ALBERT

Note: Chapter 1 (Introduction) - New Rules: Old Lessons? -- Chapter 2 - A New Starting Point: ‘Values-up’ not ‘Numbers-down’ -- Chapter 3 - New stories: Frames and Narratives for building public engagement -- Chapter 4 - New social norms: breaking the ‘climate silence’ -- Chapter 5 - New Voices: Shifting the debate from scientific to social reality -- Chapter 6 - New Rules: A Blueprint for public engagement on energy and climate change

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Why Forecast? -- 1.2 The Informatics Challenge in Forecasting -- 1.3 The Model-Data Loop -- 1.4 Why Bayes? -- 1.5 Models as Scaffolds -- 1.6 Case Studies and Decision Support -- 1.7 Key Concepts -- 1.8 Hands-on Activities -- 2. From Models to Forecasts -- 2.1 The Traditional Modeler's Toolbox -- 2.2 Example: The Logistic Growth Model -- 2.3 Adding Sources of Uncertainty -- 2.4 Thinking Probabilistically -- 2.5 Predictability -- 2.6 Key Concepts -- 2.7 Hands-on Activities -- 3. Data, Large and Small -- 3.1 The Data Cycle and Best Practices -- 3.2 Data Standards and Metadata -- 3.3 Handling Big Data -- 3.4 Key Concepts -- 3.5 Hands-on Activities -- 4. Scientific Workflows and the Informatics of Model-Data Fusion -- 4.1 Transparency, Accountability, and Repeatability -- 4.2 Workflows and Automation -- 4.3 Best Practices for Scientific Computing -- 4.4 Key Concepts -- 4.5 Hands-on Activities -- 5. Introduction to Bayes -- 5.1 Confronting Models with Data -- 5.2 Probability 101 -- 5.3 The Likelihood -- 5.4 Bayes' Theorem -- 5.5 Prior Information -- 5.6 Numerical Methods for Bayes -- 5.7 Evaluating MCMC Output -- 5.8 Key Concepts -- 5.9 Hands-on Activities -- 6. Characterizing Uncertainty -- 6.1 Non-Gaussian Error -- 6.2 Heteroskedasticity -- 6.3 Observation Error -- 6.4 Missing Data and Inverse Modeling -- 6.5 Hierarchical Models and Process Error -- 6.6 Autocorrelation -- 6.7 Key Concepts -- 6.8 Hands-on Activities -- 7. Case Study: Biodiversity, Populations, and Endangered Species -- 7.1 Endangered Species -- 7.2 Biodiversity -- 7.3 Key Concepts -- 7.4 Hands-on Activities -- 8. Latent Variables and State-Space Models -- 8.1 Latent Variables -- 8.2 State Space -- 8.3 Hidden Markov Time-Series Model -- 8.4 Beyond Time -- 8.5 Key Concepts -- 8.6 Hands-on Activities -- 9. Fusing Data Sources -- 9.1 Meta-analysis -- 9.2 Combining Data: Practice, Pitfalls, and Opportunities -- 9.3 Combining Data and Models across Space and Time -- 9.4 Key Concepts -- 9.5 Hands-on Activities -- 10. Case Study: Natural Resources -- 10.1 Fisheries -- 10.2 Case Study: Baltic Salmon -- 10.3 Key Concepts -- 11. Propagating, Analyzing, and Reducing Uncertainty -- 11.1 Sensitivity Analysis -- 11.2 Uncertainty Propagation -- 11.3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 11.4 Tools for Model-Data Feedbacks -- 11.5 Key Concepts -- 11.6 Hands-on Activities -- Appendix A Properties of Means and Variances -- Appendix B Common Variance Approximations -- 12. Case Study: Carbon Cycle -- 12.1 Carbon Cycle Uncertainties -- 12.2 State of the Science -- 12.3 Case Study: Model-Data Feedbacks -- 12.4 Key Concepts -- 12.5 Hands-on Activities -- 13. Data Assimilation 1: Analytical Methods -- 13.1 The Forecast Cycle -- 13.2 Kalman Filter -- 13.3 Extended Kalman Filter -- 13.4 Key Concepts -- 13.5 Hands-on Activities -- 14. Data Assimilation 2: Monte Carlo Methods -- 14.1 Ensemble Filters -- 14.2 Particle Filter -- 14.3 Model Averaging and Reversible Jump MCMC -- 14.4 Generalizing the Forecast Cycle -- 14.5 Key Concepts -- 14.6 Hands-on Activities -- 15. Epidemiology -- 15.1 Theory -- 15.2 Ecological Forecasting -- 15.3 Examples of Epidemiological Forecasting -- 15.4 Case Study: Influenza -- 15.5 Key Concepts -- 16. Assessing Model Performance -- 16.1 Visualization -- 16.2 Basic Model Diagnostics -- 16.3 Model Benchmarks -- 16.4 Data Mining the Residuals -- 16.5 Comparing Model Performance to Simple Statistics -- 16.6 Key Concepts -- 16.7 Hands-on Activities -- 17. Projection and Decision Support -- 17.1 Projections, Predictions, and Forecasting -- 17.2 Decision Support -- 17.3 Key Concepts -- 17.4 Hands-on Activities -- 18. Final Thoughts -- 18.1 Lessons Learned -- 18.2 Future Directions -- References -- Index

Note: Contents: Chapter 1 The Space and Strategy of Demographic Growth ; Chapter 2 Demographic Growth ; Chapter 3 Land, Labor, and Population ; Chapter 4 Toward Order and Efficiency ; Chapter 5 The Populations of Poor Countries ; Chapter 6 The Future ; Major Scientific Journals for Further Reading

Note: Contents: TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT PAGE -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART I FORCINGS OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 1 THE CHANGING EL NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION AND ASSOCIATED CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. CHANGES IN ENSO PROPERTIES -- 1.3. CHANGES IN ENSO DYNAMICS -- 1.4. CHANGES IN ENSO TELECONNECTIONS AND ASSOCIATED CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 1.5. ENSO IN THE FUTURE -- 1.6. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 WEATHER EXTREMES LINKED TO INTERACTION OF THE ARCTIC AND MIDLATITUDES -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. ARCTIC EFFECTS ON MIDLATITUDE EXTREMES -- 2.3. MIDLATITUDE EFFECTS ON ARCTIC EXTREMES -- 2.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON REGIONAL CHANGES IN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS ON CLOUDS AND RADIATION -- 3.3. AEROSOL IMPACT ON REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE -- 3.4. Mitigation scenarios for aerosol emissions -- 3.5. AEROSOL EFFECT ON TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION EXTREMES -- 3.6. FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4 WEAKENED FLOW, PERSISTENT CIRCULATION, AND PROLONGED WEATHER EXTREMES IN BOREAL SUMMER -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. RESONANT CIRCULATION REGIMES -- 4.3. REAL EVENTS -- 4.4. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5 LAND PROCESSES AS THE FORCING OF EXTREMES: A REVIEW -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. FORCINGS OF LAND PROCESSES ON CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 5.3. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART II PROCESSES OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 6 TIMING OF ANTHROPOGENIC EMERGENCE IN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. DEFINING TIME OF EMERGENCE -- 6.3. DATA AND METHODS -- 6.4. RESULTS -- 6.5. DISCUSSION -- 6.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES CHAPTER 7 RECENT INCREASES IN EXTREME TEMPERATURE OCCURRENCE OVER LAND -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY -- 7.3. RESULTS -- 7.4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8 WHY FUTURE SHIFTS IN TROPICAL PRECIPITATION WILL LIKELY BE SMALL: THE LOCATION OF THE TROPICAL RAIN BELT AND THE HEMISPHERIC CONTRAST OF ENERGY INPUT TO THE ATMOSPHERE -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ITCZ POSITION AND HEMISPHERIC CONTRAST OF ATMOSPHERIC HEATING -- 8.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SEASONAL CYCLE OF ITCZ MIGRATION AND THE ANNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION -- 8.4. IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE ITCZ SHIFTS UNDER GLOBAL WARMING -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9 WEATHER-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND MJO INFLUENCES -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO, BACKGROUND STATE, AND SYNOPTIC WEATHER -- 9.3. A CASE STUDY ON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION AND EL NIÑO -- 9.4. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO AND BREAKING WAVES -- 9.5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO, TROPICAL CYCLONES, AND THE EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION -- 9.6. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10 RECENT CLIMATE EXTREMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE WEST PACIFIC WARMING MODE -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. BACKGROUND -- 10.3. DATA AND METHODS -- 10.4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN HEAT WAVES AND CIRCUMGLOBAL TELECONNECTION PATTERNS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SUMMER -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. DATA AND METHODS -- 11.3. DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT WAVES -- 11.4. PLANETARY WAVES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEAT WAVES -- 11.5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART III REGIONAL CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 12 NORTH AMERICAN DROUGHT AND LINKS TO NORTHERN EURASIA: THE ROLE OF STATIONARY ROSSBY WAVES -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. REANALYSIS DATA AND THE GEOS-5 AGCM EXPERIMENTS -- 12.3. RESULTS -- 12.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13 THE CALIFORNIA DROUGHT: TRENDS AND IMPACTS -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. THE PROLONGED DROUGHT OF 2012-2016 -- 13.3. ROLE OF ENSO CYCLE -- 13.4. ARCTIC INFLUENCES -- 13.5. DROUGHT IMPACTS ON CALIFORNIA -- 13.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14 OBSERVED TRENDS IN US TORNADO FREQUENCY -- 14.1. INTRODUCTION -- 14.2. STORM DATA TORNADO DATABASE -- 14.3. US TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY -- 14.4. CHANGES IN US TORNADO STATISTICS -- 14.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15 MECHANISMS EXPLAINING RECENT CHANGES IN AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 15.1. INTRODUCTION -- 15.2. AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL EXTREMES OF 2010-2012 -- 15.3. AUSTRALIA'S TEMPERATURE EXTREMES OF 2013 -- 15.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16 UNRAVELING EAST AFRICA'S CLIMATE PARADOX -- 16.1. INTRODUCTION -- 16.2. THE NATURE OF THE RECENT EAST AFRICAN LONG RAINS DECLINE -- 16.3. LINKS TO PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY -- 16.4. PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 16.5. CLIMATE MODEL SIMULATIONS OF EAST AFRICAN CLIMATE -- 16.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17 A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR EXTREME DROUGHT OVER SOUTHWEST ASIA -- 17.1. INTRODUCTION -- 17.2. PRECIPITATION PATTERNS -- 17.3. SST RELATIONSHIPS -- 17.4. ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTIONS -- 17.5. SUMMARY -- APPENDIX: DATA -- REFERENCES -- PART IV PREDICTION OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 18 EXTRATROPICAL PRECURSORS OF THE EL NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION -- 18.1. INTRODUCTION -- 18.2. OVERVIEW OF PRECURSORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ENSO -- 18.3. DATA AND DEFINITIONS -- 18.4. EVALUATION OF PRECURSOR VARIABILITY AND COVARIABILITY -- 18.5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECURSORS AND ENSO -- 18.6. DIAGNOSING PRECURSORS AS ENSO PREDICTORS -- 18.7. RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRATROPICAL PRECURSORS TO 2014 AND 2015 EL NIñO -- 18.8. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19 NORTH ATLANTIC SEASONAL HURRICANE PREDICTION: UNDERLYING SCIENCE AND AN EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL MODELS -- 19.1. INTRODUCTION -- 19.2. STATISTICALLY BASED SEASONAL HURRICANE OUTLOOK MODELS -- 19.3. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20 PREDICTING SUBSEASONAL PRECIPITATION VARIATIONS BASED ON THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION -- 20.1. INTRODUCTION -- 20.2. THE MJO INFLUENCE ON THE VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION -- 20.3. FORECASTING THE MJO -- 20.4. THE MJO AND PREDICTABILITY OF PRECIPITATION -- 20.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21 PREDICTION OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE EXTREMES WITH A MULTIMODEL ENSEMBLE -- 21.1. INTRODUCTION -- 21.2. PREDICTION SKILL -- 21.3. PREDICTABILITY -- 21.4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 22 TOWARD PREDICTING US TORNADOES IN THE LATE 21ST CENTURY -- 22.1. PROJECTING CHANGES IN US TORNADO ACTIVITY USING ENVIRONMENTAL PROXIES -- 22.2. SHORT-TERM TORNADO PREDICTION USING HIGH RESOLUTION MODELS AND APPLICATIONS TO DYNAMICAL DOWNSCALING -- 22.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Chapter 1. Dignity in Homer and Classical Greece ; Chapter 2. Dignity in Roman and Stoic Thought ; Reflection: Dignity in Confucian and Buddhist Thought ; Chapter 3. Dignity After the Fall ; Chapter 4. Islamic Conceptions of Dignity: Historical Trajectories and Paradigms ; Chapter 5. Dignity, Vile Bodies and Nakedness: Giovanni Pico and Giannozzo Manetti ; Reflection: Portraiture, Social Positioning, and Displays of Dignity in Early Modern London ; Chapter 6. Equal Dignity and Rights ; Chapter 7. Human Dignity Before Kant: Denis Diderot's Passionate Person ; Chapter 8. Dignity: Kant's Revolutionary Conception ; Reflection: A Time For Dignity ; Chapter 9. Bourgeois Dignity: Making the Self-Made Man ; Reflection: Taking refuge from history in morality: Marx, Morality, and Dignity ; Chapter 10. Universalizing Dignity in the Nineteenth Century ; Reflection: Why Bioethics isn't Ready for Human Dignity ; Chapter 11. Sympathy and Dignity in Early Africana Philosophy ; Reflection: Death and Dignity in American Law

Note: Contents: INTRODUCTION ; Part 1 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC AT A GLANCE ; Part 2 CLIMATE CHANGE IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: OBSERVATIONS AND PROJECTIONS ; Part 3 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HUMAN SYSTEMS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ; CONCLUSION

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. Observing Behavior ; 3 Asking Questions ; 4. Running Experiments ; 5. Creating Mass Collaboration ; 6. Ethics ; 7. The Future

Note: Contents: 1: Introduction ; 2: Climate Change and International Law ; 3: Treaty-Based Lawmaking: Rules, Tools and Techniques ; 4: Evolution of the United Nations Climate Regime ; 5: The Framework Convention on Climate Change ; 6: Kyoto Protocol ; 7: Paris Agreement ; 8: Climate Governance beyond the United Nations Climate Regime ; 9: International Climate Change Law & Other Areas of International Regulation ; 10: Conclusion

Note: Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations and nomenclatureI 1. Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Permafrost and ground ice 1.1.2 Organic carbon pools and fluxes into the Arctic Ocean 1.1.3 Climate warming and permafrost thaw 1.1.4 Permafrost degradation and coastal erosion 1.1.5 Study area Yukon coast and Qikiqtaruk 1.2 Knowledge gaps 1.3 Aims and objectives 1.4 Thesis structure and author's contribution 2. Eroding permafrost coasts release low amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from ground ice into the nearshore zone of the Arctic Ocean 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study area 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Field work 2.4.2 DOC concentration 2.4.3 DOC flux estimation 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Segmentation of the coast - literature synthesis 2.5.2 DOC concentration 2.5.3 DOC stocks and fluxes 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 DOC concentrations in ground ice 2.6.2 DOC fluxes from the YC 2.6.3 DOC fluxes and the Arctic carbon budget 2.7 Conclusion and Outlook 2.8 Acknowledgements 3.Transformation of terrestrial organic matter along thermokarst-affected permafrost coasts in the Arctic 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study area 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Field work 3.3.2 Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and vegetation 3.3.3 Organic matter 3.3.4 Statistics 3.3.5 Transformation of organic matter 3.3.6 Fate of organic matter in the nearshore zone 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and vegetation 3.4.2 Organic matter 3.4.3 C/N-ratios and δ13C 3.4.4 Biomarkers 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Transformation of organic matter in the disturbed zone 3.5.2 Fate of organic matter in the nearshore zone 3.5.3 Environmental impact of the RTS 3.6 Conclusion 3.7 Acknowledgements 4. Rapid greenhouse gas release from eroding permafrost coasts 4.1 Summary 4.2 Background 4.3 Study site 4.4 Sampling and incubation setup 4.5 Findings and discussion 4.6 Conclusion 4.7 Methods 4.7.1 Incubation conditions 4.7.2 Gas measurements 4.7.3 Geo- and hydrochemical analysis 4.8 Acknowledgements 5. Synthesis 5.1 Mobilization of permafrost OC pools by coastal erosion 5.2 Transformation of permafrost OM on transit from land to sea 5.3 Fate and pathways of permafrost OC in the nearshore zone 5.4 Conclusion and outlook References Appendix I: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Arctic ground ice I-1 Abstract I-2 Introduction I-3 Study area and study sites I-4 Material and methods I-4-1 Laboratory analyses I-4-2 Statistical methods I-5 Results I-5-1 DOC and DIC concentrations I-5-2 Correlation matrix I-5-3 Principal components I-5-4 Univariate Tree Model (UTM) I-6 Discussion I-6-1 DOC stocks in ground ice and relevance to carbon cycling I-6-2 Carbon sequestration and origin in relation to inorganic geochemistry I-6-3 DOC mobility and quality upon permafrost degradation I-7 Conclusions and outlook I-8 Acknowledgements Appendix II: Supplementary material for Chapter 2 II-1 Supplementary table - Ground ice and geochemical data II-2 Supplementary table - Coastal segments and DOC flux Appendix III: Supplementary material for Chapter 3 III-1 Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index map III-2 Photograph of a massive ice bed in a RTS III-3 Calculation of biomarker proxies III-4 Supplementary table - Summary of geochemical data III-5 Supplementary table - Summary of statistical analysis AppendixI V: Supplementary material for Chapter 4 IV-1 Design of the incubation experiment IV-2 Photograph of a standard incubation setup IV-3 Conversion of gas amounts into mass IV-4 Total and daily aerobic CH4 production IV-5 Histogram summarizing OC losses and CO2 emissions IV-6 Supplementary table - Summary of TOC, DOC, and pH data IV-7 Supplementary table - Summary of TN, TOC/TN, and δ13C-TOC data IV-8 Supplementary table - Summary of total CO2 and CH4 production data IV-9 Supplementary table - Comparison of incubation setups IV-10 Supplementary table - Summary of daily CO2 production data IV-11 Supplementary table - Summary of daily CH4 production data Acknowledgements-Danksagung

Note: Contents: Introduction: Sustainability, Innovative Milieus And Territorial Development ; PART I SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION, GLOBAL ANCHORING OF TERRITORIAL PRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS, AND COMPETITIVENESS 1. The Territories of ‘Sustainable’ Innovation: From Local Milieus to ‘Responsible’ Communication: The Case of Photovoltaics and Sustainable Finance in Western Switzerland ; 2. Innovation in the Sustainable Renovation Sector in Île-De-France ; 3. Border-Crossing Sustainable Innovation Processes – German Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) in Green Construction ; 4. Living PlanIT and the Development of the ‘PlanIT Urban Operating System tm’: The Geographies of an Innovation ; 5. The Sustainable Water Campus in Leeuwarden: Towards an Anchoring Milieu or a ‘Hollow Term’? ; PART II SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT ; 6. Bairro Alto Revisited: Sustainable Innovations, Reputation Building and Urban Development ; 7. Innovative Rurban Networks in Rome ; 8. Innovation in Sustainable Tourism Projects in Alpine Resorts ; PART III SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION, ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING AND REGIONAL PRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS ; 9. The Great Basque Transformation Towards Sustainable Innovations ; 10. Atlantic Nautical Network: An Inter-Regional Organizational System to Promote Innovation in Support of Sustainable Development ; 11. From Regional Production System to Regional Innovation System – Evolutional Changes of Suwa Industrial Region in Japan ; Conclusion: Relaunching GREMI: A Scientific Trajectory

Note: Contents: 1 Future water use in the Guanting basin under climate change and socio-economic transition ; 2 The geographical setting for integrated water resource management in the Guanting basin ; 3 Regional climate modeling ; 4 Simulation of natural water availability with the eco-hydrological model SWIM ; 5 Quality assessment of SWIM-Guanting simulations ; 6 Regionalization of socio-economic scenarios and adaptation options for the Guanting basin ; 7 Water Quantity Management – the Model WBalMo ; 8 Monitoring of trophic status and phytoplankton in water bodies of the Guanting basin ; 9 Water quality management: modeling of nutrient emissions with MONERIS ; 10 Reservoirs of the Guanting basin ; 11 Impacts and adaptation ; 12 Exploring alternative water distribution rules with behavioral irrigation experiments ; 13 InfoSYS Guanting ; Glossary

Note: Contents: Climate Change Adaptation in North America: A Short Review of Priorities ; Climate Adaptation Management in Rural and Urban Areas ; Community Deliberation to Build Local Capacity for Climate Change Adaptation: The Rural Climate Dialogues Program ; A Participatory Process to Design Climate Change Adaptation Measures for the Carmen-Pajonal-Machona Lagoon System in Mexico ; Experimentalist Regional Governance for Climate Change Adaptation: A Canadian Case Study ; The Participative Action Research Approach to Climate Change Adaptation in Atlantic Canadian Coastal Communities ; Recent Harm, Problematic Impacts, and Socially Feasible Adaptation Options to Heatwaves and Heavy Rain Events in New York City ; Climate Change and the Built Environment ; A Critical Discussion on the Roles of Institutions on Ports’ Adaptation to the Impacts Posed by Climate Change ; Beyond Restoration: Planting Coastal Infrastructure ; COREDAR for Cities: Developing a Capacity Building Tool for Sea-Level Rise Risk Communication and Urban Community-Based Adaptation ; Conflicts and Synergies: Adaptation, Resilience and Multi-hazard Mitigation ; A Region Under Threat? Climate Change Impacts, Institutional Change and Response of Local Communities in Coastal Yucatán ; Designing for Future Uncertainties: Comparative Studies of Two Adaptive Strategies in Urban Design in New York and Sweden ; Designing with Risk: Balancing Global Risk and Project Risks ; Coping with Higher Sea Levels and Increased Coastal Flooding in New York City ; Building an Adaptation Tool for Visualizing the Coastal Impacts of Climate Change on Prince Edward Island, Canada ; Information, Communication, Education and Training on Climate Change ; Effective Public Service Communication Networks for Climate Change Adaptation ; Speaking Out or Staying Quiet on Climate Change: Broadcast Meteorologists Influenced by the Need to Be Pithy, Popular and Politically Cautious ; Climate Change, Planning and Health and Examples from Other Regions ; Urban Planning to Prevent Mosquito-Borne Diseases in the Caribbean ; Mental Health Impacts of Droughts: Lessons for the U.S. from Australia ; Linking Science and Policy on Climate Change: The Case of Coquimbo Region, Chile ; Selection Support Framework Fostering Resilience Based on Neighbourhood Typologies ; Final Considerations ; A Cross-Disciplinary Perspective on the Factors Shaping North American Adaptation Research

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2017 , Content List of Abbreviations List of Figures List of Tables Summary Zusammenfassung Motivation Chapter 1 1. Scientific background 1.1 Late Quaternary climate changes and treeline transition in northern Siberia 1.2 Natural archives and proxies to assess vegetation history 1.3 Study area 1.3 Objectives of the thesis 1.4 Thesis outline 1.4.1 Chapters and manuscripts 1.4.2 Author's contribution 1.4.2.1 Manuscript I - published 1.4.2.2 Manuscript II - submitted 1.4.2.3 Manuscript III - prepared for submission Chapter 2 2. Manuscript I: Sedimentary ancient DNA and pollen reveal the composition of plant organic matter in Late Quaternary permafrost sediments of the Buor Khaya Peninsula (north-eastern Siberia) 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Geographical settings 2.4 Material and methods 2.4.1 Core material 2.4.2 Subsampling of the permafrost core 2.4.3 Molecular genetic laboratory work 2.4.4 Analysis of sequence data and taxonomic assignments 2.4.5 Pollen sample treatment and analysis 2.4.6 Statistical analyses and visualization 2.5 Results 2.5.1 SedaDNA 2.5.1.1 SedaDNA of terrestrial plants 2.5.1.2 SedaDNA of swamp and aquatic plants 2.5.1.3 SedaDNA of bryophytes and algae 2.5.2 Pollen 2.5.2.1 Pollen of terrestrial plants 2.5.2.2 Pollen and spores of swamp and aquatic plants 2.5.2.3 Spores and algae 2.5.3 Ratios of terrestrial to swamp and aquatic taxa and Poaceae to Cyperaceae 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 Quality and proxy value of sedaDNA and pollen data 2.6.2 Environmental conditions during the pre-LGM (54-51 kyr BP, 18.9-8.35 m) and composition of deposited organic matter 2.6.3 Environmental conditions during the post-LGM (11.4-9.7 kyr BP (13.4-11.1 cal kyr BP)) and composition of deposited organic matter 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 Acknowledgements Chapter 3 3. Manuscript II: Genetic variation of larches at the Siberian tundra-taiga ecotone inferred from the assembly of chloroplast genomes and mitochondrial sequences 3.1. Abstract 3.2. Introduction 3.3. Material and methods 3.3.1 Plant material 3.3.2 DNA isolation and sequencing 3.3.3 Sequence processing and de novo assembly 3.3.4 Chloroplast genome assembly, annotation and variant detection 3.3.5 Mitochondrial sequences 3.3.6 Analyses of genetic variation 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Chloroplast genome structure and genetic variation 3.4.2 Mitochondrial sequences and genetic variation 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 De novo assembly and genetic variation of chloroplast genomes and mitochondrial sequences 3.5.2 The distribution of genetic variation at the tundra-taiga ecotone 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Acknowledgements Chapter 4 4. Manuscript III: The history of tree and shrub taxa and past genetic variation of larches on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island (New Siberian Archipelago) since the last interglacial uncovered by sedimentary ancient DNA 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Materials and methods 4.3.1 Geographic setting 4.3.2 Core material 4.3.2.1 Core L14-02: Yedoma Ice Complex 4.3.2.2 Core L14-03: Thermo terrace 4.3.2.3 Core L14-04 and hand-pieces L14-04B and L14-04C: Thermo terrace including Eemian deposits 4.3.2.4 Core L14-05: Alas 4.3.3 Core sub-sampling 4.3.4 Molecular genetic laboratory work 4.3.4.1 Sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding approach 4.3.4.2 Specific amplification of Larix from sedimentary ancient DNA 4.3.5 Filtering of Illumina sequencing data and taxonomic assignments 4.3.6 Statistical analyses and visualization 4.3.7 Geochronology 4.4. Results 4.4.1 Overall composition of the DNA metabarcoding data 4.4.2 Terrestrial vegetation composition 4.4.2.1 Core L14-02: Late Pleistocene Yedoma Ice Complex 4.4.2.2 L14-03: Deeper late Pleistocene deposits 4.4.2.3 L14-04 Thermo terrace including Eemian deposits 4.4.2.4 Core L14-05: Alas with Holocene lake deposits and taberits of the Yedoma Ice Complex 4.4.2.5 The multivariate structure of the terrestrial vegetation among samples and cores 4.4.3 Genetic variation ofsediment-derived Larix sequences 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Tree taxa in the sedaDNA record - where do they come from? 4.5.2 Terrestrial plant community changes of warm phases since the last interglacial 4.5.3 Past genetic diversity of larch populations on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island 4.6 Conclusion 4.7 Acknowledgements Chapter 5 5. Synopsis 5.1 The proxy potential of sedaDNA in paleobotanical reconstructions from sedimentary deposits 5.1.1 Combining sedaDNA and pollen to assess plant diversity and vegetation composition 5.1.2 Current limits and opportunities of sedaDNA approaches 5.2 Using genomic data to trace modern and past treeline dynamics 5.2.1 Modern genomic variation at the Siberian treeline 5.2.2 PCR-based markers for paleoenvironmental genetics 5.3 Terrestrial plant community changes and treeline dynamics in north-eastern Siberia since the last interglacial 5.3.1 Vegetation changes in north-eastern Siberia since the last interglacial 5.3.2 Implications for treeline dynamics 5.4 Conclusion 5.5 Outlook Appendix 1. Supplementary material for Manuscript I (Chapter 2) 2. Supplementary material for Manuscript II (Chapter 3) 3. Supplementary material for Manuscript III (Chapter 4) References Acknowledgements Erklärung

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2017 , Table of Contents I. Abstract II. Deutsche Zusammenfassung 0 Challenge 1 Introduction 1.1 The treeline ecotone 1.2 Stand structure drivers in the treeline ecotone 1.3 Climate change and recent treeline changes 1.4 Methods for treeline studies 1.4.1 Overview 1.4.2 Field-based treeline studies 1.4.3 Modelling treeline dynamics 1.5 Study Area 1.6 The Siberian treeline ecotone 1.7 Larix as study Species 1.8 Objectives of this thesis 1.9 Thesis outline 1.10 Contribution of the authors 1.10.1 Manuscript!- published 1.10.2 Manuscript II - submitted 1.10.3 Manuscript III-in preparation 1.10.4 Manuscript IV-submitted 2 Manuscript I Treeline dynamics in Siberia under changing climates as inferred from an individual-based model for Larix 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Reference sites 2.3.2 Description of the model LAVESI 2.3.3 The ODD-Protocol for LAVESI 2.3.4 Parameterization 2.3.5 Khatanga climate time-series 2.3.6 Sensitivity analysis 2.3.7 Model experiments 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Sensitivity analysis 2.4.2 Taymyr treeline application 2.4.3 Temperature experiments 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Assessment of LAVESI sensitivity 2.5.2 Larix stand simulation under the Taymyr Peninsula weather 2.5.3 Transient Larix response to hypothetical future temperature changes 2.5.4 Conclusions 2.6 Acknowledgements 3 Manuscript II Dissimilar responses of larch stands in northern Siberia to increasing temperatures - a field and simulation based study 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Study area 3.3.2 Field-based approach 3.3.3 Age analyses 3.3.4 Stand structure analyses 3.3.5 Seed analyses 3.3.6 Establishment history 3.3.7 Modelling approach 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Field data 3.4.2 Simulation study 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Data acquisition 3.5.2 Larch-stand patterns across the Siberian treeline ecotone 3.5.3 Warming causes densification in the forest-tundra 3.5.4 Intra-specific competition inhibits densification in the closed forest 3.5.5 Recruitment limitation decelerates densification and northward expansion ofthe single-tree tundra 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Acknowledgements 4 Manuscript III Spatial patterns and growth sensitivity of larch stands in the Taimyr Depression 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Study Area 4.3.2 Field data collection 4.3.3 Spatial point patterns 4.3.4 Dendrological approach 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Spatial patterns 4.4.2 Tree growth 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Spatial patterns 4.5.2 Tree chronology characteristics 4.6 Conclusion 5 Manuscript IV Patterns of larch stands under different disturbance regimes in the lower Kolyma River area (Russian Far East) 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Methods 5.3.1 Study area and field data collection 5.3.2 Site description 5.3.3 Dendrochronological approach 5.3.4 Statistical analyses 5.4 Results 5.4.1 General stand characteristics and age structure 5.4.2 Spatial patterns 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1 Fire related disturbances 5.5.2 Water-related disturbances: lake drainage, flooding, polygon development 5.5.3 Implications and conclusion 6 Synthesis and Discussion 6.1 Assessment of applied methods 6.1.1 Field-based observations: 6.1.2 Modelling 6.2 Overview of larch stand structures and spatial pattern on different spatial scales 6.2.1 Recent stand structures 6.2.2 Spatial Patterns 6.3 Stand structure drivers and treeline changes 6.3.1 Climate change 6.3.2 Disturbances 6.3.3 Autecology 6.4 Conclusion 6.5 Outlook 7 Appendix 7.1 Supplementary information for Manuscript I 7.2 Supplementary information for Manuscript II 7.2.1 Manuscript II: Appendix 1. Climatic information for the study region 7.2.2 Manuscript II: Appendix 2. Plot-specific values and krummholz appearance 7.2.3 Manuscript II: Appendix 3. Regression analysis for age data 7.2.4 Manuscript II: Appendix 4. Model description 7.3 Supplementary information for Manuscript III 7.4 Supplementary information for Manuscript IV 7.5 Supplementary information 8 References Danksagung Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Contents: PART 1: INTRODUCTION ; 1. The Corporation and Financial Markets ; 2. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis ; 3. Financial Decision Making and the Law of One Price ; PART II: TIME, MONEY, AND INTEREST RATES ; 4. The Time Value of Money ; 5. Interest Rates ; 6. Valuing Bonds ; PART III: VALUING PROJECTS AND FIRMS ; 7. Investment Decision Rules ; 8. Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting ; 9. Valuing Stocks ; PART IV: RISK AND RETURN ; 10. Capital Markets and the Pricing of Risk ; 11. Optimal Portfolio Choice and the Capital Asset Pricing Model ; 12. Estimating the Cost of Capital ; 13. Investor Behavior and Capital Market Efficiency ; PART V: CAPITAL STRUCTURE ; 14. Capital Structure in a Perfect Market ; 15. Debt and Taxes ; 16. Financial Distress, Managerial Incentives, and Information ; 17. Payout Policy ; PART VI: ADVANCED VALUATION ; 18. Capital Budgeting and Valuation with Leverage ; 19. Valuation and Financial Modeling: A Case Study ; PART VII: OPTIONS ; 20. Financial Options ; 21. Option Valuation ; 22. Real Options ; PART VIII: LONG-TERM FINANCING ; 23. Raising Equity Capital ; 24. Debt Financing ; 25. Leasing ; PART IX: SHORT-TERM FINANCING ; 26. Working Capital Management ; 27. Short-Term Financial Planning ; PART X: SPECIAL TOPICS ; 28. Mergers and Acquisitions ; 29. Corporate Governance ; 30. Risk Management ; 31. International Corporate Finance

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2017 , Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation, research questions and overview 1.1.1 Rainfall estimation at high spatial and temporal resolution 1.1.2 Precipitation estimation with cars 1.1.3 Motion estimation from in-situ sensor data 1.2 Outline 2 Basics 2.1 Precipitation 2.1.1 Resolution, accuracy and precision of precipitation measurements 2.1.2 In-situ point measurements of precipitation by rain gauges 2.1.3 Weather radar 2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 2.2.1 Modeling sensor networks 2.2.2 Sensor network algorithms and protocols 2.3 Statistics 2.3.1 Basics and notation 2.3.2 Regression 2.3.3 Stochastic processes 2.3.4 Stochastic filtering and the Kalman filter 2.3.5 Geostatistics 2.4 Interpolation methods 2.4.1 Inverse-Distance-Weighted 2.4.2 Ordinary kriging 2.4.3 Regression kriging 2.4.4 Cross-validation for performance assessment 2.5 Optical flow 2.5.1 Optical flow intensity conservation 2.5.2 Gradient-based optical flow 2.5.3 Probabilistic optical flow 3 Related Work 3.1 Quantitative precipitation estimation from rain gauges, weather radar and other data sources 3.1.1 Precipitation estimation with weather radar 3.1.2 Precipitation estimation by interpolation of rain gauges measurements 3.1.3 Geostatistical merging of radar and rain gauge data 3.1.4 Motion-based methods used in nowcasting 3.1.5 New data sources for precipitation estimation 3.2 Decentralized estimation with geosensor networks 3.2.1 Estimation of spatio-temporal field properties with GSN 3.2.2 Object-tracking with GSN 4 Methodology for precipitation intensity estimation at 1-min resolution 4.1 Time-window approach for estimation 4.1.1 Estimation of field motion 4.1.2 Weather radar upsampling 4.1.3 Variogram estimation 4.2 Estimation methods 4.2.1 Spatial rain gauge interpolation methods 4.2.2 Space-time symmetric rain gauge interpolation method 4.2.3 Space-time asymmetric rain gauge interpolation methods 4.2.4 Radar-rain gauge merging methods 4.2.5 Estimation methods solely based on radar 4.3 Summary 5 Methodology for precipitation intensity estimation with car sensors 5.1 Car sensors 5.1.1 Wiper Frequency Sensor 5.1.2 Xanonex optical sensor 5.1.3 Other sensors investigated 5.1.4 Experimental setup and preprocessing 5.2 Theoretical considerations for the calibration of the W-R relationship in the field . 5.3 Dependency between car speed, windscreen angle and sensor readings 5.3.1 Manually-operated windscreen wipers 5.3.2 Automatically-operated windscreen wipers 5.3.3 Xanonex optical sensor 5.4 Summary 6 Methodology for motion estimation with a geosensor network 6.1 Algorithm overview 6.2 Network and field model 6.3 Gradient constraint estimation in the network 6.3.1 Gradient constraint estimation from irregular data 6.3.2 Requirements on node stationarity and sampling synchronicity 6.3.3 Estimation of partial derivative error 6.3.4 Gradient constraint selection and derivation of gradient constraint error 6.4 Temporal coherence: Kalman filter for recursive motion estimation 6.4.1 Estimation of process noise Q 6.4.2 Estimation of measurement noise R 6.4.3 Difference to common Kalman filtering problems 6.5 Algorithm protocol 6.6 Algorithm complexity 6.6.1 Communication complexity 6.6.2 Load balance 6.6.3 Computational complexity of partial derivative estimation 6.6.4 Computational complexity of motion estimation 6.7 Summary 7 Results 7.1 Precipitation intensity estimation at 1-min resolution 7.1.1 Study area and data basis 7.1.2 Performance assessment via cross-validation 7.1.3 Exploratory and visual data analysis 7.1.4 Radar estimation and rain gauge cross-validation results 7.1.5 Summary 7.2 Precipitation intensity estimation with cars 7.2.1 Study area and data basis 7.2.2 Selection of the reference method 7.2.3 Manually-operated windscreen wipers 7.2.4 Automatically-operated windscreen wipers 7.2.5 Xanonex optical rain sensor 7.2.6 Results of experiments on the VW rain track 7.2.7 Summary 7.3 Motion estimation with a geosensor network 7.3.1 Study Area, sensor network and deployment strategies 7.3.2 Error measures 7.3.3 Setting the filter parameters 7.3.4 Results - simulated field 7.3.5 Results - radar field 7.3.6 Summary 8 Summary and discussion of the research hypotheses 8.1 Discussion of research hypotheses 1 and 2: 1-min precipitation intensity estimation 8.2 Discussion of research hypothesis 3: precipitation estimation with cars 8.3 Discussion of research hypothesis 4: decentralized motion estimation 8.4 Outlook 9 Appendix 9.1 Discussion on the 'frozen field' distance function 9.2 Executable Kalman filter equations for the motion estimation algorithm 9.3 Controllability and Observability of the Kalman filter for motion estimation List of Figures List of Tables References

Note: Contents Part I Rationale for Soil Security 1 Soil Security: A Rationale / Alex B. McBratney, Damien J. Field, Cristine L.S. Morgan, and Lorna E. Jarrett 2 Soil Security: Dimensions / Damien J. Field Part II Capability 3 Soil Capability: Exploring the Functional Potentials of Soils / Johan Bouma, M.K. van Ittersum, J.J. Stoorvogel, N.H. Batjes, P. Droogers, and M.M. Pulleman 4 Distinguishing Between Capability and Condition / Damien J. Field and T. Sanderson 5 Valuing of Soil Capability in Land Surface Modeling / Cristine L.S. Morgan, Yohannes T. Yimam, Michael Barlage, David Gochis, and Bright Dornblaser 6 Soil Capability for the USA Now and into the Future / Maxine J. Levin, R. Dobos, S. Peaslee, D.W. Smith, and C. Seybold 7 Quantifying Capability: GlobalSoilMap / Alex B. McBratney, Dominique Arrouays, and Lorna E. Jarrett 8 Testing the Links Between Soil Security, Sustainable Land Management Practices and Land Evaluation / Brian Murphy Part III Condition 9 General Concepts of Valuing and Caring for Soil / Alex B. McBratney, Damien J. Field, and Lorna E. Jarrett 10 Soil Health: Challenges and Opportunities / Diane E. Stott and Bianca N. Moebius-Clune 11 Using Soil Survey to Assess and Predict Soil Condition and Change / Skye Wills, Candiss Williams, C. Seybold, Linda Scheffe, Zamir Libohova, David Hoover, Curtis Talbot, and Joel Brown 12 Root-Microbe Interactions in Response to Soil Conditions / Anil Somenahally 13 Securing Our Soil in Intensive Monoculture Cropping Systems / Katie L. Lewis, Paul DeLaune, and Wayne Keeling 14 Soil Organic Carbon Stocks and Soil Respiration in Tropical Secondary Forests in Southern Mexico / Deb Raj Aryal, Bernardus Hendricus Joseph De Jong, Jorge Mendoza-Vega, Susana Ochoa-Gaona, and Ligia Esparza-Olguín 15 Simulating Impacts of Bioenergy Sorghum Residue Return on Soil Organic Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using the DAYCENT Model / Yong Wang, Fugen Dou, Joseph O. Storlien, Jason P. Wight, Keith H. Paustian, Stephen J. Del Grosso, and Frank M. Hons 16 Cover Crops for Enriching Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Under Bioenergy Sorghum / Upendra M. Sainju, H.P. Singh, and B.P. Singh Part IV Capital 17 Economics, Energy, Climate Change, and Soil Security / Bruce A. McCarl 18 Understanding Soils’ Contribution to Ecosystem Services Provision to Inform Farm System Analysis / Estelle Dominati, A. Mackay, and J. Rendel 19 The Dollars and Cents of Soil Health / Charles M. Benbrook 20 The Value of Soil’s Contributions to Ecosystem Services / Alex B. McBratney, Cristine L.S. Morgan, and Lorna E. Jarrett 21 Economics of Land Degradation to Estimate Capital Value of Soil in Eurasia / Pavel Krasilnikov, Alexey Sorokin, Alisher Mirzabaev, Oleg Makarov, Anton Strokov, and Sergey Kiselev 22 Social Licensing to Secure Soil / Cristine L.S. Morgan, Gaylon D. Morgan, and Dianna Bagnall Part V Connectivity 23 Soil Renaissance and the Connection to Land Managers / Bill Buckner 24 Links Between Soil Security and the Influence of Soil on Human Health / Eric C. Brevik, Joshua J. Steffan, Lynn C. Burgess, and Artemi Cerdà 25 Soil Contamination and Human Health: A Major Challenge for Global Soil Security / Florence Carré, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, and Martine Ramel 26 The Measurement of Soil Security in Terms of Human Health: Examples and Ideas / Sung Chul Kim, Kyung Jae Lim, and Jae E. Yang 27 The Meta Soil Model: An Integrative Multi- model Framework for Soil Security / Sabine Grunwald, Katsutoshi Mizuta, Marcos B. Ceddia, Érika F.M. Pinheiro, R. Kay Kastner Wilcox, Carla P. Gavilan, C. Wade Ross, and Christopher M. Clingensmith 28 Integrating New Perspectives to Address Global Soil Security: Ideas from Integral Ecology / Sabine Grunwald, Christopher M. Clingensmith, Carla P. Gavilan, Katsutoshi Mizuta, R. Kay Kastner Wilcox, Érika F.M. Pinheiro, Marcos B. Ceddia, and C. Wade Ross 29 Applying the Meta Soil Model: The Complexities of Soil and Water Security in a Permanent Protection Area in Brazil / Marcos B. Ceddia, Sabine Grunwald, Érika F.M. Pinheiro, Katsutoshi Mizuta, Christopher M. Clingensmith, and Milton Marques Fernandes 30 Bridging the Research Management Gap to Restore Ecosystem Function and Social Resilience / W. Richard Teague 31 Engendering Connectivity to Soil Through Aesthetics / Richard J. MacEwan, Ayesha S.A. MacEwan, and Alexandra R. Toland 32 The Role of Master Gardeners in Providing Horticulture Education to Marion County, Florida, Residents / Josephine Leyte-Vidal Part VI Codification 33 Soil-Water-Food Nexus: A Public Opinion and Policy Perspective / Kent E. Portney 34 Whose Security is Important? Communicating Environmental Risk About Soil to a Diverse Audience / Ronald Amundson 35 Save our Soil to Save the Planet / Michael Jeffrey and Hayley Achurch 36 Protection of the Soil Resource in the Brazilian Environmental Legislation / Carlos Gustavo Tornquist and Tiago Broetto 37 Creating Incentives to Improve Soil Health Through the Federal Crop Insurance Program / Lara Bryant and Claire O’Connor 38 US Farm Programs and the Impacts on National and International Soil Security / Katina Dove Hanson and J. Michael Schmidt 39 Soil Security for Agricultural Productivity: The Policy Disconnect and a Promising Future / Andrea Koch 40 Securitisation / Alex B. McBratney and Lorna E. Jarrett 41 The Place of Soil in International Government Policy / Robert Hill 42 Translating Soil Science Knowledge to Public Policy / Luca Montanarella 43 Synthesis: Goals to Achieve Soil Security / Cristine L.S. Morgan, Alex B. McBratney, Damien J. Field, Andrea Koch, Johan Bouma, and Florence Carré Index

Note: Contents Preface Introduction to the second edition What this book is about How the book is organized Why R? Updates Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Getting and Getting Acquainted with R 1.1 Getting started 1.2 Getting R 1.3 Getting R Studio 1.4 Let's play 1.5 Usin g R as a giant calculator (the size of your computer) 1.6 Your first script 1.7 Intermezzo remarks 1.8 Important functionality: packages 1.9 Getting help 1.10 A mini-practical - some in-depth play 1.11 Some more top tips and hints for a successful first (and more) R experience Appendix 1a Mini-tutorial solutions Appendix 1b File extensions and operating systems Chapter 2: Getting Your Data into R 2.1 Getting data ready for R 2.2 Getting your data into R 2.3 Checking that your data are your data 2.4 Basic troubleshooting while importing data 2.5 Summing up Appendix Advanced activity: dealing with untidy data Chapter 3: Data Management, Manipulation, and Exploration with dplyr 3.1 Summary statistics for each variable 3.2 dplyr verbs 3.3 Subsetting 3.4 Transforming 3.5 Sorting 3.6 Mini-summary and two top tips 3.7 Calculating summary statistics about groups of your data 3.8 What have you learned ... lots Appendix 3a Comparing classic methods and dplyr Appendix 3b Advanced dplyr Chapter 4: Visualizing Your Data 4.1 The first step in every data analysis — making a picture 4.2 ggplot2: a grammar for graphics 4.3 Box-and-whisker plots 4.4 Distributions: making histograms of numeric variables 4.5 Saving your graphs for presentation, documents, etc. 4.6 Closing remarks Chapter 5: Introducing Statistics in R 5.1 Getting started doing statistics in R 5.2 x2 contingency table analysis 5.3 Two-sample t-test 5.4 Introducing ... linear models 5.5 Simple linear regression 5.6 Analysis of variance: the one-way ANOVA 5.7 Wrapping up Appendix Getting packages not on CRAN Chapter 6: Advancing Your Statistics in R 6.1 Getting started with more advanced statistics 6.2 The two-way ANOVA 6.3 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 6.4 Overview: an analysis workflow Chapter 7: Getting Started with Generalized Linear Models 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Counts and rates — Poisson GLMs 7.3 Doing it wrong 7.4 Doing it right — the Poisson GLM 7.5 When a Poisson GLM isn’t good for counts 7.6 Summary, and beyond simple Poisson regression Chapter 8: Pimping Your Plots: Scales and Themes in ggplot2 8.1 What you already know about graphs 8.2 Preparation 8.3 What you may want to customize 8.4 Axis labels, axis limits, and annotation 8.5 Scales 8.6 The theme 8.7 Summing up Chapter 9: Closing Remarks: Final Comments and Encouragement General Appendices Appendix 1 Data Sources Appendix 2 Further Reading Appendix 3 R Markdown Index

Note: Contents Foreword / David Orr Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION 1 EarthEd: Rethinking Education on a Changing Planet / Erik Assadourian PART ONE: EARTH EDUCATION FUNDAMENTALS 2 Outdoor School for All: Reconnecting Children to Nature / David Sobel 3 Ecoliteracy and Schooling for Sustainability / Michael K. Stone 4 Education for the Eighth Fire: Indigeneity and Native Ways of Learning / Melissa K. Nelson 5 Pathway to Stewardship: A Framework for Children and Youth / Jacob Rodenburg and Nicole Bell 6 Growing a New School Food Culture / Luis González Reyes 7 The Centrality of Character Education for Creating and Sustaining a Just World / Marvin W. Berkowitz 8 Social and Emotional Learning for a Challenging Century / Pamela Barker and Amy McConnell Franklin 9 Prioritizing Play / David Whitebread 10 Looking the Monster in the Eye: Drawing Comics for Sustainability / Marilyn Mehlmann with Esbjörn Jorsäter, Alexander Mehlmann, and Olena Pometun 11 Deeper Learning and the Future of Education / Dennis McGrath and Monica M. Martinez 12 All Systems Go! Developing a Generation of “Systems-Smart” Kids / Linda Booth Sweeney 13 Reining in the Commercialization of Childhood / Josh Golin and Melissa Campbell 14 Home Economics Education: Preparation for a Sustainable and Healthy Future / Helen Maguire and Amanda McCloat 15 Our Bodies, Our Future: Expanding Comprehensive Sexuality Education / Mona Kaidbey and Robert Engelman PART T WO: HIGHER EDUCATION REIMAGINED 16 Suddenly More Than Academic: Higher Education for a Post-Growth World / Michael Maniates 17 Bringing the Classroom Back to Life / Jonathan Dawson and Hugo Oliveira 18 Preparing Vocational Training for the Eco-Technical Transition / Nancy Lee Wood 19 Sustainability Education in Prisons: Transforming Lives, Transforming the World / Joslyn Rose Trivett, Raquel Pinderhughes, Kelli Bush, Liliana Caughman, and Carri J. LeRoy 20 Bringing the Earth Back into Economics / Joshua Farley 21 New Times, New Tools: Agricultural Education for the Twenty-First Century / Laura Lengnick 22 Educating Engineers for the Anthropocene / Daniel Hoornweg, Nadine Ibrahim, and Chibulu Luo 23 The Evolving Focus of Business Sustainability Education / Andrew J. Hoffman 24 Teaching Doctors to Care for Patient and Planet / Jessica Pierce CONCLUSION 25 The Future of Education: A Glimpse from 2030 / Erik Assadourian Notes Index

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Understanding Change Through the Lens of Resilience / Wanglin Yan and Will Galloway Part II Recognizing Vulnerability 2 Japan After March 11th 2011: Between Swift Reconstruction and Sustainable Restructuring / Christian Dimmer 3 Climate Change Vulnerability of Olive Oil Groves in Dry Areas of Tunisia: Case Study in the Governorate of Médenine / Mohamed Ouessar 4 The Vehicle Transportation Problem in the Megacity São Paulo (Brazil) / Renato Cesar Sato and Luciana Ferreira da Silva 5 Disasters and Their Impacts on Air Quality in the Human Living Environment / Yoshika Sekine and Naohide Shinohara 6 Vulnerability of Pastoral Social-Ecological Systems in Mongolia / T. Chuluun, M. Altanbagana, Dennis Ojima, R. Tsolmon and B. Suvdantsetseg Part III Awareness and Preparedness for Change 7 The Importance of Information Availability for Climate Change Preparedness in the Cultural Heritage Sector: A Comparison Between the UK and Japan / Matthew Jones 8 Anticipating Environmental Change in Development Planning for the Archipelago of Indonesia / Abimanyu Takdir Alamsyah 9 Institutional and Technical Innovation in Pakistan for Resilience to Extreme Climate Events / Pervaiz Amir 10 Development of an International Institutional Framework for Climate Adaptation and Practice in Adaptation Planning in Developing Countries / Makoto Kato 11 Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation Products and Services by Japanese Companies with Base-of-the- Economic-Pyramid (BoP) Businesses / Tokutaro Hiramoto 12 Systems Established for Reconstruction After the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the Current Situation on the Ground / Sosuke Tanaka Part IV Tools and Methods for Building Resiliency 13 Developing an ICT-Based Toolbox for Resilient Capacity Building: Challenges, Obstacles and Approaches / Qian Ye, Xiaobing Hu and Zhangang Han 14 Development of Tools to Assess Vulnerability to Climate Change in South Asia / Upali Imbulana 15 Development Plan as a Tool to Improve the Disaster Resilience of Urban Areas / Ranjith Perera and Dzul Khaimi bin Khailani 16 Swarm Planning—Developing a Tool for Innovative Resilience Planning / Rob Roggema and Nikolay Popov Part V Transformation from Disaster and Crisis 17 Green Infrastructure in Reconstruction After the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: A Case Study of Historical Change on Awaji Island in Japan / Tomohiro Ichinose 18 The Long Term Economic Value of Holistic Ecological Planning for Disaster Risk / Misato Uehara 19 Disaster Response and Public Consultation in Cleaning Up Radioactive Contamination of the Environment / Mimi Nameki 20 Building Resilience in Africa Through Transformation and a Green Economy: Challenges and Opportunities / Andries Jordaan Part VI Building Resiliency with Community 21 Community Based Environmental Design: Empowering Local Expertise in Design Charrettes / Rob Roggema, Lisa Vos and John Martin 22 Solar-Based Decentralized Energy Solution—A Case of Entrepreneur Based Model from Rural India / Manjushree Banerjee, I.H. Rehman and Jitendra Tiwari 23 The Importance of Social Capital in Building Community Resilience / Daniel P. Aldrich 24 The Veneer House Experience: The Role of Architects in Recovering Community After Disaster / Hiroto Kobayashi Part VII Conclusion 25 Understanding Resilience Through the Lens of Change / Will Galloway and Wanglin Yan

Note: Introduction: extreme city , Capital sinks , Environmental blowback , Sea change , The jargon of resilience , Climate apartheid , Disaster communism , Conclusion: urban futures

Note: Contents Part I Introduction, Historical Aspects and Sources of UV Light 1 History of UV Lamps, Types, and Their Applications / Shamim I. Ahmad, Luisa Christensen, and Elma Baron Part II UV Photoproducts, Damage to DNA and Mutagenesis 2 Ultraviolet Light Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species / T.L. de Jager, A.E. Cockrell, and S.S. Du Plessis Part III UV Light and Human Diseases 3 UV-Induced Molecular Signaling Differences in Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer / Feng Liu-Smith, Jinjing Jia, and Yan Zheng 4 Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation / Phillip R. Musich, Zhengke Li, and Yue Zou 5 Impact of Ultraviolet Light on Vitiligo / Rasnik K. Singh 6 Polymorphous Light Eruption / Marcella Guarrera 7 Ultraviolet Radiations: Skin Defense-Damage Mechanism / Dheeraj Mohania, Shikha Chandel, Parveen Kumar, Vivek Verma, Kumar Digvijay, Deepika Tripathi, Khushboo Choudhury, Sandeep Kumar Mitten, and Dilip Shah 8 Ultraviolet Photobiology in Dermatology / Luisa Christensen, Amanda Suggs, and Elma Baron 9 Ultraviolet A-1 in Dermatological Diseases / Torello M. Lotti and Serena Gianfaldoni 10 Photodermatoses in the Pigmented Skin / Vinod Kumar Sharma and Kanika Sahni 11 Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine- Immunology: A Psychobiological Concept / Katlein França and Torello M. Lotti Part IV UV Light Benefits to Man 12 Ultraviolet B Radiation: The Vitamin D Connection / Michael F. Holick 13 Role of Vitamin D in Rheumatoid Arthritis / Mattia Bellan, Pier Paolo Sainaghi, and Mario Pirisi 14 Asthma and Allergy “Epidemic” and the Role of Vitamin D Deficiency / Konstantinos Douros, Barbara Boutopoulou, Sotirios Fouzas, and Ioanna Loukou 15 Vitamin D Metabolism and the Implications for Atherosclerosis / Amanda L. Bennett and Carl J. Lavie 16 Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / Claire Michael Issa 17 Impact of UV Radiation on Genome Stability and Human Health / Sujit Roy 18 Vitamin D, Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors / Tea Skaaby, Betina H. Thuesen, and Allan Linneberg Part V UV Light in Sterilization 19 Biofilms: Microbial Strategies for Surviving UV Exposure / Carla C.C.R. de Carvalho 20 UV Induced Mutagenicity in Water: Causes, Detection, Identification and Prevention / Roberta (C.H.M.) Hofman-Caris 21 Role of Ultraviolet Disinfection in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections / Sarah Simmons, Charles Dale, James Holt, Katie Velasquez, and Mark Stibich 22 UV Disinfection of Wastewater and Combined Sewer Overflows / John Gibson, Jennifer Drake, and Bryan Karney Part VI UV Light in Phototherapy 23 Phototherapy in Atopic Dermatitis / José María Ortiz-Salvador and Amparo Pérez-Ferriols 24 Phototherapy of Psoriasis, a Chronic Inflammatory Skin Disease / Emőke Rácz and Errol P. Prens 25 Ultraviolet Irradiation of Blood: “The Cure That Time Forgot”? / Michael R. Hamblin 26 From UV Protection to Protection in the Whole Spectral Range of the Solar Radiation: New Aspects of Sunscreen Development / Leonhard Zastrow, Martina C. Meinke, Stephanie Albrecht, Alexa Patzelt, and Juergen Lademann 27 Safety and Efficacy of Phototherapy in the Management of Eczema / Annalisa Patrizi, Beatrice Raone, and Giulia Maria Ravaioli Part VII Tanning Saloon 28 UV Driven Tanning Salons: Danger on Main Street / Jean-François Doré and Marie-Christine Chignol Part VIII UV Dosimeters 29 Dose Quantification in UV Phototherapy / David Robert Grimes Index

Note: Contents Realistic Benchmarks for Point Cloud Data Management Systems / Peter van Oosterom, Oscar Martinez-Rubi, Theo Tijssen and Romulo Gonçalves Does a Finer Level of Detail of a 3D City Model Bring an Improvement for Estimating Shadows? / Filip Biljecki, Hugo Ledoux and Jantien Stoter Interactive and View-Dependent See-Through Lenses for Massive 3D Point Clouds / Sören Discher, Rico Richter and Jürgen Döllner Representation of CityGML Instance Models in BaseX / Sabine Koch and Marc-O. Löwner A Spatio-Semantic Query Language for the Integrated Analysis of City Models and Building Information Models / S. Daum, A. Borrmann and T.H. Kolbe A Methodology for Modelling of 3D Spatial Constraints / Daniel Xu, Peter van Oosterom and Sisi Zlatanova Reconstructing 3D Building Models with the 2D Cadastre for Semantic Enhancement / Frédéric Pedrinis and Gilles Gesquière A 3D LADM Prototype Implementation in INTERLIS / Eftychia Kalogianni, Efi Dimopoulou and Peter van Oosterom Web-Based Tool for the Sustainable Refurbishment in Historic Districts Based on 3D City Model / Iñaki Prieto, Jose Luis Izkara and Rubén Béjar Terrestrial Laser Scanners Self-calibration Study: Datum Constraints Analyses for Network Configurations / Mohd Azwan Abbas, Halim Setan, Zulkepli Majid, Albert K. Chong, Lau Chong Luh, Khairulnizam M. Idris and Mohd Farid Mohd Ariff Managing Versions and History Within Semantic 3D City Models for the Next Generation of CityGML / Kanishk Chaturvedi, Carl Stephen Smyth, Gilles Gesquière, Tatjana Kutzner and Thomas H. Kolbe Cartographic Enrichment of 3D City Models—State of the Art and Research Perspectives / Stefan Peters, Mathias Jahnke, Christian E. Murphy, Liqiu Meng and Alias Abdul-Rahman Comparison of 2D & 3D Parameter-Based Models in Urban Fine Dust Distribution Modelling / Yahya Ghassoun and M.-O. Löwner Investigating Semantic Functionality of 3D Geometry for Land Administration / George Floros, Eva Tsiliakou, Dimitrios Kitsakis, Ioannis Pispidikis and Efi Dimopoulou 3D Complete Traffic Noise Analysis Based on CityGML / Lu Lu, Thomas Becker and Marc-Oliver Löwner Highly Efficient Computer Oriented Octree Data Structure and Neighbours Search in 3D GIS / Noraidah Keling, Izham Mohamad Yusoff, Habibah Lateh and Uznir Ujang Framework for on an Open 3D Urban Analysis / Marc-O. Löwner and Thomas Becker Usability Assessment of a Virtual Globe-Based 4D Archaeological GIS / Berdien De Roo, Jean Bourgeois and Philippe De Maeyer Temporal and Spatial Database Support for Geothermal Sub-surface Applications / M. Jahn, M. Breunig, E. Butwilowski, P.V. Kuper, A. Thomsen, M. Al-Doori and E. Schill Automatic Semantic and Geometric Enrichment of CityGML Building Models Using HOG-Based Template Matching / Jon Slade, Christopher B. Jones and Paul L. Rosin Stochastic Buildings Generation to Assist in the Design of Right to Build Plans / Mickaël Brasebin, Julien Perret and Romain Reuillon 3D Marine Administration System Based on LADM / Aikaterini Athanasiou, Ioannis Pispidikis and Efi Dimopoulou Assessing the Suitability of Using Google Glass in Designing 3D Geographic Information for Navigation / Kelvin Wong and Claire Ellul Review and Assessment of Current Cadastral Data Models for 3D Cadastral Applications / Ali Aien, Abbas Rajabifard, Mohsen Kalantari and Ian Williamson The Hierarchical Three-Dimensional (3D) Dynamic Water Infiltration on Multi-layers of Soil According to Voronoi Sequence Nodes Based on the Three-Dimensional Triangular Irregular Network (3D TIN) / Siti Nurbaidzuri Reli, Izham Mohamad Yusoff, Habibah Lateh and Uznir Ujang A Data Model for the Interactive Construction and Correction of 3D Building Geometry Based on Planar Half-Spaces / Martin Kada, Andreas Wichmann, Nina Manzke and Yevgeniya Filippovska The Potential of the 3D Dual Half-Edge (DHE) Data Structure for Integrated 2D-Space and Scale Modelling: A Review / Hairi Karim, Alias Abdul Rahman, Pawel Boguslawski, Martijn Meijers and Peter van Oosterom Towards Integrating BIM and GIS—An End-to-End Example from Point Cloud to Analysis / Claire Ellul, Gareth Boyes, Charles Thomson and Dietmar Backes

Note: Contents: Introduction PART I CONCEPTS AND GLOBAL ISSUES 1. The Social Dimensions of Climate Change 2. Human needs and sustainable wellbeing 3. Climate capitalism: emissions, inequality, green growth 4. Sustainable wellbeing, necessary emissions and fair burdens PART II TOWARDS ECO-SOCIAL POLICY IN THE RICH WORLD 5. From welfare states to climate mitigation states? 6. Decarbonising the economy and its social consequences 7. Decarbonising consumption: Needs, necessities and eco-social policies 8. Post-growth, redistribution and wellbeing 9. Conclusion: A three-stage transition

Note: Optical fibre technology -- Principles of optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) for distributed sensing -- Raman-based distributed temperature sensors (DTS) -- Brillouin based distributed temperature and strain sensors -- Rayleigh backscatter: distributed vibration sensors and static measurements -- Applications of distributed temperature sensors -- Distributed strain sensors: practical issues, solutions and applications -- Applications of distributed vibration sensors (DVS) -- Other types of distributed sensors and their applications

Note: Contents: Field of Research in Sustainable Manufacturing ; Sustainability Dynamics ; Enabling Low-Carbon Development in Poor Countries ; Sustainable Solutions for Machine Tools ; Sustainable Technologies for Thick Metal Plate Welding ; Human-Centred Automation to Simplify the Path to Social and Economic Sustainability ; From Ecodesign to Sustainable Product/Service-Systems: A Journey Through Research Contributions over Recent Decades ; Design for High Added-Value End-of-Life Strategies ; Target-Driven Sustainable Product Development ; Future of Business Models in Manufacturing ; Material Reutilization Cycles Across Industries and Production Lines ; Integration of Sustainability into the Corporate Strategy ; Sustainable Value Creation—From Concept Towards Implementation ; Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Approaches for Manufacturing ; Optimisation Methods in Sustainable Manufacturing ; Inducing Behavioural Change in Society Through Communication and Education in Sustainable Manufacturing

Note: Front Cover --- Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing --- Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing: Atmosphere, Ocean, Land and Cryosphere Applications --- Copyright --- Dedication --- Contents --- 1 - THE HISTORY OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING --- 1.1 THE DEFINITION OF REMOTE SENSING --- 1.2 THE HISTORY OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING --- 1.2.1 THE NATURE OF LIGHT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY --- 1.2.2 THE BIRTH OF EARTH-ORBITING SATELLITES --- 1.2.3 THE FUTURE OF POLAR-ORBITING SATELLITES --- 1.2.3.1 The Cross-Track Infrared Sounder --- 1.2.4 OTHER HISTORICAL SATELLITE PROGRAMS --- 1.2.4.1 The NIMBUS Program --- 1.2.4.2 The Landsat Program --- 1.2.4.3 The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program --- 1.2.4.4 Geostationary Weather Satellites --- 1.2.4.4.1 GOES-R --- 1.3 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 2 - BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS TO OPTICAL SENSORS --- 2.1 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS --- 2.2 THE BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION --- 2.3 THE REMOTE SENSING PROCESS --- 2.4 THE CHARACTER OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES --- 2.4.1 DEFINITION OF RADIOMETRIC TERMS --- 2.4.2 POLARIZATION AND THE STOKES VECTOR --- 2.4.3 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT THE INTERFACE OF TWO FLAT MEDIA --- 2.4.4 BREWSTER'S ANGLE --- 2.4.5 CRITICAL ANGLE --- 2.4.6 ALBEDO VERSUS REFLECTANCE --- 2.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: DISTRIBUTION OF RADIANT ENERGIES --- 2.5.1 GAMMA, X-RAY, AND ULTRAVIOLET PORTIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM --- 2.5.2 VISIBLE SPECTRUM --- 2.5.3 THERMAL INFRARED SPECTRUM --- 2.5.4 MICROWAVE SPECTRUM --- 2.6 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION --- 2.6.1 SPECTRAL WINDOWS --- 2.6.2 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS --- 2.6.2.1 Beer-Lambert Absorption Law --- 2.6.2.2 Beer-Lambert Absorption Law: Opacity --- 2.6.2.3 Atmospheric Scattering --- 2.7 SENSORS TO MEASURE PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE --- 2.8 INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION --- 2.9 INFRARED EMISSIONS --- 2.10 SURFACE REFLECTANCE: LAND TARGETS --- 2.10.1 LAND SURFACE MIXTURES --- 2.11 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 3 - OPTICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS --- 3.1 PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES --- 3.2 BASIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS --- 3.2.1 PRISMS --- 3.2.2 FILTER-WHEEL RADIOMETERS --- 3.2.2.1 An Example: The Cloud Absorption Radiometer --- 3.2.2.2 Filters --- 3.2.3 GRATING SPECTROMETER --- 3.2.4 INTERFEROMETER --- 3.3 SPECTRAL RESOLVING POWER --- THE RAYLEIGH CRITERION --- 3.4 DETECTING THE SIGNAL --- 3.5 VIGNETTING --- 3.6 SCAN GEOMETRIES --- 3.7 FIELD OF VIEW --- 3.8 OPTICAL SENSOR CALIBRATION --- 3.8.1 VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS CALIBRATION --- 3.8.2 POLARIZATION FILTERS --- 3.9 LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING --- 3.9.1 PHYSICS OF THE MEASUREMENT --- 3.9.2 OPTICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS --- 3.9.3 APPLICATIONS OF LIDAR SYSTEMS --- 3.9.4 WIND LIDAR --- 3.9.4.1 Vector Wind Velocity Determination --- 3.9.4.1.1 Velocity Azimuth Display LIDAR Vector Wind Method --- 3.9.4.1.2 Doppler Beam Swinging LIDAR Vector Wind Method --- 3.9.4.2 Direct Detection Doppler Wind LIDAR --- 3.9.4.3 LIDAR Wind Summary --- 3.10 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 4 - Microwave Radiometry --- 4.1 Basic Concepts on Microwave Radiometry --- 4.1.1 Blackbody Radiation --- 4.1.2 Gray-body Radiation: Brightness Temperature and Emissivity --- 4.1.3 General Expressions for the Emissivity --- 4.1.3.1 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Perfect Specular Surface --- 4.1.3.2 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Lambertian Surface --- 4.1.3.1 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Perfect Specular Surface --- 4.1.3.2 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Lambertian Surface --- 4.1.4 Power Collected by an Antenna Surrounded by a Blackbody --- 4.1.5 Power Collected by an Antenna Surrounded by a Gray body: Apparent Temperature and Antenna Temperature --- 4.2 The Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.2.1 The Complete Polarimetric Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.2.2 Usual Approximations to the Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.3 Emission Behavior of Natural Surfaces --- 4.3.1 The Atmosphere --- 4.3.1.1 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases --- 4.3.1.2 Attenuation by Rain --- 4.3.1.3 Attenuation by Clouds and Fog --- 4.3.2 The Ionosphere --- 4.3.2.1 Faraday Rotation --- 4.3.2.2 Ionospheric Losses: Absorption and Emission --- 4.3.3 Land Emission --- 4.3.3.1 Soil Dielectric Constant Models --- 4.3.3.2 Bare Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.3 Vegetated Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.4 Snow-Covered Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.5 Topography Effects --- 4.3.4 Ocean Emission --- 4.3.4.1 Water Dielectric Constant Behavior --- 4.3.4.2 Calm Ocean Emission --- 4.3.4.2.1 Influence of the Salinity --- 4.3.4.2.2 Influence of Frequency --- 4.3.4.2.3 Influence of the Water Temperature --- 4.3.4.3 Influence of the Sea State --- 4.3.4.3.1 Influence of the Look Angle --- 4.3.4.4 Emissivity of the Sea Surface Covered With Oil --- 4.3.4.5 Emissivity of the Sea Ice Surface --- 4.4 Understanding Microwave Radiometry Imagery --- 4.5 Applications of Microwave Radiometry --- 4.6 Sensors --- 4.6.1 Historical Review of Microwave Radiometers and Frequency Bands Used --- 4.6.2 Microwave Radiometers: Basic Performance --- 4.6.2.1 Spatial Resolution --- 4.6.2.1.1 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.1.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.2 Radiometric Resolution --- 4.6.2.2.1 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.2.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.3 Trade-off Between Spatial Resolution and Radiometric Precision --- 4.6.3 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.3.1 Instrument Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.1 Antenna Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.2 Receiver Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.3 Sampling Considerations --- 4.6.3.2 Types of Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.3.3 Radiometer Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.1 External Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.1.1 Using Hot and Cold Targets --- 4.6.3.3.1.2 Fully Polarimetric Radiometer Calibration Using External Targets --- 4.6.3.3.1.3 Tip Curves --- 4.6.3.3.1.4 Earth Targets: Vicarious Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.2 Internal Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.3 Radiometer Linearity --- 4.6.3.4 Radio Frequency Interference Detection and Mitigation --- 4.6.3.5 Example: Special Sensor Microwave Imager Radiometric and Geometric Corrections --- 4.6.4 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.4.1 Types of Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.4.1.1 Mills Cross --- 4.6.4.1.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers using Matched Filtering --- 4.6.4.1.3 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers using Fourier Synthesis --- 4.6.4.1.3.1 1D Synthetic Aperture Radiometers: Array Thinning --- 4.6.4.1.3.2 2D Synthetic Aperture Radiometers: Array Topologies --- 4.6.4.1.3.3 Other Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Concepts --- 4.6.4.2 Radiometer Calibration --- 4.6.4.2.1 Internal Calibration --- 4.6.4.2.2 External Calibration --- 4.6.4.3 Image Reconstruction --- 4.6.4.4 ESA's SMOS Mission and the MIRAS Instrument --- 4.6.5 Future Trends in Microwave Radiometers --- 4.7 Study Questions --- 5 - RADAR --- 5.1 A COMPACT INTRODUCTION TO RADAR THEORY --- 5.1.1 REMOTE RANGING --- 5.1.2 DOPPLER ANALYSIS --- 5.2 RADAR SCATTERING --- 5.2.1 RADAR FREQUENCY BANDS --- 5.2.2 NORMALIZATIONS OF THE RADAR REFLECTIVITY --- 5.2.3 POINT VERSUS DISTRIBUTED SCATTERERS --- 5.2.4 SPECKLE, MULTILOOK, AND RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION --- 5.2.5 RADAR EQUATION --- 5.2.6 RADAR WAVES AT AN INTERFACE --- 5.2.7 MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS: DOUBLE BOUNCE, TRIPLE BOUNCE, AND URBAN AREAS --- 5.2.8 BACKSCATTERING OF SURFACES --- 5.2.9 PERIODIC SCATTERING: THE BRAGG MODEL --- 5.2.10 BACKSCATTERING OF VOLUMES --- 5.2.11 OVERALL SUMMARY OF RADAR BACKSCATTER --- 5.2.12 DEPOLARIZATION OF RADAR WAVES --- 5.3 RADAR SYSTEMS --- 5.3.1 RANGE-DOPPLER RADARS --- 5.3.2 OPTIMAL RECEIVER FOR A SINGLE ECHO: THE MATCHED FILTER --- 5.3.3 MATCHED FILTER VERSUS INVERSE FILTER --- 5.3.4 OPTIMAL RECEIVER FOR RANGE-DOPPLER RADAR ECHOES: THE BACKPROJECTION OPERATOR --- 5.3.5 RADAR WAVEFORMS --- 5.3.6 A PARADIGMATIC EXAMPLE: LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATED PULSES (CHIRPS) --- 5.3.7 GEOMET

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Part 1 - Political Psychology ; 1 Understanding beliefs ; 2 The drunkyard's search ; Part 2 - Heuristics and Biases ; 3 Representativeness, foreign policy judgements, and theory-driven perceptions ; 4 Prospect theory: the political implication of loss aversion ; Part 3 - Political Psychology and International Relation Theory ; 5 Signaling and perception: projecting images and drawing inferences ; 6 Political psychology research and theory: bridges and barriers ; 7 Why intelligence and policymakers clash ; 8 Identit and the Colt War ; Part 4 - Psychology and National Security ; 9 Deterrence and perception ; 10 Psychology and crisis stability ; 11 Domino beliefs ; 12 Perception, misperception, and the end of the Cold War ; Index

Note: Machine generated contents note: 1. The foundations of EU environmental law: history, aims and context; 2. Actors and instruments; 3. Principles in EU environmental law; 4. Techniques of regulating the environment; 5. Environmental rights in Europe; 6. Public enforcement of EU environmental law; 7. Private enforcement of EU environmental law; 8. Climate change; 9. Air pollution and industrial emissions; 10. EU water law; 11. Impact assessment; 12. Nature and biodiversity protection; 13. Technological risk regulation: chemicals, genetically modified organisms and nanotechnology; 14. Waste

Note: Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi About the Authors xxiii Part I: Data Science with Hadoop-An Overview 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Science 3 What Is Data Science? 3 Example: Search Advertising 4 A Bit of Data Science History 5 Becoming a Data Scientist 8 Building a Data Science Team 12 The Data Science Project Life Cycle 13 Managing a Data Science Project 18 Summary 18 Chapter 2: Use Cases for Data Science 19 Big Data-A Driver of Change 19 Business Use Cases 21 Summary 29 Chapter 3: Hadoop and Data Science 31 What Is Hadoop? 31 Hadoop's Evolution 37 Hadoop Tools for Data Science 38 Why Hadoop Is Useful to Data Scientists 46 Summary 51 Part II: Preparing and Visualizing Data with Hadoop 53 Chapter 4: Getting Data into Hadoop 55 Hadoop as a Data Lake 56 The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) 58 Direct File Transfer to Hadoop HDFS 58 Importing Data from Files into Hive Tables 59 Importing Data into Hive Tables Using Spark 62 Using Apache Sqoop to Acquire Relational Data 65 Using Apache Flume to Acquire Data Streams 74 Manage Hadoop Work and Data Flows with Apache Oozie 79 Apache Falcon 81 What's Next in Data Ingestion? 82 Summary 82 Chapter 5: Data Munging with Hadoop 85 Why Hadoop for Data Munging? 86 Data Quality 86 The Feature Matrix 93 Summary 106 Chapter 6: Exploring and Visualizing Data 107 Why Visualize Data? 107 Creating Visualizations 112 Using Visualization for Data Science 121 Popular Visualization Tools 121 Visualizing Big Data with Hadoop 123 Summary 124 Part III: Applying Data Modeling with Hadoop 125 Chapter 7: Machine Learning with Hadoop 127 Overview of Machine Learning 127 Terminology 128 Task Types in Machine Learning 129 Big Data and Machine Learning 130 Tools for Machine Learning 131 The Future of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 132 Summary 132 Chapter 8: Predictive Modeling 133 Overview of Predictive Modeling 133 Classification Versus Regression 134 Evaluating Predictive Models 136 Supervised Learning Algorithms 140 Building Big Data Predictive Model Solutions 141 Example: Sentiment Analysis 145 Summary 150 Chapter 9: Clustering 151 Overview of Clustering 151 Uses of Clustering 152 Designing a Similarity Measure 153 Clustering Algorithms 154 Example: Clustering Algorithms 155 Evaluating the Clusters and Choosing the Number of Clusters 157 Building Big Data Clustering Solutions 158 Example: Topic Modeling with Latent Dirichlet Allocation 160 Summary 163 Chapter 10: Anomaly Detection with Hadoop 165 Overview 165 Uses of Anomaly Detection 166 Types of Anomalies in Data 166 Approaches to Anomaly Detection 167 Tuning Anomaly Detection Systems 170 Building a Big Data Anomaly Detection Solution with Hadoop 171 Example: Detecting Network Intrusions 172 Summary 179 Chapter 11: Natural Language Processing 181 Natural Language Processing 181 Tooling for NLP in Hadoop 184 Textual Representations 187 Sentiment Analysis Example 189 Summary 193 Chapter 12: Data Science with Hadoop-The Next Frontier 195 Automated Data Discovery 195 Deep Learning 197 Summary 199 Appendix A: Book Web Page and Code Download 201 Appendix B: HDFS Quick Start 203 Quick Command Dereference 204 Appendix C: Additional Background on Data Science and Apache Hadoop and Spark 209 General Hadoop/Spark Information 209 Hadoop/Spark Installation Recipes 210 HDFS 210 MapReduce 211 Spark 211 Essential Tools 211 Machine Learning 212 Index 213

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Crisis, Reform and Innovation in Local Government ; Political and Administrative Decentralization in Portugal: Four Decades of Democratic Local Government ; Why and When Countries Implement Local Public Administration Reforms: A Long-Term View of Reform Dynamics in Slovakia, 1990–2015 ; Local Self-Government in Hungary: The Impact of Crisis ; Local Government Innovation in Italy and its Impact on Urban and Regional Planning with a Focus on the Milanese Context ; Eu Policies, The Urban Agenda and Local Governance ; Urban Dimension of the European Policies and the New EU Urban Agenda in Croatia ; The Relationship Between the European Commission and Local Government Through European Urban Initiatives: Constraints and Solidarities ; Mega-Events and New Patterns of Cooperation: The European Capitals of Culture ; Urban Regeneration and Local Governance in Italy: Three Emblematic Cases ; Involving Citizens in the Reuse and Regeneration of Urban Peripheral Spaces ; Citizen Participation in Local Self-Government ; Assessment of Socio-Economic Status Relevance for Latvian Electoral Participation ; Making Informed Citizens in Local Direct Democracy. What Part Does Their Government Perform?

Note: Contents 1 Specific Features of Estuaries, Lagoons, Limans: Concepts and Terms / Petr Brovko and Ruben Kosyan 2 Estuaries and Lagoons of the Russian Arctic Seas / Vyacheslav Krylenko 3 Estuaries, Lagoons, and Limans of the Marginal Seas of Northeast Asia / Petr Brovko, Yuri Mikishin, and Tamara Ponomareva 4 Lagoons of the Black Sea / Vyacheslav Krylenko and Marina Krylenko 5 Lagoons of the Smallest Russian Sea / Marina Krylenko, Ruben Kosyan, and Vyacheslav Krylenko 6 Transboundary Lagoons of the Baltic Sea / Boris Chubarenko, Dmitriy Domnin, Svetlana Navrotskaya, Zhanna Stont, Vladimir Chechko, Valentina Bobykina, Vasiliy Pilipchuk, Konstantin Karmanov, Anastasea Domnina, Tatiana Bukanova, Victoria Topchaya, and Alexander Kileso 7 Neva Bay: A Technogenic Lagoon of the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) / Daria Ryabchuk, Vladimir Zhamoida, Marina Orlova, Alexander Sergeev, Julia Bublichenko, Andrey Bublichenko, and Leontina Sukhacheva 8 The White Sea as an Estuarine System / Evgeniy Ignatov, Oleksiy Kalynychenko, and Anatoliy Pantiulin 9 The Diversity of Russian Estuaries / Ruben Kosyan, Petr Brovko, and Jean-Paul Ducrotoy Index

Note: Contents Summary 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Precipitation changes 1.1.2 Large-scale atmospheric patterns 1.2 Objectives and research questions 1.3 Thesis outline and author contribution High spatial and temporal organization of changes inprecipitation over Germany for 1951–2006 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Threshold between wet and dry days 2.3.2 Derivation of time series of precipitation characteristics 2.3.3 Trend analyses under consideration of temporal and spatial correlation 2.3.4 Visualization of results 2.4 Results and discussion 2.4.1 Changes in total precipitation 2.4.2 Changes in mean, variability, and heavy precipitation indicators 2.4.3 Transition probabilities 2.4.4 Seven-day precipitation amount with return period 100 years 2.5 Conclusions Can local climate variability be explained by weatherpatterns? A multi-station evaluation for the Rhine basin 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Weather pattern classification 3.3.2 Finding optimal classification parameters 3.3.3 Evaluation of classifications 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Stratification of local climate variables 3.4.2 Performance of GCMs 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 On the optimal classification 3.5.2 On the skill of GCMs 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Data availability 3.A Appendix Do changing weather types explain observed climatictrends in the Rhine basin? An analysis of within andbetween-type changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data and weather pattern classification 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Relationship of WPs and large-scale circulation modes 4.3.2 Trend detection methods 4.3.3 Relative share of between- and within-type changes 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Attribution of WPs to large-scale circulation modes 4.4. 2Between-Type Changes 4.4.3 Within-Type Changes 4.4.4 Relative share of between- and within-type changes 4.5 Discussion and conclusions 4.A Appendix 4.S Supplementary Discussion and conclusions 5.1 Main results 5.2 Discussion and directions for further research 5.2.1 Weather pattern classification for downscaling 5.2.2 Limitations for downscaling 5.3 Concluding remarks Bibliography

Note: Contents Chapter 1 Introdution Chapter 2 Origins Building a Planet, Shaping the Oceans Water, Salt, and Circulation Life, Oxygen, and Carbon Chapter 3 Controls On change Orbital and Solar Changes Greenhouse Gases Plate Tectonics Impacts Chapter 4 Snowball earth and the explosions of life Into the Freezer Out of the Freezer, Into a Greenhouse A Tale of Two Explosions Reverberations Chapter 5 Oceans On acid About Acidification Acidification in Action Chapter 6 The age of reptiles Choking Oceans Salty Giants Chapter 7 Winter is coming Reconstructing Sea-Level Change The Great Northern Ice Ages Ocean Controls on CO2 A Seesaw in the Ocean Chapter 8 Future Oceans and climate Our Carbon Emissions Consequences Epilogue Acknowledgments Bibliography Index