ALBERT

Note: Contents: Introduction -- Answer -- Creating a technology -- Scientific origins -- US technology push -- Building a market -- Japanese niche markets -- German demand pull -- Making it cheap -- Chinese entrepreneurs -- Local learning -- Doing it again -- Solar as a model to follow -- Applying the model -- Accelerating innovation.

Note: Introduction to the hydrologic cycle and drought -- Global hydroclimatology -- Drought in the climate system -- Drought and hydroclimate variability in the Holocene -- Climate change and drought -- Case studies: the Dust Bowl and the Sahel drought -- Desertification and land degradation -- Groundwater and irrigation.

Note: Contents: 1 Religion: It's a market ; 2 What determines religiousness ; 3 Religion and economic growth ; 4 Islam and economic growth ; 5 State religion ; 6 Religious clubs, terrorist organizations, and Tibetan Buddhism ; 7 When saints come marching in ; 8 The wealth of religions

Note: Contents: 1: Looking Foolish ; 2: The Demographics of Disaffiliation ; 3: Why They Say They Leave ; 4: The Night Before ; 5: Gaudium et spes, luctus et angor ; 6: The Morning After ; 7: Unto the Third and Fourth Generations ; Epilogue: Did the Council Fail?

Note: Contents: What Is Telecoupling? ; Telecoupling: A New Framework for Researching Land-Use Change in a Globalised World ; Explanations in Telecoupling Research ; Mapping Export-Oriented Crop Production ; Telecoupling and Consumption in Agri-Food Systems ; Toolbox: Flow Analysis—Social Metabolism in the Analysis of Telecoupling ; Trade and Land-Use Telecouplings ; Governance for Sustainability in Telecoupled Systems ; Toolbox: Operationalising Telecoupling with Network Analysis ; Environmental Justice in Telecoupling Research ; Livelihoods through the Lens of Telecoupling ; Toolbox: Spatial Analysis and Modelling ; Urban Telecouplings ; Conservation Telecouplings ; Toolbox: Capturing and Understanding Telecoupling through Qualitative Research ; Discursive Telecouplings ; Beyond Integration: Exploring the Interdisciplinary Potential of Telecoupling Research ; Co-producing Knowledge for Sustainable Development in Telecoupled Land Systems

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods Site selection and preparation Prespill assessment Seawater application Postspill assessment Enzyme assay and analysis of soil flora Results and discussion Soil-solution conductivities Vascular plant response Cryptogam response Site factors and plant response Soil flora and extracellular soil enzymes Limitations of this study Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Plant taxa included in this study

Note: I. Single Degree of Freedom Systems 1. Equations of Motion, Problem Statement, and Solution Methods 2. Free Vibration 3. Response to Harmonic and Periodic Excitations 4. Response to Arbitrary, Step, and Pulse Excitations 5. Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response 6. Earthquake Response of Linear Systems 7. Earthquake Response of Inelastic Systems 8. Generalized Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems II. Multi Degree of Freedom Systems 9. Equations of Motion, Problem Statement, and Solution Methods 10. Free Vibration 11. Damping in Structures 12. Dynamic Analysis and Response of Linear Systems 13. Earthquake Analysis of Linear Systems 14. Analysis of Nonclassically Damped Linear Systems 15. Reduction of Degrees of Freedom 16. Numerical Evaluation of Dynamic Response 17. Systems with Distributed Mass and Elasticity 18. Introduction to the Finite Element Method III. Earthquake Response, Design, and Evaluation of Multistory Buildings 19. Earthquake Response of Linearly Elastic Buildings 20. Earthquake Analysis and Response of Inelastic Buildings 21. Earthquake Dynamics of Base-Isolated Buildings 22. Structural Dynamics in Building Codes 23. Structural Dynamics in Building Evaluation Guidelines

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications

Note: Contents: Part I: Departure ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Terminology and Literature Review: Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration ; 3. Theoretical Framework ; 4. Research Design: Grounded Theory Driven Multi-Level System Analysis Based on Two Cases ; 5. Methods ; Part II: Unsettling Settlements ; 6. Case Study 1: Southwestern Bangladesh - Migration as Adaptation to Rapid Onset Disasters ; 7. Case Study 2: Migration in the Marshall Islands as a Response to Sea Level Rise and related Crop Failure ; Part III: Settling Unsettlements ; 8. Conclusions: Risk Exchange through Migration ; 9 Recommendations for Adressing Climate Migration ; Part IV: Arrival ; 10. Outlook: Migration as Adaptation in this Century ; 11. Epilogue: Tales of Hope ; 12. "It takes a village to raise a child" (Acknowledgements) ; 13. Bibliography ; 14. Annex

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2019 , Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Permafrost - terrestrial and subsea 1.1.2 Subsea permafrost distribution 1.1.3 Relevance in the context of a changing Arctic 1.1.4 Influences on subsea permafrost 1.2 Hypotheses and objectives 1.3 Thesis organization 2 Detection of subsea permafrost degradation rates 2.1 An overview of geophysical methods and studies in subsea permafrost 2.2 Geophysical objectives 2.3 Passive seismic techniques 2.3.1 H/V passive seismics 2.3.2 Passive seismic interferometry 2.4 Instrument design & marine tests on Sylt 2.5 Arctic feasibility test site around Muostakh Island 2.6 Arctic deployment for wide area detection around Muostakh Island 3 Modelling of subsea permafrost degradation processes 3.1 An overview on subsea permafrost modelling 3.2 Salt distribution- mechanisms beyond diffusional transport 3.3 Open questions in salt transport and permafrost degradation 3.4 Modelling objectives 3.5 Study sites 3.5.1 Primary study site: Cape Mamontov Klyk 3.5.2 Secondary study sites: Buor Khaya & Muostakh Island 3.6 Developing a model for subsea permafrost 3.6.1 Thermal regime of the subsurface: governing equations of conductive heat transfer 3.6.2 Model definitions: concentration and thaw depth 3.6.3 Saline effect on the state of permafrost 3.6.4 Salt transport: governing equation & parameterizations 3.6.5 Modelling approach 3.6.6 Model testing 3. 7 Results: Influence of model parameters on subsea permafrost degradation 3.8 Discussion and implications 3.8.1 Modelled inundation parameters 3.8.2 Further factors affecting subsea permafrost degradation 3.8.3 Implications 4 From local to regional scale: Amending sparsely distributed temperature records 4.1 An overview of borehole temperature reconstruction . 4.2 On the transferability of ground to air temperatures . 4.3 Reconstruction objectives 4.4 Borehole sites and climate 4.5 Borehole temperatures 4.6 Inversion method 4.6.1 Forward model 4.6.2 Optimization 4.6.3 Sensitivity analysis 4.7 Results and discussion of the reconstruction from the permafrost boreholes 4.7.1 Recoverable period 4.7.2 Optimization 4.7.3 Surface temperature reconstructions and fit 4.7.4 Inversion method's impact on character of solution & sensitivity to temperature history parameterization 4.8 Discussion of spatial differences and implications 4.8.1 Comparison to other temperature data 4.8.2 Site differences 4.8.3 Methodological considerations 4.8.4 Implications 5 Conclusion and outlook 5.1 Outlook Appendices A Modelling tests for H/V method configuration Bibliography Acknowledgements

Note: Table of contents Part 1: Introduction and Key Concepts 1: Introduction to Planetary Health 2: Key Concepts in Planetary Health Part 2: Conceptual Frameworks for Planetary Health 3: The Evolutionary Biology Approach: a Natural Baseline for Human Health 4: The Natural Capital Approach: Opportunities and Challenges 5: The One Earth Approach: Planetary Health in an Era of Limits 6: The Transhuman Approach: Technoscience and Nature Part 3: Human Health in an Era of Global Environmental Change 7: Trends in Human Health 8: The Demographic Transition 9: The Epidemiological Transition 10: The Ecological Transition 11: Agriculture: Land Use, Food Systems and Biodiversity 12: Urbanization, Living Standards and Sustainability 13: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming 14: Environmental Protection: a Key Tool for Planetary Health 15: Conclusions: Equity, Distribution and Planetary Health Part 4: Case Studies of Planetary Health 16: Climate Change, Land Use and Waterborne Infectious Disease 17: Sanitation, Clean Energy and Fertilizer 18: Trees, Well-being and Urban Greening 19: Livestock, Antibiotics and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Note: Contents: Every country for itself? -- What slippery slope? -- The anatomy of globalism -- The West's globalist history -- Free trade and its discontents -- The mirage of sovereignty -- Citizens of nowhere, unite! -- A globalism for the people.

Note: Contents: Introduction ; New Methods for Investigating New Dangers ; Children and Climate Change: Exploring Children’s Feelings About Climate Change Using Free Association Narrative Interview Methodology ; An Integrative Methodology for Investigating Lived Experience and the Psychosocial Factors Influencing Environmental Cognition and Behaviour ; Emotional Work as a Necessity: A Psychosocial Analysis of Low-Carbon Energy Collaboration Stories ; Researching Climate Engagement: Collaborative Conversations and Consciousness Change ; Climate Change, Social Dreaming and Art: Thinking the Unthinkable ; Emotions, Reflexivity and the Long Haul: What We Do About How We Feel About Climate Change ; Leading with Nature in Mind ; Attitudes to Climate Change in Some English Local Authorities: Varying Sense of Agency in Denial and Hope ; We Have to Talk About…Climate Change ; Engaging with Climate Change: Comparing the Cultures of Science and Activism ; Conclusions

Note: Contents Part I Paleomagnetism 1 Results of Paleomagnetic and Geochronological Studies of Sedimentary Rocks from Kema and Silasa Formations of the Sikhote-Alin Orogen / M. V. Arkhipov, A. Yu. Peskov, A. N. Didenko, S. Otoh, A. V. Kudymov, M. Nagata, Y. Kouchi and K. Yamamoto 2 Late Paleozoic Remagnetization: Evaluation of the Sequence of Folding in the South Urals / Inessa Golovanova, Konstantin Danukalov and Raushaniya Sal’manova 3 Paleomagnetic Directions Distortion Caused by Viscous-Plastic Deformations Estimated from Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (Case Study of Berriasian Clays from East Crimea) / V. A. Grishchenko and A. Yu. Guzhikov 4 Carboniferous of the Russian Platform: Paleomagnetic Data / A. G. Iosifidi, V. A. Mikhailova, V. V. Popov, E. S. Sergienko, A. V. Danilova, N. M. Otmas and A. V. Zhuravlev 5 Evidence for the Existence of the Gothenburg and Mono Lake Excursions Based on Paleomagnetic Data from Baunt Lake Sediments (Northern Transbaikalia) / M. A. Krainov, E. V. Bezrukova, A. A. Shchetnikov and A. Yu. Peskov 6 Intrusions of the Kulumbe River Valley, NW Siberian Traps Province: Paleomagnetism, Magnetic Fabric and Geochemistry / A. V. Latyshev, N. A. Krivolutskaya, P. S. Ulyahina, Ya. V. Bychkova and B. I. Gongalsky 7 Paleomagnetism of Basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Bouvet Triple Junction / V. I. Maksimochkin and A. N. Tselebrovskiy 8 Archaeomagnetic Studies of the Material of the Archaeological Monument Dmitrievskaya Sloboda II of the Second Millennium B.C / O. V. Pilipenko, I. E. Nachasova, S. K. Gribov and O. V. Zelentsova Part II Rock and Environmental Magnetism 9 Influence of Magnetostatic Interaction on Magnetic Characteristics of Decay Products of Nanodisperse Titanomagnetites / S. V. Anisimov, L. L. Afremov and I. G. Iliushin 10 An Estimate of the Remanent Magnetization in the Case of a Ferromagnet Transformation Accompanied by a Change in the Curie Temperature / V. I. Belokon, E. V. Chibiriak and O. I. Dyachenko 11 A 13,000-Yr Record of Environmental Change from Tschuchye Lake in Northeast Yakutia / S. S. Burnatny, A. N. Naumov and Yu. A. Korzun 12 Comparison of the Porosity Determination on the Whole Core and Petrophysical Samples / A. V. Fattakhov, V. E. Kosarev, D. L. Melnikova, V. D. Skirda and A. V. Starovoytov 13 Magnetic Properties of Soils from the Volga-Kama Forest-Steppe / L. A. Fattakhova, L. R. Kosareva and A. A. Shinkarev 14 Magnetic Properties of Artificial CRM Created on Titanomagnetite-Bearing Oceanic Basalts / S. K. Gribov, V. P. Shcherbakov and N. A. Aphinogenova 15 Blocking Temperature and Hysteresis Characteristics of Nanoparticles of Oxidated Magnetite / Ilia Iliushin and Leonid Afremov 16 Low-Temperature Magnetic Properties and Magnetic Mineralogy of the Ropruchey Sill (Russian Karelia) / Andrei Kosterov, Elena S. Sergienko, Petr V. Kharitonskii, Svetlana Yu. Yanson and Irina A. Vasilieva 17 Preliminary Magnetic Investigation of Samples from Reference Permian-Triassic Sequence, Kemerovo Region, Russia / Dilyara Kuzina, Lina Kosareva, Ilmir Gilmetdinov, Radmir Aupov, Vladimir Silantiev, Vladimir Davydov, Irina Dogadina and Natalia Kuzmina 18 Magnetic Properties and Concentration of Heavy Metals in Soils of the Krasnyi Kut Town (Saratov, Russia) / M. V. Reshetnikov, A. S. Sheshnev, E. S. Sokolov and S. D. Shkodin 19 Rock-Magnetism and Granulometry of Late Palaeolithic Sites in the Tunka Rift Valley (Pribaikalie) as a Tool for Reconstruction of Sedimentary Environment / G. G. Matasova, A. A. Shchetnikov, I. A. Filinov, A. Yu. Kazansky, G. A. Vorobyeva, N. E. Berdnikova, E. O. Rogovskoy, E. A. Lipnina, I. M. Berdnikov and L. V. Lbova 20 Application of Methods of Rocks Magnetism for Determination of Criteria of Perspectiveness of Ore-Formation / J. H. Minasyan 21 Rock Magnetic Properties of Pleistocene Tephras from the Polovinka Section of the Central Kamchatka Depression / A. N. Naumov, S. S. Burnatny, P. S. Minyuk and A. G. Zubov 22 Basalts of the Zhom-Bolok Lava River as a Possible Sources of Metallic Iron in Sediments of Local Lakes: Thermomagnetic and Microprobe Justification / D. M. Pechersky, A. Yu. Kazansky, A. Kozlovsky, G. P. Markov, A. A. Shchetnikov and V. A. Tselmovich Part III Magnetostratigraphy 23 Magnetostratigraphy of the Reference Sections of the Cisuralian Series (Permian System) / Yu. P. Balabanov, R. Kh. Sungatullin, G. M. Sungatullina, L. R. Kosareva, M. S. Glukhov, P. G. Yakunina, A. O. Zhernenkov, V. V. Antonenko and A. A. Сhurbanov 24 General Magnetostratigraphic Scale: Present Status and Outlook of Development / A. Yu. Guzhikov 25 Existence of the Reversal Polarity Zones in Turonian-Coniacian from the Lower Volga (Russia): New Data / A. A. Guzhikova, A. Yu. Guzhikov, E. M. Pervushov, I. P. Ryabov and A. M. Surinskiy 26 Magnetostratigraphy of the Key Loess-Palaesol Sequence at Roxolany (Western Black Sea Region) / D. V. Hlavatskyi and V. G. Bakhmutov 27 Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy of the Upper Cenozoic Deposits of Near-Sea Dagestan (Russia) and the Age of the Early Paleolithic Site Rubas-1 / A. Yu. Kazansky, A. A. Anoikin, A. P. Derevianko, G. G. Matasova and V. Yu. Bragin 28 Magnetic Stratigraphy of the Bazhenov Suite of Western Siberia and the Surrounding Deposits / A. G. Manikin, V. A. Grishchenko, A. Yu. Guzhikov and V. V. Kolpakov Part IV Extraterrestrial Magnetism 29 Metallic Iron in the Planets Interior: Generalization of Thermomagnetic and Microprobe Results / D. M. Kuzina and D. M. Pechersky 30 Magnetic Properties of Tektite-like Impact Glasses from Zhamanshin Astrobleme, Kazakhstan / Vyacheslav A. Starunov, Andrei Kosterov, Elena S. Sergienko, Svetlana Yu. Yanson, Gennady P. Markov, Petr V. Kharitonskii, Aleksandr S. Sakhatskii, Irina E. Lezova and Evgenii V. Shevchenko 31 Background Magnetic Component of Holocene Cosmic Dust Allocated from Peat / V. A. Tselmovich and A. Yu. Kurazhkovskii Part V Geomagnetic Field and Magnetic Surveys 32 Preliminary Results of the Geohistorical and Paleomagnetic Analysis of Marine Magnetic Anomalies in the Northwestern Indian Ocean / S. A. Ivanov and S. A. Merkuriev 33 Geomagnetic Variations for Axial Dipole Hypothesis and Dynamo Parameters / S. V. Starchenko 34 Simple Estimations for Planetary Convection Turbulence and Dynamo Magnetism from Optimized Scaling and Observations / S. V. Starchenko 35 MHD Sources, 1600-2005 Evolution and 1900-2005 Probabilistic Time Analysis for Logarithmic Time-Derivatives of Geomagnetic Spherical Harmonics / S. V. Starchenko and S. V. Yakovleva 36 Unmanned Airborne Magnetic Survey Technologies: Present and Future / Tsirel Vadim, Parshin Alexander, Ancev Vasily and Kapshtan Dmitry

Note: Contents Introduction 1 An Introduction to the Research on Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Covadonga Orejas and Carlos Jiménez Part I Past 2 Paleoecology of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Marco Taviani, Agostina Vertino, Lorenzo Angeletti, Paolo Montagna, and Alessandro Remia 3 Cold-Water Corals in the Mediterranean: A History of Discovery / Julian Evans, Leyla Knittweis, Joseph A. Borg, and Patrick J. Schembri 4 A Turbulent Story: Mediterranean Contourites and Cold-Water Corals / Michele Rebesco and Marco Taviani 5 Messinian Salinity Crisis: What Happened to Cold-Water Corals? / André Freiwald 6 Did Quaternary Climate Fluctuations Affect Mediterranean Deep-Sea Coral Communities? / Agostina Vertino and Cesare Corselli 7 A Deglacial Cold-Water Coral Boom in the Alborán Sea: From Coral Mounds and Species Dominance / Claudia Wienberg 8 Highly Variable Submarine Landscapes in the Alborán Sea Created by Cold-Water Corals / Dierk Hebbeln 9 Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Agostina Vertino, Marco Taviani, and Cesare Corselli 10 Bathyal Corals Within the Aegean Sea and the Adjacent Hellenic Trench / Jürgen Titschack 11 Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals as Paleoclimate Archives / Paolo Montagna and Marco Taviani 12 Tomography of Cold-Water Corals-Bearing Cores / Lorenzo Angeletti, Matteo Bettuzzi, and Maria Pia Morigi 13 Changing Views About Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Marco Taviani Part II Present 14 Taxonomy, Genetics and Biodiversity of Mediterranean Deep-Sea Corals and Cold-Water Corals / Alvaro Altuna and Angelo Poliseno 15 Habitat Mapping of Cold-Water Corals in the Mediterranean Sea / Claudio Lo Iacono, Alessandra Savini, Veerle A. I. Huvenne, and Eulàlia Gràcia 16 Cold-Water Coral Habitat Mapping in the Mediterranean Sea: Methodologies and Perspectives / Lorenzo Angeletti, Annaëlle Bargain, Elisabetta Campiani, Federica Foglini, Valentina Grande, Elisa Leidi, Alessandra Mercorella, Mariacristina Prampolini, and Marco Taviani 17 Working with Visual Methods, Comparison Among the French Deep-Sea Canyons / Maïa Fourt, Adrien Goujard, and Pierre Chevaldonné 18 Review of the Circulation and Characteristics of Intermediate Water Masses of the Mediterranean: Implications for Cold-Water Coral Habitats / Daniel R. Hayes, Katrin Schroeder, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Pierre Testor, Laurent Mortier, Anthony Bosse, and Xavier du Madron 19 Occurrence and Biogeography of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Giovanni Chimienti, Marzia Bo, Marco Taviani, and Francesco Mastrototaro 20 Gorgonian and Black Coral Assemblages in Deep Coastal Bottoms and Continental Shelves of the Mediterranean Sea / Andrea Gori, Jordi Grinyó, Carlos Dominguez-Carrió, Stefano Ambroso, Pablo J. López-González, Josep-Maria Gili, Giorgio Bavestrello, and Marzia Bo 21 Mediterranean Black Coral Communities / Marzia Bo and Giorgio Bavestrello 22 Recent Discoveries of Extensive Cold-Water Coral Assemblages in Maltese Waters / Leyla Knittweis, Julian Evans, Ricardo Aguilar, Helena Álvarez, Joseph A. Borg, Silvia García, and Patrick J. Schembri 23 Corals of Aphrodite: Dendrophyllia ramea Populations of Cyprus / Covadonga Orejas, Carlos Jiménez, Andrea Gori, Jesús Rivera, Claudio Lo Iacono, Didier Aurelle, Louis Hadjioannou, Antonis Petrou, and Katerina Achilleos 24 Cold-Water Corals in Fluid Venting Submarine Structures / Desirée Palomino, José Luis Rueda, Juan Tomás Vázquez, Javier Urra, Olga Sánchez-Guillamón, Emilio González-García, Nieves López-González, and Luis Miguel Fernández-Salas 25 Cold-Water Corals and Mud Volcanoes: Life on a Dynamic Substrate / Andres Rüggeberg and Anneleen Foubert 26 Occurrence of Living Cold-Water Corals at Large Depths Within Submarine Canyons of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea / Anna Aymà, Jacopo Aguzzi, Miquel Canals, Joan Batista Company, Galderic Lastras, Ariadna Mecho, and Claudio Lo Iacono 27 Submarine Canyons in the Mediterranean: A Shelter for Cold-Water Corals / Pere Puig and Josep-Maria Gili 28 A Cold-Water Coral Habitat in La Fonera Submarine Canyon, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea / Galderic Lastras, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, and Miquel Canals 29 Cold-Water Coral Associated Fauna in the Mediterranean Sea and Adjacent Areas / José L. Rueda, Javier Urra, Ricardo Aguilar, Lorenzo Angeletti, Marzia Bo, Cristina García-Ruiz, Manuel M. González-Duarte, Eduardo López, Teresa Madurell, Manuel Maldonado, Ángel Mateo-Ramírez, César Megina, Juan Moreira, Francina Moya, Lais V. Ramalho, Antonietta Rosso, Cèlia Sitjà, and Marco Taviani 30 Cold-Water Corals as Shelter, Feeding and Life-History Critical Habitats for Fish Species: Ecological Interactions and Fishing Impact / Gianfranco D’Onghia 31 Past, Present and Future Connectivity of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals: Patterns, Drivers and Fate in a Technically and Environmentally Changing World / Joana Boavida, Ronan Becheler, Anna Maria Addamo, Florent Sylvestre, and Sophie Arnaud-Haond 32 Desmophyllum dianthus Genetics and More / Anna Maria Addamo 33 Diversity of Bacteria Associated with the Cold Water Corals Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata / Markus G. Weinbauer, Davide Oregioni, Anne Großkurth, Marie-Emanuelle Kerros, Tilmann Harder, Michael DuBow, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Cornelia Maier 34 Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata: An Archaea Riddle? / Markus G. Weinbauer, Davide Oregioni, and Cornelia Maier 35 Biology and Ecophysiology of Mediterranean Cold–Water Corals / Stéphanie Reynaud and Christine Ferrier-Pagès 36 Growth Patterns of Mediterranean Calcifying Cold-Water Corals / Franck Lartaud, Vincent Mouchi, Leïla Chapron, Anne-Leïla Meistertzheim, and Nadine Le Bris 37 Demography and Conservation of Deep Corals: The Study of Population Structure and Dynamics / Lorenzo Bramanti, Giovanni Santangelo, Maria Carla Benedetti, Mimmo Iannelli, and Katell Guizien 38 Cold-Water Coral in Aquaria: Advances and Challenges. A Focus on the Mediterranean / Covadonga Orejas, Marco Taviani, Stefano Ambroso, Vasilis Andreou, Meri Bilan, Marzia Bo, Sandra Brooke, Paal Buhl-Mortensen, Erik Cordes, Carlos Dominguez-Carrió, Christine Ferrier-Pagès, Antonio Godinho, Andrea Gori, Jordi Grinyó, Cristina Gutiérrez-Zárate, Sebastian Hennige, Carlos Jiménez, Ann I. Larsson, Franck Lartaud, Jay Lunden, Cornelia Maier, Sandra R. Maier, Juancho Movilla, Fiona Murray, Erwan Peru, Autun Purser, Maria Rakka, Stéphanie Reynaud, J. Murray Roberts, Pedro Siles, Susanna M. Strömberg, Laurenz Thomsen, Dick van Oevelen, Alfredo Veiga, and Marina Carreiro-Silva 39 Approaching Cold-Water Corals to the Society: Novel Ways to Transfer Knowledge / Sergio Rossi and Covadonga Orejas Part III Future 40 Perspectives of Biophysical Modelling with Implications on Biological Connectivity of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Matthew W. Johnston and Ann I. Larsson 41 The Interface Between Tectonic Evolution and Cold-Water Coral Dynamics in the Mediterranean / Rinus Wortel and Paul Meijer 42 The Mediterranean Is Getting Saltier: From the Past to the Future / Nikolaos Skliris 43 The Spread of Non-indigenous Species in the Mediterranean – A Threat to Cold-Water Corals? / Bella S. Galil 44 Fate of Mediterranean Scleractinian Cold-Water Corals as a Result of Global Climate Change. A Synthesis / Cornelia Maier, Markus G. Weinbauer, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso 45 A Case Study: Variability in the Calcification Response of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals to Ocean Acidification / Juancho Movilla 46 Conservation of Cold-Water Corals in the Mediterranean: Current Status and Future Prospects for Improvement / Maria del Mar Otero and Pilar Marin Species Index Subject Index

Note: Contents 1 History and Description of Ice Ages 1.1 Discovery of Ice Ages 1.2 Description of Ice Sheets 1.3 Vegetation During LGM 1.3.1 LGM Climate 1.3.2 Global Flora 1.3.3 Ice Age Forests 1.4 Vegetation and Dust Generation During the LGM 1.4.1 Introduction: Effect of Low CO2 on Plants 1.4.2 C3 and C4 Flora Differences 1.4.3 Effects of Low CO2 on Tree Lines 1.4.4 Source of the LGM Dust 2 Variability of the Earth’s Climate 2.1 Factors that Influence Global Climate 2.2 Stable Extremes of the Earth’s Climate 2.3 Ice Ages in the Recent Geological Past 3 Ice Core Methodology 3.1 History of Ice Core Research 3.2 Dating Ice Core Data 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Age Markers 3.2.3 Counting Layers Visually 3.2.4 Layers Determined by Measurement 3.2.5 Ice Flow Modeling 3.2.6 Other Dating Methods 3.2.7 Synchronization of Dating of Ice Cores from Greenland and Antarctica 3.2.8 GISP2 Experience 3.2.9 Tuning 3.2.10 Flimsy Logic 3.3 Processing Ice Core Data 3.3.1 Temperature Estimates from Ice Cores 3.3.2 Temperature Estimates from Borehole Models 3.3.3 Climate Variations 3.3.4 Trapped Gases 4 Ice Core Data 4.1 Greenland Ice Core Historical Temperatures 4.2 Antarctica Ice Core Historical Temperatures 4.2.1 Vostok and EPICA Data 4.2.2 Homogeneity of Antarctic Ice Cores 4.3 North-South Synchrony 4.3.1 Direct Comparison of Greenland and Antarctica Ice Core Records 4.3.2 Sudden Changes 4.3.3 Interpretation of Sudden Change in Terms of Ocean Circulation 4.3.4 Seasonal Variability of Precipitation 4.4 Data from High-Elevation Ice Cores 4.5 Carbon Dioxide 4.5.1 Measurements 4.5.2 Explanations 4.6 Dust in Ice Cores 5 Ocean Sediment Data 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Chronology 5.3 Universality of Ocean Sediment Data 5.4 Summary of Ocean Sediment Ice Volume Data 5.5 Comparison of Ocean Sediment Data with Polar Ice Core Data 5.6 Historical Sea Surface Temperatures 5.7 Ice-Rafted Debris 6 Other Data Sources 6.1 Devil’s Hole 6.1.1 Devil’s Hole Data 6.1.2 Comparison of Devil’s Hole Data with Ocean Sediment Data 6.1.3 Devil’s Hole: Global or Regional Data? 6.1.4 Comparison of Devil’s Hole Data with Vostok Data 6.1.5 The Continuing Controversy 6.2 Speleothems in Caves 6.3 Magnetism in Rocks and Loess 6.3.1 Magnetism in Loess 6.3.2 Rock Magnetism in Lake Sediments 6.4 Pollen Records 6.5 Physical Indicators 6.5.1 Ice Sheet Moraines 6.5.2 Coral Terraces 6.5.3 Mountain Glaciers 6.6 Red Sea Sediments 7 Overview of the Various Models for Ice Ages 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Variability of the Sun 7.3 Astronomical Theory 7.4 Volcanism 7.5 Greenhouse Gases 7.6 Role of the Oceans 7.6.1 Glacial-Interglacial Cycles: The Consensus View 7.6.2 Sudden Climate Change - The Consensus View 7.6.3 Wunsch’s Objections 7.7 Models Based on Clouds 7.7.1 Extraterrestrial Dust Accretion 7.7.2 Clouds Induced by Cosmic Rays 7.7.3 Ocean–Atmosphere Model 7.8 Models Based on the Southern Hemisphere 8 Variability of the Earth’s Orbit: Astronomical Theory 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Variability of the Earth’s Orbit 8.2.1 Variability Within the Orbital Plane 8.2.2 Variability of the Orbital Plane 8.3 Calculation of Solar Intensities 8.4 Importance of Each Orbital Parameter 8.5 Historical Solar Irradiance at Higher Latitudes 8.6 Connection Between Solar Variability and Glaciation/Deglaciation Cycles According to Astronomical Theory 8.6.1 Models for Ice Volume 8.6.2 Review of the Imbries’ Model 8.6.3 Memory Model 8.6.4 Modification of Paillard Model 8.7 Models Based on Eccentricity or Obliquity 8.7.1 A Model Based on Eccentricity 8.7.2 The Middle-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) 9 Comparison of Astronomical Theory with Data 9.1 Ice Volume Versus Solar Input 9.2 Spectral Analysis 9.2.1 Introduction 9.2.2 Spectral Analysis of Solar and Paleoclimate Data 10 Interglacials 11 Terminations of Ice Ages 11.1 Abstract 11.2 Background 11.3 Terminations 11.4 North or South (or Both)? 11.5 Models Based on CO 2 and the Southern Hemisphere 11.6 Climate Models for Terminations of Ice Ages 11.7 Model Based on Solar Amplitudes 11.8 Dust as the Driver for Terminations 11.8.1 Introduction 11.8.2 Antarctic Dust Data 11.8.3 Correlation of Ice Core Dust Data with Terminations 11.8.4 Dust Levels on the Ice Sheets 11.8.5 Optical Properties of Surface Deposited Dust 11.8.6 Source of the Dust 11.8.7 Ice Sheet Margins 11.9 Model Based on Solar Thresholds 11.10 The Milankovitch Model Versus the Most Likely Model 11.10.1 Criteria for a Theory 11.10.2 The “Milankovitch” Model 11.10.3 The Most Likely Model 11.10.4 Unanswered Questions 12 Status of Our Understanding References Index

Note: Contents 1 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing II / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins 2 The Palaeontology of Browsing and Grazing / Juha Saarinen 3 The Paleoecological Impact of Grazing and Browsing: Consequences of the Late Quaternary Large Herbivore Extinctions / John Rowan and J. T. Faith 4 Morphological and Physiological Adaptations for Browsing and Grazing / Daryl Codron, Reinhold R. Hofmann, and Marcus Clauss 5 Feeding Ecology of Large Browsing and Grazing Herbivores / Jan A. Venter, Mika M. Vermeulen, and Christopher F. Brooke 6 Population Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates in the Anthropocene / Christian Kiffner and Derek E. Lee 7 Community Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Charudutt Mishra, Munib Khanyari, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Kulbhushansingh R. Suryawanshi 8 Weather and Climate Impacts on Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Randall B. Boone 9 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Soil Biota and Nutrient Dynamics / Judith Sitters and Walter S. Andriuzzi 10 Effects of Grazing and Browsing on Tropical Savanna Vegetation / Frank van Langevelde, Claudius A. D. M. van de Vijver, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Thomas A. Groen 11 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Plant Characteristics and Dynamics / Autumn E. Sabo 12 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Faunal Biodiversity / Krisztián Katona and Corli Coetsee 13 Interactions Between Fire and Herbivory: Current Understanding and Management Implications / Izak P. J. Smit and Corli Coetsee 14 Managing Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Richard W. S. Fynn, David J. Augustine, and Samuel D. Fuhlendorf 15 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing in Other Vertebrate Taxa / Iain J. Gordon, Herbert H. T. Prins, Jordan Mallon, Laura D. Puk, Everton B. P. Miranda, Carolina Starling-Manne, René van der Wal, Ben Moore, William Foley, Lucy Lush, Renan Maestri, Ikki Matsuda, and Marcus Clauss 16 Browsers and Grazers Drive the Dynamics of Ecosystems / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction References Part I Molecular Stress Physiology 2 General Themes of Molecular Stress Physiology 2.1 Definitions and Concepts 2.1.1 Stress 2.1.2 Quantification of Stress 2.1.3 Escape–Resistance–Avoidance–Tolerance 2.1.4 Stress Responses–Acclimation–Adaptation 2.1.5 Filters Determining Species Distribution 2.2 Activation of Stress Tolerance and Avoidance Mechanisms 2.2.1 Stress Sensing and Signal Transduction 2.2.2 Transcriptional Control 2.2.3 Oxidative Stress 2.2.4 Long-Distance Stress Signalling 2.2.5 The Model System Arabidopsis thaliana 2.3 Stress and Growth Regulation 2.4 Molecular Basis of Escape and Anticipation of Stress 2.4.1 Circadian Rhythms 2.4.2 Anticipation of Seasonal Changes in Environmental Conditions 2.4.3 Developmental Switches Triggered by Favourable Conditions 2.4.4 Trans-Generational Stress Memory Summary References 3 Light 3.1 The Dual Significance of Light 3.2 Visible Light 3.2.1 Avoidance of Light Stress and Permanent or Dynamic Acclimation 3.2.2 Overexcitation and Damage to Photosynthetic Membranes. 3.2.3 Flexible Acclimation to Changes in Light Intensity 3.2.4 Continuous Light 3.2.5 Light Triggers Plant Adaptation and Acclimation to the Environment 3.3 UV-B Radiation 3.3.1 Ranges of Ultraviolet Radiation and Biological Activity 3.3.2 Ultraviolet-B Damage and Repair Mechanisms 3.3.3 Avoidance of Ultraviolet-B-Induced Stress 3.3.4 Ultraviolet-B Perception and Signalling 3.3.5 Crosstalk Between Ultraviolet-B and Visible Light Responses Summary References 4 Temperature 4.1 The Temperature Challenge 4.1.1 Temperature Dependence of Life 4.1.2 Plants as Poikilothermic Organisms 4.1.3 Variations in Temperature Range 4.1.4 Strategies to Cope with Temperature Fluctuations and Temperature Extremes 4.2 Cold Acclimation and Freezing Tolerance 4.2.1 Adjustment of Membrane Fluidity 4.2.2 Prevention of Photoinhibition 4.2.3 Cryoprotective Proteins 4.2.4 Control of Ice Formation 4.2.5 Signalling Networks Involved in Cold Acclimation 4.2.6 Freezing Avoidance and Freezing Tolerance in Tropical High Mountain Plants 4.3 Heat Stress 4.3.1 Heat Stress Avoidance 4.3.2 Acquired Thermotolerance 4.3.3 The Heat Shock Response 4.4 Temperature Sensing 4.4.1 Sensing of Extreme Temperatures 4.4.2 Sensing of Ambient Temperature Changes Summary References 5 Oxygen Deficiency 5.1 Conditions of Flooded Soil 5.2 Hypoxia-Induced Damage: Energy Metabolism of Plants Under Oxygen Deficiency 5.3 Natural Variation in the Ability to Endure Inundation by Water 5.4 Adaptations to Flooding-Prone Habitats 5.4.1 Anatomical–Morphological Adaptations and Modifications 5.4.2 Biochemical Modifications 5.5 Sensing of Flooding and Ensuing Signal Transduction 5.5.1 Ethylene Signal Transduction 5.5.2 Oxygen Sensing 5.6 Regulation of Avoidance and Tolerance Strategies Summary References 6 Water Deficiency (Drought) 6.1 The Properties of Water 6.2 Water Acquisition and Movement: Cellular Aspects 6.2.1 The Water Potential 6.2.2 Facilitation of Intercellular and Intracellular Water Flow: Aquaporins 6.3 Drought Stress Responses: Avoidance and Tolerance 6.3.1 Control of the Osmotic Potential 6.3.2 Protective Proteins 6.3.3 Regulation of the Stomatal Aperture 6.4 Acclimation of Growth 6.4.1 Inhibition of Shoot Growth 6.4.2 Stimulation of Root Growth 6.5 Sensing of Water Status and Signal Transduction 6.5.1 Sensing of Water Status 6.5.2 ABA Signal Transduction 6.5.3 ABA-Independent Signalling 6.6 Photosynthesis Variants with Improved Water Use Efficiency 6.6.1 C4 Photosynthesis 6.6.2 Evolution of C 4 Photosynthesis 6.6.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism 6.6.4 Evolution of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Photosynthesis Summary References 7 Adverse Soil Mineral Availability 7.1 Mineral Nutrients 7.2 The Mineral Nutrition Challenge 7.2.1 Elements in the Soil 7.2.2 Element Toxicity 7.3 Nutrient Acquisition and Responses to Nutrient Scarcity 7.3.1 Modulation of Nutrient Availability 7.3.2 Cellular Ion Transport Mechanisms 7.3.3 Modulation of Nutrient Uptake in Response to Deficiency 7.3.4 Intracellular Transport and Cellular Aspects of Long-Distance Transport 7.3.5 Plasticity of Root Architecture and Responses to Nutrient Deficiency 7.3.6 Sensing of Nutrient Availability and Nutrient Status . 7.4 Nutrient Acquisition Symbioses 7.4.1 Mycorrhizae 7.4.2 Nitrogen Fixation 7.4.3 The Common Sym Pathway 7.5 Responses to Element Toxicity and Tolerance Mechanisms 7.5.1 Essential Metal Toxicity and Tolerance 7.5.2 Metal Hyperaccumulators as Models for Adaptation to Extreme Environments 7.5.3 Sodium Toxicity 7.5.4 Aluminium Toxicity and Tolerance 7.5.5 Non-Essential Toxic Metals Summary References 8 Biotic Stress 8.1 Plant Disease Caused by Pathogens 8.1.1 Types of Pathogens: Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Oomycetes and Nematodes 8.1.2 Pathogenicity Mechanisms 8.2 Plant Defences Against Microbial Pathogens and Viruses 8.2.1 Preformed Defences Against Bacteria, Fungi and Oomycetes 8.2.2 Inducible Local Defences 8.2.3 Inducible Systemic Resistance 8.2.4 Defence Against Viruses via Gene Silencing 8.3 Herbivory 8.3.1 Constitutive Defences 8.3.2 Inducible Defences Against Herbivores 8.3.3 How Plant–Herbivore Interactions Drive Genetic Diversity 8.4 Parasitic Plants 8.5 Allelopathy Summary References Part II Physiological and Biophysical Plant Ecology 9 Thermal Balance of Plants and Plant Communities 9.1 Energy Balance of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 9.2 Microclimate Near the Ground Surface 9.2.1 Daily Changes in Temperature Near the Ground 9.2.2 Modification of Environmental Radiation and Temperature by Abiotic Factors 9.2.3 Modification of the Radiation Budget and Temperature by Biotic Factors 9.3 Energy Balance of Leaves 9.4 Acclimation and Adaptation to Temperature Extremes 9.4.1 Acclimation and Adaptation to High Temperatures 9.4.2 Acclimation and Adaptation to Low Temperatures Summary References 10 Water Relations 10.1 Water as an Environmental Factor 10.1.1 Water Use by Plants and Animals 10.1.2 Availability of Water on Earth 10.1.3 Drivers of Water Flow Between the Soil and the Atmosphere 10.2 Water Transport from the Soil to the Plant 10.2.1 Water Uptake 10.2.2 Xylem Water Transport 10.2.3 Phloem Water Transport 10.3 Transpiration 10.3.1 Stomatal Responses to Plant-Internal Factors 10.3.2 Stomatal Responses to Environmental Factors Summary References 11 Nutrient Relations 11.1 Availability of Soil Nutrients and Ion Use 11.1.1 Plant Nutrients 11.1.2 Availability of Nutrients in Soil 11.1.3 General Aspects of Plant Nutrition 11.1.4 Nutrient Deficiency and Excess 11.2 Nitrogen Nutrition 11.2.1 Nitrogen in Plant Metabolism 11.2.2 Nitrogen Uptake and Nutrition 11.2.3 Nitrogen Requirements for Growth 11.2.4 Nitrogen Storage 11.2.5 Insectivorous Plants 11.2.6 Nitrogen Deficiency and Excess 11.3 Sulphur Nutrition 11.3.1 Sulphur in Plant Metabolism 11.3.2 Sulphur Uptake and Plant Requirements 11.3.3 Indicators of Sulphur Deficiency and Excess 11.4 Phosphate Nutrition 11.4.1 Phosphorus in Plant Metabolism 11.4.2 Phosphate Uptake and Plant Requirements 11.4.3 Indicators of Phosphorus Deficiency and Excess 11.5 Alkaline Cation Nutrition 11.5.1 Magnesium 11.5.2 Calcium 11.5.3 Potassium Summary References 12 Carbon Relations 12.1 Photosynthetic CO2 Uptake: Physiological and Physical Basis 12.1.1 Photosynthesis as a Diffusion Process 12.1.2 Evolution of C 3, C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Species 12.2 Photosynthesis Models and Calculation of 13C/12C Fluxes (Contribution by A. Arneth) 12.2.1 RubisCO-Limited or RuBP-Saturated Rate (Av) 12.2.2 RuBP Regeneration–Dependent and Electron Transport–Limiting Rate (Aj) 12.2.3 Supply of CO 2 Through Stomata 12.2.4 13C/12C Discrimination 12.3 Specific Leaf Area, Nitrogen Concentrations and Photosynthetic Capacity 12.3.1 Specific Leaf Area 12.3.2 Maximum Rates of CO2 Assimilation 12.4 Response of Photosynthesis to Environmental Variables 12.4.1 Light Response of CO 2 Assimilation 12.4.2 Temperature Response of CO2 Assimilation 12.4.3 Relative Air Humidi

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Evolution and Progress Accomplished During Previous French-Japanese Symposiums of Oceanography / Hubert-Jean Ceccaldi 2 Challenge to Resolve Problems in the Ocean and Coastal Waters in Future Earth with Stronger Cooperation Between the Two Societies Franco-Japonaise of Oceanography / Teruhisa Komatsu Part II Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts 3 Slower Decrease in Radioactive Concentrations in Some Fish Species After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster / Hisayuki Arakawa 4 Influence of Behavioral Patterns of Several Fish Species on Their Radioactive Cesium Concentrations Revealed with a Biotelemetry System After the Nuclear Accident Caused by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake / Keiichi Uchida, Kohei Hasegawa, Yoshinori Miyamoto, Hisayuki Arakawa, Seiji Akiyama and Naoto Hirakawa 5 Estimate of Water Quality Change in Osaka Bay Caused by the Suspension of Marine Sediment with Mega Tsunami / Mitsuru Hayashi, Satoshi Nakada, Shunich Koshimura and Eiichi Kobayashi 6 Litter in the Mediterranean Sea / François Galgani 7 The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in France: An Example of Close Cooperation Among Researchers and Fishers to Study and Manage an Endangered Species / Patrick Prouzet, Elsa Amilhat, Catherine Boisneau, Philippe Boisneau, Eric Feunteun and Nicolas Michelet 8 Trophic Cascade in Seaweed Beds in Sanriku Coast Hit by the Huge Tsunami on 11 March 2011: Sea Urchin Fishery as a Satoumi Activity Serving for Increase in Marine Productivity and Biodiversity / Teruhisa Komatsu, Shuji Sasa, Hiroki Murata, Shuhei Sawayama, Masahiro Hamana, Minami Asada, Ryo Tsujimoto, Genki Terauchi and Tetsuo Yanagi 9 The English Channel: Becoming like the Seas Around Japan / Jean-Claude Dauvin, Jean-Philippe Pezy and Alexandrine Baffreau Part III Physical Oceanography 10 Recent Research Results and Future Project in the Antarctic Ocean by Umitaka-Maru Research Group for Physical Oceanography / Yujiro Kitade, Keishi Shimada, Shigeru Aoki and Kay I. Ohshima 11 Response of Near-Inertial Internal Waves to Various Typhoon-Tracks Around the Tango Peninsula, Japan / Keiichi Yamazaki, Yujiro Kitade, Yosuke Igeta, Yutaka Kumaki and Tatsuro Watanabe 12 A High-Resolution Unstructured Grid Finite Volume Model for Currents Around Narrow Straits of Matsushima Bay / Hidekazu Shirai, Ritsuki Kunisato, Shinya Magome, Teruhisa Hattori, Takamasa Takagi, Katsuaki Okabe, Kazufumi Takayanagi and Shigeho Kakehi 13 Observation of Near-Bottom Current on the Continental Shelf Off Sanriku / Daigo Yanagimoto, Kiyoshi Tanaka, Shinzou Fujio, Hajime Nishigaki and Miho Ishizu Part IV Innovative Research 14 Control of Pressure-Driven Microdroplet Formation and Optimum Encapsulation in Microfluidic System / Mathias Girault, Akihiro Hattori, Hyonchol Kim, Kenji Matsuura, Masao Odaka, Hideyuki Terazono and Kenji Yasuda 15 Development of a De-oiling System for Seabed Sediments / Yoshichika Ikeda, Motohiro Miki, Hisayuki Arakawa and Mitsuru Izumi 16 Development of an Optical Detection System of Fuel Oil on Seabed Sediments / Akira Matsumoto, Kazuki Toguchi, Yoshichika Ikeda and Hisayuki Arakawa 17 Retinomotor and Stress Responses of Marbled Sole Pseudopleuronectes Yokohamae Under the LEDs / Rena Shibata, Yasuyuki Uto, Kenichi Ishibashi and Takashi Yada 18 Metabolome Profiling of Growth Hormone Transgenic Coho Salmon by Capillary Electrophoresis Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry / Toshiki Nakano, Hitoshi Shirakawa, Giles Yeo, Robert H. Devlin and Tomoyoshi Soga 19 Estimating the Diets of Fish Using Stomach Contents Analysis and a Bayesian Stable Isotope Mixing Models in Sendai Bay / Hiroyuki Togashi, Yukinori Nakane, Yosuke Amano and Yutaka Kurita Part V Coastal Ecosystem and Management 20 Ecological Status of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) in France: Need for an Ecosystemic Approach / Patrick Prouzet and Nicolas Michelet 21 Challenges to Harmonize Sustainable Fishery with Environmental Conservation in the Coastal Ecosystems Under Oligotrophication / Masakazu Hori, Masahito Hirota, Franck Lagarde, Sandrine Vaz, Masami Hamaguchi, Naoaki Tezuka, Mitsutaku Makino and Ryo Kimura 22 One-Year Colonization by Zoobenthic Species on an Eco-Friendly Artificial Reef in the English Channel Intertidal Zone / Jean-Claude Dauvin and Aurélie Foveau 23 New Installations of Artificial Reefs Along the Coast of the Landes (South–West Atlantic Coast of France) / Gérard Fourneau, Florence Dufour, Aurélie Penne, Nelly Ferrou, Thomas Scourzic, Aurore Laborde and Elodie Zaccari 24 Marine Ecosystem Services: Perception of Residents from Remote Islands, Taketomi Town / Kazumi Wakita, Keiyu Kohama, Takako Masuda, Katsumi Yoshida, Taro Oishi, Zhonghua Shen, Nobuyuki Yagi, Hisahi Kurokura, Ken Furuya and Yasuwo Fukuyo 25 Quantitative Mapping of Fish Habitat: From Knowledge to Spatialised Fishery Management / Sandrine Vaz and Olivier Le Pape 26 Do Our Ocean Policies Make Any Difference in the Wellbeing of Coastal Communities? / Yves Henocque Part VI Aquaculture 27 Heterogeneity of Japanese Oyster (Crassostrea Gigas) Spat Collection in a Shellfish Farmed Mediterranean Lagoon / Franck Lagarde, Martin Ubertini, Serge Mortreux, Adeline Perignon, Axel Leurion, Patrik Le Gall, Claude Chiantella, Slem Meddah, Jean-Louis Guillou, Gregory Messiaen, Béatrice Bec, Cécile Roques, Delphine Bonnet, Hélène Cochet, Ismaël Bernard, Erika Gervasoni, Marion Richard, Gilles Miron, Annie Fiandrino, Stephane Pouvreau and Emmanuelle Roque D’orbcastel 28 Suitable Oyster Culture Density in Oginohama Bay, Miyagi, Japan / Yutaka Okumura, Akatsuki Nawata, Hiroshi Ito, Akio Oshino and Motoyuki Hara 29 Population Dynamics of the Manila Clam Ruditapes Philippinarum and Implications of the 2011 Tsunami Impact in Two Shallow, Semi-enclosed Bays in Northeastern Japan / Hirokazu Abe, Masami Hamaguchi, Naoto Kajihara, Yuichi Taniai, Akio Oshino, Akihiro Moriyama and Takashi Kamiyama 30 Feed and Feeding in Certification Schemes of Sustainable Aquaculture / Catherine Mariojouls, Raphaëla Le Gouvello and François Simard Part VII Short and Preliminary Communications 31 French Bluefin Tuna Longline Fishery Bycatch Programme / François Poisson, Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Hervé Demarcq, Luisa Métral, Blandine Brisset, Delphine Cornella and Bertrand Wendling 32 137 Cs and Tritium Concentrations in Seawater off the Fukushima Prefecture: Results from the SOSO 5 Rivers Cruise (October 2014) / Michio Aoyama, Hervé Thébault, Y. Hamajima, Sabine Charmasson, Mireille Arnaud and Céline Duffa Correction to: Oceanography Challenges to Future Earth / Teruhisa Komatsu, Hubert-Jean Ceccaldi, Jiro Yoshida, Patrick Prouzet and Yves Henocque Author Index

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2019 , Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific Background and Motivation 1.1.1 Arctic Tundra Vegetation 1.1.2 Remote Sensing of Arctic Tundra Vegetation 1.1.3 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Arctic Vegetation 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 Study Area and Data 1.3.1 Toolik Lake Research Natural Area 1.3.2 In-situ Canopy-level Spectral Data 1.3.3 True-colour Digital Photographs 1.3.4 Leaf-level Photosynthetic Pigment Data 1.3.5 Airborne AISA Imagery 1.3.6 Simulated EnMAP and Sentinel-2 Reflectance Spectra 1.3.7 Simulated EnMAP Imagery 1.4 Thesis Structure and Author Contributions 1.4.1 Chapter 2 -A Phenological Approach to Spectral Differentiation of Low-Arctic Tundra Vegetation Communities, North Slope Alaska 1.4.2 Chapter 3 -Monitoring Pigment-driven Vegetation Changes in a Low Arctic Tundra Ecosystem Using Digital Cameras 1.4.3 Implications of Litter and Non-vascular Components on Multiscale Hyperspectral Data in a low-Arctic Ecosystem 2 A Phenological Approach to Spectral Differentiation of Low Arctic Tundra Vegetation Communities, North Slope Alaska 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Study Site and Low Arctic Vegetation Types 2.3.2 Ground-Based Data and Sampling Protocol 2.3.3 EnMAP and Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Simulation 2.3.4 Stable Wavelength Identification Using the InStability Index 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Spectral Characteristics by Phenological Phase 2.4.2 InStability Index and Wavelength Selection of Ground-based Spectra 2.4.3 InStability Index and Wavelength Selection of Simulated Satellite Reflectance Spectra 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Phenological Phase and Wavelength Stability of Ground-based Spectra 2.5.2 Phenological Phase and Wavelength Stability of Satellite Resampled Spectra 2.5.3 Influence of Spatial Scale 2.6 Conclusions 2.7 Acknowledgements 2.8 Supplementary Material 2.8.1 Data Publication 3 Monitoring Pigment-driven Vegetation Changes in a Low Arctic Tundra Ecosystem Using Digital Cameras 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Study Site 3.3.2 Digital Photographs 3.3.3 Field-based Spectral Data 3.3.4 Vegetation Pigment Concentration 3.3.5 Data Analyses 3.4 Results 3.4.1 RGB Indices as a Surrogate for Pigment-driven Spectral Indices 3.4.2 RGB Indices as a Surrogate for Leaf-level Pigment concentration 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Supplementary Material 3.7.1 Data Publication 4 Implications of Litter and Non-vascular Components on Multiscale Hyperspectral Data in a Low Arctic Ecosystem 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Materials and Methods 4.3.1 Study Site 4.4 Remote Sensing Data 4.4.1 Ground-based Image Spectroscopy Data 4.4.2 Airborne AISA Hyperspectral Data 4.4.3 EnMAP Simulation 4.4.4 Spectral Comparison by Wavelength 4.4.5 Linear Mixture Analysis 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Spatial Scaling of Spectral Signals 4.6 Discussion 4.7 Conclusions 4.8 Acknowledgements 5 Synthesis and Discussion 5.1 Phenological Phase: does phenology influence the spectral variability of dominant low Arctic vegetation communities? 5.2 Vegetation Colour: How does canopy-level vegetation colour relate to phenological changes in leaf-level photosynthetic pigment concentration? 5.3 Intrinsic Ecosystem Components: How does spatial aggregation of high spectral resolution data influence low Arctic tundra vegetation signals? 5.4 Key Innovations 5.5 Limitations and Technical Considerations 5.6 Outlook: Opportunities for Future Research 6 References Acknowledgements

Note: Contents: Sea of data : apophenia and pattern recognition / Hito Steyerl -- Crapularity hermeneutics : interpretation as the blind spot of analytics, artificial intelligence, and other algorithmic producers of the post-apocalyptic present / Florian Cramer -- Queerying homophily / Wendy Hui Kyong Chun -- Data paranoia : how to make sense of pattern discrimination / Clemens Apprich

Note: Contents: Introduction ; 1. Climate Change: What's the Big Deal? ; 2. Business as Usual: What Are the Costs? ; 3. Why Do Economists Like a Carbon Tax? ; 4. Isn't There a Better Way? (No, There Isn't) ; 5. Cap and Trade: The Other Way to Price Pollution ; 6. What To Do With $200 Billion: Give It Back ; 7. So You Want a Carbon Tax: How Do You Design It? ; 8. Objections to a Carbon Tax ; 9. Enacting a Carbon Tax: How Do We Get There? ; Afterword - What Next?

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)

Note: Introduction -- Time and frequency metrology in the context of relativistic geodesy -- Chronometric geodesy: methods and applications -- Measuring the gravitational field in General Relativity: From deviation equations and the gravitational compass to relativistic clock gradiometry -- A Snapshot of J. L. Synge -- General Relativistic Gravity Gradiometry -- Reference-ellipsoid and normal gravity field in post-Newtonian geodesy -- Anholonomity in Pre and Relativistic Geodesy -- Epistemic relativity: An experimental approach to physics -- Use of geodesy and geophysics measurements to probe the gravitational interaction -- Operationalization of basic relativistic measurements -- Can spacetime curvature be used in future navigation systems? -- World-line perturbation theory -- On the applicability of the geodesic deviation equation in General Relativity -- Measurement of frame dragging with geodetic satellites based on gravity field models from CHAMP, GRACE and beyond -- Tests of General Relativity with the LARES Satellites

Note: Introduction: networks and human behavior -- Power and influence: central positions in networks -- Diffusion and contagion -- Too connected to fail: financial networks -- Homophily: houses divided -- Immobility and inequality: network feedback and poverty traps -- The wisdom and folly of the crowd -- The influence of our friends and our local network structures -- Globalization: our changing networks.

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2019 , Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere 1.1.2 The permafrost carbon climate feedback 1.1.3 Rapidly changing, deep permafrost environments 1.2 Aims of this dissertation 1.3 Investigated study areas 1.4 Basic method overview 1.4.1 Field work in the Arctic 1.4.2 Laboratory procedure 1.4.3 Analysis ofl andscape-scale carbon and nitrogen stocks 1.5 Thesis organization 1.6 Overview of publications 1.6.1 Publication#1 - Yedoma landscape publication 1.6.2 Publication#2 - Thermokarst lake sequence publication 1.6.3 Publication#3 - North Alaska Arctic river delta publication 1.6.4 Extended Abstract - Western Alaska river delta study 1.6.5 Appendices - Supplementary material and paper in preparation II Carbon and nitrogen pools in thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes in Arctic Siberia 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Material and methods 2.3.1 Study area 2.3.2 Field Work 2.3.3 Laboratory analysis 2.3.4 Landform classification and upscaling C and N pools 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Sedimentological results 2.4.2 Sampling site SOC and N stocks 2.4.3 Upscaling: Landscape SOC and N stocks 2.4.4 Radiocarbon dates 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Site specific soil organic C and N stock characteristics 2.5.2 Upscaling of C and N pools 2.5.3 Sediment and organic C accumulation rates 2.5.4 Characterizing soil organic carbon 2.5.5 The fate of organic carbon in thermokarst-affected yedoma in Siberia 2.6 Conclusions III Impacts of successive thermokarst lake stages on soil organic matter, Arctic Alaska 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Plain language summary 3.3 Introduction 3.4 Study site 3.5 Methods 3.5.1 Core collection 3.5.2 Biogeochemical analyses 3.5.3 Study area OC and N calculation 3.6 Results 3.6.1 Biogeochemistry 3.6.2 Sediment organic carbon and nitrogen stocks 3.6.3 Radiocarbon dates and carbon accumulation rates 3.6.4 Landscape C and N budget 3.7 Discussion 3.7.1 Impact of thermokarst lake dynamics on organic matter storage 3.7.2 High organic C and N stocks on the ACP 3.7.3 Landscape chronology 3.7.4 Organic matter accumulation 3.7.5 Future development 3.8 Conclusions IV Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of two small permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas in northern Alaska 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study area 4.4 Material and Methods 4.4.1 Soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen storage 4.4.2 Radiocarbon dating and organic carbon accumulation rates 4.4.3 Grain size distribution 4.4.4 Scaling carbon and nitrogen contents to landscape level 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Carbon and nitrogen contents 4.5.2 Radiocarbon dates and accumulation rates 4.5.3 Grain size distribution 4.5.4 Arctic river delta carbon and nitrogen storage 4.6. Discussion 4.6.1 Significance of carbon and nitrogen stocks in Arctic river deltas 4.6.2 SOC and SN distribution with depth 4.6.3 Sedimentary characteristics 4.6.3.1 Accumulation rates 4.6.3.2 Sediment distribution 4.6.4 Impacts of future changes 4.6.5 Significance of remotely sensed upscaling results 4.7 Conclusions V Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in Arctic river deltas - New data for three Western Alaskan deltas 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Study sites 5.4 Methods 5.5 Results and discussion 5.5 Conclusions VI Discussion 6.1 Interregional comparison 6.2 Changing thermokarst landscapes and their global impact 6.3 A growing C and N data base 6.4 Outlook - potential follow-up projects VII Synthesis VIII References Appendix A Synthesis of SOC and N inventories Appendix B Supplementary material to Chapter II Appendix C Supplementary material to Chapter III Appendix D Supplementary material to Chapter IV Appendix E Supplementary material to Chapter V Appendix F Arctic river delta data set - Version 1.0 Acknowledgements - Danksagung

Note: Contents of Part 2 Hecht, K. Gerber, R. Otto: Studies on the drying of paints by means of 14C-labelled compounds K. Wagner, F. Brutschin, I. Ritter, T. Gritsch, H. Zimmermann, H. Borchert: Investigations by the aid of radioisotope methods on the technology of the production of carbon and silicon carbide materials K. Gloe, P. Mühl: Determination of metal extraction process parameters using tracer technique W. Migdał, W. Łada, K. Malec-Czechowska: Studies on liquid-liquid extraction of noble metals using radiotracers L. Petryka, K. Przewłocki: Radiotracer investigations of benefication copper ore in the industrial flotation process Z. Bazaniak, J. Palige: Determination of Cu recovery degree from slags in shaft process by means of radiotracers R. Burek, J .K. Zurawicz: On the optimization of concentration measurements in heterogeneous materials based on β-backscatter measurements B. Heinrich: Analysis of carbon content in crude brown coal by inelastic scattering of neutrons and the method of time correlated associated particles P. Urbańaki, D. Wagner, M. Jankowska, E. Kowalska: Determination of calcium and iron and measurements of ash content in the brown coal H.-W. Thümmel: Some considerations relating to the prediction of the efficiency of radiometric methods for the continuous ash content determination of coal L. Wawrzonek: Monitor of ash content of coal with X-ray source I. Pavlicsek, V. Stenger, A. Veres: Apparatus for gamma activation analysis I. Végvári, I. Juhász: Determination of PbO content of lead-glass samples on the ground of gamma-absorption E. Schöntube, H.-J. Große: Aerosol ionization gas analysis as a monitoring for waste halothane in the atmosphere of operating theatre S. Mothes, P. Popp, G. Oppermann, W.-D. Herberg: Measurement of fluorocarbons with the ECD P. Popp, E. Schöntube, G. Oppermann: The usability of radiation ionization detectors for the determination of N2O concentrations in the air of operating theatres P. Popp, G. Arnold, G. Oppermann: A hydrocarbon-sensitized argon ionization detector for the detection of inorganic compounds R. Szepke, W. Lisieski, J. Harasimczuk: Automatic dust monitor AMIZ G. Vormum: Sealed sources - problems of design, measurement and quality control L. Gąsiorowski: New trends in developments of ratioisotope gauges in Poland G. Brunner: Direct chemical information from special radio tracers as well as from outer X-ray excitation J. Hirling: Experience and future trend in industrial application of nuclear methods in Hungary I. N. Ivanov, O. K. Nikolaenko, Yu. V. Phecktistov, V. L. Chulkin: Use of short-lived nuclides in activation analysis Kl.-P. Rudolph, J. Flachowsky, A. Lange: Trace element determination in semiconducter selenium by neutron activation analysis (NAA) W. Lisieski, J. Mirowicz: Some industrial applications of instruments with neutron sources R. Dybczyński, H. Maleszewaka, S. Sterliński, Z. Szopa, M. Wasek: Some problems in neutron activation determination of gold and silver in ores and concentrates of copper industry L. Jankowski: Cost-benefit aspects of radioisotope application in industry B. Manouchev, T. Boschkova, L. Tsankov, V. Gurev, I. Kojucharov, G. Grozev: On the possibilities of the direct gamma-spectremetry in natural waters P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, W. Riedel: A parallel grid proportional scintillation counter for the X-ray region from 3 to 20 keV with regard to high count rates N. A. Anders, V. S. Isaev, V. I. Filatov, B. E. Kolesnikov, D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, V. P. Varvaritsa: X-ray fluroescence analyzer of light elements with proportional scintillation counter D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, W. Warwariza, B. E. Kolesnikow, N. A. Anders, W. J. Filatov: General considerations concerning the use of the X-ray analyzer "RALE" in industry

Note: Contents: 1 The ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Haakon Hop and Christian Wiencke Part I. Atmospheric conditions 2 The atmosphere above Ny-Ålesund : climate and global warming, ozone and surface UV radiation / Marion Maturilli, Inger Hanssen-Bauer, Roland Neuber, Markus Rex, and Kåre Edvardsen Part II. Oceanography, sea ice and underwater light regime 3 The Kongsfjorden Transect : seasonal and inter-annual variability in hydrography / Vigdis Tverberg, Ragnheid Skogseth, Finlo Cottier, Arild Sundfjord, Waldemar Walczowski, Mark E. Inall, Eva Falck, Olga Pavlova, and Frank Nilsen 4 Changes in sea-ice extent and thickness in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (2003-2016) / Olga Pavlova, Sebastian Gerland, and Haakon Hop 5 The underwater light climate in Kongsfjorden and its ecological implications / Alexey K. Pavlov, Eva Leu, Dieter Hanelt, Inka Bartsch, Ulf Karsten, Stephen R. Hudson, Jean-Charles Gallet, Finlo Cottier, Jonathan H. Cohen, Jørgen Berge, Geir Johnsen, Marion Maturilli, Piotr Kowalczuk, Sławomir Sagan, Justyna Meler, and Mats A. Granskog Part III. Pelagic production, phytoplankton and zooplankton 6 Phytoplankton seasonal dynamics in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard and the adjacent shelf / Else N. Hegseth, Philipp Assmy, Józef M. Wiktor, Józef Wiktor Jr., Svein Kristiansen, Eva Leu, Vigdis Tverberg, Tove M. Gabrielsen, Ragnheid Skogseth, and Finlo Cottier 7 Zooplankton in Kongsfjorden (1996-2016) in relation to climate change / Haakon Hop, Anette Wold, Mikko Vihtakari, Malin Daase, Slawomir Kwasniewski, Marta Gluchowska, Silke Lischka, Friedrich Buchholz and Stig Falk-Petersen Part IV. Benthic microbes, macroalgae and fauna 8 Living on cold substrata : new insights and approaches in the study of microphytobenthos ecophysiology and ecology in Kongsfjorden / Ulf Karsten, Iris Schaub, Jana Woelfel, Duygu S. Sevilgen, Carolin Schlie, Burkhard Becker, Angela Wulff, Martin Graeve, and Heiko Wagner 9 Biodiversity of benthic macro- and microalgae from Svalbard with special focus on Kongsfjorden / Stein Fredriksen, Ulf Karsten, Inka Bartsch, Jana Woelfel, Miriam Koblowsky, Rhena Schumann, Siri Røang Moy, Robert S. Steneck, Józef M. Wiktor, Haakon Hop, and Christian Wiencke 10. Kelps and environmental changes in Kongsfjorden : Stress perception and responses / Kai Bischof, Christian Buschbaum, Stein Frederiksen, Francisco J. L. Gordillo, Sandra Heinrich, Carlos Jiménez, Cornelius Lütz, Markus Molis, Michael Y. Roleda, Max Schwanitz, and Christian Wiencke 11. Ecological drivers of and responses by Arctic benthic communities, with an emphasis on Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Markus Molis, Frank Beuchel, Jürgen Laudien, Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk, and Christian Buschbaum Part V. Arctic fjord ecosystem model and autonomous marine observatories. 12. Outline of an Arctic fjord ecosystem model for Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden, Svalbard / Pedro Duarte, Jan Marcin Weslawski, and Haakon Hop 13. Autonomous marine observatories in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Haakon Hop, Finlo Cottier, and Jørgen Berge Part VI. Kongsfjorden as harbinger of the future Arctic 14. Kongsfjorden as harbinger of the future Arctic : knowns, unknowns and research priorities / Kai Bischof, Peter Convey, Pedro Duarte, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Maria Granberg, Haakon Hop, Clara Hoppe, Carlos Jiménez, Leonid Lisitsyn, Brezo Martinez, Michael Y. Roleda, Peter Thor, Józef M. Wiktor, and Geir Wing Gabrielsen

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Chapter One: From the New Deal to Trump America ; Chapter Two: Forgotten Men ; Chapter Three: The Coalminer's Granddaughter ; Chapter Four: In Search of Redemption ; Chapter Five: Something We Never Had ; Chapter Six: Democracy Denied? ; Conclusion

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents: Introduction Partha Dasgupta and Peter Raven ; Prologue. Extinction: what it means to us Martin Rees ; 1. Extinction in deep time: lessons from the past? Neil Shubin ; 2. Biodiversity and global change: from creator to victim Timothy Lenton ; 3. The state of the world's biodiversity Stuart Pimm and Peter Raven ; 4. Extinction threats to life in the ocean and opportunities for their amelioration Jenna Sullivan, Vanessa Constant and Jane Lubchenco ; 5. Out of the soil: soil (dark matter biodiversity) and societal 'collapses' from Mesoamerica to the Mesopotamia and beyond Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach and Nicholas Dunning ; 6. The Green Revolution and crop biodiversity Prabhu Pingali ; 7. Population: the current state and future prospects John Bongaarts ; 8. Game over? Drivers of biological extinction in Africa Calestous Juma ; 9. Why we're in the sixth great extinction and what it means to humanity Partha Dasgupta and Paul Ehrlich ; 10. The consequences of biodiversity loss for human well-being Charles Perrings and Ann Kinzig ; 11. Terra incognita: in search of the disconnect Mathis Wackernagel ; 12. How do we stem biodiversity loss? Gretchen Daily and Stephen Polasky ; 13. Can smart villages help to stem biodiversity loss? Brian Heap, John Holmes and Bernie Jones ; 14. The new design condition: planetary urbanism + resource scarcity + climate change John Hoal.

Note: Contents: 1 Trajectories: or common patterns of growth ; 2 Nature: or growth of living matter ; 3 Energies: or growth of primary and secondary converters ; 4 Artifacts: or growth of man-made objects an their performances ; 5 Populations, Societies, Economies: or growth of the most complex assemblies ; 6 What comes after growth: or demise and continuity ; Coda

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2020 , CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1.1 Context: A rapidly changing Arctic 1.1.1 Documentation of recent changes in the Arctic 1.1.2 Research relevance 1.1.3 Objective: Svalbard as a hotspot for climate change 1.2 Physical Background 1.2.1 Radiation and surface energy balance 1.2.2 Peculiarities of the Arctic climate system 1.2.3 Role of atmospheric circulation 1.3 The regional setup on Svalbard 2 data and methods 2.1 Data description 2.1.1 Era-Interim atmospheric reanalysis 2.1.2 Svalbard Station Meteorology 2.1.3 Sea Ice Extent 2.1.4 Ocean data products 2.1.5 FLEXTRA Trajectories 2.2 Statistical Methods 2.2.1 Trend estimation 2.2.2 Correlation 2.2.3 Coefficient of Determination 3 state of surface climate parameters: pan-svalbard differences 3.1 Motivation 3.2 Surface air temperature 3.2.1 Annual cycle 3.2.2 Annual temperature range 3.2.3 Long-term trends 3.3 Fjord Sea Ice coverage 3.3.1 Climatology 3.3.2 Sea ice cover trends 3.3.3 Regional classification across Svalbard 3.3.4 Drivers of regional differences 3.4 Discussion and Conclusion 3.5 Current state of climate projections for the Svalbard region 4 Air mass back trajectories 4.1 Methodology 4.2 Winter 4.2.1 Source Regions of Ny-Ålesund Air 4.2.2 Circulation changes 4.2.3 Quantification of Advective Warming 4.3 Summer 4.3.1 Source Regions of Ny-Ålesund Air 4.3.2 Circulation changes 4.3.3 Quantification of advective cooling 4.3.4 Observational Case Study: May/June 2017 4.4 Discussion and Conclusion 5 Changing drivers of the arctic near surface temperature budget 5.1 Winter 5.2 Summer 5.3 Summary 6 Summary and conclusion A Details on calculations A.1 SLP composite Index A.2 Derivation of coefficient of determination A.3 Temperature effect of changing source regions over time B Supplementary figures Bibliography