solutes characterized by large contribution (approximately >6%) to the total EC and low relative variability, that is HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, Ca and Mg. Moreover, the presented method can be used to estimate concentrations of solutes when applied to karst systems with stationary and hydrogeochemical homogeneous contributing area. On the contrary, the method is affected by large uncertainty in case of dynamic systems characterized by varying contributions of water from different geological areas. This study aims to contribute to the problem of hydrogeochemical data availability and to support future works on karst systems conceptualization.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001703
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Description: http://www.hydroshare.org/resource/fb92daaffced415fb7a991747e73adfa
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; electrical conductivity decomposition ; high‐resolution hydrochemical data ; hydrochemical modelling ; karst
    Language: English
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    Measuring zero water level in stream reaches: A comparison of an image‐based versus a conventional method (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-15
    Description: A limited number of gauging stations, especially for nested catchments, hampers a process understanding of the interaction between streamflow, groundwater and water usage during drought. Non‐commercial measurement devices can help overcome this lack of monitoring, but they need to be thoroughly tested. The Dreisam River in the South‐West of Germany was affected by several hydrological drought events from 2015 to 2020 during which parts of the main stream and tributaries fell dry. Therefore it provided a useful case study area for a flexible longitudinal water quality and quantity monitoring network. Among other measurements the setup employs an image‐based method with QR codes as fiducial marker. In order to assess under which conditions the QR‐code based water level loggers (WLL) deliver data according to scientific standards, we compared its performance to conventional capacitive based WLL. The results from 20 monitoring stations reveal that the riverbed was dry for 〉50% at several locations and even for 〉70% at most severely affected locations during July and August 2020, with the north western parts of the catchment being especially concerned. Highly variable longitudinal drying patterns of the stream reaches emerged from the monitoring. The image‐based method was found valuable for identification and validation of zero level occurrences. Nevertheless, a simple image processing approach (based on an automatic thresholding algorithm) did not compensate for errors due to natural conditions and technical setup. Our findings highlight that the complexity of measurement environments is a major challenge when working with image‐based methods.
    Description: We monitored zero water levels in a meso‐scale catchment with temperate climate by means of image‐based and conventional water level logging techniques. A detailed analysis of the longitudinal drying patterns enables a discussion about hydrological connectivity and the processes influencing the drying.
    Description: Badenova Fund For Innovation
    Description: https://doi.org/10.6094/UNIFR/228702
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; hydrological drought ; innovative sensors ; longitudinal connectivity ; stream reaches ; streamflow intermittency ; zero flow
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Cold‐water coral ecosystems under future ocean change: Live coral performance vs. framework dissolution and bioerosion (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-15
    Description: Physiological sensitivity of cold‐water corals to ocean change is far less understood than of tropical corals and very little is known about the impacts of ocean acidification and warming on degradative processes of dead coral framework. In a 13‐month laboratory experiment, we examined the interactive effects of gradually increasing temperature and pCO2 levels on survival, growth, and respiration of two prominent color morphotypes (colormorphs) of the framework‐forming cold‐water coral Lophelia pertusa, as well as bioerosion and dissolution of dead framework. Calcification rates tended to increase with warming, showing temperature optima at ~ 14°C (white colormorph) and 10–12°C (orange colormorph) and decreased with increasing pCO2. Net dissolution occurred at aragonite undersaturation (ΩAr 〈 1) at ~ 1000 μatm pCO2. Under combined warming and acidification, the negative effects of acidification on growth were initially mitigated, but at ~ 1600 μatm dissolution prevailed. Respiration rates increased with warming, more strongly in orange corals, while acidification slightly suppressed respiration. Calcification and respiration rates as well as polyp mortality were consistently higher in orange corals. Mortality increased considerably at 14–15°C in both colormorphs. Bioerosion/dissolution of dead framework was not affected by warming alone but was significantly enhanced by acidification. While live corals may cope with intermediate levels of elevated pCO2 and temperature, long‐term impacts beyond levels projected for the end of this century will likely lead to skeletal dissolution and increased mortality. Our findings further suggest that acidification causes accelerated degradation of dead framework even at aragonite saturated conditions, which will eventually compromise the structural integrity of cold‐water coral reefs.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Marine Research in Ireland
    Description: French National Research Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001665
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; cold-water corals ; ocean change ; laboratory experiments ; framwork dissolution ; bioerosion
    Language: English
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  • 19
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    Non‐ and sub‐state climate action after Paris: From a facilitative regime to a contested governance landscape (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-14
    Description: The Paris Agreement marks a significant milestone in international climate politics. With its adoption, Parties call for non‐ and sub‐state actors to contribute to the global climate agenda and close the emissions gap left by states. Such a facilitative setting embraces non‐state climate action through joint efforts, synergies, and different modes of collaboration. At the same time, non‐state actors have always played a critical and confrontational role in international climate governance. Based on a systematic literature review, we identify and critically assess the role of non‐state climate action in a facilitative post‐Paris climate governance regime. We thereby highlight three constitutive themes, namely different state‐non‐state relations, competing level of ambition, and a variety of knowledge foundations. We substantiate these themes, derived from an inductive analysis of existing literature, with illustrative examples and propose three paradigmatic non‐state actor roles in post‐Paris climate governance on a continuum between compliance and critique. We thereby highlight four particular threats of a facilitative setting, namely substitution of state action, co‐optation, tokenism, and depoliticization. Future research should not limit itself to an effective integration of NSSAs into a facilitative climate regime, but also engage with the merits of contestation. This article is categorized under: Policy and Governance 〉 Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
    Description: Three constitutive themes—different state‐non‐state relations, levels of ambition, and knowledge foundations—define the multiple roles non‐ and sub‐state actors can occupy in the post‐Paris climate governance regime. Yet, calls for voluntary, collaborative, and synergetic non‐state climate action in a facilitative post‐Paris climate governance setting run the risk to overshadow fundamental tensions when governing climate change.
    Description: Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001862
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
    Keywords: ddc:341.7 ; climate change governance ; contestation ; environmental politics ; non‐state actors ; Paris Agreement ; transformation
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    Computational methods for the analysis of climate change communication: Towards an integrative and reflexive approach (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: Computational methods, in particular text‐as‐data or Natural Language Processing (NLP) approaches, have become popular to study climate change communication as a global and large‐scale phenomenon. Scholars have discussed opportunities and challenges of these methods for climate change communication, with some proponents and critics taking strong positions, either embracing the potential of computational methods or critically questioning their value. Mirroring developments in the broader social scientific debate, we aim to bring both sides together by proposing a reflexive, integrative approach for computational research on climate change communication: We reflect on strengths (e.g., making data big and small, nowcasting observations) and weaknesses (e.g., introducing empiricist epistemologies, ignoring biases) of computational approaches. Moreover, we also provide concrete and constructive guidance on when and how to integrate (or not integrate) these methods based on theoretical considerations. We thereby understand computational methods as part of an ever‐increasing, diverse toolbox for analyzing climate change communication.
    Keywords: ddc:304.28 ; big data ; climate change communication ; computational methods ; news media ; social media
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    Presence of a resident species aids invader evolution (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: Interactions between phytoplankton species shape their physiological and evolutionary responses. Yet, studies addressing the evolutionary responses of phytoplankton in changing environments often lack an explicit element of biotic interactions. Here, we ask (1) how the presence of a locally adapted phytoplankton species will affect an invading phytoplankton species' evolutionary response to a physiologically challenging environment; (2) whether this response is conserved across environments varying in quality; and (3) which traits are associated with being a successful invader under climate change scenarios. In a conceptual first step to disentangle these broad questions, we experimentally evolved populations of fresh‐ and seawater phytoplankton in a novel salinity (the freshwater green algae Chlamydomonas in salt water, and the marine Ostreococcus in freshwater), either as mono‐cultures (colonizers) or as co‐cultures (invaders: invading a novel salinity occupied by a resident species, for example, Chlamydomonas invading salt water occupied by resident Ostreococcus) for 200 generations. We superimposed a temperature treatment (control (22°C), mild warming (26°C), drastic warming (32°C), and fluctuating (22°C/32°C) warming) as a representative aspect of climate change with the potential to ameliorate or deteriorate existing environmental conditions. Invaders had systematically lower extinction rates and evolved overall higher growth rates, as well as broader salinity and temperature preferences than colonizers. The invading species' evolutionary responses differed from those of colonizers in a replicable way across environments of differing quality. The evolution of small cell size and high reactive oxygen species tolerance may explain the invaders' higher fitness under the scenarios tested here.
    Description: British Ecological Society http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000409
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6884040
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; phytoplankton ; salinity change ; biotic interaction
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    Science‐state alliances and climate engineering: A ‘longue durée’ picture (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: Since the early 2000s, proposals to deliberately modify the Earth's climate have gained political traction as a controversial last resort measure against dangerous global warming. The article provides a ‘longue durée’ picture of such climate engineering proposals. It traces their historical trajectory from the late 1950s to their most recent arrival on mainstream climate policy agendas. This perspective suggests that the history of climate engineering unfolds not only along historically specific modes of understanding climatic change. It also corresponds to changing alliances between climate science and the state. By bringing together historical scholarship with contributions from sociology and science policy studies, the article sheds new light on the rise of climate engineering proposals. It recontextualizes these proposals within the bigger history of the political cultivation of climate science. This perspective highlights how deeply entwined efforts to understand and efforts to govern climatic change have always been. This article is categorized under: Climate, History, Society, Culture 〉 Ideas and Knowledge The Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge 〉 Sociology/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge The Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge 〉 Knowledge and Practice
    Description: A traveler at the end of the world peeks beyond the limits of the Earth, reaching for the unknown skies. Wood Carving by Unknown Artist in Flammarion, C. (1888). L'atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire. Hachette.
    Description: German University of Administrative Sciences, Speyer (Germany)
    Keywords: ddc:304.25 ; climate change ; climate engineering ; geoengineering ; scientific expertise ; weather modification ; climate science
    Language: English
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  • 23
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    Spatial and temporal dynamics of water isotopes in the riverine‐marine mixing zone along the German Baltic Sea coast (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: River estuaries are characterized by mixing processes between freshwater discharge and marine water masses. Since the first are depleted in heavier stable isotopes compared with the marine realm, estuaries often show a linear correlation between salinity and water stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H values). In this study, we evaluated spatial and seasonal isotope dynamics along three estuarine lagoon transects, located at the northern German Baltic Sea coast. The data show strong seasonality of isotope values, even at locations located furthest from the river mouths. They further reveal a positive and linear salinity‐isotope correlation in spring, but ‐in two of the three studied transects‐ hyperbolic and partially reverse correlations in summers. We conclude that additional hydrological processes partially overprint the two‐phase mixing correlation during summers: aside from the isotope seasonality of the riverine inflows, the shallow inner lagoons in the studied estuaries are influenced by evaporation processes. In contrast the estuarine outflow regions are under impact of significant salinity and isotope fluctuations of the Baltic Sea. Deciphering those processes is crucial for the understanding of water isotope and salinity dynamics. This is also of relevance in context of ecological studies, for example, when interpreting oxygen and hydrogen isotope data in aquatic organisms that depend on ambient estuarine waters.
    Description: Spatial and seasonal water isotope dynamics were evaluated along three estuarine lagoon transects at the German Baltic Sea coast. Data reveal a positive and linear salinity‐isotope correlation in spring, but partially reverse correlations in summers. The results show that evaporation processes in the shallow inner lagoons and varying Baltic Sea influence in the outer estuary regions are able to overprint the two‐phase mixing correlation between riverine and marine water masses.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937990
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; δ2H ; δ18O ; Baltic Sea ; bodden ; Rügen ; salinity ; Schlei ; Zingst
    Language: English
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  • 24
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    Transformation of dissolved organic matter by two Indo‐Pacific sponges (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the largest organic carbon reservoir in the ocean and an integral component of biogeochemical cycles. The role of free‐living microbes in DOM transformation has been studied thoroughly, whereas little attention has been directed towards the influence of benthic organisms. Sponges are efficient filter feeders and common inhabitants of many benthic communities circumglobally. Here, we investigated how two tropical coral reef sponges shape marine DOM. We compared bacterial abundance, inorganic and organic nutrients in off reef, sponge inhalant, and sponge exhalant water of Melophlus sarasinorum and Rhabdastrella globostellata. DOM and bacterial cells were taken up, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen was released by the two Indo‐Pacific sponges. Both sponge species utilized a common set of 142 of a total of 3040 compounds detected in DOM on a molecular formula level via ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, species‐specific uptake was observed, likely due to differences in their associated microbial communities. Overall, the sponges removed presumably semi‐labile and semi‐refractory compounds from the water column, thereby competing with pelagic bacteria. Within minutes, sponge holobionts altered the molecular composition of surface water DOM (inhalant) into a composition similar to deep‐sea DOM (exhalent). The apparent radiocarbon age of DOM increased consistently from off reef and inhalant to exhalant by about 900 14C years for M. sarasinorum. In the pelagic, similar transformations require decades to centuries. Our results stress the dependence of DOM lability definition on the respective environment and illustrate that sponges are hotspots of DOM transformation in the ocean.
    Description: Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg
    Description: Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010570
    Description: Carl‐von‐Ossietzky University Oldenburg
    Description: Alfred‐Wegener‐Institute, Helmholtz‐Center for Polar and Marine Research
    Description: Volkswagen Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001663
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m0cfxpp6v
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; Indo-Pacific sponges ; dissolved organic matter ; biogeochemical cycles
    Language: English
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  • 25
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    A guideline for spatio‐temporal consistency in water quality modelling in rural areas (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-30
    Description: To summarize, we suggest a guideline for water quality modelling: 1. Spatial and temporal patterns of land use and land management are critical to adequately represent water quality in models. Remote sensing and land use models are very useful resources to be exploited. 2. The transfer of a model diagnostic analysis to water quality leads to a better understanding of how water quality variables are controlled by model structures and corresponding model parameters. 3. Assessing multiple model outputs regarding their temporal, spa- tial and process performance using observed time series, remotely sensed spatial patterns, knowledge about transport pathways and even soft data can significantly enhance model consistency. 4. Multi-metric calibration using performance metrics and signa- ture measures both for discharge and water quality, such as FDC and NDC, leads to more balanced model simulations that represent all magnitudes of discharge and water quality accurately. 5. Scenarios and storylines should be co-developed with stake- holders in the river basin to make them more realistic and increase the acceptance of model results. They should be realistic in space and time, and provide a mix of available management options. 6. The interpretation of BMPs can be supported by diagnostic tools to show the effectiveness of measures and their combinations while considering their costs and impacts on ecosystem services.
    Keywords: ddc:628.1 ; rural areas ; water quality modelling
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    From regime‐building to implementation: Harnessing the UN climate conferences to drive climate action (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-25
    Description: The gap between the internationally agreed climate objectives and tangible emissions reductions looms large. We explore how the supreme decision‐making body of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Conference of the Parties (COP), could develop to promote more effective climate policy. We argue that promoting implementation of climate action could benefit from focusing more on individual sectoral systems, particularly for mitigation. We consider five key governance functions of international institutions to discuss how the COP and the sessions it convenes could advance implementation of the Paris Agreement: guidance and signal, rules and standards, transparency and accountability, means of implementation, and knowledge and learning. In addition, we consider the role of the COP and its sessions as mega‐events of global climate policy. We identify opportunities for promoting sectoral climate action across all five governance functions and for both the COP as a formal body and the COP sessions as conducive events. Harnessing these opportunities would require stronger involvement of national ministries in addition to the ministries of foreign affairs and environment that traditionally run the COP process, as well as stronger involvement of non‐Party stakeholders within formal COP processes. This article is categorized under: Policy and Governance 〉 International Policy Framework
    Description: The UN climate conferences can drive implementation across five governance functions, using both their roles as formal decision‐making body and as mega‐events.
    Description: German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
    Keywords: climate regime ; Conference of the Parties ; COP ; UNFCCC
    Language: English
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    Can climate warming save Daphnia from parasites? Reduced parasite prevalence in Daphnia populations from artificially heated lakes (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-05
    Description: Climate warming might modify infection outcomes and it has been proposed that temperature increase will result in a “sicker world.” We tested this hypothesis by comparing the prevalence of infection in a common freshwater host–parasite system (crustacean Daphnia infected with the ichthyosporean pathogen Caullerya mesnili) between five artificially heated lakes and four nearby non‐heated control lakes. The heated lakes, which receive warm water from two power plants, have experienced an elevation in water temperature of ca. 3–4°C for the last 60 yr. Analyses of 5 yr of field data revealed that Daphnia communities from heated lakes had lower parasite prevalence than communities from control sites. To disentangle a possible direct detrimental effect of elevated temperature on the parasite from differences in baseline levels of host resistance, we compared infection susceptibility between Daphnia clones isolated from heated and control lakes, under laboratory conditions at two different temperatures. Daphnia from heated lakes were less susceptible to infection than clones from control lakes, while experimental temperature did not affect infection outcome. The data did not confirm the “warmer hence sicker world” scenario. Instead, it seems that indirect effects of temperature elevation (via shifts in lake hydrology) may restrict its spread into heated lakes. Then, local adaptation to the host from control lakes further inhibits re‐establishment of the parasite from control to heated lakes. Our results underline the context‐dependency of the impact of temperature increase on host–parasite interactions.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Fundacja Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100016906
    Description: Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004569
    Description: Narodowe Centrum Nauki http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004281
    Keywords: ddc:577.6 ; climate warming ; Poland ; heated lakes ; non-heated lakes ; Daphnia communities ; host–parasite interactions
    Language: English
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    Zooplankton‐derived dissolved organic matter composition and its bioavailability to natural prokaryotic communities (2022)
    De Corte, Daniele ; Varela, Marta M. ; Louro, Angeles M. ; [et al.]
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-14
    Description: Zooplankton grazing onphytoplankton promotes the release of particulate and dissolved organic matter (DOM) into the water column and therefore plays a key role in organic matter cycling in aquatic systems. Prokaryotes are the main DOM consumers in the ocean by actively remineralizing and transforming it, contributing to its molecular diversification. To explore the molecular composition of zooplankton‐derived DOM and its bioavailability to natural prokaryotic communities, the DOM generated by a mixed zooplankton community in the coastal Atlantic off Spain was used as substrate for a natural prokaryotic community and monitored over a ~ 5‐d incubation experiment. The molecular composition of solid‐phase extracted DOM was characterized via Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. After ~ 4 d in the zooplankton‐derived DOM amended incubation, the prokaryotic community demonstrated a 17‐fold exponential increase in cell number. The prokaryotic growth resulted in a reduction in bulk dissolved organic carbon concentration and the zooplankton‐derived DOM was considerably transformed at molecular and bulk elemental levels over the incubation period. The C : N ratio (calculated from the obtained molecular formulae) increased while the functional diversity decreased over the incubation time. In addition, molecular indices pointed to a reduced bioavailability of DOM at the end of the experiment. These findings show that zooplankton excreta are a source of labile organic matter that is quickly metabolized by the prokaryotic community. Therefore, a fraction of carbon is shunted from transfer to secondary consumers similarly to the viral shunt, suggesting that the zooplankton–prokaryotic interactions play an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Xunta de Galicia http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010801
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; Spain ; coastal Atlantic ; zooplankton–prokaryotic interactions ; ocean’s carbon cycle
    Language: English
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  • 29
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    Effects of Atlantification and changing sea‐ice dynamics on zooplankton community structure and carbon flux between 2000 and 2016 in the eastern Fram Strait (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-14
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The collection of zooplankton swimmers and sinkers in time‐series sediment traps provides unique insight into year‐round and interannual trends in zooplankton population dynamics. These samples are particularly valuable in remote and difficult to access areas such as the Arctic Ocean, where samples from the ice‐covered season are rare. In the present study, we investigated zooplankton composition based on swimmers and sinkers collected by sediment traps at water depths of 180–280, 800–1320, and 2320–2550 m, over a period of 16 yr (2000–2016) at the Long‐Term Ecological Research observatory HAUSGARTEN located in the eastern Fram Strait (79°N, 4°E). The time‐series data showed seasonal and interannual trends within the dominant zooplankton groups including copepoda, foraminifera, ostracoda, amphipoda, pteropoda, and chaetognatha. Amphipoda and copepoda dominated the abundance of swimmers while pteropoda and foraminifera were the most important sinkers. Although the seasonal occurrence of these groups was relatively consistent between years, there were notable interannual variations in abundance, suggesting the influence of various environmental conditions such as sea‐ice dynamic and lateral advection of water masses, for example, meltwater and Atlantic water. Statistical analyses revealed a correlation between the Arctic dipole climatic index and sea‐ice dynamics (i.e., ice coverage and concentration), as well as the importance of the distance from the ice edge on swimmer composition patterns and carbon export.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
    Description: Helmholtz‐Gemeinschaft
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; eastern Fram Strait ; sea ice dynamics ; zooplankton population dynamics
    Language: English
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    Clumsy solutions and climate change: A retrospective (2022)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: In 1989, Steve Rayner chided fellow anthropologists for “fiddling while the world warms.” This was the starting point of a decades‐long application to human‐made climate change of the cultural theory that he had developed with Mary Douglas and Michael Thompson. It culminated in a call to develop “clumsy” solutions for addressing the issue. Since then, the concept of clumsy solutions has been applied, praised, and criticised. To clarify its strengths and weaknesses, I first set out cultural theory and explain how the notion of clumsy solutions was derived from it. I then assess the extent to which this notion has increased our understanding of climate change governance. I do so by breaking up the application of this concept into seven predictions, concerning: (1) the major perspectives among stakeholders on how to resolve climate change; (2) the fate of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol; (3) the feasibility of international emissions trading; (4) the possibility of making renewable energy competitive; (5) the need for domestic governmental action to realize this possibility; (6) the effectiveness of a nonbinding global treaty to combat climate change; and (7) the need to explore adaptation, carbon capture, and geoengineering. I show that these predictions have stood the test of time. Finally, I discuss the roles that the concept of clumsy solutions can play in future climate change governance. This article is written in memory of Steve Rayner, one of the first social scientists to focus on climate change. This article is categorized under: Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge 〉 Sociology/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge Climate, History, Society, Culture 〉 Thought Leaders
    Keywords: ddc:363.7 ; clumsy solutions ; energy transition ; Steve Rayner
    Language: English
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