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  • Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory  (53)
  • English  (53)
  • Danish
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  • 1985-1989  (53)
  • 1
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    Morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of an ice-covered river : field techniques and initial data (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/11
    In: CRREL Report, 86-11
    Description / Table of Contents: This initial study of the ice-covered Tanana River, near Fairbanks, Alaska, attempted to 1) establish field methods for systematic and repetitive quantitative analyses of an ice-covered river's regime, 2) evaluate the instruments and equipment for sampling, and 3) obtain the initial data of a long-term study of ice cover effects on the morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of a braided river. A methodology was established, and detailed measurements and samplings, including profiling by geophysical techniques, were conducted along cross sections of the river. A small, portable rotary drill rig equipped with a 356-mm (14-in.) ice auger was used to cut large diameter holes in the ice cover for through-the-ice measurements. Portable heat sources and a heated shelter were required to continuously thaw and dry equipment for the repetitive measurements. Measurements included ice cover thickness, water level, water depth, temperature, flow velocity, suspended load and bed load, frazil ice distribution and bed material composition. Remotely gathered data included apparent resistivity and subsurface radar profiling. The various techniques, sampling gear and problems encountered during use in the subfreezing cold are described in detail in this report.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-11
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9318
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Study objectives and field locale Study site Equipment Vehicles Drilling equipment Sampling equipment Geophysical equipment Shelter and icing control Surveying equipment Miscellaneous equipment Field techniques and methodology Logistics Drilling procedures Data collection Geophysical analyses Experiences summary Morphology, transport and hydraulic data Mid-winter physical characteristics Hydraulic characteristics Sediment transport Late winter physical characteristics Seasonal morphology Geophysical data interpretation Spatial morphology Frazil ice characteristics Discussion and conclusions Recommendations Equipment Research Literature cited
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  • 2
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    Brittleness of reinforced concrete structure under Arctic conditions (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/2
    In: CRREL Report, 86-2
    Description / Table of Contents: The behavior of reinforced and unreinforced concrete beams was studied under impact loading at low temperatures, and the results were compared to the behavior of reinforcing steel (rebar) in Charpy-V impact tests. Transition temperatures as low as -30°C were obtained for the rebars in the Charpy-V tests whereas no brittle failures occured in the rebars in the reinforced concrete beams at the temperature as low as -63°C, even in beams whe're the rebars were Intentionally notched. The impact strength of unreinforced concrete increases considerably at lower temperatures, thus reducing cracking of reinforcedconcrete structures and significantly increasing the safety of lightly reinforced structures.
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    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a170792.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9437
    Language: English
    Note: Abstract Preface Introduction Tests Test specimens Test methods Results Impact strength of beanms Ductility of beams Effect of notched bars Elastic deflection of beams Impact tests on rebars Conclusions and summary Literature cited Appendix A: Beam crack patterns Appendix B: Photomicrographs of failure surfaces of some steels
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  • 3
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    Nitrogen control in wastewater treatment systems for military facilities in cold regions (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/7
    In: CRREL Report, 86-7
    Description / Table of Contents: Nitrogen control in the form of ammonia removal or conversion is required, or will be required, for a significant number of military wastewater treatment systems. This reportpresents a summary of engineering criteria for those processes in most common use at military facilities in the cold regions. These processes include: trickling filters, treatmentponds, rotating biological contactors (RBC) and activated sludge. A design example is presented for each case. All four processes can achieve significant levels of ammonia removalor conversion. If ammonia discharge limits are 0.5 mg/L or less it may be necessary to use the activated sludge process. Trickling filters or RBC units are recommended for higher(〉 1 mgIL) discharge limits. Pond systems are suitable for seasonal ammonia removal incold climates.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-7
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a173853.pdf
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9431
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background and theory Trickling filters Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Pond systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Rotating biological contactors Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Activated sludge systems Introduction Design procedure Design example Winter operations Comparison of alternatives Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 4
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    Definition of research needs to address airport pavement distress in cold regions (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/10
    In: CRREL Report, 89-10
    Description / Table of Contents: In early fall 1984, a questionnaire was sent to over 325 general aviation airports in cold regions. The results from over 200 responses were compiled and evaluated and over 20 airport managers were contacted for additional details. Site visits were made to 36 airports to obtain additional information. The most common pavement problems identified in the study were associated with non-traffic-related phenomena and include 1) pre-existing cracks reflecting through asphalt concrete overlays (in two years less), 2) thermal cracking, and 3) longitudinal cracking (at a construction joint). Most of the airports experienced 1) water pumping up through cracks and joints in the pavements during spring thaw, or 2) additional roughness due to differential frost heave in the winter, or both problems. Many airport managers reported that debris was generated at cracks during the winter and spring. Many pavement problems can be traced to the evolutionary history of general aviation airports and the lack of consideration for site drainage. Based on the recognition of these problems, several future research programs are identified.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 147 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a212238.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9056
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Statement of the problem Purpose and scope Background - the physical environment and airport pavements Physical environment of study area Comparison of highway and general aviation airport pavements Types of pavements and surface treatments Pavement distress and condition rating Surveys of airport pavement distress Airport pavement performance problems in cold regions Cracking Distortion and pavement faulting Disintegration Inadequate skid resistance Improper maintenance Stripping Statement of research needs Basis for statement of research needs Performance of overlays Recycling/reconstructing airport pavements Drainage of airport pavement structures Eliminating/accommodating differential frost heave Evaluation of adequacy of design procedures Maintenance products and performance Control of transverse cracking Additives for asphalt concrete Performance documentation Wildlife conservation vs aircraft safety Literature cited Appendix A: Questionnaire and listing of airports contacted Appendix B: Summary listing of questionnaire responses Appendix C: Narrative summary of site visits
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  • 5
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    Dynamic friction of a metal runner on ice : I. Model sled test (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/14
    In: CRREL Report, 89-14
    Description / Table of Contents: The effects of runner material and surface conditions on the friction between runners and ice were studied. A model sled was pushed over a 6-m-long ice sheet and the reduction of speed of the sliding sled was measured. The friction calculated by the reduction of speed between two gates indicated that smooth runners showed lower friction at around -1°C than at around -10°C, as expected, but the friction of rough runners showed little temperature dependence. The lower thermally conductive runners showed lower friction than higher thermally conductive smooth runners as the theory predicted, but such effects were obscured on rougher runners.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 23 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA211498
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9087
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Apparatus and procedures General approach Sled design Sled propulsion Ice sheet preparation Experimental procedure Results General remarks Effect of runner temperature Effect of runner surface Effect of ice surface conditions Effect of velocity Effect of runner materials Observations of replicate surfaces Statistical analysis Discussion Molecular interactions Mechanical deformations Thermal energy dissipation Hydrodynamidc processes Comparison of energy loss mechanisms Summary and conclusions Literature cited
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  • 6
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    Airfields on Antarctic glacier ice (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/21
    In: CRREL Report, 89-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The physical characteristics of blue ice ablation areas in Antarctica are described and some representative ablation rates are given. The possibilities for using blue-ice areas as airfields are outlined and exploratory surveys are mentioned. Site details are given for icefields at Mount Howe, Mill Glacier, Patriot Hills, Rosser Ridge, Mount Lechner, S1 near Casey station, and on the Ross Ice Shelf near McMurdo station. The surface roughness of blue ice is discussed, microrelief surveys are presented for Mount Howe and Patriot Hills, and spectral analyses are used to develop relations between bump height and wavelength. U.S. military specifications for the roughness limits of various types of runways are summarized and graphical comparisons are made with the roughness analyses for Mount Howe and Patriot Hills. Special machines for smoothing ice runways are discussed and design specifications are developed. Some notes on ground facilities and ground transport are included. Appendices give discussions of weather patterns in the Transantarctic Mountains and methodology for making spectral analyses of surface roughness. It is concluded that glacier-ice airfields for conventional transport aircraft can be developed at low cost in Antarctica. Recommendations for further work are offered.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 105 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a217638.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9085
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Blue-ice areas Blue-ice areas as airfield sites The formation of blue-ice areas Ablation rates at blue-ice areas Exploratory surveys at blue-ice areas Mount Howe Mill Glacier / Plunket Point Patriot Hills Rosser Ridge Mount Lechner The S-1 site near Casey station The McMurdo "Pegasus Site" Surface roughness of blue ice Analysis and characterization of surface roughness Surface preparation to reduce ice roughness Ground facilities Ground transport Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited and selected references Appendix A: Survey data for Patriot Hills, Mount Howe and Mill Glacier Appendix B: Analysis of surface roughness at blue-ice sites Appendix C: Meteorological conditions to be expected in summer in the Trans-antarctic Mountains
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  • 7
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    The chemical and structural properties of sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea (1989)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-89/25
    In: CRREL Report, 89-25
    Description / Table of Contents: This study provides a detailed chemical and structural profile of first-year and multiyear Arctic sea ice. Ice cores were collected during April- May 1986 and 1987 near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Concentrations of Cl, Br, SO4, Na, Ca, K, Mg, PO4, SiO4, NO3, NO2 and NH4 were determined for samples chosen on the basis of structural ice type. Chemical and statistical analyses indicate that finer-grained structures incorporate more impurities and that major ion chemistry is controlled almost entirely by salinity. Mg is enriched in the ice indicating precipitation is occurring at temperatures higher than previously reported. K is depleted in the ice suggesting preferrential drainage. Ratios of the major ions are the same for first-year and multiyear ice and are similar to that of seawater indicating that as the ice ages no significant changes occur in ice chemistry. Nutrient concentrations in the ice are enriched with respect to the underlying water, indicating that biological activity occurs in the ice and processes other than the overall salinity effect and brine drainage are affecting nutrient concentrations within the ice.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 144 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 89-25
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a219746.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9097
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Formation, growth, and structure of sea ice Oceanic frazil production Multiyear ice Equilibrium growth Summer ice decay Annual layering Salinity distribution in sea ice Chemistry of sea ice Study area description Objectives Methodology Sample collection Blanks Chemical analyses Thin sections Data reduction Results and discussion First-year ice Multiyear ice Comparison of first-year and multiyear ice Summary Conclusions Future work References Appendix A: Concentration of chemical species in sea ice as reported in the literature Appendix B: Ice and water data Appendix C: Linear regression data
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  • 8
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    Evaluation of selected frost-susceptibility test methods (1986)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-86/14
    In: CRREL Report, 86-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Three methods for determining the frost susceptibility of soils are evaluated in this report. These methods are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers frost design soil classification system, a moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test, and a laboratory freeze-thaw test. The Corps method, which is based on particle size, soil classification, and a laboratory freezing test, was found to be useful for identifying frost-susceptibility. The moisture-hydraulic-conductivity test was found to be unacceptable because it required too much time and its results correlated poorly with field observations. The freeze-thaw test was determined to be the most accurate of the methods studied, including the freeze test that is a part of the Corps method. The freeze-thaw test is thoroughly described. It includes indexes of both frost-heave susceptibility (heave rate) and thaw-weakening susceptibility (CBR after thawing). It also accounts for the effects of freeze-thaw cycling and is completely automated to improve the repeatability of the test results. It is suggested that the freeze-thaw test considered as a replacement for the Corps freezing test.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 56 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-14
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9462
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Description of the selected sites Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity tests Freezing test Validation Description of test sites and materials Sample preparation Results and analysis of laboratory tests Corps of engineers frost design soil classification system Moisture-tension/hydraulic-conductivity test Freezing test Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Summary of frost-susceptibility tests on natural soil
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  • 9
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 3: Laboratory tests on soils from Albany County Airport (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/2
    In: CRREL Report, 87-2
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the third in a series of four reports on the laboratory and field testing of a number of road and airfield subgrades, covering the laboratory repeated-load triaxial testing of five soils in the frozen and thawed states and analysis of the resulting resilient modulus measurements. The laboratory testing procedures allow simulation of the gradual increase in stiffnessfound in frost-susceptible soils after thawing. The resilient modulus is expressed in a nonlinear model in terms of the applied stresses, the soil moisture tension level (for unfrozen soil), the unfrozen water content (for frozen soil) and the dry density. The resilient modulus is about 10 GPa for the frozen material at temperatures in the range of -5° to -8° C. The decrease in modulus with increasing temperature was well-modeled in terms of the unfrozen water content. Upon thaw, the modulus dropped to about 100 MPa and generally increased with increasing confining stress and decreased with increasing principal stress ratio. The modulus also increased with the soil moisture tension level. The resilient Poisson's ratio did not appear to be a systematic function of any of the test variables.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a179253.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9037
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections and materials Specimen preparation Test soils Asphalt concrete Laboratory testing Soil testing Waveforms of applied stress Asphalt concrete Data reduction and analysis Soil Asphalt concrete Results and discussion General Resilient modulus Summary Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil moisture tension versus water content for several test soils Appendix B: Tabulated results for all tests on frozen and thawed soils
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  • 10
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : phase 1: ice structure analysis (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/3
    In: CRREL Report, 87-3
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the first phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is also considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a181205.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9044
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Tested multi-year floe ice samples Ice description Uniaxial constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-load compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial constant-strain-rate compression test Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data Appendix B: Multi-year floe sample data
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