ALBERT

Note: Contents: Preface. - Tritium in Antarctic precipitation - information on global distribution / D. Hebert. - On the physical geography of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica, Dronning Maud Land) / W. Richter. - Investigation of Deuterium concentration relations between atmospheric water vapour and precipitations in the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica / P. Kowski. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical characterization of lakes in the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter, U. Wand, G. Strauch, P. Kowski, W. Kurze. - Isotope-hydrological and hydrochemical studies of the interior Antarctic lake "Untersee" in the Wohlthat Massif, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen, M. Crelle, P. Kowski, W. Kurze, U. Wand. - The isotope-glaciological situation in the surroundings of the Schirmacher Oasis/Dronning Maud Land - a first overview / W.-D. Hermichen, P. Kowski, G. Strauch. - Radiocarbon dating of breeding places of petrels in the Antarctic / A. Hiller, U. Wand. - K - Ar dating of basalt dykes in the Schirmacher Oasis, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica / G. Kaiser, U. Wand.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Symbols, units and numerical values. - 1. The nature and scope of meteorology. - 1.1. Meteorology in relation to other sciences. - 1.2. Variations in space and time. - 1.3. Applied meteorology. - 2. Physical properties of the atmosphere. - 2.1. Composition of dry air. - 2.1.1. Mean molecular weight. - 2.1.2. Dissociation and ionization. - 2.1.3. Escape to space of component molecules. - 2.2. Pressure, density and temperature. - 2.2.1. Definition of pressure. - 2.2.2. Values near sea level. - 2.2.3. Variations in the vertical. - 2.2.4. Diurnal fluctuations at upper levels. - 2.2.5. Horizontal pressure gradients. - 2.3. Water vapour. - 2.3.1. Humidity mixing ratio. - 2.3.2. Density of moist air. - 2.3.3. Saturation vapour pressure. - 2.3.4. Paths leading to saturation. - 2.3.5. Measurement of vapour pressure. - 2.3.6. Distribution of water vapour. - 3. Heat transfer. - 3.1. Radiation processes. - 3.1.1. Solar radiation: its energy distribution. - 3.1.2. The solar constant. - 3.1.3. Effect of the atmosphere and earth on solar radiation. - 3.1.4. Radiation from the earth and atmosphere. - 3.2. Convection. - 3.2.1. Adiabatic temperature changes. - 3.2.2. Adiabatic equation. - 3.2.3. Potential temperature: dry adiabatic lapse rate. - 3.2.4 Saturated adiabatic lapse rate. - 3.2.5. Stability and instability. - 3.3. Heat transfer in land and sea. - 3.3.1. Heating and cooling of soil. - 3.3.2. Heating and cooling of water. - 4. Condensation and precipitation. - 4.1. Microphysical processes. - 4.1.1 Condensation nuclei. - 4.1.2. Curvature and solute effects. - 4.1.3. Water-droplet clouds. - 4.1.4. Ice nuclei. - 4.1.5. Ice-crystal clouds. - 4.1.6. Precipitation from water clouds. - 4.1.7. Precipitation from mixed clouds. - 4.1.8. Thunderstorm electricity. - 4.2. Larger-scale processes. - 4.2.1. Surface cooling. - 4.2.2. Evaporation. - 4.2.3. Vertical motion. - 4.3. Cloud observations. - 4.3.1. Cloud genera: their heights and composition. - 4.3.2. Cloud recognition and general features. - 4.3.3. Effects of vertical wind shear. - 4.3.4. Cloud classification for forecasting. - 5. The tephigram. - 5.1. Construction of the diagram. - 5.1.1. Coordinates: area and energy. - 5.1.2. Isobars. - 5.1.3. Saturation mixing ratio lines. - 5.1.4. Saturated adiabatics. - 5.1.5. Height variation. - 5.2. Simple graphical computations. - 5.2.1. Height. - 5.2.2. Humidity elements. - 5.2.3. Condensation levels. - 5.2.4. Föhn effects. - 5.3. Precipitable water and precipitation rate. - 5.3.1. Formula and calculation. - 5.3.2. Precipitation rate. - 5.3.3. Water content of convection clouds. - 5.4. The effects of vertical motion on lapse rate. - 5.4.1. Unsaturated or saturated motion. - 5.4.2. Potential (convective) instability. - 5.5. Tephigram analysis. - 5.5.1. Latent instability. - 5.5.2. Air mass characteristics. - 6. Winds. - 6.1. Laws of motion and the earth's rotation. - 6.1.1. Newton's First and Second Laws. - 6.1.2. Nature of the earth's rotation. - 6.1.3. Effects of the earth's rotation: the Coriolis force. - 6.2. Inertial flow and geostrophic winds. - 6.2.1. Nature of inertial flow. - 6.2.2. Nature of geostrophic flow. - 6.2.3. Geostrophic wind equation. - 6.2.4. Wind and pressure near the equator. - 6.3. Gradient winds. - 6.4. Winds in the friction layer. - 6.5. Thermal winds. - 6.5.1. Vertical shear vector. - 6.5.2. Temperature control of the shear vector. - 6.5.3. Thermal wind equation and thickness charts. - 6.5.4. Hodographs and temperature advection. - 6.5.5. Jet streams. - 7. Instruments and observations. - 7.1. Routine surface observations. - 7.1.1. Pressure. - 7.1.2. Temperature and humidity. - 7.1.3. Precipitation and evaporation. - 7.1.4. Wind. - 7.1.5. Clouds and visibility. - 7.1.6. Sunshine and radiation. - 7.1.7. Ship observations. - 7.2. Upper air observations. - 7.2.1. Historical. - 7.2.2. The radiosonde: radar winds. - 7.2.3. Ozone measurements. - 7.3. World Weather Watch. - 7.4. Experiments in observation and interpretation. - 7.4.1. Pressure. - 7.4.2. Temperature and humidity. - 7.4.3. Evaporation and rainfall. - 7.4.4. Wind. - 7.4.5. Radiation. - 7.4.6. Topographical influences. - 8. Synoptic Meteorology. - 8.1. The surface weather map: an introduction. - 8.1.1. The plotting code. - 8.1.2. Pressure systems and features. - 8.1.3. Air masses. - 8.1.4. Fronts. - 8.2. Air mass characteristics. - 8.2.1. Classification. - 8.2.2. Modifications. - 8.2.3. Air masses over the British Isles. - 8.3. Frontal characteristics. - 8.3.1. The stability of a frontal surface. - 8.3.2. Equilibrium slope of a frontal surface. - 8.3.3. Frontal structure. - 8.4. Frontal depressions. - 8.4.1. The life cycle of a frontal depression. - 8.4.2. Cold front waves; depression families. - 8.4.3. Warm front waves. - 8.4.4. Secondaries at points of occlusion. - 8.5. Non-frontal depressions. - 8.5.1. Heat lows. - 8.5.2. Polar lows. - 8.5.3. Orographic lows. - 8.5.4. Tropical cyclones. - 8.5.5. Tornadoes. - 8.6. Anticyclones. - 8.6.1. General characteristics. - 8.6.2. Cold and warm anticyclones. - 8.7 Synoptic development. - 8.7.1. Convergence, divergence and vertical motion. - 8.7.2. Convergence and vorticity. - 8.7.3 Long waves. - 8.7.4. Circulation indices: blocking. - 8.8. Surface analysis. - 8.8.1. General. - 8.8.2. Representativeness of observations. - 8.8.3. METMAPS. - 9. Micrometeorology. - 9.1. The nature of airflow near the ground. - 9.1.1. Wind speeds over a uniform level surface. - 9.1.2. Flow within a fluid boundary layer. - 9.1.3. Shearing stress via the mixing length concept. - 9.1.4. The friction velocity u*. - 9.1.5. Interpretation of the mixing length concept. - 9.1.6. The wind profile equation in complete form. - 9.2. The influence of surface roughness on the wind. - 9.2.1. Roughness in the aerodynamic sense. - 9.2.2. Roughness in relation to shearing stress and mean wind speed. - 9.2.3. The drag coefficient CD. - 9.2.4. CD as a transfer coefficient. - 9.2.5. Effect of a change in surface roughness. - 9.3. Vertical transport by turbulence. - 9.3.1. Flux equations; use of electrical analogy. - 9.3.2. Heat flux and other calculations. - 9.3.3. Vertical temperature gradients in relation to turbulent exchange. - 10. The general circulation. - 10.1. General characteristics. - 10.1.1. Genesis and interactions. - 10.1.2. Time fluctuations. - 10.2. Observations. - 10.2.1. Time- and space-averaging. - 10.2.2. Tracers. - 10.3. Experiment and theory. - 10.3.1. The rotating vessel experiment. - 10.3.2. Conservation principles. - 10.3.3. Cellular models. - 10.4. Climatic zones. - 11. Weather forecasting. - 11.1. Historical survey. - 11.1.1. 1860-1920. - 11.1.2. 1920-1945. - 11.1.3. 1945-1960. - 11.1.4. 1960 onwards. - 11.2. Conventional forecasting. - 11.2.1. Pressure tendency. - 11.2.2. Making the forecast. - 11.3. Long-range forecasting. - 11.3.1. Statistical methods. - 11.3.2. Synoptic methods. - 11.3.3. Analogues. - 11.4. Numerical forecasting. - 11.4.1. The barotropic model. - 11.4.2. Later developments. - 11.5. Predictability and control. - 11.5.1. Short-range predictability. - 11.5.2. Medium-range predictability. - 11.5.3. Long-range predictability: climatic trends. - 11.5.4. Weather and climate modification. - Answers to Problems. - Subject Index. - The Wykeham Series.

Note: Groningen, Univ., Diss., 1983 , CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION. - CHAPTER 1. ANALYTICAL AND PREPARATIVE TECHNIQUES. - 1.1. Introduction. - 1.2. Isotope mass spectrometry of H, O and C. - 1.2.1. 2H analysis of H2. - 1.2.2. 18O and 13C analysis of CO2. - 1.3. Preparation of H2 from H2O and organic compounds. - 1.3.1. Combustion and reduction system. - 1.3.1.1. Automated vacuum taps. - 1.3.1.2. Automated cold trap. - 1.3.1.3. Automated combustion. - 1.3.1,4, Membrane pump. - 1.3.2. Performance and results. - 1.3.2.1. H2O samples. - 1.3.2.1. Organic samples. - 1.4. Preparation of CO2 from H2O and organic compounds. - 1.4.1. Introduction. - 1.4.2. Review of the available methods for extracting oxygen. - 1.4.3. Sealed nickel tube pyrolysis. - 1.4.3.1. Principle. - 1.4.3.2. Realization. - 1.4.3.3. Technical details. - 1.4.3.4. Results and calibration. - 1.4.3.5. 18O analysis of some organic pounds 1.4.3.5. δ2H of hydrogen produced by the SNTP method. - 1.5. Preparation of carbon dioxide for 13C analysis. - 1.6. Separation of cellulose from wood and peat. - 1.6.1. Introduction. - 1.6.2. Separation of cellulose from wood. - 1.6.3. Separation of cellulose from peat. - 1.6.4 Nitration and drying of cellulose. - CHAPTER 2. 18O FRACTIONATION BETWEEN CO2 AND H2O. - 2.1. Introduction. - 2.2. 18O analysis of H2O. - 2.3. Equilibration with CO2. - 2.4. Mass spectrometric analyses. - 2.5. Results anddiscussion. - CHAPTER 3. FACTORS AFFECTING THE 2H/1H AND 18O/16O RATIO OF PLANT CELLULOSE. - 3.1. Survey of factors affecting the 2H/1H and 18O/16O ratio. - 3.2. Isotopic composition of precipitation. - 3.3. Leaf-water isotopic enrichment. - 3.3.1. Theoretical. - 3.3.2. Measurement of leaf-water enrichment. - 3.3.2.1. Trees. - 3.3.2.2. Bog plants. - 3.4. Biochemical fractionation. - CHAPTER 4. 2H, 18O AND 13C VARIATIONS IN TREE RINGS. - 4.1. Introduction. - 4.2. Methods and material. - 4.3. Results and discussion. - 4.3.1. Intra-ring variations. - 4.3.1.1. Late wood. - 4.3.1.2. Differences between early wood and late wood. - 4.3.2. Inter-ring variations. - CHAPTER 5. 2H, 18O AND 13C VARIATIONS IN PEAT. - 5.1. Introduction. - 5.2. δ2H, δ18O and δ13C values of bog plants. - 5.2.1. Material and method. - 5.2.2. δ18O and δ2H. - 5.2.3. δ13C 5.3. Engbertsdijksveen I. - 5.3. Introduction. - 5.3.2. Description of the local vegetational succession. - 5.3.3. Cellulose preparation. - 5.3.4. The δ2H and δ18O record. - 5.4. Engbertsdijksveen VII. - 5.4.1. Introduction. - 5.4.2. Description of the local vegetational succession. - 5.4.3. The δ2H and δ18O record. - 5.4.4. The δ13C record. - 5.5. Comparison between Engbertsdijksveen I and VII. - 5.6. Conclusions. - Appendix. - REFERENCES. - SUMMARY. - SAMENVATTING. - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Dielectric properties of sea ice Time-domain spectroscopy measurement Laboratory measurements Field measurements Analysis of ladder data Conductivity of brine and sea ice Complex dielectric constant of brine and sea ice Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test material and test specimens Test material Required dimensions for test specimens Acquisition and preparation of specimens Field core sampling Specimen preparation in the laboratory Application of forces and displacements to uniaxial specimens Compression Tension Squareness imperfections Loading devices Universal testing machine Gas actuator for constant load Weight-and-pulley system for constant tension Equipment for triaxial tests Measurement of force and displacement Force Displacement Readouts and recorders Literature cited Appendix A: Phenolic-resin end caps Appendix B: Compliant platens Appendix C: Theoretical factor for converting overall strain to gauge-length strain indumbbell specimens Appci dix D: Items developed but not used in Phase I Appendix E: Use of the Brazil test

Note: Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 INTERNAL CYCLING AND THROUGHPUT : Pathways from River Mouth to Sea Floor Depth Profiles of Sea Salt Composition Constituent Classification The Chemical Composition of Marine Organic Matter Composition of Particulate Matter Caught in Sediment Traps A Simple Model for Biologically Utilized CDnstituents The Distributions of Biointermediate Constituents Estimation of Input Rates Horizontal Segregation of CDnstituents in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 2 THE SEDIMENTARY SINK Factors Influencing the Distribution of Sedimentary Constituents Introduction Sediment Types Distribution of Opal Production Opal Solution on the Sea Floor Distribution of Calcite in Marine Sediments Degree of Calcite Saturation Variation in the Carbonate Ion Content of Sea Water Spacial Variations in the CaC0 3 Saturation of Sea Water Factors Controlling the Rate of Calcite Solution Thickness and Shape of the Sublysocline Transition Zone Variation of Sediment Type with Time Manganese Nodules Summary CHAPTER 3 THE ATMOSPHERIC IMPRINT : The Cycles of Gases within the Sea Introduction Solubilities of Gases in Sea Water The Rate of Gas Exchange Stagnant Film Thickness Derived from Natural Radiocarbon Stagnant Film Thicknesses Determined by the Radon Method Oxygen Concentrations in Surface Ocean Water Oxygen Deficiencies in the Deep Sea The Marine N2O Cycle Excess Helium The Carbon Dioxide Content of Surface Ocean Water Origin of the Equatorial Pacific CO2 Anomaly Summary CHAPTER 4 REACTIVE METALS AND THE GREAT PARTICULATE SWEEP : The Cycle of Metals in the Sea Introduction Products of Uranium and Thorium Decay Thorium Isotopes in the Sea Protactinium-231 to Thorium-230 Activity Ratios The Distribution of Lead-210 The Distribution of Polonium-210 The Distribution of Radium-226 Anthropogenic Plutonium in the Sea Toward a Model of Metal Transport Distributions of Stable Metals in the Sea Stable Isotope Ratios in Reactive Metals Transport of Iron and Manganese in the Sea Lessons from Controlled Ecosystem Studies Distribution Coefficients Summary CHAPTER 5 HOW FAST DOES THE MILL GRIND? : Rates of Vertical Mixing and Sediment Accumulation Introduction Rate of Vertical Mixing Implication to the Distribution of Radium-226 Distribution of Radiocarbon in the Ocean Rate of Continental Runoff Sediment Accumulation Rates Radiocarbon Dating Uranium Series Dating Beryllium Dating Potassium-Argon Dating Agreement Among Dating Methods Comparison of Model and Observed Rates of CaC0 3 Solution Summary CHAPTER 6 WHAT KEEPS THE SYSTEM IN WHACK? : Control Mechanisms Operating in the Sea Introduction Phosphate Controls Silicate Controls Carbon Controls Interactions between the Phosphate and Carbon Controls Nitrate Controls Dissolved Oxygen Controls Major Anion Controls Major Cation Controls Possible Causes for Perturbations Recorders of Paleoocean Chemistry The Marine Geochemistry of Carbon-13 The Uranium Content of Coral Factors Influencing Nutrient Gradients in the Deep Sea Summary CBAPTER 7 FREIGHT TRAINS AND FICKIAN CONFUSION : The Movement of Water Through the Deep Sea Introduction Types of Motion One Dimensional Advection - Diffusion Model Tracers for Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Mixing Rates Based on Radon-222 and Radium-228 The Distribution of Helium-3 in the Deep Pacific Sources of Deep Water Northern Component Water Conservative Properties of NCW Initial Radiocarbon to Carbon Ratio in NCW Feed for NCW Production Southern Component Water Ventilation of the Deep Atlantic Ocean Ventilation of the Deep Pacific and Indian Oceans The Grand Cycle of Radiocarbon in the Deep Ocean Biological Short-Circuiting Temporal Variations in Radiocarbon Production Argon-39 Summary CHAPTER 8 THE ANTHROPOGENIC INVASION : The Movement of Water Through the Oceanic Thermocline Introduction Input Functions Hydrology of the Main Thermocline Tritium Distribution within the Thermocline Temporal Trends in Tritium Tritium as a Guide to Deep Water Formation Supplementary Information from Strontium-90 Bomb Carbon-14 Distribution within the Thermocline Explanations for Low Equatorial Bomb Carbon-14 Inventories Implications of Equatorial Upwelling to the Tritium Budget An Upwelling Rate Based on the Equatorial CO2 Anomaly Helium-3 Distribution in the Main Oceanic Thermocline Purposeful Tracers Summary CHAPTER 9 ICE SHEETS AND OCEAN PHOSPHATE : Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Chemistry Introduction Temperature and Salinity Changes Formation and Destruction of Organic Materials Changes in CaCO3 Storage Evidence for an Early Post-Glacial Lysocline Change Changes in Phosphate Concentration The Combined Evidence from Deep Sea Cores Cause of the Oceanic Phosphate Change An Alternate Scenario Wrap Up of the CO2 Record The Oxygen Record Glacial to Interglacial Changes in Ocean Mixing Rate Glacial to Interglacial Lysocline Changes Changes in the Distribution of Nutrients in the Deep Sea Summary CHAPTER 10 CAN MAN OVERRIDE THE CONTROLS? : The Buildup of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Atmosphere and Oceans Introduction CO2 Production in the Past CO2 Production in the Future Capacity of the Sea for Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake Utilizable Capacity - Simplified Calculation Utilizable Capacity - Rigorous Calculation Kinetics of Fossil Fuel CO2 Uptake by the Sea Numerical Model crosschecks on the Validity of the Numerical Model Prediction of Future CO2 Levels Solution of Sea Floor Calcite Summary REFERENCES, CONSTANTS, DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS AND INDEX Introduction to the References Subject Outline for the References Annotated Reference List Frequently Used Constants Definitions of Isotope Notations Abbreviations Index Foldout Caption

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Profiling system Theoretical considerations Field program Discussion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Purpose Scope Concept of accuracy Test selection Definition of parameters Piezometric head Use of piezometers Hydraulic conductivity Flow direction Specific discharge magnitude Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient-specific yield Aquifer dispersivity Parameter estimation techniques Piezometric head Hydraulic conductivity Direction and magnitude of specific discharge vector Transmissivity Volumetric flow rate Total porosity Average linear velocity Storage coefficient Specific yield Effective porosity Aquifer dispersivity-dispersion coefficients Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data sources and literature review Canada Alaska Data tabulation Station selection Description of tabulated data Station location and ice measurement site descriptions Review of previous studies on maximum ice in North America Maximum ice thickness maps Date of maximum ice Plotting of the ice decay curves General procedures Categories of water bodies Ice decay at sea ice locations Envelope curves Average curves Snow-ice formation Ice decay at lake ice locations Average curves Regional variations and similarities Ice decay at river ice locations Variations in ice thickness Rapid ice clearance Comparison between Alaskan and Canadian river ice decay curves Incremental extraction of ice decay data for analysis purposes Selection of ice decay intervals Preliminary evaluation of the methodology Further considerations of the methodology Relationships between ice decay and thawing air temperatures Average daily vs maximum daily air temperature 10-day increments vs accumulated values Total years vs year-to-year analysis Evaluation of use of 0°C as a base Final format of the relationship between ice decay and ATDD Evaluation of the final form Possible causes for variations in slope values Decreasing sea ice thickness and thawing air temperatures Factors affecting sea ice decay Relationship between ATDD and sea ice decay Influence of solar radiation and wind on sea ice decay Literature cited Selected bibliography Appendix A. Ice thickness measurements and other related (or associated) observations for stations in Canada and Alaska Appendix B. Maps of least and greatest ice thickness observed at the time of maximum growth, and average date of occurrence Appendix C. Annual ice decay curves for stations in Canada and Alaska

Note: Contents Manual 1.1 Beta measurements 1.2 Measurement of the energy spectrum and range of α-radiation with semiconductor detectors 1.3 Error and statistical tests 1.4 Basic experiments of gamma spectroscopy 2.1 Determination of certain elements in sedimental atmospheric dust by x-ray fluorescence analysis 2.2 Calibration and efficiencies (see Supplement) 2.3 Thin-layer chromatographic separation and test of the purity of labelled compounds 2.4 Separation of Thorium-234 from Uranium-238 2.5 Separation of 137Ca/137mBa by precipitation and sorption 3.1 Determination of phosphate by simple isotope dilution analysis and determination of Zn in MgSO4 by substoichiometric isotope dilution analysis 3.2 The Szilard-Chalmers effect 3.3 Determination of the Ag content in slags by instrumental neutron activation analysis 4.1 Isotope exchange of Ethyl Iodide and Sodium Iodide 4.2 Liquid scintillation counting of Carbon-14 and Tritium 4.3 Autoradiography - Demonstration of Autoradiographic techniques Lectures 1.1 Fundamentals of radioactivity / G. K. Vormum 1.2 Interaction of nuclear radiation with matter / G. K. Vormum 1.4 Equations of radioactive decay / G. K. Vormum 1.5 Radiation detectors / M. Geisler 2.1 Radiation spectroscopy / M. Geisler 2.5 Handling of radioisotopes / G. K. Vormum 2.7 Behaviour of radionuclides in very low concentrations / H. Koch 3.6 Particle sources / J. W. Leonhardt 4.2 Tracers in chemical kinetics / J. Dermietzel 4.4 Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC) / R. Trettin 5.1 Isotopic tracers in biology / H. Hübner 5.2 Low-level counting / R. Trettin 5.4 Basic concepts of radioimmunoassay (RIA) / G. K. Vormum 6.2 Radionuclide generators / R. Otto

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Scope of work Ice discharge from Lake Huron into St. Clair River Water velocity profiles at Port Huron Ice conditions Physical model Basis for selection Description Instrumentation Model ice control structure Open water calibration Open water tests Experimental procedures and techniques Ice cover calibration Ice control structure orientation Analysis of ice discharge due to ship transits Natural ice Synthetic ice Forces on the ice control structure Static measurements Dynamic force measurements Potential additional shear stresses Anticipated ice conditions with ICS Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Application of model results Appendix B. Suggested additional studies Appendix C. Derivation of ice discharge

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental facility and procedures Ice test basin Ice growth procedure Measurements Ice growth and structure Ice thickness distribution Ice growth during freeze-up Ice growth during warm-up Structure of urea-doped ice Mechanical properties of urea-doped ice Introductory remarks Model of a two-layer elastic material Properties of urea-doped ice during freeze-up Properties of urea-doped ice during warm-up Applications to test program scheduling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Results of ice thickness measurements for various growth conditions Appendix B: Properties of untempered ice Appendix C: Properties of tempered ice

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Winter 1979-80 observations Winter 1980-81 and summer 1981 observations Winter 1981-82 and summer 1982 observations Old ice ride-up features Discussion Literature cited Appendix A. The boulder rampart and rock littered shore west of Konganevik Pt. Appendix B. Site location maps

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Methodology Potential flow around an arbitrary airfoil Incompressible velocity field Droplet trajectory equation Computational procedure for trajectories Determining the point of impact Calculation of collision efficiencies Accreting an ice layer Determining the accuracy of the flow field Determining the accuracy of the trajectories Results and discussion Comparing results with and without the history term Collision efficiency of NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 8° attack angle Time-dependent accretion on NACA 0015 airfoil at 0° attack angle Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A : Sample input Appendix B: Sample output Appendix C : Program listing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction A land cover map of the ANWR study area Legend development Mapping method Results Discussion Description of the ANWR study area General description Description of specific terrain types Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Descriptions of Landsat land cover categories for ANWR Appendix B: Area summaries Appendix C: Aproximate equivalent units in several systems of land cover, wetland and vegetation classifications used in northern Alaska Appendix D: Soil taxonomy Appendix E: Summary of principal Landsat land cover categories within the terrain types of the ANWR study area

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Results Ice forces on inclined structures Transition of ice action due to velocity increase Aspect ratio Bridge pier nose geometry Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Stress measurements Design considerations Stress sensors Biaxial ice stress sensor Biaxial stress sensor theory Gauge deformation Stresses associated with cylindrical sensors Determination of ice stresses Gauge calibration Evaluation of the biaxial ice stress sensor Temperature sensitivity Biaxial loading test equipment Biaxial loading test results Differential thermal expansion Long-term drift Discussion of test results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Natural ice sheets Choosing an ice control structure Flexible structures Ice booms Frazil collector lines Fence booms Rigid or semirigid structures Pier-mounted booms Stone groins Artificial islands Removable gravity structures Timber cribs Weirs Pilings and dolphins Structures built for other purposes Hydroelectric dams Wicket dams Light piers and towers Bridge piers Breakwaters Ice control not using Structures Channel improvements Ice sheet tying Ice sheet bridges Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice control structure

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited

Note: COTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Model characteristics and test conditions Ice-hull coefficient of friction Measurements of ice properties Experimental procedures Data acquisition system Test program and procedures for 1:10 model Test program and procedures for 1:24 model Analysis of test results Comparison of test results between 1:10 and 1:24 models Analysis of tests in broken or brash-filled ice channels Analysis of tests in level ice Full-scale prediction of level ice resistance Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature General background The problem Method of solution Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Evaluation of rn's in equation 25

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Taxonomic terms Appendix B: Differences in species composition and abundance in duplicate samples examined under optical and inverted light microscopes Appendix C: Morphologic descriptions and SEM micrographs

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Part I. Two-dimensional shear stress measurements Part II. Three-dimensional shear stress measurements Introduction Measurements Experimental results Evaluation Compatibility checks Comparison between shear stresses under static and dynamic loads Conclusions Part III. Three-dimensional normal stress measurements Introduction Experimental setup Results Analysis Conclusions Part IV. Soil wave propagation in stratified soil Introduttion Distance-time graphs Results Sinusoidal force excitation Refraction Impact force excitation Selected bibliography Appendix A. Equations for computing stress components in Part II Appendix B. Equations for computer program in Part III

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Revegetation procedures 1975-1978 construction seasons Willow cutting program Visual impact engineering program Selected terrain disturbances Fuel gas line and snowpads Island Lake and oil line snowpads Oil spills and revegetation CRREL restoration sites Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: List of sites observed during 1975 Appendix B: Annotated photographs of permanent revegetation observation sites-1975-1978 Appendix C: Photographic record of fuel gas line observation sites

Note: Table of Contents Preface List of Participants Foreword Introduction Education and training in remote sensing Chapter 1 Background - the physical basis of remote sensing Chapter 2 The EARTHNET data acquisition, processing and distribution faculty Chapter 3 METEOSAT, Europe's contribution to the global weather observing system Chapter 4 Remote sensing from space: review of future plans and prospects Chapter 5 Guide to the design and specification of a primary user receiving station for meteorological and oceanographic satellite data Chapter 6 The design and implementation of DIBIAS, a digital interactive image processing system Chapter 7 A low-cost image data display system for teaching use Chapter 8 Elementary ideas of optical image processing Chapter 9 Geometrical aspects of remote sensing, space cartography Chapter 10 Statistical methods: a selective tutorial survey Chapter 11 The atmospheric correction of remotely sensed data and the quantitative determination of suspended matter in marine water surface layers Chapter 12 Remote sensing of a complex surface Chapter 13 Some legal aspects of remote sensing Chapter 14 Airborne remote sensing experiments with a fluorescent tracer Chapter 15 Remote sensing of pollution Chapter 16 Studies of dust storms from satellites Chapter 17 The use of remote sensing in hydrology in Norway Chapter 18 Radio echo sounding of ice masses: principles and applications Chapter 19 Examples of applications of digital image processing of remotely sensed phenomena Chapter 20 Sea surface fronts and temperatures Chapter 21 Remote sensing of ocean waves, currents and surface winds by dekametric radar Chapter 22 The SEASAT-1 synthetic aperture radar: introduction data reception and processing Chapter 23 Microwave radiometry and applications Chapter 24 Meteorological models and climatological data sets Chapter 25 Use of satellite images and derived meteorological parameters for weather analysis and forecast Chapter 26 The use of cinematographic methods for the presentation of atmospheric motions as revealed by remote sensing techniques from satellites Notes on Field Trips FT1 A field assessment of various forms of remote sensing imagery on theTay Estuary tidal flats FT2 Notes for field work on sea truth measurement for remote sensing verification Worksheets for Laboratory Exercises WS1 Example of an exercise in aerial photograph interpretation WS2 A case study of mid-latitude frontal cyclone structure using TIROS-N upper-air and surface observations WS3 A climatological archive from meteorological satellite data - the problems involved WS4 Interpretation of aerial infrared survey data WS5 Simple spatial filtering experiments WS6 Portable LANDSAT-type radiometer and classification of a LANDSAT scene of the Dundee area WS7 Estimation of the forest area in the County of Norfolk from LANDSAT MSS images WS8 Classification and temporal variation in Wessex using LANDSAT MSS images WS9 Mapping of the Abertay Sands using LANDSAT MSS digital data WS 10 Estimation of snow cover in the Scottish highlands from LANDSAT imagery WS 11 Snow cover determination from TIROS-N and NOAA-6 AVHRR data Index

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Background Approach Influencing factors Field factors Laboratory Laboratory trafficking tests Force measurement and coefficient of friction Test tire slip Surface friction gauge Test procedure British portable tester Experimental results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Test pavements Appendix B. Pennsylvania State University field study Appendix C. Rochester Institute of Technology field study

Note: CONTENTS Preface Summary Introduction The principle of pendulum steering Analysis of the power requirements The upper heater control Laboratory tests Summary

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Test sites Test procedures and materials Analysis of test data Mobility tests Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abstract of events Earthquakes and frozen ground The response of freshwater ice sheets to earthquake shock The earthquake disturbance in glaciated mountains Disturbed wildlife Tidal waves Summary Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Symbols Introduction Purpose of the study Stating the problem Fracturing of the ice cover due to the passage of surge waves Basic assumptions Derivation of the bending moments Determination of the wave characteristics Deflection of the ice Discussion and field observations Summary Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of test site Test results Method of analysis Results of analysis Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A Recovery time after onset of thawing, t20 Discussion of results Change in resilient deflection due to thawing, A. Recovery time after thawing, t20 Conclusions Literature cited ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Pavement deflection and frost penetration vs time Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus F Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus W Data points and regression line for A and t2 0 versus I Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus N Data points and regression line for A and t20 versus D Data points and regression line for t20 versus A Permeability vs void ratio for the Toledo Penn 7 material TABLES Properties of test sections Test results from Scrivner et al Results of regression analysis

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion factors Summary Introduction Description of shelter Test procedures and results Mobility Ease of erecting and striking Therinal efficiency and performance Heat output Electrical system Habitation Safety features Water system Shelter reliability Structure Performance of other shelters Conclusions Future studies Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The western Arctic of North America The continental shelf of Newfoundland and Labrador Burial depth for pipes and cables Degree of protection offered by burial Environmental impact Trenching the beach and the shallows in the western Arctic Trenching beyond the shallows Suction, or hydraulic, dredging Bottom-t raveling cutterhead dredges Plows Rippers Water jets Subsea disc saws and wheel ditchers Subsea ladder trenchers and chain saws Subsea routers and slot millers Bucket ladder trenchers Vibratory and percussive devices Hard rock excavation under water Control and monitoring of subsea machines Vessels and vehicles Trenching from the sea ice Costs of subsea trenching Reference Appendix: Description of waters off Alaska and Newfoundland

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Methods of analysis Marine seismic records Seismic sub-bottom profiles Results and discussion Distribution of hyperbolic reflections Hyperbolas on oil exploration records Hyperbolas on sub-bottom profiles Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Hyperbola projector

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Meteorological data retrieval and measurements Meteorological effects on river ice cover Winter 1975-76 Winter 1976-77 Winter 1977-78 Analysis of ice formation and decay Mechanism of ice formation Ice growth and decay on the Ottauquechee River, 1975-76, 1976-77, 1977-78 Influence of warm sewage effluent on river water temperatures and ice conditions Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Climatological observations Appendix B: Ice conditions, field remarks and pertinent photography

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Notation Introduction Experimental procedure and considerations Growth of the ice plate Support of the ice plate Acoustic emission monitoring system Displacement transducers and data recording Mechanical loading System Analysis Experimental results Thin section analysis Summary and discussion Literature cited Appendix A : Ice plate linear elastic response Appendix B: Acoustic emission system sensitivity Appendix C: Ice plate linear viscoelastic response Appendix D: Equipment list

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 How the Ocean-Atmosphere System Is Driven. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 The Amount of Energy Received by the Earth. - 1.3 Radiative Equilibrium Models. - 1.4 The Greenhouse Effect. - 1.5 Effects of Convection. - 1.6 Effects of Horizontal Gradients. - 1.7 Variability in Radiative Driving of the Earth. - 2 Transfer of Properties between Atmosphere and Ocean. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Contrasts in Properties of Ocean and Atmosphere. - 2.3 Momentum Transfer between Air and Sea, and the Atmosphere's Angular Momentum Balance. - 2.4 Dependence of Exchange Rates on Air-Sea Velocity, Temperature, and Humidity Differences. - 2.5 The Hydrological Cycle. - 2.6 The Heat Balance of the Ocean. - 2.7 Surface Density Changes and the Thermohaline Circulation of the Ocean. - 3 Properties of a Fluid at Rest. - 3.1 The Equation of State. - 3.2 Thermodynamic Variables. - 3.3 Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ocean and Atmosphere. - 3.4 Phase Changes. - 3.5 Balance of Forces in a Fluid at Rest. - 3.6 Static Stability. - 3.7 Quantities Associated with Stability. - 3.8 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere. - 3.9 Graphical Representation of Vertical Soundings. - 4 Equations Satisfied by a Moving Fluid. - 4.1 Properties of a Material Element. - 4.2 Mass Conservation Equation. - 4.3 Balance for a Scalar Quantity like Salinity. - 4.4 The Internal Energy (or Heat) Equation. - 4.5 The Equation of Motion. - 4.6 Mechanical Energy Equation. - 4.7 Total Energy Equation. - 4.8 Bernoulli's Equation. - 4.9 Systematic Effects of Diffusion. - 4.10 Summary List of the Governing Equations. - 4.11 Boundary Conditions. - 4.12 A Coordinate System for Planetary Scale Motions. - 5 Adjustment under Gravity in a Nonrotating System. - 5.1 Introduction: Adjustment to Equilibrium. - 5.2 Perturbations from the Rest State for a Homogenous Inviscid Fluid. - 5.3 Surface Gravity Waves. - 5.4 Dispersion. - 5.5 Short-Wave and Long-Wave Approximations. - 5.6 Shallow-Water Equations Derived Using the Hydrostatic Approximation. - 5.7 Energetics of Shallow-Water Motion. - 5.8 Seiches and Tides in Channels and Gulfs. - 6 Adjustment under Gravity of a Density-Stratified Fluid. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The Case of Two Superposed Fluids of Different Density. - 6.3 The Baroclinic Mode and the Rigid Lid Approximation. - 6.4 Adjustments within a Continuously Stratified Incompressible Fluid. - 6.5 Internal Gravity Waves. - 6.6 Dispersion Effects. - 6.7 Energetics of internal waves. - 6.8 Internal Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 6.9 Effects on Boundary-Generated Waves of Variations of Buoyancy Frequency with Height. - 6.10 Free Waves in the Presence of Boundaries. - 6.11 Waves of Large Horizontal Scale: Normal Modes. - 6.12 An Example of Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.13 Resolution into Normal Modes for the Ocean. - 6.14 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Compressible Fluid. - 6.15 Examples of Adjustment in a Compressible Atmosphere. - 6.16 Weak Dispersion of a Pulse. - 6.17 Isobaric Coordinates. - 6.18 The Vertically Integrated Perturbation Energy Equation in Isobaric Coordinates. - 7 Effects of Rotation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 The Rossby Adjustment Problem. - 7.3 The Transients. - 7.4 Applicability, to the Rotating Earth. - 7.5 The Rossby Radius of Deformation. - 7.6 The Geostrophic Balance. - 7.7 Relative Geostrophic Currents: The Thermal Wind. - 7.8 Available Potential Energy. - 7.9 Circulation and Vorticity. - 7.10 Conservation of Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 7.11 Circulation in a Stratified Fluid and Ertel's Potential Vorticity. - 7.12 Perturbation Forms of the Vorticity Equations in a Uniformly Rotating Fluid. - 7.13 Initialization of Fields for Numerical Prediction Schemes. - 8 Gravity Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Effect of Rotation on Surface Gravity Waves: Poincare Waves. - 8.3 Dispersion Properties and Energetics of Poincare Waves. - 8.4 Vertically Propagating Internal Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.5 Polarization Relations. - 8.6 Energetics. - 8.7 Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 8.8 Mountain Waves. - 8.9 Effects of Variation of Properties with Height. - 8.10 Finite-Amplitude Topographic Effects. - 8.11 Dissipative Effects in the Upper Atmosphere. - 8.12 The Liouville-Green or WKBJ Approximation. - 8.13 Wave Interactions. - 8.14 The Internal Wave Spectrum in the Ocean. - 8.15 Wave Transport and Effects on the Mean Flow. - 8.16 Quasi-geostrophic Flow (f Plane): The Isallobaric Wind. - 9 Forced Motion. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Forcing Due to Surface Stress: Ekman Transport. - 9.3 Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations in the Ocean Mixed Layer. - 9.4 Ekman Pumping. - 9.5 Bottom Friction: Velocity Structure of the Boundary Layer. - 9.6 The Laminar Ekman Layer. - 9.7 The Nocturnal Jet. - 9.8 Tide-Producing Forces. - 9.9 Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Variations and Wind on Barotropic Motion in the Sea: The Forced Shallow-Water Equation. - 9.10 Baroclinic Response of the Ocean to Wind Forcing: Use of Normal Modes. - 9.11 Response of the Ocean to a Moving Storm or Hurricane. - 9.12 Spin-Down by Bottom Friction. - 9.13 Buoyancy Forcing. - 9.14 Response to Stationary Forcing: A Barotropic Example. - 9.15 A Forced Baroclinic Vortex. - 9.16 Equilibration through Dissipative Effects. - 10 Effects of Side Boundaries. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Effects of Rotation on Seiches and Tides in Narrow Channels and Gulfs. - 10.3 Poincare Waves in a Uniform Channel of Arbitrary Width. - 10.4 Kelvin Waves. - 10.5 The Full Set of Modes for an Infinite Channel of Uniform Width. - 10.6 End Effects: Seiches and Tides in a Gulf That Is Not Narrow. - 10.7 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Channel. - 10.8 Tides. - 10.9 Storm Surges on an Open Coastline: The Local Solution. - 10.10 Surges Moving along the Coast: Forced Kelvin Waves. - 10.11 Coastal Upwelling. - 10.12 Continental Shelf Waves. - 10.13 Coastally Trapped Waves. - 10.14 Eastern Boundary Currents. - 11. The Tropics. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Effects of Earth's Curvature: Shallow-Water Equations on the Sphere. - 11.3 Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 11.4 The Equatorial Beta Plane. - 11.5 The Equatorial Kelvin Wave. - 11.6 Other Equatorially Trapped Waves. - 11.7 The Equatorial Waveguide: Gravity Waves. - 11.8 Planetary Waves and Quasi-geostrophic Motion. - 11.9 Baroclinic Motion near the Equator. - 11.10 Vertically Propagating Equatorial Waves. - 11.11 Adjustment under Gravity near the Equator. - 11.12 Transient Forced Motion. - 11.13 Potential Vorticity for Baroclinic Motion: The Steady Limit. - 11.14 Steady Forced Motion. - 11.15 The Tropical Circulation of the Atmosphere. - 11.16 Tropical Ocean Currents. - 12 Mid-latitudes. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 The Mid-latitude Beta Plane. - 12.3 Planetary Waves. - 12.4 Spin-Up of the Ocean by an Applied Wind Stress. - 12.5 Steady Ocean Circulation. - 12.6 Western Boundary Currents. - 12.7 Vertical Propagation of Planetary Waves in a Medium at Rest. - 12.8 Nonlinear Quasi-geostrophic Flow in Three Dimensions. - 12.9 Small Disturbances on a Zonal Flow Varying with Latitude and Height. - 12.10 Deductions about Vertical Motion from the Quasi-geostrophic Equations. - 13 Instabilities, Fronts, and the General Circulation. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Free Waves in the Presence of a Horizontal Temperature Gradient. - 13.3 Baroclinic Instability: The Eady Problem. - 13.4 Baroclinic Instability: The Charney Problem. - 13.5 Necessary Conditions for Instability. - 13.6 Barotropic Instability. - 13.7 Eddies in the Ocean. - 13.8 Fronts. - 13.9 The Life Cycle of a Baroclinic Disturbance. - 13.10 General Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Appendix One Units and Their SI Equivalents. - Appendix Two Useful

Note: In span. Sprache

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Previous work in cold weather window performance Investigation Data acquisition and analysis Modeling the window thermal regime Moisture and ice observations Airtightness testing and analysis Annual heat loss from air leakage Results and conclusions Moisture on windows Airtightness Airtightness economics Recommendations for windows in extreme cold Airtightness Multiple glazing Literature cited Appendix A: Moisture levels and airtightness Appendix B: Dewpoint data Appendix C: Sample observations of icing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and environmental setting Data collection and terminology Data analysis Gouge depths Gouge orientation Gouge frequency Extreme value analysis Applications to offshore design Gouge depth Extreme value statistics Burial depths Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Detailed bathymetric map of the Alaskan portion of the Beaufort Sea

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Finite differences applied to heat transfer Heat conduction equation Boundary conditions Phase change Computer program ADDATA, the data subroutine TRIDIG, the matrix solver ISOTHM, the isotherm finider ADI, main program ADEPC, main program Verification of ADI Comparison of ADI with analytical results Comparison of ADI with experimental results Verification of ADIPC Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-the Neumann solution Comparison of ADIPC with analytical results-two-dimensional phase change verification User instruction for ADI User instruction for ADIPC Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Program INFSUM and sample input and output for program ADI Appendix B. Program ADIPC and sample input and output

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration