ALBERT

Note: Contents: Acknowledgement. - Contributors List. - PART I. INTRODUCTION. - Introduction / D. Prandle. - PART II. BAROCLINIC DYNAMICS. - The influence of coastally trapped waves on the circulation in Jervis Bay, New South Wales / P. D. Craig and P. E. Holloway. - Tidal mixing near the sill of a Scottish sea loch / A. J. Elliott, P. A. Gillibrand and W. R. Turrell. - A topographically induced internal wave and mixing in the Tamar Estuary / D. R. Sturley and K. R. Dyer. - Turbulence and shear induced mixing processes in estuaries / E. J. Derbyshire & J. R. West. - Dynamically-active models in the prediction of estuarine stratification / J. H. Simpson and J. Sharples. - PART III. CIRCULATION. - Circulation Residual flow in Naples Bay and its effect on constituent concentration, constituent flux and residence time / J. Van de Kreeke. - The stratified hydrodynamics of the Palmiet - a prototypical bar-built estuary / J. L. Largier, J. H. Slinger and S. Talijaard. - Salinity structure of a shallow, tributary estuary / W. W. Schroeder, S. P. Dinnel and W. J. Wiseman Jr. - On meteorologically induced subtidal motion in Hangzhou Bay / J. L. Su and W. Chen. - Water level fluctuations in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana: tidal forcing versus river forcing / E. M. Swenson and C. E. Sasser. - Modelling of low-frequency salinity variations in the St. Lawrence Estuary / K. T. Tee. - On the estuatine circulation within the Kattegat / N. Winkel-Steinberg, J. O. Backhaus and T. Pohlmann. - PART IV. SEDIMENTATION. - Sedimentation Observations of fine-sediment concentrations and transport in the turbidity maximum region of an estuary / R. J. Uncles, J. A. Stephens and M. L. Barton. - Velocity asymmetries in frictionally-dominated tidal embayments: longitudinal and lateral variability / C. T. Friedrichs, D. R. Lynch and D. G. Aubrey. - Effects of sea-level rise on muddy coastal margins / R. Kirby. - Acoustic measurements of suspended sediment over sandwaves / P. D. Thome, R. L. Soulsby and P. J. Hardcastle. - Some observations on fluid mud response to water waves / F. Jiang and A. J. Mehta. - The reflection of waves off beaches / J. Darbyshire. - PART V. MODELLING (SEDIMENT). - Dispersion in tidally-averaged transport equation / R. T. Cheng and V. Casulli. - Effect of bends on dilution rates / R. Smith. - Modelling the vertical distribution of suspended sediment in combined wave-current flow / A. G. Davies. - Some considerations on mathematical modelling of morphological processes in tidal regions / Z. B. Wang. - A three-dimensional transport model for dissolved and suspended matter in estuaries and coastal seas / G. C. van Dam and R. A. Louwersheimer. - An estuatine and coastal sand transport model / B. A. O'Connor and J. Nicholson. - PART VI. APPLIED STUDIES. - Current and density structure in the Netherlands coastal zone / W. P. M. de Ruijter, A. van der Giessen and F. C. Groenendijk. - On the distribution of suspended matter and the density driven circulation in the Dutch coastal area / M. Visser. - Coastal dynamics along a rugged coastline / B. King and E. Wolanski. - Transport of hypoxic waters: an estuary-subestuary exchange / A. Y. Kuo and K. Park. - Interdisciplinary study on the tidal front in the Bungo Channel, Japan / T. Yanagi, O. Matsuda, S. Tanabe and S. Uye. - Hydrodynamic modelling for a tidal power project / T. L. Shaw.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 Glacier forelands and simplicity 1.2 Ecology and primary succession 1.3 Space-for-time substitution (chronosequences) 1.4 Geoecology (landscape ecology) 2 The nature of the timescale 2.1 Glacier variations 2.2 Dating techniques 2.2.1 Historical sources 2.2.2 Biological dating 2.2.3 Physico-chemical dating 2.3 Terrain age sequences and areal chronologies 3 The physical landscape 3.1 The legacy of glaciation 3.1.1 Glacial erosion 3.1.2 Glacial sediments 3.1.3 Depositional landforms and landsystems 3.2 Proglacial landscape modification 3.2.1 Glacio-fluvial activity 3.2.2 Consolidation and slope stabilization 3.2.3 Pervection 3.2.4 Cryogenic processes: frost weathering 3.2.5 Frost-heave and frost-sorting 3.2.6 Solifluction and other periglacial slope processes 3.2.7 Nivation 3.2.8 Aeolian processes 3.3 The climatic environment 3.3.1 Regional climate 3.3.2 Meso-scale climatic gradients 3.3.3 Microclimate 3.3.4 Climatic change 3.4 Spatial variation and change in the physical landscape 3.4.1 Spatial patterns at various scales 3.4.2 Physical processes and landscape change 4 Soil development 4.1 Soil chronosequences and chronofunctions 4.1.1 Conceptual framework 4.1.2 An example: Glacier Bay, Alaska 4.2 Soil properties and pedogenic processes 4.2.1 Texture 4.2.2 Micromorphology 4.2.3 Organic content 4.2.4 pH and base status 4.2.5 Iron and aluminium 4.2.6 Chemical weathering processes 4.2.7 Nitrogen 4.2.8 Phosphorus 4.3 Environmental controls on pedogenesis 4.3.1 Parent material 4.3.2 Topography 4.3.3 Biota 4.3.4 Climatic controls 4.4 Soil formation in time and space 4.4.1 Soil development and equilibrium concepts 4.4.2 Spatial variation and soil chronosequences 5 Plant succession: patterns and environmental factors 5.1 Vegetational chronosequences: methodological considerations 5.1.1 Concept and limitations 5.1.2 Tests of chronoseauences: observed successions 5.1.3 Tests of chronosequences: retrospective analysis 5.2 Inferred successional trends 5.2.1 Cover 5.2.2 Spatial organization 5.2.3 Stratification and physiognomy 5.2.4 Biomass 5.2.5 Species diversity 5.2.6 Species composition and successional stages 5.2.7 Population attributes and physiological traits 5.3 Spatial variation and successional pathways 5.3.1 Within-foreland patterns: mapping 5.3.2 Quantitative community analysis at Storbreen, Jotunheimen 5.3.3 Inferred successional pathways elsewhere 5.3.4 Between-foreland patterns: a comparative approach 5.4 Environmental controls on successional sequences 5.4.1 Initial site conditions 5.4.2 Environmental factors as influx variables 5.4.3 Environmental factor complexes 6 Plant succession: processes and models 6.1 Biological processes of colonization and succession 6.1 Migration 6.2 Ecesis 6.3 Reaction 6.4 Facilitation 6.5 Competition 6.6 Allelopathy, herbivory and pathogens 6.7 Stabilization 6.2 Models 6.2.1 Monoclimax and polyclimax 6.2.2 Climax pattern and site climax 6.2.3 Relay floristics and IFC 6.2.4 Non-selective and selective autosuccession 6.2.5 Facilitation, tolerance and inhibition 6.2.6 Chronic disturbance, competitive hierarchy and resource ratio 6.2.7 Evolutionary strategies 6.2.8 Vital attributes, process interactions and a causal hierarchy 6.3 A geoecological model 6.3.1 Coupling of physical and biological processes 6.3.2 Spatio-temporal dynamics 7 The ecological significance of recently-deglaciated terrain 7.1 Chronosequences 7.2 The geoecological approach 7.3 Some broader implications References Index

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - 1 Introduction / Herman H. Shugart, Rik Leemans and Gordon B. Bonan. - Part 1 Processes in boreal forests. - 2 Silvics of the circumpolar boreal forest tree species / Nedialko Nikolov and Harry Helmisaari. - 3 The reproductive process in boreal forest trees / John C. Zasada, Terry L. Sharik and Markku Nygren. - 4 Soil temperature as an ecological factor in boreal forests / Gordon B. Bonan. - 5 Fire as a controlling process in the North American boreal forest / Serge Payette. - 6 The role of forest insects in structuring the boreal landscape / C. S. Holling. - Part 2 Patterns in space and time in boreal forests. - 7 The transition between boreal forest and tundra / Luc Sirois. - 8 The southern boreal-northern hardwood forest border / John Pastor and David J. Mladenoff. - 9 Transitions between boreal forest and wetland / F. Z. Glebov and M. D. Korzukhin. - 10 Remote sensing technology for forest ecosystem analysis / K. Jon Ranson and Darrel L. Williams. - 11 The nature and distribution of past, present and future boreal forests: lessons for a research and modeling agenda / Allen M. Solomon. - Part 3 Computer models for synthesis of pattern and process in the boreal forest. - 12 Individual-tree-based models of forest dynamics and their application in global change research / Herman H. Shugart and I. Colin Prentice. - 13 Population-level models of forest dynamics / M. D.Korzukhin and M. Ya. Antonovski. - 14 A spatial model of long-term forest fire dynamics and its applications to forests in western Siberia / M. Ya. Antonovski, M. T. Ter-Mikaelian and V. V. Furyaev. - 15 A simulation analysis of environmental factors and ecological processes in North American boreal forests / Gordon B. Bonan. - 16 The biological component of the simulation model for boreal forest dynamics / Rik Leemans. - 17 Role of stand simulation in modeling forest response to environmental change and management interventions / Peter Duinker, Ola Salinäs and Sten Nilsson. - 18 Concluding comments / Herman H. Shugart, Rik Leemans and Gordon B. Bonan. - References. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS 1. Preface 2. Features of Land Surface Components, Permafrost, Climate and Hydrology 2.1 Relief and geologic structure (Korzshuev S.S.) 2.2 Soil conditions (Kashutina E.A.) 2.3 Short characteristic of main zonal and height types of vegetation (Tishkov A.A.) 2.4 Permafrost (Balobaev V.T., Lyubomirov A.S.) 2.5 Climatic regime 2.5.1 Climatic regionalization (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.2 Atmospheric circulation (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.3 Precipitation (Zaitseva I.S.) 2.5.4 The state of knowledge about snow cover within Lena river basin (Krenke A.N.) 2.5.5 Thermic regime (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.5.6 Energy balance (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 2.6 Water cycle components 2.6.1 Hydrologic regionalization (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.2 River runoff (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.3 Interaction between ground water and river runoff (Sokolov B.L.) 2.6.4 Evapotranspiration (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.6.5 Evaporation from the water surface (Golubev V.S.) 2.6.6 Soil moisture regime (Georgiadi A.G.) 2.7 Cryogenic hydrologic phenomenon and processes (Sokolov B.L., Markov M.L., Deikin B.N.) 2.8 Glaciers and snow - patches (Osokin N.I.) 2.9 Lakes and reservoirs (Malik L.K.) 2.10 Swamps (Malik L.K.) 2.11 The human impact on natural landscapes, water and energy cycles (Zaitseva I.S.) 3. Land Surface Parameters for Energy Cycle Analysing (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 3.1 Geographical distribution of parameters 3.2 Intraannual variation of albedo 4. Global and Regional Atmospheric Circulation and Hydrometeorological Element Changes 4.1 Global and regional atmospheric circulation indexes (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 4.2. Interannual changes of circulation indexes (Zolotokrylin _A._N.) 17? 4.3. Long-term fluctuations of hydroclimatological characteristics and runoff forecasting of some Siberian rivers (Leonov E.A.) 5. Zonal Features of Energy Cycle (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 5.1 Tundra zone 5.2 Plain Taiga region 6. Overview of Experimental Research of Water and Energy Cycles 6.1. Review of experimental investigations results (Lybomirov A.S.) 6.2. Thermal-water-balance polygon ''Mogot'' (Vasilenko N.G.) 6.3. Thermal and water regime of the icing fields (Deikin B.N .) 6.4. Energy balance of forests and surrounding territories in Lena river vallue (Pavlov A. V.) 6.5. The Experimental energy balance studies at the boundary layer within Lena river basin (Zolotokrylin A.N.) 7. Description of Data Base 7.1 Data of field experiments 7.1.1. Experimental polygon Tynda (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.2. Icing field polygon Mururin (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.3. Experimental polygon Mogot (Vasilenko N.G.) 7.1.4. Catalogization of icing fields of underground waters (Deikin B.N.) 7.1.5 Geocryological data for the regions of planned experimental works (Lyubomirov A.S.) 7.2 Hydrometric station network of Lena River Basin (Georgiadi A.G.) 7.3. Data for Siberia Lena River Basin (Georgiadi A.G.) 7.3.1. Meteorological network (Razuvaev V.N.) 7.3.2 Geocryological network (Lyubomirov A.S.) 7.3.3. Network of soil moisture content measurements (Georgiadi A.G.) References List of Authors

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction: sedimentology and stratigraphy. - 1.1 Sedimentology and stratigraphy in Earth sciences. - 1.2 Stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 1.3 See the world in just one grain of sand. - 1.4 Processes and products. - 1.5 Sedimentary environments and facies. - 1.6 Modem and ancient sedimentary environments. - 1.7 Geographical distribution of environments and facies. - 1. 8 Changing environments and facies through time. - 1.9 The stratigraphic record and geological time. - 1.10 Earth history, global tectonics, climate and evolution. - 2 Terrigenous clastic sediments: gravel, sand and mud. - 2.1 The components of sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.2 Classification and nomenclature of terrigenous clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.3 Gravel and conglomerate. - 2.4 Sand and sandstone. - 2.5 Clay, silt and mudrock. - 2.6 Description of the textures of terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks. - 2.7 Granulometric and clast shape analysis. - 2.8 Maturity of terrigenous clastic material. - 2.9 Terrigenous clastic sediments: summary. - Further reading. - 3 Biogenic, chemical and volcanogenic sediments. - 3.1 Limestone. - 3.2 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 3.3 Evaporite minerals. - 3.4 Cherts. - 3.5 Phosphates. - 3.6 Sedimentary ironstone. - 3.7 Carbonaceous (organic) deposits. - 3.8 The description of sedimentary rocks in hand specimen. - 3.9 Examination of sedimentary rocks under the microscope. - Further reading. - 4 Processes of transport and sedimentary structures. - 4.1 Transport media. - 4.2 The behaviour of fluids and particles in fluids. - 4.3 Flows, sediment and bedforms. - 4.4 Waves. - 4.5 Sedimentary structures in sand-mud mixtures. - 4.6 Mass flows. - 4.7 Mudcracks. - 4.8 Erosional sedimentary structures. - 4.9 Sedimentary structures and sedimentary environments. - Further reading. - 5 Environments and facies. - 5.1 Interpreting past depositional environments. - 5.2 The concept of 'facies'. - 5.3 Distribution of palaeoenvironments in time and space. - 5.4 Palaeocurrents. - 5.5 Provenance. - 5.6 Graphic sedimentary logs. - 5.7 Facies and environments: summary. - Further reading. - 6 Continents: sources of sediment and environments of deposition. - 6.1 From source of sediment to formation of strata. - 6.2 The formation of mountains and hills. - 6.3 Continental climatic regimes. - 6.4 Surface processes. - 6.5 Weathering processes. - 6.6 Erosion and transport. - 6.7 Factors which influence erosion rates. - 6.8 Continental environments of deposition. - 6.9 Continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 7 Glaciers and ice caps. - 7.1 Formation of glaciers. - 7.2 Erosion by glaciers. - 7.3 Glacial deposits. - 7.4 Distribution of glacial deposits. - 7.5 Recognition of glacial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 8 Arid continental depositional environments. - 8.1 Deserts. - 8.2 Wind in deserts. - 8.3 Water in a desert. - 8.4 Alluvial fans. - 8.5 Playa lakes. - 8.6 Life in the desert. - 8.7 Characteristics of the deposits of arid continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 9 Rivers: the fluvial environment. - 9.1 River forms and patterns. - 9.2 Modern rivers. - 9.3 Floodplains. - 9.4 Ancient fluvial deposits. - 9.5 Palaeocurrents in fluvial systems. - 9.6 Fossils in fluvial environments. - 9.7 Soils and palaeosols. - 9.8 Recognition of fluvial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 10 Lacustrine environments: fresh and saline lakes. - 10.1 Modern lakes. - 10.2 Morphology and processes in lakes. - 10.3 Lacustrine sediments and facies. - 10.4 Saline lakes. - 10.5 Life in lakes. - 10.6 Lake environments: summary. - Further reading. - 11 The marine realm: morphology and processes. - 11.1 Marine environments. - 11.2 Tides. - 11.3 Wave and storm processes. - 11.4 Thermo-haline currents. - 11.5 Divisions of the marine realm. - 11.6 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation in oceans. - 11.7 Ecology of the seas. - 11.8 Marine environments: summary. - Further reading. - 12 Deltas and estuaries. - 12.1 Deltas. - 12.2 Controls on deltas. - 12.3 Coarse-grained deltas. - 12.4 Delta 'cycles'. - 12.5 Post- and syndepositional effects on deltas. - 12.6 Recognition of deltaic deposits: summary. - 12.7 Estuaries. - 12.8 Recognition of estuarine deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 13 Coastlines: beaches, barriers and lagoons. - 13.1 Coastal environments. - 13.2 Morphological features of coastlines. - 13.3 Clastic coastlines. - 13.4 Carbonate coastlines. - 13.5 Arid coastlines. - 13.6 Recognition of coastal deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 14 Shallow seas. - 14.1 Sediment supply to shallow seas. - 14.2 Shallow marine clastic environments. - 14.3 Storm-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.4 Tide-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.5 Shallow marine carbonate environments. - 14.6 Carbonate ramps. - 14.7 Rimmed carbonate shelves. - 14.8 Epeiric, drowned and isolated carbonate platforms. - 14.9 Barred basins and saline giants. - 14.10 Criteria for the recognition of shelf sediments. - Further reading. - 15 Deep marine environments. - 15.1 Modem and ancient oceans. - 15.2 Deep marine mass flows. - 15.3 Submarine fans. - 15.4 Contourites. - 15.5 Pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation. - 15.6 Other features of deep ocean sediments. - 15.7 Fossils in deep ocean sediments. - 15.8 Ancient deep ocean deposits. - 15.9 Recognition of deep ocean deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 16 Volcanic environments. - 16.1 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.2 Lavas. - 16.3 Volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.4 Environments of deposition. - 16.5 Recognition of volcanigenic deposits: summary. - 16.6 Volcanic rocks in stratigraphy: flows, dykes and sills. - Further reading. - 17 Sediments into rocks: postdepositional processes. - 17.1 Post-depositional modification of sedimentary layers. - 17.2 Post-depositional physical and chemical processes. - 17.3 Nodules and concretions. - 17.4 Clastic diagenesis. - 17.5 Carbonate diagenesis. - 17.6 Post-depositional changes to evaporites. - 17.7 Diagenesis of volcaniclastic sedirnents. - 17.8 Formation of coal and hydrocarbons. - 17.9 Diagenetic processes: summary. - Further reading. - 18 Stratigraphy: concepts and lithostratigraphy. - 18.1 Stratigraphy and geological time. - 18.2 Chronostratigraphy. - 18.3 Physical stratigraphy. - 18.4 Lithostratigraphy. - 18.5 Lithostratigraphic nomenclature. - 18.6 Lithostratigraphy and environments. - 18.7 Lithostratigraphy and geological maps. - 18.8 Lithostratigraphy and correlation. - Further reading. - 19 Biostratigraphy. - 19.1 Strata and fossils. - 19.2 Fossils in stratigraphy. - 19.3 Taxa used in biostratigraphy. - 19.4 Correlating different environments. - 19.5 Biostratigraphic nomenclature. - 19.6 Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy. - Further reading. - 20 Dating and correlation techniques. - 20.1 Radiometric dating. - 20.2 Magnetostratigraphy. - 20.3 Other dating methods. - 20.4 Dating in the Quaternary. - 20.5 Correlation. - Further reading. - 21 Sequence stratigraphy and sea level changes. - 21.1 Introduction. - 21.2 Depositional sequences and systems tracts. - 21.3 Facies patterns in depositional sequences. - 21.4 Sequences in carbonate depositional environments. - 21.5 Subdivision of depositional sequences and systems tracts: parasequences. - 21.6 Sequence stratigraphy and depositional environments. - 21.7 Practical sequence stratigraphy. - 21.8 Causes of sea level fluctuations. - Further reading. - 22 Subsurface stratigraphy. - 22.1 Seismic reflection profiles. - 22.2 Interpreting seismic reflections. - 22.3 Structural features on seismic profiles. - 22.4 Seismic facies. - 22.5 Relating seismic profiles to geological cross-sections. - 22.6 Borehole stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 22.7 Subsurface facies analysis. - 22.8 Use of borehole data. - Further reading. - 23 Sedimentary basins. - 23.1 Tectonics of sedimentary basins. - 23.2 Basins related to crustal extension. - 23.3 Basins related to subduction. - 23.4 Basins related to continen

Note: Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Fields 1.2 Geophysical equipment 1.3 Geophysical data 1.4 Bases and base networks 2 Gravity method 2.1 Physical basis of the gravity method 2.2 Gravity meters 2.3 Gravity reductions 2.4 Gravity surveys 2.5 Field interpretation 3 Magnetic method 3.1 Magnetic properties 3.2 The magnetic field of the Earth 3.3 Magnetic instruments 3.4 Magnetic survey practice 3.5 5 imple magnetic interpretation 4 Radioactivity surveys 4.1 Natural radiation 4.2 Radiation detectors 4.3 Radiometric surveys 5 Electric current methodsgeneral considerations 5.1 Resistivity 5.2 Electrode arrays 5.3 Equipment for resistivity surveys 6 Direct-current methods 6.1 SP surveys 6.2 Resistivity profiling 6.3 Resistivity depth-sounding 7 Induced polarization 7.1 Polarization fundamentals 7.2 Time-domain IP surveys 7.3 Frequency-domain surveys 7.4 Handling IP data 8 Electromagnetic methods 8.1 Induction principles 8.2 Continuous-wave systems 8.3 Other e.m. techniques 9 VLF methods 9.1 VLF radiation 9.2 VLF instruments 9.3 VLF maps 10 Seismic methods - general considerations 10.1 Seismic waves 10.2 Seismic sources 10.3 Detection of seismic waves 10.4 Recording seismic waves 11 Seismic reflection 11.1 Reflection theory 11.2 Reflection surveys 12 Seismic refraction 12.1 Refraction surveys 12.2 Field interpretation 12.3 Limitations of the refraction method Appendix Terrain corrections for Hammer zones B to M References and further reading Index

Note: Inhalt: Abstract. - Abstract in russischer Sprache. - Einleitung. - Material. - Ergebnisse und Diskussion. - Tabelle 1: Kosmopolitsche und holarktisch verbreitete Taxa, die in NW-Sibirien und in Mitteleuropa gleichermaßen vorkommen. - Tabelle 2: Taxa, die bisher in Mitteleuropa noch nicht identifiziert werden konnten. - Neue Taxa, neue Kombinationen und andere besonders bemerkenswerte Diatomeen aus der sibirischen Arktis (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge). - Neidiopsis nov. gen. - Dank. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Bildtafeln mit Legenden. - Index der Taxa. - Appendices. - Kobayasiella Nov. Nom. für Kobayasia Lange-Bertalot. - Neue Kombinationen von Taxa aus Achnanthes Bory (Sensu Lato). - Neue Kombinationen von Taxa in der Gattung Microcostatus Johansen & Spay 1998. - Validierung von Cymbopleura Nov. Gen. - Kurze Bemerkung zu Didymosphenia Dentata (Dorogost.) Skvortzow & Meyer. , Text lat. u. dt. , Zsfass. in engl. u. russ. Sprache

Note: Contents: 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 What is Synoptic Meteorology?. - 1.1.1 Historical background. - 1.1.2 Classification of atmospheric phenomena. - 1.1.3 Atmospheric phenomena as fractals. - 1.1.4 The role of observations and theory. - 1.1.5 The mystery of synoptic meteorology. - 1.1.6 The organization of this text. - 1.2 Units and Variables. - 1.2.1 The MKS system. - 1.2.2 The MTS system. - 1.2.3 Other useful conversion factors. - 1.3 Coordinate Systems. - 1.3.1 Cartesian coordinates. - 1.3.2 Natural coordinates. - 1.3.3 The representation of the wind field. - 1.3.4 Pressure coordinates. - 1.3.5 Isentropic coordinates. - 1.3.6 σ coordinates. - 1.3.7 Invariance. - 1.3.8 The total derivative. - Note. - References. - 2. SCALAR FIELDS AND THEIR KINEMATICS. - 2.1 The Pressure (Height) Field. - 2.1.1 What is kinematics?. - 2.1.2 A description of features in the pressure (height) field. - 2.1.3 Analysis of the pressure (height) field. - 2.1.4 Kinematics of the pressure (height) field. - 2.1.5 The hydrostatic equation and the reduction of pressure to a reference level. - 2.2 The Temperature and Moisture Fields. - 2.3 The Measurement of Scalar Fields. - 2.3.1 Introduction. - 2.3.2 The measurement of pressure. - 2.3.3 The measurement of height. - 2.3.4 The measurement of temperature. - 2.3.5 The measurement of humidity. - 2.3.6 Clouds. - 2.3.7 The measurement of precipitation. - 2.3.8 Instrument platforms. - Notes. - References. - Problems. - 3. KINEMATICS OF THE WIND FIELD. - 3.1 Properties of the Horizontal Wind Field. - 3.1.1 The decomposition of a linear wind field. - 3.1.2 Translation. - 3.1.3 Divergence. - 3.1.4 Vorticity. - 3.1.5 Deformation. - 3.1.6 Summary. - 3.1.7 Trajectories. - 3.2 The Computation of Divergence, Vorticity, and Deformation. - 3.2.1 The expressions for divergence, vorticity, and deformation on the Earth's surface. - 3.2.2 Finite-difference computations. - 3.2.3 Integral computations of divergence, vorticity, and deformation. - 3.2.4 The linear vector point function method. - 3.3 Properties of the Three-Dimensional Wind Field. - 3.4 Measuring the Wind Field. - 3.4.1 Introduction. - 3.4.2 Wind-measuring instruments: Dependence of the properties of an object upon wind speed. - 3.4.3 Wind-measuring instruments: The tracking of tracers moving with the horizontal component of the wind. - Notes. - References. - Problems. - 4. ELEMENTARY ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND THERMODYNAMICS. - 4.1 The Law of Motion. - 4.1.1 The equation of fluid motion on a rotating sphere: Vector form. - 4.1.2 The equations of fluid motion on a rotating sphere: Scalar form. - 4.1.3 The geostrophic wind. - 4.1.4 The isallobaric wind and the inertial-advective wind. - 4.1.5 The equations of motion in natural coordinates. - 4.1.6 The thermal wind. - 4.2 The Equation of Continuity. - 4.2.1 The equation of continuity in height coordinates. - 4.2.2 The equation of continuity in pressure coordinates. - 4.2.3 The equation of continuity in isentropic coordinates. - 4.2.4 The kinematic boundary condition. - 4.2.5 The dynamic boundary condition. - 4.3 The Thermodynamic Equation. - 4.3.1 Dry thermodynamics. - 4.3.2 Moist thermodynamics. - 4.4 Friction. - 4.4.1 Molecular friction. - 4.4.2 Turbulent friction. - 4.4.3 The surface boundary layer. - 4.4.4 The friction layer. - 4.4.5 The turbulent transport of general quantities. - 4.4.6 The antitriptic wind. - 4.5 The Vorticity Equation. - 4.5.1 Derivation of the vorticity equation in height coordinates. - 4.5.2 The Bjerknes and Kelvin circulation theorems. - 4.5.3 Physical interpretation of the vorticity equation and the circulation theorems. - 4.5.4 The vorticity equation in pressure coordinates. - 4.5.5 The vorticity equation in isentropic coordinates and Ertel's potential vorticity. - 4.5.6 The horizontal vorticity equation. - 4.5.7 The three-dimensional vorticity equation in a compressible atmosphere. - 4.6 Energetics. - 4.7 Thermodynamic Retrieval. - References. - Problems. - 5. QUASIGEOSTROPHIC THEORY. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Estimating the Terms in the Vorticity and Thermodynamic Equations. - 5.2.1 Substitution of the analytical-model equations into the vorticity and thermodynamic equations. - 5.2.2 The relationship between w and ω. - 5.2.3 The kinematic boundary conditions for midlatitude, synoptic-scale systems. - 5.2.4 A simplified vorticity equation. - 5.2.5 The thermodynamic equation for synoptic-scale systems in the midlatitudes. - 5.2.6 The effects of diabatic heating and static stability. - 5.3 Estimating Vertical Motion from the Observed Wind and Mass Fields. - 5.3.1 The kinematic method. - 5.3.2 The adiabatic method. - 5.3.3 The vorticity method. - 5.3.4 Satellite infrared photograph technique. - 5.4 Estimating Local Height Tendencies from the Observed Wind and Mass Fields. - 5.5 The Quasigeostrophic Vorticity and Thermodynamic Equations. - 5.5.1 The quasigeostrophic approximation. - 5.5.2 The quasigeostrophic vorticity and thermodynamic equations. - 5.5.3 The quasigeostrophic equations of motion. - 5.6 Derivation of the Quasigeostrophic ω and Height-tendency Equations. - 5.6.1 The quasigeostrophic vorticity and thermodynamic equations expressed in terms of the height field. - 5.6.2 The quasigeostrophic ω equation. - 5.6.3 The quasigeostrophic height-tendency equation. - 5.6.4 The quasigeostrophic ω equation and height-tendency equation with diabatic heating and friction. - 5.7 Interpretation of the Quasigeostrophic ω-Equation. - 5.7.1 Mathematical interpretation. - 5.7.2 Physical interpretation. - 5.7.3 The Trenberth formulation of the quasigeostrophic ω equation. - 5.7.4 The Q-vector representation of the quasigeostrophic ω equation. - 5.7.5 Comparison of the different quasigeostrophic ω equations. - 5.8 The Quasigeostrophic Potential Vorticity Form of the Height-Tendency Equation. - 5.9 Static-Stability Effects on Vertical Motion. - 5.9.1 The effects of horizontal variations in static stability on vertical motion. - 5.9.2 Effective static stability. - 5.10 Interpretation of the Quasigeostrophic Height-Tendency Equation. - 5.10.1 Mathematical interpretation. - 5.10.2 Physical interpretation. - 5.11 The Effects of Vertical Variations in Static Stability on the Geopotential-Height Tendency. - Note. - References. - Problems. - Selected Answers to Problems. - Appendix 1. Review of Vector Notation. - Appendix 2. Implications of Hydrostatic Balance for the Horizontal and Vertical Scales of Meteoro­logical Phenomena. - Appendix 3. Matrix Notation. - Index.

Note: Contents Foreword by the Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, OM, PC, FRS Preface A note for the reader 1 Introduction Endnote 2 The science of the early explorations 2.1 The scientific and technological background 2.2 Edmond Halley 2.3 Terra Australis lncognita and the theoretical geographers 2.4 The voyages of James Cook 2.5 The voyage of Thaddeus Bellingshausen 2.6 Explorations by sealers 2. 7 William Scores by: pioneer polar scientist Endnotes 3 The national expeditions of 1828 to 1843 3.1 The scientific and social background 3.2 The United States exploring expedition 3.3 The French expedition 3.4 Geodesy and the visit of HMS Chanticleer to Deception Island 3.5 'The magnetic crusade' 3.6 The Antarctic voyage of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror 3.7 Comment on the mid-nineteenth century expeditions Endnotes 4 Averted interest and consolidation 4.1 The mid-nineteenth century view of Antarctica 4.2 Maury's campaign for an expedition south 4.3 The rise of oceanography and Challenger's incursion into Antarctic waters 4.4 Neumayer and the growth of German interest in the Antarctic 4.5 Weyprecht and the First International Polar Year 4.6 Reconnaissances by whalers 4.7 Growing interest among scientists 4.8 The voyages of the Belgica, Valdivia and Southern Cross 4.9 Naval tradition versus science: the Discovery expedition 4.10 The Gauss expedition 4.11 The Antarctica expedition 4.12 Scientific expeditions in the first quarter of the twentieth century 4.13 The coming-of-age of Antarctic science Endnotes 5 The modern period - logistics and materiel 5.1 The inter-related growth of science and technology 5.2 Development of organization: the polar institutes 5.3 The Byrd expeditions and the general introduction of technology 5.3.1 Ships 5.3.2 Electrical communication 5.3.3 Mechanized surface transport 5.3.4 Aircraft 5.3.5 Aerial photography 5.3.6 Laboratories 5.3.7 Techniques for living 5.4 Post-Second World War developments 5.5 Developments following the International Geophysical Year 5.6 Ships in the modern period 5.7 Building technology 5.8 The advent of satellites 5.9 The impact of equality of the sexes Endnotes 6 The modern period - the involvement with politics 6.1 The dependence of Antarctic science on public money 6.2 Regulating of whaling and Antarctic research 6.3 Nationalistic and imperialistic influences up to the Second World War 6.4 The Antarctic in the Second World War 6.5 The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey 6.6 The assertion of American interest 6.7 The growing problems arising from territorial claims 6.8 The International Geophysical Year 6.9 The Antarctic Treaty 6.10 The Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research 6.11 National Antarctic research organizations and operations 6.12 Private expeditions 6.13 The politics of conservation 6.14 The problems of emergencies Endnotes 7 The sciences of the Antarctic seas 7.1 The scope of the chapter 7.2 Physical oceanography at the beginning of the twentieth century 7.3 Marine biology and biological oceanography in the early twentieth century 7.4 The inter-war period and the Discovery Investigations 7.5 The impact of the Second World War on oceanography 7.6 Marine biology in the immediate post-Second World War years 7.7 Physical oceanography in the modern period: the advent of remote sensing 7.8 Studies on sea-ice and icebergs 7.9 Biological oceanography: productivity and the pelagic ecosystem 7.10 BIOMASS 7.11 Inshore marine biology Endnotes 8 The earth sciences 8.1 The geological outlook at the beginning of the twentieth century 8.2 Geological reconnaissance 8.3 Geology during and after the IGY: the dry valleys 8.4 The continental drift theory and the tectonic structure of Antarctica 8.5 The ice-cap and the land underneath it 8.6 Glaciology 8.7 Climatic history and the records in ice-cores 8.8 Meteorites on the ice-sheet 8.9 Denudation processes 8.10 Soil 8.11 Physical limnology 8.12 The wider role of geologists in Antarctica Endnotes 9 The sciences of atmosphere and geospace 9.1 The atmospheric sciences at the end of the nineteenth century 9.2 Heroic age meteorology 2 9.3 Meteorology from 1920 until the IGY 9.4 Meteorology during IGY 9.5 Post-IGY meteorology 9.6 Atmospheric chemistry: ozone 9.7 Energy balance and modelling 9.8 The beginnings of study of the upper atmosphere 9.9 The concept of geospace 9.10 Ionospherics up to the IGY 9.11 Ionospherics during the IGY 9.12 Geospace research since the IGY 9.13 Cosmic ray studies and astronomy in the Antarctic Endnotes 10 Land-based biology 10.1 The natural history of the Antarctic 10.2 The development of Antarctic biology 10.3 The physiological ecology of plants 10.4 Invertebrate ecology and physiology 10.5 Microbiology 10.6 Limnology 10.7 Ornithology 10.8 Seal studies 10.9 Conclusions Endnotes 11 Man and the Antarctic environment 11.1 Heroic age medicine 11.2 Medical research before and during the IGY 11.3 Medical and psychological research after the IGY 11.4 The International Biomedical Expedition 11.5 Sledge dog physiology 11.6 Introduced organisms 11.7 Conservation Endnotes 12 Some concluding comments 12.1 The persistent features of Antarctic science 12.2 The contribution to science in general 12.3 Arctic and Antarctic 12.4 Internationalism 12.5 Antarctic science and politics 12.6 The effects ofbureaucracy on Antarctic science 12.7 Science and the humanist view of Antarctica Endnotes 13 Postscript Endnotes References Index