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  • Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
  • English  (542)
  • Finnish
  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: M 92.1110
    In: Developments in water science
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: X, 333 S.
    ISBN: 0444425829
    Series Statement: Developments in water science 25
    Classification:
    Applied Geology
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: M 92.1181
    In: Studies in environmental science
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: X, 137 S.
    ISBN: 0444881638
    Series Statement: Studies in environmental science
    Classification:
    Geochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Call number: 15/M 00.0512
    In: Developments in geotechnical engineering
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXI, 570 S.
    ISBN: 0444896848
    Series Statement: Developments in geotechnical engineering 71
    Classification:
    Petrophysics
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 9/M 92.1189 ; M 92.0898
    In: Developments in geotectonics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XV, 485 S.
    ISBN: 0444882944
    Series Statement: Developments in geotectonics 23
    Classification:
    Geophysical Deep Sounding
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Call number: M 01.0275 ; M 02.0279 ; PIK N 454-99-0015 ; AWI G6-01-0087
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xxix, 872 S.
    Edition: 1. ed., 2nd impr.
    ISBN: 044450155X
    Classification:
    Geochemistry
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
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  • 6
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Call number: M 92.0300
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IX, 228 S. : Abb.
    ISBN: 0444886001
    Classification:
    Petrology, Petrography
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 19/M 96.0292/4
    In: Handbook of numerical analysis
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: ix, 974 S.
    ISBN: 0444817948
    Classification:
    C.3.6.
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: G 5460 ; 5213
    In: Developments in solid earth geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 308 S. : graph. Darst., Kt
    Series Statement: Developments in solid earth geophysics 2
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: G 5724
    In: Methods in geochemistry and geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 426 S. : Ill., graph. Darst
    ISBN: 0444408266
    Series Statement: Methods in geochemistry and geophysics 5
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 12/MOP 38868/10
    In: World survey of climatology
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XV, 604 S.
    ISBN: 0444408932
    Series Statement: World survey of climatology 10
    Language: English
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  • 11
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Call number: G 6158
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 551 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    ISBN: 0444408495
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: O 7177
    In: Developments in solid earth geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 283 S.
    ISBN: 0444987770
    Series Statement: Developments in solid earth geophysics 19
    Uniform Title: Obratna gravimetrichna zadacha v geoprouchvaneto i geodeziiata
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: M 91.1403 ; 9/G 9162
    In: Developments in geotectonics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: VIII, 247 S.
    ISBN: 044440970X
    Series Statement: Development in geotectonics 3
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 11/M 92.1059 ; 92.0474
    In: Developments in petrology
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXIII, 625 S.
    ISBN: 0444891455
    Series Statement: Developments in petrology 13
    Classification:
    Petrology, Petrography
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Call number: M 92.1174
    In: Studies in environmental science
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXIV, 439 S.
    ISBN: 0444889833
    Series Statement: (Studies in environmental science 43) (Technical report/NAGRA 88-01)
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: M 92.1172 ; PIK N 531-93-0148
    In: Ecosystems of the world
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIII, 643 S. : Abb.
    ISBN: 0444420592
    Series Statement: Ecosystems of the world
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
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  • 17
    Call number: 14970 ; 5/M 92.1105
    In: Advances in exploration geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XV, 468 S.
    ISBN: 0444884726
    Series Statement: Advances in exploration geophysics 2
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 18
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 9/M 96.0312 ; M 92.1173
    In: Developments in palaeontology and stratigraphy
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xi, 456 S.
    ISBN: 0444873090
    Series Statement: Developments in palaeontology and stratigraphy 12
    Uniform Title: Paleoklimaty pozdnego kajnozoja
    Classification:
    Historical Geology
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: M 92.1113
    In: Methods in geochemistry and geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xvii, 667 S.
    ISBN: 0444429484
    Series Statement: Methods in geochemistry and geophysics 25
    Classification:
    Geophysical Exploration, Geophysical Prospecting
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 9/M 426/7
    In: Developments in palaeontology and stratigraphy
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XVI,431 S.
    ISBN: 0444423923
    Series Statement: Developments in palaeontology and stratigraphy 7
    Language: English
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  • 21
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 15/M 92.0143
    In: Developments in geotechnical engineering
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVIII, 364 S.
    ISBN: 044488906X
    Series Statement: Developments in geotechnical engineering 64
    Classification:
    Seismology
    Language: English
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  • 22
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    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Call number: G 5475
    Pages: XV, 377 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Language: English
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  • 23
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: O 3451 ; G 5608 ; 5293
    In: Developments in solid earth geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IX, 124 S. : graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Developments in solid earth geophysics 1
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 24
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 11/M 92.0434
    In: Developments in petroleum science
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIII, 338 S. : Ill.
    ISBN: 0444889132
    Series Statement: Developments in petroleum science 33
    Classification:
    Petrophysics
    Language: English
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  • 25
    Call number: 9/M 01.0574
    In: Developments in sedimentology
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 460 S. + 1 CD-ROM
    ISBN: 0444508503
    Series Statement: Developments in sedimentology 55
    Classification:
    Deposits
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 10/M 92.0471
    In: Developments in geochemistry
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XII, 510 S.
    ISBN: 0444421483
    Series Statement: Developments in geochemistry 2
    Classification:
    Geochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 27
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: O 6117
    In: Methods in geochemistry and geophysics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVII, 408 S. : graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 0444421890
    Series Statement: Methods in geochemistry and geophysics 19
    Uniform Title: Interpretacija anomalij peremennogo elektromagnitnogo polia
    Language: English
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  • 28
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 12/N 01.0457 ; AWI A3-96-0293
    In: World survey of climatology
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XXV, 608 S.
    ISBN: 0444893229
    Series Statement: World survey of climatology 16
    Classification:
    Meteorology and Climatology
    Language: English
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  • 29
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 19/G 5789/1 ; 11916/2 ; 11916/1
    In: Developments in geomathematics
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVI, 596 S. : graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 0444410910
    Series Statement: Developments in geomathematics 1
    Language: English
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  • 30
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 9/M 93.0772 ; M 93.0465
    In: Developments in precambrian geology
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIII, 537 S.
    ISBN: 0444887822
    Series Statement: Developments in precambrian geology 10
    Classification:
    Lithosphere
    Language: English
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  • 31
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 12/MOP 38868 ; MOP 38868/7 ; MOP 38868/7(2. Ex.)
    In: World survey of climatology, Vol. 7
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 443 S.
    ISBN: 0444415165
    Series Statement: World survey of climatology 7
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Acknowledgements. - 1. Introduction. - Soviet climatological thought. - Content and organization of this volume. - References and further reading. - 2. General analysis of climatic controls. - Atmospheric circulation over the U.S.S.R. - Fronts, cyclones, and anticyclones. - Winter. - Summer. - Air masses and regionalization. - References and further reading. - 3. European U.S.S.R. and Western Siberia. - Definition of the region. - Circulation features. - Cyclogenesis and cyclone tracks. - Synoptic situations and associated air masses. - Air flows. - Air masses. - Moisture flux. - Subregions. - The south. - Nature of the region, Air masses, Cloudiness and precipitation, Wind, Weather types. - The central region. - Carpathians, Weather types. - The European northwest. - The European northeast. - The Urals. - Western Siberia. - The tundra zone, The forest zone, The steppe zone. - References and further reading. - 4. Eastern Siberia. - Definition of the region. - Pressure systems and weather. - Winter. - Spring. - Summer. - Autumn. - Regional description. - References and further reading. - 5. Far East. - Introduction. - Atmospheric circulation and precipitation processes. - Climatic regions. - The southwestern region. - The northeastern region. - References and further reading. - 6. Central Asia. - Definition of the region. - General atmospheric flow and synoptic processes. - Cyclonic storms. - Local winds. - Moisture conditions. - Precipitation regime. - Snow and ice. - Thunderstorms and hail. - Clouds and fog. - Thermal conditions. - References and further reading. - 7. The Caucasus. - Topography. - Atmospheric circulation. - Local circulations and associated weather. - Precipitation. - Sunshine, clouds, and precipitation frequencies. - Fog, snow, glaze, and thunderstorms. - Radiation and temperature. - Climatic regions of the Caucasus. - Northern Caucasus. - The high mountain zone of the Great Caucasus. - Western Transcaucasus. - Eastern Transcaucasus. - The Talysh region. - The Armenian Plateau and the Lesser Caucasus. - References and further reading. - 8. The thermal factor. - Radiation components. - Global radiation. - Direct and scattered radiation. - Reflectivity, absorption, and terrestrial radiation. - Heat balance at the earth's surface. - Radiation balance. - Heat expended on evaporation. - Turbulent heat exchange. - Heat advection. - Latent heat. - Sensible heat. - Temperature. - Temperature means. - Temperature anomalies. - Temperature variations. - Critical temperatures. - References and further reading. - 9. The moisture factor. - Atmospheric moisture content and moisture flux. - Moisture content and moisture flux over European U.S.S.R. - Humidity. - Clouds and fog. - Fog. - Precipitation. - Frequency, intensity, and duration. - Variability. - Precipitation type. - Thunderstorms and hail, Snow, Glaze and rime. - Water losses. - Evaporation. - Stream runoff. - Moisture balance, drought, and sukhovey. - References and further reading. - 10. Wind. - References and further reading. - 11. Climate distribution. - Classification schemes. - The Grigor'yev-Budyko scheme. - Moisture distribution. - Thermal distribution. - Climatic regions. - References and further reading. - Appendix - climatic tables. - Reference Index. - Geographical index. - Subject index.
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  • 32
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Call number: 9/M 16.90207
    Description / Table of Contents: "The geochemistry and chemistry of sulfur, iron and iron sulfides in sedimentary systems is reviewed. Sulfur microbiology is described and the microbial ecology of sulfidic sediments is discussed. Sulfur and iron stable isotope biochemistry is addressed against the background of recent advances in this field with respect to sedimentary and microbial systems. Environmental aspects of the present sedimentary sulfur cycle are considered with special references to the development of euxinia and global anoxic events. The biogeochemistry of ancient sulphur-rich sediments is considered and the evolution of the sedimentary sulfur system is discussed against the background of the evolution of the Earth surface environment. The evolution of the sulfur biome and its impact of the early development of life on Earth are discussed."--Cover
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IX, 801 Seiten , Ill., graph. Darst. , 24 cm
    ISBN: 9780444529893
    Series Statement: Developments in sedimentology 65
    Classification:
    Sedimentology
    Language: English
    Note: Introduction -- Sulfur chemistry in aqueous solutions -- Sedimentary iron biogeochemistry -- Aqueous metal-sulfide chemistry: complexes, clusters and nanoparticles -- Metastable sedimentary iron sulfides -- Sedimentary pyrite -- Metal sequestration by sedimentary iron sulfides -- Microbial sulfate reduction in sediments -- Microbial sulfide oxidation in sediments -- Microbial ecology of sulfidic sediments -- Sedimentary sulfur isotope biogeochemistry -- Iron isotope fractionation in sedimentary sulfides -- Euxinic systems -- Sedimentary sulfides -- The geochemistry of sulfidic sedimentary rocks -- Fossil bacteria: evidence for the evolution of the sulfur biome -- The evolution of the sedimentary sulfur cycle..
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  • 33
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/27
    In: CRREL Report, 82-27
    Description / Table of Contents: Recommendations for economical thicknesses for building insulation result from a study of fuel and construction costs of 12 military installations in Alaska. A comparison between the insulation thickness that a building owner might choose today and what he might choose in 20 years indicates a trend for much thicker insulation in the future. An analysis of how much more expensive a building built today with the thickness that would be appropriate 20 years hence indicates only a small penalty in life-cycle costs for the additional insulation. Therefore, a minimum of R-32 walls and R-62 attics is recommended for most of Alaska.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-27
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Summary Introduction Determining economic thicknesses for insulation Background Analysis method for new construction Analysis method for reinsulating existing construction Sensitivity and longevity of the results Sensitivity Longevity Recommendations Saving money vs. saving energy Energy economics conservation Building energy performance standards Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Heating system costs Appendix B: Present worth factors Appendix C: Base case and incremental thermal properties Appendix D: LCC comparison graphs for wall and roof systems Appendix E: Cost penalties for energy conservatism Appendix F: Graphic aid for figuring energy savings thermal improvements
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  • 34
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/29
    In: CRREL Report, 82-29
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice grains in a snow cover with a low temperature gradient assume a well-rounded equilibrium form. However, at temperature gradients of 0.1 to 0.2 C/cm (depending somewhat on temperature and snow density), the rounded grains recrystallize into a faceted kinetic growth form. The large temperature gradient must play a decisive role in moving the vapor fast enough to sustain the rapid growth rate associated with the kinetic growth form. Once the large temperature gradient is removed, the grains recrystallize back to the equilibrium form. the recrystallization occurs in either direction without a change in bulk density. The growth of faceted crystals begins at the warmer base of the snow cover where the excess vapor pressure is largest. A transition between the overlying rounded grains moves upward in time. Faceted crystals also grow just below crusts of reduced permeability, where the increased vapor accumulation can sustain the excess vapor pressure neded for kinetic growth. The heat and vapor flows are described using a model based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The temperature distribution is shown to be quasi-linear at steady state in homogeneous snow. The recrystallization of the snow is modeled using the rounded grains as sources and the faceted grains as sinks. In the future this model should be extended to account for different temperatures among the sources and sinks.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-29
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Vapor flow Temperature profile Crystal growth rates Equilibirum versus kinetic growth forms of snow crystals Discussion Summary Literature cited
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  • 35
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-82/34
    In: CRREL Report, 82-34
    Description / Table of Contents: The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data taken at the St. Marys ICS. The dynamic loading conditions were independent of vessel direction. The dynamic loading to the structure using 3 types of ice (plastic, natural and urea-doped) showed a considerable difference in their means and standard deviations. The urea-doped ice was evaluated for dynamic loading conditions, and reasonable peak values of 3 to 5 times the mean load at each measuring position were recorded, independent of vessel direction. It appears that synthetic random ice floes may be used in model studies where ice discharge through an opening in a structure needs to be documented. This study shows the synthetic random ice floe discharge to fall reasonably within the values obtained for natural ice discharge for both rafted and non-rafted ice fields above the ICS. However, the question of whether synthetic ice can be used for analyzing force distributions and dynamic force loading criteria cannot be fully answered at this time because the load distributions of the synthetic and natural floes appear to differ.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-34
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge
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  • 36
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/7
    In: CRREL Report, 86-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Nitrogen control in the form of ammonia removal or conversion is required, or will be required, for a significant number of military wastewater treatment systems. This reportpresents a summary of engineering criteria for those processes in most common use at military facilities in the cold regions. These processes include: trickling filters, treatmentponds, rotating biological contactors (RBC) and activated sludge. A design example is presented for each case. All four processes can achieve significant levels of ammonia removalor conversion. If ammonia discharge limits are 0.5 mg/L or less it may be necessary to use the activated sludge process. Trickling filters or RBC units are recommended for higher(〉 1 mgIL) discharge limits. Pond systems are suitable for seasonal ammonia removal incold climates.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-7
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and theory Trickling filters Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Pond systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Rotating biological contactors Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Activated sludge systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Comparison of alternatives Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 37
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/8
    In: CRREL Report, 86-8
    Description / Table of Contents: In this work, numerical computations of heat transfer for freezing a shaft wall have been conducted. Both fixed mesh and deforming mesh finite-element methods are used. In the fixed mesh method, latent heat effects are accounted for through a δ function in the apparent heat capacity. In the deforming mesh method, an automatic mesh-generation technique with transfinite mappings is used, and in this method two different approaches are taken to evaluate the movement of the interface. The freeze-pipes are considered as point sources with irregular distribution. The advancement of the inner and outer boundaries of the frozen wall is found to be in agreement with the previously computed results
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 31 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Basic finite-element formulas Description of problem Finite-element equation-fixed mesh Finite-element equation-deforming mesh Transfinite mapping technique Computations and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A : Point heat sources Appendix B: Evaluation of the integral including latent heat (fixed mesh) Appendix C: Specification of [K] -deforming mesh Appendix D: Specifying δΤ/δn and the direction of mj for method I Appendix E: Procedures of method 2 Appendix F: Explanation of programs
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  • 38
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/19
    In: CRREL Report, 83-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Small-scale laboratory experiments were conducted on model bridge piers in the CRREL test basin. The experiments were performed by pushing model ice sheets against structures and monitoring the ice forces during the ice/structure interaction. The parameters, varied during the test program, were the geometry of the bridge piers and the velocity, thickness, and flexural strength of the ice. The results are presented in the form of ice forces on sloping and vertical structures with different geometries. During ice action on sloping structures, a phenomenon of transition of failure mode from bending to crushing was observed as the ice velocity was steadily increased.
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    Pages: 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Results Ice forces on inclined structures Transition of ice action due to velocity increase Aspect ratio Bridge pier nose geometry Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 39
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/18
    In: CRREL Report, 83-18
    Description / Table of Contents: An evaluation of an impulse radar system for detecting cavities under concrete pavement is discussed, and field results are presented. It was found that a dual antenna mode of surveying was ideal for void detection. In this mode one antenna operated in a transceive mode and a second, offset from the first, operated in a receive-only mode. This arrangement allowed a refraction-type profile survey to be performed, which enabled subpavement voids to be easily detected. Field trails were held at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, where 28 cavities were detected and mapped. Drilling of holes verified that a cavity existed and allowed cavity depth to be measured. The cavities varied from 1.5 in. to 23 in, depth and were up to 20 ft. long.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Plattsburgh Air Force Base Radar sounding system Survey procedure Cavity inspection Radar cavity detection test Radar profile results Falling-weight deflectometer tests Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 40
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/21
    In: CRREL Report, 83-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The probability density function of the gouge depths into the sediment is represented by a simple negative exponential over four decades of gouge frequency. The exceedance probability function is, therefore, e to the -lambda d, where d is the gouge depth in meters and lambda is a constant. The value of lambda shows a general decrease with increasing water depth, from 9/m in shallow water to less than 3/m in water 30 to 35 m deep. The deepest gouge observed was 3.6 m, from a sample of 20,354 gouges that have depths greater than or equal to 0.2 m. The dominant gouge orientations are usually unimodal and reasonably clustered, with the most frequent alignments roughly parallel to the general trend to the coastline. The value of N(bar) sub 1, the mean number of gouges (deeper than 0.2 m) per kilometer measured normal to the trend of the gouges, varies from 0.2 for protected lagoons to 80 in water between 20 and 38 m deep in unprotected offshore regions. The distribution of the spacings between gouges as measured along a sampling track is a negative exponential. The form of the frequency distribution of N sub 1 varies with water depth and is exponential for lagoons and shallow offshore areas, previously skewed for 10 to 20 m depths off the barrier islands, and near-normal for deeper water. As a Poisson distribution gives a reasonable fit to the N sub 1 distributions for all water depths, it is suggested that gouging can be taken as approximating a Poisson process in both space and time. The distributions of the largest values per kilometer of gouge depths, gouge widths, and the heights of the lateral embankment of sediments plowed from the gouges are also investigated.
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    Pages: 40 Seiten , Illustrationen, 1 Karte
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-21
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea
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  • 41
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/13
    In: CRREL Report, 83-13
    Description / Table of Contents: A review on past experimental and theoretical work indicates a need for additional experimentation to characterize the response of snow to inelastic pressure waves. Pressure data from previously conducted explosion tests are analyzed to estimate the elastic limit of snow of 400 -kg/cu m density to be about 36 kPa. This pressure corresponds to a scaled distance of 1.6 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired beneath the surface of the snow, and to a scaled distance of 1.2 m/cu.rt.kg for charges fired in the air. The effects of a snow cover on the method of clearing a minefield by using an explosive charge fired in the air above the snow surface are also discussed and recommendations are given for further work in this area. Explosive pressure data are used to estimate the maximum effective scaled radius for detonating buried mines at shallow depth to be 0.8 m/cu.rt.kg. Fuel-air explosive will increase this effective radius significantly because of the increase in the size of the source region.
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    Pages: 33 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-13
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)
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  • 42
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/12
    In: CRREL Report, 83-12
    Description / Table of Contents: This paper documents the development and verification of two finite difference models that solve the general two-dimensional form of the heat conduction equation, using the alternative-direction implicit method. Both can handle convective, constant flux, specified temperature and semi-infinite boundaries. The conducting medium may be composed of many materials. The first program, ADI, solves for the case where no change of state occurs. ADIPC solves for case where a freeze/thaw change of phase may occur, using the apparent heat capacity method. Both models are verified by comparison to analytical results.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 74 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output
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  • 43
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/14
    In: CRREL Report, 83-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of ice fracture that incorporates dislocation mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics is discussed. The derived relationships predict a brittle to ductile transition in polycrystalline ice under tension with a Hall-Petch type dependence of brittle fracture strength on grain size. A uniaxial tensile testing technique, including specimen preparation and loading system design was developed and employed to verify the model. The tensile strength of ice in purely brittle fracture was found to vary with the square root of the reciprocal of grain size, supporting the relationship that the theory suggests. The inherent strength of the ice lattice and the Hall-Petch slope are evaluated and findings discussed in relation to previous results. Monitoring of acoustic emissions was incorporated in the tests, providing insights into the process of microfracture during ice deformation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration
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  • 44
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    Call number: ZSP-201-82/41
    In: CRREL Report, 82-41
    Description / Table of Contents: Many of the important factors influencing the choice of appropriate aquifer test procedures are presented. The concepts of bias, accuracy and spatial variabil­ity are explained. The definitions of a number of aquifer parameters are devel­oped from basic principles demonstrating the underlying assumptions and limita­tions. The parameters considered are: piezometric head, hydraulic conductiv­ity/intrinsic permeability, flow direction, specific discharge magnitude, transmissivity, volumetric flow rate, total porosity, effective porosity, aver­age linear velocity, storage coefficient, specific yield, dispersion coefficient-aquifer dispersivity. For each parameter several techniques are described, evaluated and ranked in terms of perceived potential accuracy, simplicity and value to contaminant transport studies. It must be stressed, however, that the evaluations are based principally upon theoretical grounds, and not upon actual conduct of the described procedures.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 111 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 82-41
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 45
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/16
    In: CRREL Report, 83-16
    Description / Table of Contents: The presence of snow on the ground can impose limitations on the mobility of wheeled and tracked vehicles. Snow depth and density are the two most easily measured snow properties that can be related to mobility over snow. Existing models of snowpack accumulation and ablation processes and models of internal snowpack structure were examined to determine if a model of the snowpack can be developed for use in predicting the snow parameters that affect mobility. Simple models, such as temperature index models, do not provide sufficient snowpack details, and the more detailed models require too many measured inputs. Components of the various models were selected from a basis of a snowpack model for predicting snow properties related to mobility over snow. Methods of obtaining the input data from some components are suggested, and areas where more development is needed are described.
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    Pages: 34 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 46
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/11
    In: CRREL Report, 83-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of ground radar performance over thawed and seasonally frozen silts, and sands and gravels containing artificial and natural reflectors were carried out in Alaska. The radar emitted 5-10 ns pulses, the center frequency of which was approximately 150 MHz. The artificial reflectors were metal sheets and discs and the natural reflectors were the groundwater table and interfaces between frozen and thawed material. The water table was profiled at three sites where the subsurface material was coarse-grained alluvium. Dielectric constants of 16 to 18 were measured for the thawed silts, 6 to 7 for the frozen silts and 3 to 9 for the sands and gravels. Signal penetration in the thawed high moisture content silts may be achieved only by use of a lower frequency radar, whereas in the sands and gravels greater depths may be detected with more sophisticated signal processing.
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    Pages: 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-11
    Language: English
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  • 47
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/22
    In: CRREL Report, 83-22
    Description / Table of Contents: A new experimental method for measuring the soil-water diffusivity of frozen soil under isothermal conditions is introduced. The theoretical justification of the method is presented and the feasibility of the method is demonstrated by experiments conducted using marine-deposited clay. The measured values of the soil-water diffusivity are found comparable to reported experimental data.
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    Pages: 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-22
    Language: English
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  • 48
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/25
    In: CRREL Report, 83-25
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice action on two cylindrical and conical structures, located side by side, was investigated in a small-scale experimental study to determine the interference on the ice forces generated during ice-structure interaction. The proximity of the two structures changes the mode of ice failure, the magnitude and direction of ice forces on the individual structure, and the dominant frequency of ice force variations. Interference effects were determined by comparing the experimental results of tests at different structure spacings.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 42 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-25
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Results and discussion Cylindrical structures Conical structures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Relationship between flexural strength and in-situ unconfined compressive strength Appendix B: Test data
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  • 49
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/17
    In: CRREL Report, 83-17
    Description / Table of Contents: A sea ice model was applied to the East Greenland Sea to examine a 60-day ice advance period beginning 1 October 1979. This investigation compares model results using driving geostrophic wind fields derived from three sources. Winds calculated from sea-level pressures obtained from the National Weather Service's operational analysis system resulted in strong velocities concentrated in a narrow band adjacent to the Greenland coast, with moderate velocities elsewhere. The model showed excessive ice transport and thickness build-ups in the coastal region. The extreme pressure gradient parallel to the coast resulted partially from a pressure reduction procedure that was applied to the terrain-following sigma coordinate system to obtain sea-level pressures. Additional sea-level pressure fields were obtained from an independent optimal interpolation analysis that merged FGGE buoys drifting in the Arctic basin with high latitude land stations and from manual digitization of the NWS hand-analyzed Northern Hemisphere Surface Charts. Modeling results using winds from both of these fields agreed favorably.
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    Pages: 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Description of study Model results The problem Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 50
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/18
    In: CRREL Report, 84-18
    Description / Table of Contents: This report investigates the influences of turbulence and water temperature on frazil ice formation. The rate and thequantity of frazil ice formed in a specified volume of supercooled water increase with both increasing turbulence inten-sitv and decreasing water temperature. The influence of turbulence intensity on the rate of frazil ice formation, how-ever. is more pronounced for larger initial supercooling. The turbulence characteristics of a flow affect the rate offrazil ice formation by governing the temperature to which the flow can be supercooled, by influencing heat transferfrom the frazil ice to surrounding water, and by promoting collision nucleation, particle and floc rupture and increasingthe number of nucleation sites. larger frazil ice particles formed in water supercooled to lower temperatures. The par-ticles usually were disks, with diameters several orders greater than their thickness. Particle size generally decreased with increasing turbulence intensity. This report develops an analytical model, in which the rate of frazil ice formation isrelated to temperature rise of a turbulent volume of water from the release of latent heat of fusion of liquid water toice. Experiments conducted in a turbulence jar with a heated, vertically oscillating grid served both to guide and tocalibrate thanalytical'model as well as to afford insights into frazil ice formation. The formation of frazil ice wasstudied for Vemperatures of supercooled water ranging from -0.9° to -0.050°C.
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    Pages: vi, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Scope of study Literature review Introduction Incipient formation of frazil ice Particle size and evolution of frazil ice Influences of turbulence and water temperature on the rate of frazil ice formation Conclusions Analytical model Introduction Elements of heat transfer Elements of turbulence Experimentation Experimental apparatus Experimental procedure Results Introduction Nucleation of frazil ice Influences of turbulence on frazil ice formation Water temperature Influences of water temperature and turbulence on the concentration of frazil ice Frazil ice particle shape and size Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Preliminary frazil ice experiments Flume experiments Couette-flow Appendix B: Listing of computer program for calculation of frazil ice formation Appendix C: Water temperature rise attributable to frazil ice formation as computed usingthe analytical model .
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  • 51
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/15
    In: CRREL Report, 84-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurements of meltwater pH from annual layers of South Pole firn and ice samples ranging in age from 40 to 2000 years B.P. show that precipitation at this remote site has a higher natural acidity than that expected from atmospheric equilibrium with CO2. The average pH of deaerated (CO2-free) samples was 5.64 + or - 0.08, while air-equilibrated samples averaged 5.37 + or - 0.008, a pH that is about a factor of two more acidic than the expected background pH of 5.65. The observed 'excess' acidity can be accounted for by natural SO4(2)- and NO(3)- levels in the samples probably originating from non-anthropogenic H2SO4 and HNO3. Because of the presence of these naturally occurring acids in South Pole precipitation, a pH of 5.4 is considered a more representative baseline reference pH for acid precipitation studies.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-15
    Language: English
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  • 52
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/12
    In: CRREL Report, 84-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Icing on stationary structures such as oil rigs is becoming an increasingly serious problem as offshore drilling operations in the subpolar regions become more common. Little information exists on this subject. Extensive observations have been made of icing on the upper structures of moving ships, but the complexity of this problem makes analysis of the results very difficult. Even the generation of water drops in this case involves many factors, such as windspeed, wave direction relative to the bearing of the ship, and size and free-board of the ship. On stationary structures, however, the problem is much simpler, since the major factor in drop generation is whitecaps produced by wind, and no motion of the structure is involved. In the present study, a theoretical calculation was made by combining the data available on the generation of drops by wind with data on the proportion of ice frozen from the collected water. The rate of ice accumulation on stationary structures was calculated using published data. The results were compared with icing measured on board ships. Although the general trend of this calculation indicated parallelism with the onboard measurements, the measured ice accumulation rate on ships needed a 5 to 8 m/s higher windspeed to correspond with the calculated rate for stationary structures.
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    Pages: ii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-12
    Language: English
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  • 53
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/11
    In: CRREL Report, 84-11
    Description / Table of Contents: Data obtained from two sets of data buoys either air-dropped or deployed by ship onto the Weddell Sea pack ice during the period from Dec 1978 to Nov 1980 are presented. The buoy data include position, pressure and temperature information and to date represent the most complete combined weather and pack ice drift records for the ice-covered Southern Ocean regions. The buoys tended to drift north initially and then to turn east generally between latitudes 62°S and 64°S. Buoy 1433 turned east farther south at approximately 67°S but at about the same time as buoy 0527, implying that the westerly wind belt was farther south than usual in 1979. The range of air pressures-from about 950 mb to about 1020 mb is typical of the circumpolar low pressure trough in the Southern Hemisphere. All buoys were equipped with an internal or compartment temperature sensor. The 1980 buoys also contained an external air temperature sensor in a ventilated, shielded can at 1-m height. Although differences of 10°C or more between recorded air and compartment temperatures are common, the correlation between the two measured temperatures is generally very good. The compartment temperatures are higher probably because the buoy is radiationally heated. We found that subtracting 3°C from the average daily compartment temperature yielded a good estimate of the average air temperature for any given day. This technique can be used to construct average daily air temperature records for the 1979 buoys which only contained the internal or compartment temperature sensor.
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    Pages: v, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods and instrumentation Results Drift tracks Pressure data Temperature data Discussion Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 54
    Call number: ZSP-201-84/9
    In: CRREL Report, 84-9
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the first phase of a test program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In Phase I, 222 constant-strain-rate uni-axial compression tests were performed on ice samples from ten multi-year pressure ridges to examine the magnitude and variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges. A limited number of constant-strain-rate compression and tension tests, constant-load compression tests, and conventional triaxial tests were also performed on ice samples from a multi-year floe to provide preliminary data for developing ice yield criteria and constitutive laws for multi-year sea ice. Data are presented on the strength, failure strain, and modulus of multi-year sea ice under different loading conditions. The statistical variation of ice strength within and between pressure ridges is examined, as well as the effects of ice temperature, porosity, structure, strain rate and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice.
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    Pages: v, 107 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Field Sampling Site selection and description Ice sampling procedures Shipping and storage of ice samples Testing Techniques Multi-year Pressure Ridge Tests Ice description Sampling scheme and test variables Uniaxial compressive strength Residual compressive strength Failure strains Initial tangent modulus Statistical Variations in Ice Strength Differences in strength above and below level ice Sources of the variation in strength Shape of the strength histograms Multi-year Floe Ice Tests Ice description Uniaxial compressive strength Constant-load compression tests Constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial tests Conclusions Literature Cited Appendix A: Structural profile of a multi-year pressure ridge core Appendix B: Ridge uniaxial compression test data Appendix C: Structural profile of the continuous multi-year floe core Appendix D: Multi-year floe test data
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  • 55
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/3
    In: CRREL Report, 87-3
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the first phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is also considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program
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    Pages: iii, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-3
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Tested multi-year floe ice samples Ice description Uniaxial constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-load compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial constant-strain-rate compression test Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data Appendix B: Multi-year floe sample data
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  • 56
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-83/5
    In: CRREL Report, 83-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of dynamic ice-structure interaction model tests conducted at the CRREL Ice Engineering Facility. A flexible, single-pile, bottom-founded offshore structure was simulated by a test pile with about a one-to-ten scale ratio. Urea (instead of sodium chloride) was used as dopant to scale down the ice properties, resulting in good model ice properties. Six ice fields were frozen and 18 tests carried out. In all cases distinctive dynamic ice structure interaction vibrations appeared, from which abundant data were collected. In tests with linear ice velocity sweep, sawtooth-shaped ice force fluctuations occurred first. With increasing velocity the natural modes of the test pile were excited, and shifts from one mode to another occurred. The maximum ice force values appeared mostly with low loading rates, but high forces appeared random'y at high ice velocities. As a general trend, ice force maximums, averages and standard deviations decreased with increasing ice velocities. The aspect ratio effect of the ice force in continuous crushing follows the same dependence as in static loadings. The frequency of observed ice forces is strongly dominated by the natural modes of the structure. Dynamically unstable natural modes tend to make the developing ice force frequencies the same as the natural frequencies. Otherwise the resulting frequency depends directly on structural stiffness and ice velocity and inversely on the ice force range. During vibrations the displacement rates of the structure overcome the velocity of ice, making low loading rates and hence high ice forces possible. During crushing, ice induces both positive and negative damping.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 53 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 57
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/2
    In: CRREL Report, 86-2
    Description / Table of Contents: The behavior of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams was studied under impact loading at low temperatures, and the results were compared to the behavior of reinforcing steel (rebar) in Charpy-V impact tests. Transition temperatures as low as -30°C were obtained for the rebars in the Charpy-V tests whereas no brittle failures occured in the rebars in the reinforced concrete beams at the temperature as low as -63°C, even in beams whe're the rebars were Intentionally notched. The impact strength of unreinforced concrete increases considerably at lower temperatures, thus reducing cracking of reinforcedconcrete structures and significantly increasing the safety of lightly reinforced structures.
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    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-2
    Language: English
    Note: Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Test specimens Test methods Results Impact strength of beanms Ductility of beams Effect of notched bars Elastic deflection of beams Impact tests on rebars Conclusions and summary Literature cited Appendix A: Beam crack patterns Appendix B: Photomicrographs of failure surfaces of some steels
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  • 58
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/6
    In: CRREL Report, 86-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Short-pulse radar profiles and waveform traces were recorded over natural, freshwater ice sheets and an artificially made, 1.6-m-diameter column of brash ice. The purpose was to study the feasibility of this type of radar to detect ice thickness, determine ice properties and distinguish ice forms. The radar utilized two antennas: one with a spectrum centered near 900 MHz and a second more powerful one near 700 MHz. Distinct top and bottom reflections from several ice sheets were produced by both antennas, but the value of dielectric permittivity calculated from the time of delay of the reflections varied between sheets as one ice sheet was ready to candle and contained free water. The brash ice distorted signals and allowed no discernible bottom return. The lower frequency antenna also gave returns from the lake bottom (separated from the ice bottom by about 1 m of water), which could allow ice thickness to be determined indirectly. The report concludes that these antennas can be used to determine sheet ice thickness and to supply information to help in the detection of brash ice. The water content of an ice sheet may also be estimated if independent studies show a correlation between dielectric permittivity and free water content.
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    Pages: iv, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Sites and site preparation Results and discussion Lake Morey Post Pond Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 59
    Call number: ZSP-201-86/3
    In: CRREL Report, 86-3
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments to study the melting of a horizontal ice sheet with a flow of water above it were conducted in a 35 m long refrigerated flume with a cross section of 1.2x1.2 m. Water depth, temperature, and velocity were varied as well as the temperature and initial surface profile of the ice sheet. The heat transfer regimes were found to consist of forced turbulent flow at high Reynolds numbers with a transition to free convection heat transfer. There was no convincing evidence of a forced laminar regime. The data were correlated for each of the regimes, with the Reynolds number, Re, or the Grashof number combined with the Reynolds number as Gr/Re to the 2.5 power used to characterize the different kinds of heat transfer. For water flowing over a horizontal ice sheet, the melting heat flux, for low flow velocities, was not found to drop below the value for the free convection case-488.5 W/sq m-as long as the water temperature exceeds 3.4 C. This is significant since the free convection melt values far exceed those for laminar forced convection. At the low flow velocities, the melting flux was not dependent upon the fluid temperature until the water temperature dropped below 3.4 C, when q sub c = 135.7 (Delta T). In general, the heat transfer was found to significantly exceed that of non-melting systems for the same regimes. This was attributed to increased free stream turbulence, thermal instability due to the density maximum of water near 4 C, and the turbulent eddies associated with the generation of a wavy ice surface during the melting.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 85 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-3
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Non-melting heat transfer relations for horizontal surfaces Heat transfer for melting horizontal ice sheets Instrument setup, data acquisition and test procedures General Instrumentation Data acquisition Computer software Test procedures Data output from computer Equations used for data analysis Control volume and melting surface Control of variables Error analysis Experimental results and discussion Wave formation Temperature and velocity profiles in open channel flow Correlation of data Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Conversion equations for data acquisition equipment Appendix B: Computer code for data acquisition and analysis Appendix C: Typical test output Appendix D: Thermal properties of water and ice Appendix E: Error analysis Appendix F: Summary of test conditions Appendix G: Experimental data and calculated quantities, with inlet length
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  • 60
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/5
    In: CRREL Report, 86-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This work presents the results of a study to examine the effects of grain size of internal microfractures in polycrystalline ice. Laboratory-prepared specimens were tested under uniaxial, constant-load creep conditions at -5 C. Grain size ranged from 1.5 to 6.0 mm. This range of grain size, under an initial creep stress of 2.0 MPa, led to a significant change in the character of deformation. The finest-grained material displayed no internal cracking and typically experienced strains of 10 to the minus 2nd power at the minimum creep rate epsilon. The coarse-grained material experienced severe cracking and a drop in the strain at epsilon min to approximately 4x10 to the minus 3rd power. Extensive post-test optical analysis allowed estimation of the size distribution and number of microcracks in the tested material. These data led to the development of a relationship between the average crack size and the average grain size. Additionally, the crack size distribution, when normalized to the grain diameter, was very similar for all specimens tested. The results indicate that the average crack size is approximately one-half the average grain diameter over the stated grain size range. A dislocation pileup model is found to adequately predict the onset of internal cracking. The work employed acoustic emission techniques to monitor the fracturing rate occurred. Other topics covered in this report include creep behavior, crack healing, the effect of stress level on fracture size and the orientation of cracked grains. Theoretical aspects of the grain size effect on material behavior are also given.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 79 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Background Present research in perspective Explanations of the grain-size dependency Grain size effects on the ductile to brittle transition Nucleation mechanisms and modeling Characteristic size of nucleated crack Cracking in ice Detection of internal fracturing by acoustic emission techniques Test methods Specimen preparation Creep testing apparatus Crack length and crack density measurements Crack healing measurements Thin section photographs Grain size determination Acquisition of acoustic emission data Presentation of results Specimen characteristics Microcrack measurements Creep behavior Crack healing Slip plane length distribution Acoustic emission observations Grain orientation Analysis and discussion Thick section observations The grain size vs crack size relationship Crack nucleation condition Crack density and specimen strain Creep behavior Normalized crack length Location of cracks Acoustic emission activity Summary and conclusions Suggestions for future work Literature cited Appendix A: Crack length histograms Appendix B: Crystal orientations
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  • 61
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/20
    In: CRREL Report, 87-20
    Description / Table of Contents: The structure and salinity characteristics of saline ice slabs removed from ice sheets grown in an outdoor pool have been studied and related to the complex relative dielectric permittivity measured with free-space transmission techniques at 4.80 and 9.50 GHz. The saline ice closely simulated arctic sea ice in its structural and salinity characteristics, which were regularly monitored in a number of ice sheets grown during the winters of 1983-84 and 1984-85. In-situ transmission measurements at similar frequencies were also made on the ice sheets themselves using antennas located above and beneath the ice. The slab measurements were made during warming from -29° to -2°C on slabs grown during the winter of 1983-84 (4.75 GHz) and during a warming and cooling cycle over a slightly larger temperature range on slabs grown during the winter of 1984-85 (4.80 and 9.50 GHz).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-20
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I - Structural properties Introduction Experimental setup Analytical techniques Results and discussion 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments Conclusions and recommendations Part Il - Microwave properties Introduction Measurement techniques Results 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments 1984-85 in-situ experiments Discussion Comparison of data Analytical modeling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Dielectric mixing model of sea ice
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  • 62
    Call number: ZSP-201-94/12
    In: CRREL Report, 94-12
    Description / Table of Contents: Subsurface radar was used to profile ice and snow conditions on the Ross Ice Shelf at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, during mid-January 1993. Deconvolution and migration were often used to improve vertical resolution and spatial imaging. Profiles at a pulse center frequency of 400 MHz along the 3.2-km-long Pegasus ice runway show many low-density horizons above 9 m depth that are up to 30 m long. They are associated with air bubbles included during refreezing of meltwater and are interpreted as layers between a few and tens of centimeters thick. There is a strong reflecting horizon at about 9 m depth that is probably from brine intrusion as it is continuous with the intrusion into the snow to the east. Diffraction asymptotes give a dielectric constant near 3.2 for material above the brine level, a value that implies near-solid ice. Profiles at 100 MHz along the road between Pegasus runway and Williams Field in the accumulation zone show snow features such as layer deformation and intrusive brine layers that both abruptly and gradually change in depth. A single profile at a relic solid waste dump at Williams Field detected buried debris and ice within the upper 7 m. A survey of a suspected fuel spill shows some local disturbances near the center, but no excavation was done to verify the findings. Profiles traversing the sewage sumps at Williams Field outline the extent of the sewage deposition, and give depths to contaminated snow that closely agree with observation. Despite variability in dielectric properties, single-layer migration effectively improves the resolution of subsurface conditions. Recommendations are made for future surveys.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 94-12
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Radar equipment General operation Antennas Waveforms and phase polarity Antenna directivity Field procedures and data processing Field procedures Data recording Data processing Site location Results Pegasus runway Access road from Williams Field to Pegasus runway Williams Field Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Airborne profile of a portion of the access road Abstract
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  • 63
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/2
    In: CRREL Report, 88-2
    Description / Table of Contents: While many materials undergo phase change at a fixed temperature, soil systems exhibit a definite zone of phase change. The variation of unfrozen water with temperature causes a soil system to freeze of thaw over a finite temperature range. Exact and approximate solutions are given for conduction phase change of plane layers of soil with unfrozen water contents that vary linearly and quadratically with temperature. The temperature and phase change depths were found to vary significantly from those predicted for the constant-temperature or Neumann problem. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of the soil within the mushy zone varied as a function of unfrozen water content. It was found that the effect of specific heat is negligible, while the effect of variable thermal conductivity can be accounted for by a proper choice of thermal properties used in the constant-thermal-property solution.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-2
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Nomenclature Preface Introduction Basic equations Two-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Three-zone problems Linear unfrozen water function Quadratic unfrozen water function Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of the mushy zone equation Appendix B: Solution of the two-zone problem with a linear t and variable thermal properties
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  • 64
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/5
    In: CRREL Report, 88-5
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the second phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program. The effect of sample orientation on the results is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 32 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Unconfined constant-strain-rate compression tests Confined constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Discussion Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data
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  • 65
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-88/11
    In: CRREL Report, 88-11
    Description / Table of Contents: This study assesses the effects of atmospheric icing on broadcast transmission reflections on two mountains- Mount Mansfield in northern Vermont and Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Experience and theory suggest that antenna ice accretions produce large signal reflections. Correlations between reflection coefficients and ice accretions on Rosemount ice detectors adjacent to antennas were low and occasionally negative. The unexpected correlations may be due to factors not measured, such as antenna tuning, ice type and ice location on the antenna system. Other confounding factors may include ice detector performance and methods used to compute antenna ice accretions from the ice detectors.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-11
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources Study location and icing conditions Icing data Antenna reflection data Data preparation Analyses Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 66
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/14
    In: CRREL Report, 88-14
    Description / Table of Contents: An experimental study covering a mass flow rate ranging from 1.62 to 67.45 g/cm2-s and snow density varying from 0.377 to 0.472 g/cm3 has been conducted. Pressure drops ranging from 0.012 to 2.868 gf/cm2 were recorded. A plot of the friction factor fp vs Rep (defined as the classical Reynolds number Re for fluid flow through conduits) showed a good representation of all the experimental data. The least-squares analysis resulted in an expression of f sub p = 118/Rep to the 1.095 power for snow, in comparison with the expression f sub p = 64/Rep developed for fluid flow through porous media of randomly packed metallic and nonmetallic materials of spherical and nonspherical shapes.
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    Pages: iv, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental setup and procedure Experimental results Discussion and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 67
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/15
    In: CRREL Report, 88-15
    Description / Table of Contents: The main points covered are: (1)modeling criteria for ships in ice, which must take into account the presence of a solid boundary at the water surface; (2) types of model ice used in various tanks-saline ice, urea-doped ice, EG/AD/S ice and synthetic ice; (3) techniques for growing model ice sheets, and achieving and monitoring the required ice properties; (4) limitations of both model ice and property measurement techniques; (5) model testing procedures for EHP and SHP tests and their limitations; (6) comparison between model test results and available full-scale trials data; (7) existing empirical and analytical or semi-analytical algorithms for predicting ship performance in level ice; (8) current research at CRREL and other research facilities to improve modeling techniques and data interpretation; and (9) novel bow designs for ice-transiting vessels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 39 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-15
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction General considerations Ice properties Modulus, E Characteristic length, Ic Flexural strength, σf Com pressive strength, σc Shear strength, σs Poisson's ratio, ϑ Fracture toughness, Kic Density, ρi Ice-hull friction factor, fi Model ice Synthetic ice Columnar saline ice Columnar carbamide ice Fine-grained ice EG/AD/S model ice Model test procedures Ice growth and monitoring EHP tests SHP test Test data analysis--comparison with full scale Analysis of test results Comparison with full-scale data Analytical and empirical predictors Empirical predictors Analytical and semi-analytical schemes Current research efforts in ice modeling International cooperative research Ice testing CRREL research on ship-ice interaction Novel icebreaking bow designs Conclusions and final remarks Literature cited
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  • 68
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-88/18
    In: CRREL Report, 88-18
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of a laboratory testing program, carried out to compare two independent methods for determining the unfrozen water content of soils, are described. With the time domain reflectometry method, the unfrozen water content is inferred from a calibration curve of apparent dielectric constant vs volumetric water content, determined by experiment. Previously, precise calibration of the TDR technique was hindered by the lack of a reference comparison method, which nuclear magnetic resonance now offers. This has provided a much greater scope for calibration, including a wide range of soil types and temperature (unfrozen water content). The results of the testing program yielded a relationship between dielectric constant and volumetric unfrozen water content that is largely unaffected by soil type, although a subtle but apparent dependency on the texture of the soil was noted. It is suggested that this effect originates from the lower valued dielectric constant for absorbed soil water. In spite of this, the general equation presented may be considered adequate for most practical purposes. The standard error of estimate is 0.015 cc/cc, although this may be reduced by calibrating for individual soils. Brief guidelines on system and probe design are offered to help ensure that use of the TDR method will give results consistent with the relationship presented.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 88-18
    Language: English
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  • 69
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/14
    In: CRREL Report, 89-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The effects of runner material and surface conditions on the friction between runners and ice were studied. A model sled was pushed over a 6-m-long ice sheet and the reduction of speed of the sliding sled was measured. The friction calculated by the reduction of speed between two gates indicated that smooth runners showed lower friction at around -1°C than at around -10°C, as expected, but the friction of rough runners showed little temperature dependence. The lower thermally conductive runners showed lower friction than higher thermally conductive smooth runners as the theory predicted, but such effects were obscured on rougher runners.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Apparatus and procedures General approach Sled design Sled propulsion Ice sheet preparation Experimental procedure Results General remarks Effect of runner temperature Effect of runner surface Effect of ice surface conditions Effect of velocity Effect of runner materials Observations of replicate surfaces Statistical analysis Discussion Molecular interactions Mechanical deformations Thermal energy dissipation Hydrodynamidc processes Comparison of energy loss mechanisms Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 70
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/19
    In: CRREL Report, 89-19
    Description / Table of Contents: Recent efforts to improve airborne electromagnetic induction- measurement technology and to downsize the related helicopter-towed antenna assembly from about 7.5 m long to about 3.5 m long for use in airborne measurement of sea ice thickness are discussed, as are the results from arctic field testing. Also outlined are the system noise and drift problems encountered during arctic field evaluation, problems that adversely affected the quality of the sounding data. The sea ice sounding results indicate that it should be possible to determine thickness to within 5% for ice floes with moderate relief but that, because of sounding footprint size and current model algorithm constraints, steepsided pressure ridge keels cannot be well defined. The findings also indicate that routine sea ice thickness profiling from an airborne platform is close at hand with further system improvement, as is the apparent capability to determine the conductivity of the sea ice, from which an assessment of sea ice strength can be made.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Pre-field-deployment activities Software development System optimization Improvements of the calibration procedure Real-time processing Small bird design and implementation Other improvements Field activities Snow, ice and seawater data AEM surveys Calibration AEM data processing Post-survey results Processing problem Ground truth data Floe freeboard vs thickness analysis AEM sounding results Concluding remarks Literature cited Appendix A: Blowup of Figure 28
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  • 71
    Call number: ZSP-201-89/10
    In: CRREL Report, 89-10
    Description / Table of Contents: In early fall 1984, a questionnaire was sent to over 325 general aviation airports in cold regions. The results from over 200 responses were compiled and evaluated and over 20 airport managers were contacted for additional details. Site visits were made to 36 airports to obtain additional information. The most common pavement problems identified in the study were associated with non-traffic-related phenomena and include 1) pre-existing cracks reflecting through asphalt concrete overlays (in two years less), 2) thermal cracking, and 3) longitudinal cracking (at a construction joint). Most of the airports experienced 1) water pumping up through cracks and joints in the pavements during spring thaw, or 2) additional roughness due to differential frost heave in the winter, or both problems. Many airport managers reported that debris was generated at cracks during the winter and spring. Many pavement problems can be traced to the evolutionary history of general aviation airports and the lack of consideration for site drainage. Based on the recognition of these problems, several future research programs are identified.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 147 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Statement of the problem Purpose and scope Background - the physical environment and airport pavements Physical environment of study area Comparison of highway and general aviation airport pavements Types of pavements and surface treatments Pavement distress and condition rating Surveys of airport pavement distress Airport pavement performance problems in cold regions Cracking Distortion and pavement faulting Disintegration Inadequate skid resistance Improper maintenance Stripping Statement of research needs Basis for statement of research needs Performance of overlays Recycling/reconstructing airport pavements Drainage of airport pavement structures Eliminating/accommodating differential frost heave Evaluation of adequacy of design procedures Maintenance products and performance Control of transverse cracking Additives for asphalt concrete Performance documentation Wildlife conservation vs aircraft safety Literature cited Appendix A: Questionnaire and listing of airports contacted Appendix B: Summary listing of questionnaire responses Appendix C: Narrative summary of site visits
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  • 72
    Call number: ZSP-201-83/32
    In: CRREL Report, 83-32
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice forces on a bridge pier in the Ottauquechee River, in Quechee, Vermont, were measured by installing fourpanels-each capable of measuring forces in the normal and tangential direction - on both sides of a vertical V-shaped pier nose. The measured forces are presented for a short period during an ice run. After the ice run, the thickness and sizes of the ice floes were measured and the compressive strength of the ice was determined in the laboratory from the ice samples collected along the river banks. The water level measurements made at several locations along theriver are also presented for the period of the ice run.
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    Pages: ii, 8 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 83-32
    Language: English
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  • 73
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-84/3
    In: CRREL Report, 84-3
    Description / Table of Contents: The results of resistance tests in level ice and broken ice channels are presented for two models of the WTGB 140-fticebreaker at scales of 1:10 and 1:24, respectively. No scale effect on the resistance in level ice could be detected between the two models. From the test results an empirical predictor equation for the full scale ice resistance is derived. Predicted resistance is compared against, and found to be 25 to 40% larger than, available full-scale values estimated from thrust measurements during full-scale trials of the Great Lakes icebreaker Katmai Bay.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 84-3
    Language: English
    Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 74
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-85/9
    In: CRREL Report, 85-9
    Description / Table of Contents: Large temperature gradients applied to a snow cover drive water vapor upwards and result in rapid recrystallization of snow crystals. The same temperature gradients create gradients of air density that can cause flows of air through the snow cover. The formalism necessary to describe these flows I developed heroin an effort to include the convection of vapor in the understanding of snow metamorphism. The theory of convection through porous media is extended here to include the transport of water vapor, which is important because of its latent heat. Results are presented in terms of a Lewis number, defined as the ratio of thermal to mass diffusivities. For Lewis numbers greater than 1.0 phase change intensifies convection, and for Lewis numbers less than 1.0 phase change retards convection. Two boundary conditions of special interest in the study of snow, a constant heat flux bottom and a permeable top are investigated. Their influence on the transfer of heat is quantified, and it is found that heat transfer can be described as a linear function of the driving force for convection. Convection in sloped layers is quantified, and explained in a physically consistent manner. The effect of a permeable top on convection at low Rayleigh numbers is derived. Experiments are performed to measure the effects of convection on heat transfer through glass beads and snow. The model results using constant flux boundary conditions are confirmed by the experiments. Experiments show that convection can occur in snow, and that convection behaves in a manner consistent with our theoretical understanding of the phenomenon. Some uncertainty exists about the permeability and thermal conductivity of snow and hence it is uncertain if thermal convection would occur for a given temperature gradient, density and thickness. Also, for a given convective intensity, there is much uncertainty about how much the rate of snow metamorphism is increased.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 70 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-9
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Snow metamorphism Mass transfer by diffusion in snow Heat transfer Background-porous media Structure of thermal convection Rayleigh number Onset problem Heat transfer attributable to thermal convection Layering and slope effects Studies of convection through snow Modeling Equation of motion Energy equation Finite difference methods Numerical solution Verification of the model Modeling results Effects of constant flux and permeable boundaries on convection in horizontal layers Effects of phase change on convection Convection in sloped layers Experiments Introduction Experimental apparatus Experimental results and discussion Glass beads Snow Applications and conclusions Onset of Benard convection in seasonal snow covers Applications to snow metamorphism Summary Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of fmite difference formulae Appendix B: Computer programs Appendix C: Sample calculations
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  • 75
    Call number: ZSP-201-85/15
    In: CRREL Report, 85-15
    Description / Table of Contents: A method for the analysis of TNT, RDX and HMX explosives in soils and sediments has been developed. It consists of methanol extraction followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography using 10% acetonitrile/40% methanol/50% water as the eluant. This method was used to study the effect of various drying techniques upon the recovery of TNT, RDX, and HMX from soil and sediment samples contaminated with high (%) and low (micron g/g) levels of these explosives. For highly contaminated samples, complete recovery of TNT and RDX was obtained using freeze drying while air drying at room temperature resulted in greater than 90% recovery for both explosives. Other techniques, such as oven drying at 105 C, oven drying at 45 C, microwave oven drying, and drying under infrared lamps, all resulted in greater losses, with TNT and RDX recoveries ranging from 76 to 90%. Drying losses were not due to simple volatilization containing low levels of TNT, RDX and HMX, recoveries of all three explosives were quantitative for all the above drying techniques.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 85-15
    Language: English
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  • 76
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/6
    In: CRREL Report, 87-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Two-phase dielectric mixing model results are presented showing the electromagnetic properties of sea ice versus depth. The modeled data are compared with field measurements and show comparable results. It is also shown how the model data can be used in support of impulse radar and airborne electromagnetic(AEM) remote sensing of sea ice. Examples of the remote measurement of sea ice thickness using impulse radar operating in the 80- to 300-MHz frequency band and low-frequency (500 to 30,000 Hz) sounding techniques are presented and discussed. Keywords: Polar regions; Radar pulses.
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    Pages: vii, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-6
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Sea ice growth and structure Model sea ice Brine salinity Seawater and model brine conductivity Complex dielectric constant of brine Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 MHz Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 and 500 MHz and 1 and 5 GHz Example of impulse radar sea ice profiling results Example of frequency-domain electromagnetic sea ice thickness sounding Concluding remarks Literature cited
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  • 77
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/13
    In: CRREL Report, 87-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions change rapidly below 25C, but these properties are seldom measured over the low temperature range (below 0C), even though some salt solutions can remain unfrozen to -50C. The heat capacities of concentrated solutions (0.5-0.6 molal) of NaC-H2O were measured from 25C to -40C as part of a study to provide thermodynamic data of salt solutions for use in cold regions chemical and geophysical studies. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure specific heat capacity from cooling scans as a function of temperature and concentration. The heat capacity data were fit to the equations of Pitzer and coworkers to obtain activity and osmotic coefficients of NaC and H2O, respectively, below o C. Supercooling of the solutions was encouraged by using a fast scan rate (10d2/minute) so that specific heat could be measured to lower temperatures than would be possible if the solutions were allowed to equilibrate with the solid phases. The solubility of ice was calculated and compared to the experiment freezing point of NaC solutions.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-13
    Language: English
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  • 78
    Call number: ZSP-201-87/14
    In: CRREL Report, 87-14
    Description / Table of Contents: During February and March 1980 the physical properties of Weddell Sea pack ice were investigated via core drilling of 66 floes located along the transect of 600 nautical miles from 64°S to 74°S latitude at roughly 40°W longitude. These studies revealed widespread frazil ice in amounts not known to exist in Arctic sea ice of comparable age and thickness. It is estimated from structure studies of 62 of the 66 floes that 54% of the total ice production of the Weddell Sea is generated as frazil. The disposition and exceptional thickness of the frazil show that mechanisms other than surface turbulence effects are involved and imply that the circulation and structure of the water in the upper levels of the Weddell Sea are significantly different from those in the Arctic basin. Salinities of both first-year and multi-year floes are notably higher than those of their Arctic counterparts because summer surface melting is rare or absent in the Weddell Sea; in the Arctic, downward percolating meltwater flushes through the ice and lowers its salinity. Fluorescence was evaluated as a means of revealing biological activity in Weddell Sea pack ice. It proved useful as an index of combined living and dead material in the ice, but measurements failed to establish any consistent relationship between fluorescence and salinity as suggested be earlier work in the Weddell Sea.
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    Pages: iv, 80 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-14
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sea ice structure and classification Logistics and field operations Analytical techniques Crystalline structure Fluorescence Results Salinity Crystalline structure Fluorescence Description of selected floes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Floe descriptions
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  • 79
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/10
    In: CRREL Report, 87-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Uniaxial constant-stress and constant-strain-rate compression tests were conducted on more than 200 remolded, saturated, frozen specimens of Fairbanks silt under various conditions. A series of curves of stress vs strain rate for various temperatures of strain rates ranging from about 6x10-2 to 10-8s-1show a close strength correspondence between the constant-stress and-costant strain-rate tests. All of these "complete" stress vs strain rate curves could not be described by a single power law or exponential equation, indicating that different deformation mechanisms are dominant within different ranges of strainrate Two critical strain rates for distinguishing between the different deformation mechanisms were ob-served to be near 10- 3 and 10-6 s-1 for the medium-dense frozen Fairbanks silt. The former indicates the transition from ductile failure to moderate brittle fracture as strain rate increases, while the latter indicates the transition from dislocation creep to glide creep (by the authors' definition). Based on the change in flow law, two fundamental creeps were classified: short-term creep, which is governed by glide creep, and long-term creep, which is governed by dislocation creep. The failure criterion of frozen silt has a general form of em x tm = Ef, where m depends only on density, and tm is in minutes if m is not 1. The failure strain Ef was not sensitive to temperature and strain rate over a certain range of strain rates, but it was very sensitive to density. Assur's creep model (1980) for ice was used to fit the creep data in this study. It works well for short-term creep but does not fit as well for long-term creep. The rate process theory was applied to the creep data. A very high value of experimental activation energy was obtained for lower stresses, and a very high value of apparent activation energy was observed for higher temperatures. The peak compressive strength was very sensitive to temperature and strain rate but relatively insensitive to density. While the initial tangent modulus is not-sensitive to strain rate, it increases with decreasing temperature and density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-10
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Review of previous work Specimen preparation Material Molding Testing procedure and apparatus Test results Definition of strain and stress Definition of creep failure Definition of failure in constant-strain-rate tests Definition of initial yield strength Determination of initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Creep behavior General nature of the creep process and the failure mode Minimum creep rate Time to creep failure Relationship between t, and tm Creep failure strain and failure criterion Creep model and prediction of creep strain Strength behavior General stress-strain behavior and failure mode Peak compressive strength Initial yield strength Failure strain Initial yield strain Initial tangent modulus 50% peak strength modulus Correspondence between constant-stress tests and constant-strain-rate tests Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content data Appendix B: Physical properties of samples tested
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  • 80
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    Call number: ZSP-201-91/5
    In: CRREL Report, 91-5
    Description / Table of Contents: An analysis of the National Science Foundation's surface vehicle fleet in Antarctica is reported on here. Surface vehicle needs have been determined through interviews of vehicle users, managers and maintainers, and from direct on-site observation. An ideal grouping of vehicle categories is proposed that will address current needs and provide flexibility for the future. Ultimately, recommendations for streamlining and modernizing the NSF Antarctic vehicle fleet are made. Cargo transportation over snow was identified as being in a crisis state. Personnel movement functions for all but traversing are performed adequately at this time, although there is much room for improvement. Brands and models must be selected for some categories of recommended vehicle types. This will naturally follow a more in-depth analysis of candidates and discussions with NSF vehicle managers. A purchasing plan, including a time table, budget, and desired sequence of replacement, must then be formulated and executed.
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    Pages: v, 71 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 91-5
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Executive summary Introduction Regional divisions Zone A - rock and ice roads Zone B - local ice Zone C - traverse Zone D - ice edge Zone E - remote field site Zone F - inland station Current transportation needs in Antarctica Future transportation needs Transportation analysis Personnel transport Cargo transport Summary of analysis Recommendations for changes to U.S. vehicle fleet Conclusions and summary of findings Literature cited Appendix A: Age distribution of NSF surface vehicles Abstract
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  • 81
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/42
    In: CRREL Report, 76-42
    Description / Table of Contents: A study of arching of mixed, square fragmented ice floes at an opening in an ice boom is documented, using results from a model study in which two sizes of plastic blocks represented real ice. A power function, relating the upstream ice concentration to the ratio of a characteristic block dimension to the gap opening, is found adequate to distinguish between arching and nonarching events for block mixtures of two component sizes. It is demonstrated that when the respective total areas of the two block components are nearly equal, a minimum ice concentration initiates an arch across the opening. As the mixture of two sizes of blocks approaches a uniform (one-sized) mixture, a higher concentration of ice is needed to initiate the arch. When the ratio of the block dimension to the gap opening is equal to or less than 0.10, arching of the fragmented ice is not possible, even when the upstream ice discharge exceeds the maximum discharge of ice through a gap opening. The distribution of fragmented ice areas is an important parameter in establishing the minimum size of opening at which an ice boom will retain its arching capability.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-42
    Language: English
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  • 82
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-76/47
    In: CRREL Report, 76-47
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes two mechanical ice-cutting systems for the removal of ice collars at the high pool level on the Poe Lock of the St. Marys Falls Canal at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. One system was a narrow-kerf (3.25-in.-wide) coal-cutting chain saw mounted on a bar, driven by a 65-hp wheeled trencher. The other system was a lumber-cutting chain saw mounted on a bar, driven by a 30-hp wheeled soil trencher which cut a 0.56-in.-wide kerf. The lumber-cutting saw's bar was too flexible and the desired cutting traverse speed was not met. The coal-cutting saw cut 6-ft-deep ice collars at traverse speeds of up to 10 ft/min and is acceptable. With a few modifications, the coal-cutting saw would be operational.
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    Pages: iii, 20 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 76-47
    Language: English
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  • 83
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/1
    In: CRREL Report, 77-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies of the growth history and structural characteristics of winter ice covers on two New Hampshire lakes are described. These investigations included measurements of ice cover thickness, characterization of the stratigraphic and crystalline structure of the ice, identification and classification of major ice types and measurements of electrolytic conductivity. The formation of cracks and flaws in the ice and their effects on the mechanical properties of the ice were also investigated. A method of correlating ice growth with surface wind and temperature measurement is described and the interrelationships of the various physical and mechanical properties of temperate lake ice covers are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Study areas Study methods Winter freeze-up Composition of ice cover Freezing degree day records and applications Evaluation of ice growth coefficient α Growth history and entrapped bubble stratigraphy Mechanical properties Electrolytic conductivity Literature cited
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  • 84
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/3
    In: CRREL Report, 77-3
    Description / Table of Contents: Tests were conducted in uniaxial compression and tension to determine the effect of temperature on the strength of frozen Fairbanks silt. Test temperatures ranged from 0 C to -56.7 C. Two machine speeds, 4.23 cm/sec and 0.0423 cm/sec, were used for the constant displacement rate tests. From the highest to the lowest temperature, the compressive strength increased up to about one order of magnitude and the tensile strength increased one-half an order of magnitude. Equations are presented which correlate strength with temperature at the strain rates obtained. The initial tangent and 50% strength moduli and the specific energy are given for each test. The mode of fracture and the effects of unfrozen water content and ice matrix strengthening are discussed, and the test results are compared with the data of other investigations.
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    Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-3
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample preparation Apparatus and testing procedure Test results Discussion Compressive strength Tensile strength Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli Specific energy Mode of failure Strength as a function of unfrozen water Thermal activation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 85
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-77/6
    In: CRREL Report, 77-6
    Description / Table of Contents: It has been reported that small arms projectiles are inherently unstable in snow and that snow has an unexpectedly high ability to stop them and other fast-moving projectiles. Field tests showed that the typical subarctic snow of interior Alaska can be used effectively to provide protection from both rifle and machine gun fire. The undisturbed snow had an average density of 0.18 g/cu. cm., but simple processing, such as shoveling, increased the density to around 0.34 g/cu. cm. Further processing increased the density to above o.40 g/cm3 but densities much above that value were difficult to obtain with simple hand equipment. Tests of the M16 rifle and M60 and M2HB machine guns showed that bullet penetration was inversely related to density - the higher the density the lower the bullet penetration. Design values for the three weapons were determined. A number of types of snow trenches and structures were designed and tested. They were found to provide good protection, in part since bullets showed a strong tendency to ricochet from the snow surface when striking it at a low angle. Burlap bags were filled with snow to revet structures and worked very well. Several types of Russian defensive works of snow were tested but proved unsuitable in the light, weak subarctic snow. The times required for troops to build several types of structures using only shovels and scoops were recorded.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-6
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Background Objectives Subarctic snow General Snow processing Construction productivity Shovel capacity Snow piles Bullet behavior and penetration in snow Test procedure M16 M60 ball M60 tracers .50 caliber Tumbling Bullet deformation and breakage Design penetration values Defensive works of snow Revetments Snow bags The snow trench The hardened snow trench Breastworks and bunkers Evaluation of foreign technology Russian expedient snow trenches Snow blocks and block structures The snow arch An expedient shelter Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited
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  • 86
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/8
    In: CRREL Report, 80-8
    Description / Table of Contents: This report presents the results of the tests on the new U.S. Coast Guard 140-ft icebreaker Katmai Bay (WTGB-101) in the level plate ice and brash ice in Whitefish Bay and the St. Marys River. The results indicate that the vessel can penetrate 22 in. of level freshwater ice with 2-3 in. of snow cover. It can also penetrate up to 48 in. of brash ice in a continuous mode and at least 30 in. of plate ice by backing and ramming. The installed bubbler system decreased the required power of the vessel from 10 to 30% in brash ice and 25 to 35% in level ice. The low friction coating appears to be effective in decreasing the friction factor when it remains intact; when it peels off it appears to make conditions worse than plain paint. An average dynamic friction factor of 0.15 could be used over the entire hull for these tests.
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    Pages: iv, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-8
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Roughness and friction measurements Level plate ice performance Brash ice performance Ramming icebreaking performance Analysis of the data Propulsion efficiency in ice Regression analysis Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited
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  • 87
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/19
    In: CRREL Report, 79-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The critical velocities of loads moving over floating ice plates have been determined by several authors. In all these analyses it was assumed that the in-plane force field in the ice cover is zero. However, due to constrained thermal strains, in-plane forces do occur in the field. The purpose of the present paper is to determine their effect upon the critical velocities of the moving loads. It is shown that a uniform compression force field reduces the critical velocity, whereas a tension force field has the opposite effect.
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    Pages: ii, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-19
    Language: English
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  • 88
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/18
    In: CRREL Report, 79-18
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperatures of the subgrade and of sulfur foam insulation test sections in an expedient road were monitored with thermocouples to document freezing and thawing conditions. Vehicular trafficking was conducted on a limited basis to determine the load supporting capabilities of the foam. The sulfur foam, placed directly under a prefabri­cated surface mat, was found to be unsuitable for use as an expedient thermal insulation and traffic load supporting material primarily because of its low tensile strength and high brittleness. The insulating value of sulfur foam pro­duced by the batch process in the field was about one-half that of extruded polystyrene, meaning double the thick­ness for equal protection against thaw.
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    Pages: v, 21 Seiten
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-18
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Site preparation Sulfur foam application Sulfur foaming equipment Environmental aspects Traffic testing and test pad observations Field sampling and temperature readings during pouring Lab tests for physical properties Sulfur foam odor analysis Insulation costs Lab experiments with sulfur foam Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 89
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/17
    In: CRREL Report, 79-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Six test roofs of two different slopes — 16.3° and 39.8°, and three different roof coverings — asphalt shingles, cedar shingles, and corrugated aluminum sheeting, were constructed at USACRREL, Hanover, New Hampshire, and were instrumented with thermocouples, heat flow meters, and calibrated gutters. Measurements were recorded for the winters of 1971-72 and 1972-73. The degree of icing and the chronological changes in the snow cover were recorded on 35-mm Kodachrome slides. It was found that eave icing is a sensitive function of the slope, roof covering composi­tion, and solar radiation. The effects of wind were not investigated; the data were screened to remove all informa­tion corresponding to windspeeds over 8 km/h. In order of increasing tendency to form ice dams on the eaves, the roofs were high-slope asphalt, high-slope cedar, high-slope aluminum, low-slope asphalt, low-slope cedar, and low- slope aluminum.
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    Pages: vi, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Experimental procedure Description of roofs Meteorological data Procedure Analysis General Temperature profiles Temperature rankings Heat flow Snow depths and meltwater volumes Degree of icing Results and conclusions General Temperature profiles of the roofs Comparative temperatures of roofs by section — rankings Heat flow and accumulation Snow depth, coverage, and meltwater Degree of icing Discussion of the icing problem Literature cited
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  • 90
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/29
    In: CRREL Report, 80-29
    Description / Table of Contents: This study was conducted to determine the short- and long-term physical, chemical and biological effects of spills of hot Prudhoe Bay crude oil on permafrost terrain near Fairbanks, Alaska. Two experimental oil spills, one in winter and one in summer, of 7570 liters (2000 gallons) were made at a forest site. The winter-spill oil moved within the surface moss layer beneath the snow. The summer-spill oil moved primarily below the moss in the organic soil. The oil moved faster and further downslope in the summer spill. Oil in the winter spill stopped during the first day but remobilized and flowed further downslope in the spring. The total area affected by the summer spill was nearly one and one-half times as large as that affected by the winter spill. The initial heat of the spilled oil had little measurable thermal effect on the soil. However, thaw depth significantly increased following two full thaw seasons. The greatest increases occurred beneath oil blackened surfaces. Evaporation of volatile components is the most significant weathering process in the first two years. Volatiles evaporated faster from surface oil than from oil carried deeper into the soil profile. Microbial degradation has not been observed. The indigenous soil microbial populations responded differently to winter and summer oil applications, ranging from inhibition to stimulation, with stimulation appearing to predominate. Vegetation showed both immediate and long-term damage. Damage was greatest near the top of the slope and in areas with surface oil. Deciduous species showed damage faster than evergreen species.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 67 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-29
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methods Site description Oil application Physical characterization Thermal characterization Oil and oily soil characterization Soil microbiological methodology Vegetation Results and discussion Oil movement Effects on permafrost Compositional changes Microbiological responses Oil effects on vegetation Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A Physical and thermal information Appendix B Chemical information Appendix C Microbiological information
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  • 91
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/19
    In: CRREL Report, 80-19
    Description / Table of Contents: During the period 1975-1978 the Federal Highway Administration sponsored a series of environmental engineering in­vestigations along the Yukon River to Prudhoe Bay Haul Road. In 1976 the Department of Energy joined these in­vestigations with a series of ecological projects which continue to the present. Both agencies research efforts were con­ducted on a cooperative basis with CRREL’s in-house research program. The objectives of the research focused on 1) an evaluation of the performance of the road, 2) an assessment of changes in the environment associated with the road, 3) documentation of flora and vegetation along the 577-km-long transect, 4) methodologies for revegetation and restoration, and 5) an assessment of biological parameters as indicators of environmental integrity. In support of these objectives, specific studies were undertaken that investigated the climate along the road, thaw and subsidence beneath and adjacent to the road, drainage and side slope performance, distribution and properties of road dust, vegetation distribution, vegetation disturbance and recovery, occurrence of weeds and weedy species, erosion and its control, revegetation and restoration, and construction of the fuel gas line. This report presents background, information on the region, detailed results of the road thaw subsidence and dust investigations, and summaries of revegetation, fuel gas line, vegetation distribution, soil, and weed studies.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: xv, 187 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-19
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Chapter 1. The road and its environment Introduction General physiography Regional climate Surficial and bedrock geology Permafrost and ground ice General biota Vegetation Floristic survey Vegetation mapping Soils and mapping Chapter 2. Roadbed performance and associated investigations Roadbed investigations Roadbed performance Performance of drainage features Performance of sideslopes Conclusions from road, drainage and sideslope performance studies Fuel gas line construction Chapter 3. Distribution and properties of road dust along the northern portion of the Haul Road Introduction Methods Results of wind direction and velocity measurements Dust load and distribution Particle size analyses of dust Chemical composition properties of dust and related samples Soil cation composition Dust impacts on vegetation Discussion and conclusions Chapter 4. Revegetation and restoration investigations Introduction Revegetation approaches Alyeska erosion control and revegetation program Weeds and weedy plants Performance of revegetation Alyeska willow cutting program CRREL restoration experiments Conclusions Revegetation recommendations General report recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: General environmental guidelines applicable to subarctic and arctic road construction Appendix B: University-based studies along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road Appendix C: CRREL maps of Haul Road showing locations of all study Sites Appendix D: Additional Haul Road cross-sectional profiles Appendix E: Clay mineralogy of road-related materials Appendix F: List of reports in the Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Ad­visory Team series
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  • 92
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-80/16
    In: CRREL Report, 80-16
    Description / Table of Contents: Eight species of loricate choanoflagellates (Acanthoccidae), Acanthoecopsis spiculifera, Bicosta spinifera, Bicosta antennigera, Callicantha simplex, Calliacantha multispina aff., Crinolina aperta, Diaphanoeca multionnulata, and Parvicorbicula socialis, were observed in samples obtained from the Weddell Sea during the austral summer, 1977. D. multiannulata was described for the first time from these samples; the other organisms have either been described previously or are being described at this time. The distribution of most species within the Weddell Sea was widespread. The distributional, environmental, and morphological range of A. spiculifera, B. spinifera, C. aperta, and P. socialis was expanded. Habitats in which choanoflagellates were found included the water column, the edges of ice floes, ponds on ice floes, and the interiors of ice floes. The presence of choanoflagellates within the ice indicates that there may be a closely coupled trophic relationship with the other two biological components of the ice community, the ice algae and the bacteria. The presence in the ice of seven species with both a caudal appendage and anterior projections suggests a positive relationship between this lorica configuration and the ice habitat. Mechanisms of variance of transverse costal diameters between genera may be useful to the taxonomy and phylogeny of this family.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-16
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Introduction Literature review Objectives Materials and methods Results Observations Distribution and environmental tolerances Discussion Morphology Distribution Habitat Summary Conclusions Recommendations for future work Literature cited Appendix A Type descriptions of Acanthoecidae collected from the Weddell Sea
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  • 93
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    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/15
    In: CRREL Report, 80-15
    Description / Table of Contents: This report discusses the time constraints on measuring the thermal resistance (R-value) of building components. Temperature changes on either side of a building component perturb measurement accuracy. Long measurement times and measurement times corresponding to a consistent diurnal cycle can be satisfactory; however, individual temperature changes cause significant error for shorter measurement periods. This report shows how to scale the thermal properties of individual constituent materials in a building element to determine its characteristic thermal time constant. The report then demonstrates the size of measurement error resulting from a variety of changes in temperature with representative walls of different time constants.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 30 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-15
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Field measurement and analysis of transient heat flow A closer look at handling the constraints Random change Step change Ramp change Application of theory Literature cited Appendix A. Percentage error from a step input Appendix B. Time constraints of sample walls Appendix C. Percentage error from a ramp input Appendix D. Percentage error from a sinusoidal input Appendix E. Percentage error programs for a Hewlett-Packard HP-25 calculator Appendix F. Experimental determination of time constants Appendix G. Derivation of time constant formula for multiple layers
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  • 94
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-201-80/17
    In: CRREL Report, 80-17
    Description / Table of Contents: Construction pads made of snow were used to build two sections of the Trans Alaska Pipeline and a small gas pipeline during the winter of 1975-76. Construction during the winter has become increasingly common in the Arctic. Surface travel and the use of heavy construction equipment on the unprotected tundra have been severely restricted, even during the winter, so the use of temporary winter roads and construction pads built of snow and ice has been advocated and is being adopted. The three snow construction pads mentioned above were the first snow roads and construction pads used on a large scale in Alaska. Snow roads and construction pads have two objectives: to protect the underlying vegetation and upper layers of the ground, and to provide a hard, smooth surface for travel and the operation of equipment. Several types have been built, and a brief discussion is given of their history and classification systems. The three snow construction pads used in construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and the small gas pipeline in 1975-76 were visited and observed while in use. The Globe Creek snow pad, about 50 miles north of Fairbanks, was built primarily of manufactured snow hauled to the site and watered. With very high densities this pad withstood heavy traffic and use by heavy construction equipment except on one steep slope. There, the use of tracked vehicles and vehicles without front wheel drive disaggregated the snow on and near the surface so that vehicles without front wheel drive were unable to climb the hill. The Toolik snow pad, just north of the Brooks Range, was built of compacted snow and proved capable of supporting the heaviest traffic and construction equipment. The fuel gasline snow pad ran from the northern Brooks Range to the Arctic Coast and also proved capable of supporting the necessary traffic. Both the Toolik snow pad and the fuel gasline snow pad failed in very early May because of unseasonably warm and clear weather before the associated construction projects were completed. However, the three snow pads must be considered successful. Common problems were the lack of snow, slopes, unseasonably warm spring weather, and inexperience on the part of contractors and construction personnel.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-17
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction History of snow and ice roads Classification of snow and ice roads Snow pads used by Alyeska during the winter of 1975-1976 The Globe Creek snow pad The Toolik snow pad The gasline snow pad Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 95
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-99
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 99
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: A study of how age hardening affects the various mechanical properties of processed snow was made. A description of how the age hardening process is affected by the variables of density, temperature, grain size, and shape is given. An empirical equation relating creep rate to stress, age, and density was obtained. The study also shows that the various mechanical properties are related to age by an exponential function.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 12 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 99
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Experimental facilities Experimental in-place measurements Density and homogeneity of processed snow Ram hardness Temperature measurements Mechanical properties Unconfined compressive strength Stress-strain relationships in unconfined compress ion Creep in unconfined compression Tensile strength Discussion of results References
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  • 96
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-110
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 110
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Nafe's (1957) presentation of reflection and transmission coefficients at a solid-solid interface was used to compute tables for the case of ice in contact with another solid at a plane interface. Energy ratios of all the combinations of reflected and refracted plane P and S waves were computed for 30 different cases of the second solid. A compressional velocity of 3.6 km/sec, a density of 0.9 g/cm^3, and a value of 1/3 for Poisson's ratio were assumed for the ice. For the other solid, the velocity ranged from 1.2 to 6.0 km/sec, the density from 1.5 to 3.0 g/cm^3, and Poisson's ratio from 0 to 1/3. The computations were carried out with an electronic computer, and the results are presented graphically.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 110
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Definitions Computation Results
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  • 97
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    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-107
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 107
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The formation of lake ice was studied during the winter of 1956-57 at Post Pond, Lyme, N. H. Tabular, columnar, granular, and crenulate textures of 36 blocks of ice observed are discussed in terms of relative growth velocity and shown in a classification chart. Ice structures are characterized by Forel striations, Tyndall figures, bubbles and strain shadows. Average crystal areas increased with ice thickness, the rate of increase being greater toward lake center, and ceased to enlarge when in a continuous bubble layer. The lake-ice sheet grew both from top and bottom, .downward growth resulting from crystals in a favorable vertical orientation of a-axes and upward growth coming about by water flowing on the original upper ice surface and freezing. Exception to this type of growth was found in the lake area which froze first, where individual crystal areas were larger at the surface and there was no upper surface ice accretion. Fabric diagrams of ice outside the anomolous area show a change of optic axis orientation from a high percentage of c-axes vertical near the surface to a high percentage horizontal at the bottom.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 22, A2, B1 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 107
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Description of the lake Cli rna te of the lake Methods of study Ice textures Crystal size Ice structures Crystal fabric studies Growth of an ice sheet References Appendix A: Weather data Appendix B: Sample data
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  • 98
    Call number: ZSP-202-111,2
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 111,2
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 111,2
    Language: English
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  • 99
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-112
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 112
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: The age hardening of artificially and naturally compacted snow has been investigated at the South Pole. Results show that the age-hardening process is greatly retarded at low temperatures. Artificially compacted samples of density 0.55 g/cm^3 attained a compressive strength of less than 3.0 kg/cm^2 after one year's aging at -49°C. Exposure to solar radiation accelerated the age hardening. Irradiated samples attained a strength of 6.0 kg/cm^2 after 100 hr, increasing to a virtual maximum of 8.0 kg/cm^2 at 600 hr. Compressive strengths increased witha decrease in snow-particle size and with an increasing angularity of the particles. Below 3 m the strength of naturally compacted snow was found to increase rapidly with an increase in density. Naturally compacted snow of density 0.55 g/cm^3 possessed considerably greater strength than any of the age-hardened samples of artificially compacted snow of the same density. Thin-section studies show that age hardening can be correlated with the formation and growth of intergranular bonds, and that bond growth falls off rapidly with decreasing temperature. In view of the low strength found in both naturally and artificially compacted snow at the South Pole, "cut-and-cover" undersnow camp construction may not prove practical at the South Pole.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 19, A6 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 112
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Experimental methods Experimental results Series A Series B Series C Series D Series E Discussion Conclusions References Appendix A
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  • 100
    Call number: ZSP-202-111,1
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 111,1
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary: Optical scintillation, visual resolution, and wind and temperature profiles were measured over snow, ice and frozen ground. The data were analyzed to determine relationships between (1) scintillation and visual resolution and (2) scintillation and meteorological and surface conditions. The experimental results included (1) estimates of the limit of visual resolution, (2) telephotometer measurements of the apparent fluctuations in brightness (scintillation) of an artificial light source, and (3) measurements of wind direction and of the vertical distributions of wind speed and temperature. The optical path was 543 m long and 1.5 m above uniform horizontal surfaces. All scintillation and meteorological data are given in an appendix. The principal results of the analysis showed that for turbulent flow in stable stratification over snow (1) visual resolution deteriorated systematically as scintillation increased in intensity and (2) scintilliation intensity increased with increase in vertical temperature gradient. Scintilliation was at a minimum in the absence of thermal stratification and at a maximum (in very stable thermal stratification) during the sudden transition from laminar to turbulent flow. For a given temperature gradient, scintilliation increased with increase in wind speed. When wind and temperature gradients were combined in terms of the Richardson number and related to scintilliation, the data obtained over snow indicated a critical Richardson number of about 0.35. Scintilliation power spectra for eight periods revealed characteristics that could be related to visual resolution, the Richardson number and the mean wind speed component normal to the optical path. NOTE: This file is large. Allow your browser several minutes to download the file.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 32, A17, B44 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 111,1
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Page Summary Introduction The problem Previous work Plan of the investigation Conclusions Visual resolution and scintillation Visual resolution and wind, temperature, and surface conditions Visual resolution and height and length of optical path Results Measurements Analysis and discussion Visual resolution and scintillation relationships Scintillation and micrometeorological parameters Index of refraction fluctuations Scintillation and the temperature profile Scintillation and average wind speed Combined effects of wind speed and temperature gradient Scintillation and surface roughness Scintillation power spectra Scintillation and path length References Appendix A: Equipment and procedures Appendix B: Micrometeorological and scintillation data
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