ALBERT

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1. lntroduction. - Chapter 2. Basic Equations. - 2.1. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations. - 2.2. Equations of the Mean Flow. - 2.3. Equations of the Eddies. - 2.4. Energy Balance. - 2.5. Vorticity and Divergence. - 2.6. Linearization. - 2.7. Eliassen-Palm Flux. - 2.8. Ertel Potential Vorticity. - 2.9. Diffusive Separation of Atmospheric Constituents. - 2.10. Spherical Harmonics. - 2.11. Hermite Functions. - Chapter 3. External Energy Sources. - 3.1. Solar Irradiance. - 3.2. Solar Heat Input into Upper Atmosphere. - 3.3. Solar Heat Input into Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 3.4. Lunar Gravitational Tidal Energy. - 3.5. Solar Wind Energy. - Chapter 4. Internal Energy Sources and Sinks. - 4.1. Eddy Viscosity. - 4.2. Eddy Heat Conduction. - 4.3. Latent Heat. - 4.4. Newtonian Cooling. - 4.5. Rayleigh Friction. - 4.6. Ion Drag. - 4.7. Feedback between Large-Scale Eddies and Mean Flow. - Chapter 5. Horizontal Modal Structure. - 5.1. Separation of Variables. - 5.2. Eigenvalues of Laplace's Equations. - 5.3. Gravity Waves. - 5.4. Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 5.5. Kelvin Waves and Yanai Waves. - 5.6. Low Frequency Waves with Positive Eigenvalues. - 5.7. Class Il Waves of Wavenumber m = 0. - 5.8. Diurnal Tides. - 5.9. Dynamo Action of Tidal Winds. - 5.10. Rossby Waves Migrating within Mean Zonal Flow. - 5.11. Influence of Zonal Mean Flow on Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 5.12. Salutions of Inhomogeneous Laplace Equations. - Chapter 6. Vertical Modal Structure. - 6.1. Characteristic Waves. - 6.2. Vertical Wavenumber. - 6.3. Particular Salutions. - 6.4. Boundary Conditions. - 6.5. Normal Modes. - 6.6. Height Structure of External Waves. - 6.7. Directly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.8. Indirectly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.9. Height Structure of Internal Waves. - 6.10. Impulsive Heat Input. - 6.11. Ray Tracing of Rossby Waves. - 6.12. Mode Conversion. - 6.13. Baroclinic Instability. - Chapter 7. Nonlinear Wave Propagation. - 7.1. Nonlinear Coupling between Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 7.2. Analytic Salutions for Weak Coupling of Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 7.3. Rossby- Haurwitz Wave Coupling in Realistic Mean Flow. - 7.4. Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence. - 7.5. Space-Time Analysis. - 7.6. Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization. - 7.7. Lorenz Attractor. - 7.8. Logistic Difference Equation. - 7.9. Multiple Equilibria. - Chapter 8. Tidal Waves. - 8.1. Seasonal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere (m = 0). - 8.2. Quasi-Stationary Seasonal Waves (m 〉 0). - 8.3. Climatic Mean Flow. - 8.4. Seasonal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.5. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 8.6. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.7. Nonmigrating Solar Diurnal Tides. - 8.8. Lunar Tides. - 8.9. Electromagnetic Effects of Tidal Waves. - 8.10. Energy and Momentum Deposition of Solar Diurnal Tides. - Chapter 9. Planetary Waves. - 9.1. Extratropical Transients. - 9.2. Southern Oscillation. - 9.3. Forty-Day Oscillations. - 9.4. Transients in the Tropical Middle Atmosphere. - 9.5. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Angular Momentum. - 9.6. Sudden Stratospheric Warnings. - 9.7. Thermospheric Response to Solar EUV Fluctuations. - 9.8. Thermospheric Storms. - 9.9. Solar Activity Effects within Middle and Lower Atmosphere. - Chapter 10. Epilogue. - References. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements 1. Determining Timescales for Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport / Peter G. Cook and John-Karl Bohlke 2. Inorganic Ions as Tracers / Andrew L. Herczeg and W. Mike Edmunds 3. Isotope Engineering - Using Stable Isotopes of the Water Molecule to Solve Practical Problems / Tyler B. Coplen, Andrew L. Herczeg and Chris Barnes 4. Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater Systems / Robert M. Kalin 5. U-Series Nuclides as Tracers in Groundwater Hydrology / J. Kenneth Osmond and James B. Cowart 6. Radon-222 / L. DeWayne Cecil and Jaromy R. Green 7. Sulphur and Oxygen Isotopes in Sulphate / H. Roy Krouse and Bernhard Mayer 8. Strontium Isotopes / Robert H. McNutt 9. Nitrate Isotopes in Groundwater Systems / Carol Kendall and Ramon Aravena 10. Chlorine-36 / Fred M. Phillips 11. Atmospheric Noble Gases / Martin Stute and Peter Schlosser 12. Noble Gas Radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85 Kr, 39Ar, 81 Kr / Heinz H. Loosli, Bernhard E. Lehmann and William M. Smethie, Jr. 13. 3H and 3He / D. Kip Solomon and Peter G. Cook 14. 4He in Groundwater / D. Kip Solomon 15. Chlorofluorocarbons / L. Niel Plummer and Eurybiades Busenberg 16. δ11 B, Rare Earth Elements, δ 37Cl, 32 Si, 35S, 129I / Avner Vengosh, Arthur J. Spivack, Kevin J. Johannesson, W. Berry Lyons, Tamie R. Weaver, Uwe Morgenstern, Robert L. Michel, June Fabryka-Martin Appendix 1: Stable Isotope Notation and Fractionation Appendix 2: Decay Constants and Half-Lives of Radioactive Isotopes Appendix 3: Solubilities of Environmental Gas Tracers Appendix 4: Liquid and Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients Index

Note: CONTENTS Geology and Structure of the Ross Sea Region / F. J. Davey Recording and Processing Procedures for Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Data Collected in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / S. V. Dadisman, H. F. Ryan, D. M. Mann Seismic Stratigraphy and Structure of the Victoria Land Basin, Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, J. C. Behrendt Extent and Nature of Ross Sea Unconformity in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, B. D. Edwards Structure of Extensionally Rifted Crust Beneath the Western Ross Sea and lselin Bank, Antarctica, from Sonobuoy Seismic Data / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, G. R. Cochrane Gravity Studies of the Victoria Land Basin and lselin Bank / F. J. Davey, A. K. Cooper The Antarctic Continental Margin Magnetic Gradiometer Data: Suppression of Time Variations / R. O. Hansen, J. R. Childs Interpretation of Marine Magnetic Gradiometer and Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Observations over the Western Ross Sea Shelf, Antarctica / J.C. Behrendt, A. K. Cooper, A. Yuan Heat Flow and Tectonics in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / D. K. Blackman, R. P. Von Herzen, L. A. Lawver Geology and Physical Properties of Ross Sea, Antarctica, Continental Shelf Sediment / B. D. Edwards, H. J. Lee, H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, L. A. Timothy Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Sediments Offshore from Antarctica / J. B. Rapp, K. A. Kvenvolden, M. Golan-Bae Diatoms from the 1984 USGS Antarctic Cruise in the Ross Sea / J. A. Barron, L. H. Burckle Petrography of Rock Samples Dredged from lselin Bank, Ross Sea, Antarctica / F. L. Wong, P. J. Barrett, J. Gamble, D. G. Howell

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - 1. Lakes, limnology and limnetic ecology: towards a new synthesis. - 2. The origin of lake basins. - 3. The hydrology of lakes. - 4. Chemical processes regulating the composition of lake waters. - 5. Physical properties of water relevant to limnology and limnetic ecology. - 6. The motion of lake waters. - 7. Regulatory impacts of humic substances in lakes. - 8. Sedimentation and lake sediment formation. - 9. Organisation and energetic partitioning of limnetic communities. - 10. Phytoplankton. - 11 Aquatic plants and lake ecosystems. - 12. Benthic invertebrates. - 13. Pelagic microbes - protozoa and the microbial food web. - 14. Zooplankton. - 15. Fish population ecology. - 16. Fish community ecology. - 17. Self-regulation of limnetic ecosystems. - 18. Palaeolimnology. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Climate. - 1.1 The components of climate. - 1.2 Climate modelling and climate prediction. - 1.3 Climate changes and human perception. - 1.4 Feedback mechanisms in climate. - 1.4.1 The ice-albedo feedback mechanism. - 1.4.2 The water vapour “greenhouse”. - 1.4.3 Cloud feedbacks. - 1.4.4 Combining feedback effects. - 1.5 Perturbations on the climate system. - 1.5.1 External causes of climatic change. - 1.5.2 Internal causes of climatic change. - 1.6 Range of questions for climate modelling. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 2 A history of and introduction to climate models. - 2.1 Introducing climate modelling. - 2.2 Types of climate models. - 2.2.1 Energy balance climate models. - 2.2.2 One-dimensional radiative-convective climate models. - 2.2.3 Two-dimensional climate models. - 2.2.4 General circulation climate models. - 2.3 History of climate modelling. - 2.4 Sensitivity of climate models. - 2.5 Parameterization of climatic processes. - 2.6 Simulation of the full, interacting climate system: one goal of modelling. - Chapter 3 Energy balance models. - 3.1 Balancing the planetary radiation budget. - 3.2 The structure of energy balance models. - 3.3 Parameterizing the climate system for energy balance models. - 3.4 A BASIC energy balance climate model. - 3.5 Experiments with energy balance models. - 3.5.1 Explicit modelling of the cryosphere. - 3.6 Box models — another form of energy balance model. - 3.6.1 A simple box model of the ocean-atmosphere. - 3.6.2 A coupled atmosphere, land and ocean energy balance box model. - 3.7 Energy balance models: deceptively simple models. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 4 Radiative-convective models. - 4.1 The concept of a radiative-convective climate model. - 4.2 The structure of global radiative-convective models. - 4.3 Radiation computation. - 4.3.1 Shortwave radiation. - 4.3.2 Longwave radiation. - 4.3.3 Eleat balance at the ground. - 4.4 Convective adjustment. - 4.5 Sensitivity experiments with radiative-convective models. - 4.6 Development of radiative-convective models. - 4.6.1 Cloud amount and height predicted from ‘convection’. - 4.6.2 A water vapour transport model. - 4.7 Radiation: the driver of climate. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 5 Two-dimensional models. - 5.1 Why two-dimensional models?. - 5.2 Two-dimensional statistical dynamical climate models. - 5.3 Convection, cloud cover and precipitation in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4 Radiation and surface characterization in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4.1 Radiation. - 5.4.2 Surface characterization. - 5.5 Intercomparison of a two-and a three-dimensional model. - 5.6 Other types of two-dimensional models. - 5.6.1 An upgraded energy balance model. - 5.6.2 A severely truncated spectral general circulation climate model. - 5.7 Why are some climate modellers Flatlanders?. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 6 General circulation climate models. - 6.1 The structure of general circulation climate models. - 6.2 Dynamics in general circulation climate models. - 6.2.1 Cartesian (or rectangular) grid general circulation climate models. - 6.2.2 Spectral general circulation climate models. - 6.3 Physics in general circulation climate models. - 6.3.1 Radiative transfer. - 6.3.2 Boundary layer. - 6.3.3 Surface parameterization. - 6.3.4 Convection. - 6.3.5 Large scale rainfall. - 6.4 Including ‘other’ elements in general circulation climate models. - 6.4.1 Cloud prediction. - 6.4.2 Modelling the cryosphere. - 6.5 Land surface parameterization in general circulation climate models. - 6.6 Coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation climate models. - 6.7 Future climate projects and their importance to general circulation climate models. - 6.8 Epilogue. - Recommended reading. - Appendices. - A. Glossary. - B. Climate models: examples of simple microcomputer software. - I. Daisyworld: a simple biospheric feedback climate model. - II. Modelling the climatic impact of anthropogenerated albedo change. - III. An energy balance climate model (EBM). - IV. Carbon dioxide feedback using a simple ocean model. - General Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction to the atmosphere. - Weather and climate. - Atmospheric hazards: assault by the elements. - The atmosphere: a part of the earth system. - Earth's four spheres. - Earth's spheres interact. - The carbon cycle. - Composition of the atmosphere. - Major components. - Carbon dioxide. - Variable components. - Ozone depletion - a global issue. - The ozone hole. - Effects of ozone depletion. - Montreal Protocol. - Probing the atmosphere. - Height and structure of the atmosphere. - Pressure changes. - Temperature changes. - Vertical variations in composition. - The ionosphere. - 2 Heating Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Earth-Sun Relationships. - Earth's Motions. - The Seasons. - Earth's Orientation. - Solstices and Equinoxes. - Energy, Heat, and Temperature. - Types of Energy. - Heat Energy Versus Temperature. - Mechanisms of Energy Transfer. - Conduction. - Convection. - Radiation. - Laws of Radiation. - The Fate of Incoming Solar Radiation. - Reflection and Scattering. - Absorption by Earth's Surface and Atmosphere. - Radiation Emitted by Earth. - Heating the Atmosphere. - The "Greenhouse Effect". - Role of Clouds in Heating Earth. - Heat Budget. - Latitudinal Heat Balance. - 3 Temperature. - For the Record: Air Temperature Data. - Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of Temperature. - Land and Water. - Ocean Currents. - Altitude. - Geographic Position. - Cloud Cover and Albedo. - World Distribution of Temperatures. - Cycles of Air Temperature. - Daily Temperature Variations. - Magnitude of Daily Temperature Changes. - Annual Temperature Variations. - Temperature Measurement. - Mechanical Thermometers. - Electrical Thermometers. - Instrument Shelters. - Temperature Scales. - Applications of Temperature Data. - Heating Degree-Days. - Cooling Degree-Days. - Growing Degree-Days. - Temperature and Comfort. - 4 Moisture and Atmospheric Stability. - Movement of Water Through the Atmosphere. - Water's Changes of State. - Water in the Atmosphere. - Vapor Pressure and Saturation. - Relative Humidity. - How Relative Humidity Changes. - Natural Change in Relative Humidity. - Dew Point Temperature. - Humidity Measurement. - Adiabatic Temperature Changes. - Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation. - Lifting Processes. - Orographic Lifting. - Frontal Wedging. - Convergence. - Localized Convective Lifting. - Contents. - The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability. - Types of Stability. - Stability and Daily Weather. - How Stability Changes. - Temperature Changes and Stability. - Vertical Air Movement and Stability. - 5 Forms of Condensation and Precipitation. - Condensation. - Condensation Aloft and Cloud Formation. - Clouds. - Cloud Classification. - Cloud Descriptions. - Fog. - Fogs Formed by Cooling. - Fogs Formed by Evaporation. - Dew and Frost. - How Precipitation Forms. - Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process. - Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision-Coalescence Process. - Forms of Precipitation. - Rain. - Snow. - Sleet and Glaze. - Hail. - Rime. - Precipitation Measurement. - Standard Instruments. - Measuring Snowfall. - Measurement Errors. - Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar. - Intentional Weather Modification. - Cloud Seeding. - Fog and Cloud Dispersal. - Hail Suppression. - Frost Prevention. - Inadvertent Weather Modification: Urban-Induced Precipitation. - 6 Air Pressure and Winds. - Understanding Air Pressure. - Measuring Air Pressure. - Factors Affecting Air Pressure. - Pressure Changes With Altitude. - Factors Affecting Wind. - Pressure-Gradient Force. - Coriolis Force. - Friction. - Winds Aloft and Geostrophic Flow. - Curved Flow and the Gradient Wind. - Surface Winds. - How Winds Generate Vettical Air Motion. - Vertical Airflow Associated with Cyclones and Anticyclones. - Factors That Promote Vertical Airflow. - Wind Measurement. - 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Scales of Atmospheric Motion. - Large- and Small-Scale Circulation. - Structure of Wind Patterns. - Local Winds. - Land and Sea Breezes. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Chinook (Foehn) Winds. - Katabatic (Fall) Winds. - Country Breeze. - Global Circulation. - Single-Cell Circulation Model. - Three-Cell Circulation Model. - Observed Distribution of Pressure and Winds. - Idealized Zonal Pressure Belts. - Semipermanent Pressure Systems: The Real World. - Monsoons. - The Asian Monsoon. - The North American Monsoon. - The Westerlies. - Why Westerlies?. - Jet Streams. - Origin of the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Subtropical Jet Stream. - Waves in the Westerlies. - Westerlies and Earth's Heat Budget. - Global Winds and Ocean Currents. - The Importance of Ocean Currents. - Ocean Currents and Upwelling. - El Niño and La Niña. - Global Distribution of Precipitation. - Zonal Distribution of Precipitation. - Distribution of Precipitation Over the Continents. - Precipitation Regimes on a Hypothetical Continent. - 8 Air Masses. - What Is an Air Mass?. - Source Regions. - Classifying Air Masses. - Air-Mass Modification. - Properties of North American Air Masses. - Continental Polar (cP) and Continental Arctic (cA) Air Masses. - Lake-Effect Snow: Cold Air Over Warm Water. - Maritime Polar (mP) Air Masses. - Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Masses. - Continental Tropical (eT) Air Masses. - 9 Weather Patterns. - Polar-Front Theory. - Fronts. - Warm Fronts. - Cold Fronts. - Stationary Fronts. - Occluded Fronts. - Drylines. - Life Cycle of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Formation: The Clash of Two Air Masses. - Development of Cyclonic Flow. - Occlusion: The Beginning of the End. - Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Cyclogenesis. - Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Circulation. - Divergence and Convergence Aloft. - Traveling Cyclones. - Patterns of Movement. - Anticyclonic Weather and Blocking Highs. - Case Study of a Midlatitude Cyclone. - Violent Spring Weather. - Weather in Peoria. - 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. - What's in a Name?. - Thunderstorms. - Air-Mass Thunderstorms. - Stages of Development. - Occurrence. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Supercell Thunderstorms. - Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes. - Lightning and Thunder. - What Causes Lightning?. - The Lightning Stroke. - Thunder. - Tornadoes. - The Development and Occurrence of Tornadoes. - Tornado Development. - Tornado Climatology. - Profile of a Tornado. - Tornado Destruction. - Tornado Forecasting. - Tornado Watches and Warnings. - Doppler Radar. - 11 Hurricanes. - Profile of a Hurricane. - Hurricane Formation and Decay. - Hurricane Formation. - Hurricane Decay. - Hurricane Destruction . - Storm Surge. - Wind Damage. - Inland Flooding. - Detecting and Tracking Hurricanes. - The Role of Satellites. - Aircraft Reconnaissance. - Radar and Data Buoys. - Hurricane Watches and Warnings. - 12 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - The Weather Business: A Brief Overview. - Weather Analysis. - Gathering Data. - Weather Maps: Pictures of the Atmosphere. - Weather Forecasting. - Synoptic Weather Forecasting. - Numerical Weather Prediction. - Statistical Methods. - Techniques Used in Short-Range Forecasting. - Long-Range Forecasts. - Forecast Accuracy. - Tools in Weather Forecasting. - Satellites in Weather Forecasting. - What Weather Satellites Reveal. - Measurement by Satellite. - Weather Forecasting and Upper-Level Flow. - The Winter of 1977. - 13 Air Pollution. - A Brief Historical Perspective. - Air Pollution: Not a new Problem. - Some Historic Episodes. - Sources and Types of Air Pollution. - Primary Pollutants. - Secondary Pollutants. - Trends in Air Quality. - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution. - Wind as a Factor. - The Role of Atmospheric Stability. - Acid Precipitation. - Extent and Potency of Acid Precip

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Series Preface. - Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Part 1 Introduction. - 1 Modeling Dynamic Systems. - 1.1 Model Components. - 1.2 Dynamic Modeling as a Skill and Art. - 1.3 Modeling in STELLA. - 1.4 Principles of Modeling. - Part 2 Some General Methods for Modeling. - 2 Four-Model Set. - 2.1 Stimulus-Response Model. - 2.2 Self-Referencing Model. - 2.3 Goal-Seeking Model. - 2.4 Goal-Setting Model. - 2.5 Examples. - 2.5.1 Exponential Decay of a Stock. - 2.5.2 Newtonian Cooling. - 3 Gradual Development of a Dynamic Model. - 3.1 Modeling Industrialization for a Simple Agrarian Society. - 3.2 Impacts of Per Capita Food Consumption on Population Growth. - 3.3 Adding Agriculture. - 3.4 Adding Industry. - 4 Two Independent Variables. - 4.1 Population Cohorts. - 4.1.1 Basic Cohort Model. - 4.1.2 Population Cohort Array. - 4.1.3 U.S. Population Growth. - 4.2 River Toxins. - 5 Randomness. - 5.1 Flipping a Coin. - 5.2 Intoxication Model. - 6 Positive and Negative Feedback. - 6.1 The Basic Model. - 6.2 Positive Feedback with Fixed Points. - 6.3 Elaborations. - 7 Derivatives and Lags. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Applications of Derivatives and Lags. - 7.2.1 Simple Population Model. - 7.2.2 Two-Population Model. - Part 3 Chemistry Models. - 8 The Law of Mass Action. - 8.1 Breakdown of Nitrogen Dioxide into Nitrogen Oxide and Oxygen. - 8.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 9 Chance-Cleland Model for Enzyme-Substrate Interaction. - 10 The Olsen Oscillator. - Part 4 Genetics Models. - 11 Mating of Alleles. - 11.1 Heterozygosity and Disease Resistance. - 11.2 The Mating of Two Alleles into a Genotype: Proving the Hardy-Weinberg Law. - 12 Natural Selection and Mutation. - 13 Artificial Worms. - Part 5 Ecological Models. - 14 Robin Population. - 15 Two-Stage Insect Model. - 16 The Zebra Mussel. - 17 Single Cell Forest. - 18 Predator-Prey Models. - 18.1 Basic Model of Predator-Prey Interactions. - 18.2 Spatial Predator-Prey Model. - 19 Epidemic Modeling. - 20 Reestablishment of Wolves. - 21 Lyme Disease. - 22 Tragedy of the Commons. - Part 6 Economic Models. - 23 Introduction to Modeling Economic Processes. - 24 The Competitive Firm. - 25 The Monopolistic Firm. - 25.1 Basic Model. - 25.2 Taxing Monopolies. - 26 Competitive Equilibrium. - 27 Substitution. - 27.1 Isoquants. - 27.2 Finding the Profit-Maximizing Output Level and Input Combinations. - 28 Time Value. - 29 Opportunity Cost. - 30 Optimal Tree Cutting. - 31 Fisheries Reserve Model. - 32 Dynamic Scarcity. - 32.1 Competitive Scarcity. - 32.2 Monopoly Scarcity. - 33 Market Game. - 34 Pig Cycle. - Part 7 Engineering Models. - 35 The Assembly Line. - 35.1 Basic Model. - 35.2 Car Assembly Line. - 36 Models of Gravity and Acceleration. - 36.1 Falling Rock. - 36.2 Projectile Motion. - 36.3 Mass-Damper-Spring. - 36.4 Mechanical Amplifier. - 37 Chaos. - 37.1 A New Paradigm. - 37.2 Jenson Chaos. - 37.3 Lorenz Chaos. - 37.4 Two-Well Chaos. - Part 8 Conclusion. - 38 Beginning a Dialog. - Appendixes. - A1 System Requirements. - A1.1 Macintosh. - A1.2 Windows. - A2 Quick Help Guide. - A2.1 Overview of the STELLA(r) Operating Environment. - A2.2 Drawing an Inflow to a Stock. - A2.3 Drawing an Outflow from a Stock. - A2.4 Replacing a Cloud with a Stock. - A2.5 Bending Flow Pipes. - A2.6 Repositioning Flow Pipes. - A2.7 Reversing Direction of a Flow. - A2.8 Flow Define Dialog-Builtins. - A2.9 Moving Variable Names. - A2.10 Drawing Connectors. - A2.11 Defining Graphs and Tables. - A2.12 Dynamite Operations on Graphs and Tables. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. - GENERAL PART. - Introduction. - Area covered. - Abbreviations, scale bars and arrows. - Material examined. - General structure of the podocopid Ostracoda. - Carapace. - Appendages. - Exo- and endoskeleton. - Respiration and blood circulation. - Digestive and nervous systems, eyes and excretory glands. - Reproduction. - Reproductive organs. - Structure of the sperm. - Reproductive modes. - The biological species concept and clonal taxonomy. - Development. - Ecology. - Terminology. - Life histories. - Food and prédation. - Dispersal abilities. - Fossil record. - The utility of the Ostracoda in (palaeo)ecology and evolution. - Ostracon, IRGO, CYPRIS, ISO, and EOM. - The Index and Bibliography of Nonmarine Ostracoda. - NODE - Nonmarine Ostracod Distribution in Europe. - Practical methods. - Previous faunistic synopses and checklists. Numbers of species recorded. - Classification of the Ostracoda. - Diagnosis of the Podocopida. - Evolutionary origin of non-marine Ostracoda. - Classification of the Podocopida. - SYSTEMATIC RECORD OF SPECIES. - Superfamily DARWINULOIDEA Brady &Norman, 1889. - Family Darwinulidae Brady & Norman, 1889. - Genus Darwinula Brady & Robertson, 1885. - 1. Darwinula stevensoni (Brady & Robertson,1870). - Genus Penthesilenula Rossetti & Martens, 1998. - 1. Penthesilenula brasiliensls (Pinto & Kotzian, 1961). - Superfamily CYPRIDOIDEA s. str. Baird, 1845. - Family Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Candoninae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Paracandona Hartwig, 1899. - 1. Paracandona euplectella (Robertson, 1889). - Genus Nannocandona Ekman, 1914. - 1. Nannocandona faba Ekman, 1914. - Genus Candona s. str. Baird, 1845. - 1. Candona Candida (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Candona weltneri Hartwig, 1899. - 3. Candona sanociensis Sywula, 1971. - 4. Candona improvisa Ostermeyer, 1937. - 5. Candona neglecta Sars, 1887. - 6. Candona lindneri Petkovski, 1969. - 7. Candona meerfeldiana Scharf, 1983. - 8. Candona muelleri Hartwig, 1899. - 9. Candona angulata Müller, 1900. - Genus Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972. - 1. Fabaeformiscandona fabaeformis (Fischer, 1851). - 2. Fabaeformiscandona holzkampfi (Hartwig, 1900). - 3. Fabaeformiscandona alexandri (Sywula, 1981). - 4. Fabaeformiscandona fragilis (Hartwig, 1898). - 5. Fabaeformiscandona angusta (Ostermeyer, 1937). - 6. Fabaeformiscandona tyrolensis (Löffler, 1963) nov. comb. - 7. Fabaeformiscandona brisiaca (Klie, 1938). - 8. Fabaeformiscandona fabella (Nüchterlein, 1969). - 9. Fabaeformiscandona balatonica (Daday, 1894). - 10. Fabaeformiscandona acuminata (Fischer, 1851). - 11. Fabaeformiscandona caudata (Kaufmann, 1900). - 12. Fabaeformiscandona siliquosa (Brady, 1910). - 13. Fabaeformiscandona tricicatricosa(Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1969). - 14. Fabaeformiscandona loz.eki (Absolon, 1973) nov. comb. - 15. Fabaeformiscandona levanderi (Hirschmann, 1912). - 16. Fabaeformiscandona hyalina (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 17. Fabaeformiscandona protzi (Hartwig, 1898). - 18. Fabaeformiscandona brevicornis (Klie, 1925). - 19. Fabaeformiscandona wegelini (Petkovski, 1962). - 20. Fabaeformiscandona latens (Klie, 1940). - 21. Fabaeformiscandona breuili (Paris, 1920) nov. comb. - 22. Fabaeformiscandona bilohata (Klie, 1938). - 23. Fabaeformiscandona bilobatoides (Löffler, 1961). - Genus Schellencandona Meisch, 1996. - 1. Schellencandona schellenhergi (Klie, 1934). - 2. Schellencandona insueta (Klie, 1938). - 3. Schellencandona belgica (Klie, 1937). - 4. Schellencandona triquetra (Klie, 1936). - Genus Pseudocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Pseudocandona zschokkei (Wolf, 1920). - 2. Pseudocandona marchica (Hartwig, 1899). - 3. Pseudocandona rostrata (Brady & Norman, 1889). - 4. Pseudocandona sarsi (Hartwig, 1899). - 5. Pseudocandona hartwigi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 6. Pseudocandona lobipes (Hartwig, 1900). - 7. Pseudocandona stagnalis (Sars, 1890). - 8. Pseudocandona semicognita (Schäfer, 1934). - 9. Pseudocandona eremita (Vejdovsky, 1882). - 10. Pseudocandona szoecsi (Farkas, 1958). - 11. Pseudocandona insculpta (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 12. Pseudocandona compressa (Koch, 1838). - 13. Pseudocandona sucki (Hartwig, 1901). - 14. Pseudocandona pratensis (Hartwig, 1901). - 15. Pseudocandona albicans (Brady, 1864). - Genus Cryptocandona Kaufmann, 1900. - 1. Cryptocandona vavrai Kaufmann, 1900. - 2. Cryptocandona kieferi (Klie, 1938). - 3. Cryptocandona reducta (Alm, 1914). - 4. Cryptocandona phreaticola (Klie, 1927). - 5. Cryptocandona leruthi (Klie, 1936). - 6. Cryptocandona dudichi (Klie, 1930). - Genus Mixtacandona Klie, 1938. - 1. Mixtacandona laisi (Klie, 1938). - 2. Mixtacandona transleithanica (Löffler, 1960). - 3. Mixtacandona spandli Rogulj & Danielopol, 1993. - Genus Candonopsis Vavra, 1891. - 1. Candonopsis kingsleii (Brady & Robertson, 1870). - 2. Candonopsis scourfieldi Brady, 1910. - Subfamily Cyclocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Cypria Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cypria exsculpta (Fischer, 1855). - 2. Cypria ophtalmica (Jurine, 1820). - 3. Cypria subsalsa Redeke, 1936. - 4. Cypria sywulae nom. nov. - 5. Cypria reptans Bronshtein, 1928. - Genus Physocypria Vavra, 1897. - 1. Physocypria kraepelini G.W. Müller, 1903. - Genus Cyclocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Cyclocypris globosa (Sars, 1863). - 2. Cyclocypris serena (Koch, 1838). - 3. Cyclocypris laevis (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 4. Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine, 1820). - 5. Cyclocypris helocrenica Fuhrmann & Pietrzeniuk, 1990. - Family Ilyocyprididae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Ilyocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Ilyocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr, 1808). - 2. Ilyocypris monstrifica (Norman, 1862). - 3. Ilyocypris decipiens Masi, 1905. - 4. Ilyocypris bradyi Sars, 1890. - 5. Ilyocypris inermis Kaufmann, 1900. - 6. Ilyocypris lacustris Kaufmann, 1900. - 7. Ilyocypris getica Masi, 1906. - Family Notodromadidae Kaufmann, 1900. - Subfamily Notodromadinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Notodromas Lilljeborg, 1853. - 1. Notodromas monacha (O.F. Müller, 1776). - 2. Notodromas persica Gurney, 1921. - Subfamily Cyproidinae Hartmann, 1963. - Genus Cyprois Zenker, 1854. - 1. Cyprois marginata (Straus, 1821). - Family Cyprididae Baird, 1845. - Subfamily Cypridinae Baird, 1845. - Genus Cypris O.F. Müller, 1776. - 1. Cypris pubera O.F. Müller, 1776. - 2. Cypris bispinosa Lucas, 1849. - 3. Cypris striata (Jurine, 1820). - Subfamily Eucypridinae Bronshtein, 1947. - Genus Eucypris Vâvra, 1891. - 1. Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Eucypris kerkyrensis Stephanides, 1937. - 3. Eucypris moravica Jancaffk, 1947. - 4. Eucypris lilljeborgi (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 5. Eucypris elliptica (Baird, 1846). - 6. Eucypris crassa (O.F. Müller, 1785). - 7. Eucypris anglica Fox, 1967. - 8. Eucypris pigra (Fischer, 1851). - Genus Koencypris n. gen. - 1. Koencypris ornata (O.F. Müller, 1776). - Genus Prionocypris Brady & Norman, 1896. - 1. Prionocypris zenkeri (Chyzer & Toth, 1858). - Genus Tonnacypris Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1975. - 1. Tonnacypris lutaria (Koch, 1838). - Genus Trajancypris Martens, 1989. - 1. Trajancypris serrata (G.W. Müller, 1900). - 2. Trajancypris clavata (Baird, 1838). - 3. Trajancypris laevis (G.W. Müller, 1900). - Subfamily Cypricercinae McKenzie, 1971. - Genus Bradleycypris McKenzie,1982. - 1. Bradleycypris obliqua (Brady, 1868). - Genus Bradleystrandesia Broodbakker, 1983. - 1. Bradleystrandesia fuscata (Jurine, 1820). - 2. Bradleystrandesia reticulata (Zaddach, 1844). - 3. Bradleystrandesia hirsuta (Fischer, 1851). - Subfamily Herpetocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900. - Genus Herpetocypris Brady & Norman, 1889. - 1. Herpetocypris reptans (Baird, 1835). - 2. Herpetocypris brevicaudata Kaufmann, 1900. - 3. Herpetocypris chevreuxi (Sars, 1896) 4. Herpetocypris helenae G.W. Müller, 1908. - 5. Herpetocypris interm

Note: Contents List of Acronyms List of Symbols Foreword Preface Prologue Chapter 1 Introduction to Ocean Dynamics 1.1 Types, Advantages, and Limitations of Ocean Models 1.2 Recent Examples 1.3 Governing Equations 1.4 Vorticity Conservation 1.5 Nondimensional Numbers and Scales of Motion 1.6 Geostrophic Flow and Thermal Wind 1.7 Inertial Motions 1.8 Ekman Layers 1.9 Sverdrup Transport 1.10 Western Boundary Intensification (Stommel Solution) 1.11 Gyre Scale Circulation (Munk Solution) 1.12 Barotropic Currents over Topography 1.13 Baroclinic Transport over Topography 1.14 Coastal Upwelling and Fronts 1.15 Mesoscale Eddies and Variability 1.16 Thermohaline Circulation and Box (Reservoir) Models 1.17 Numerical Models Chapter 2 Introduction to Numerical Solutions 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Architecture 2.1.2 Computational Errors 2.2 Ordinary Differential Equations 2.2.1 Runge-Kutta Method 2.3 Partial.Differential Equations 2.3.1 Consistency, Convergence, and Stability 2.3.2 Elliptic, Hyperbolic, and Parabolic Systems 2.4 Elliptic Equations and Steady-State Problems 2.4.1 Direct Solvers 2.4.2 Iterative Solvers and Relaxation Methods 2.4.3 Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method 2.4.4 Multigrid Methods 2.4.5 Pseudo-transient Method 2.5 Time Dependent Problems 2.5.1 Advection Equation and Hyperbolic Systems 2.5.2 Diffusion Equation and Parabolic Systems 2.6 Finite-Difference (Grid Point) Methods 2.6.1 Staggered Grids 2.6.2 Time Differencing and Filtering 2.6.3 Computational Grids 2.7 Spectral (Spectral Transform) Methods 2.8 Finite-Element Methods 2.8.1 Spectral Element Approach 2.9 Parameterization of Subgrid Scale Processes 2.10 Lateral Open Boundary Conditions 2.11 Computational Issues 2.12 Examples 2.12.1 Inertial Oscillations 2.12.2 Thermohaline Circulation 2.12.3 Normal Modes 2.12.4 Gyre Scale Circulation 2.12.5 Advection Problems 2.12.6 M.I.T. Nonhydrostatic Global Model Chapter 3 Equatorial Dynamics and Reduced Gravity Models Solutions 3.1 Oceanic Dynamical Response to Forcing 3.2 Governing Equations 3.3 Equatorial Waves 3.3.1 Kelvin Waves 3.3.2 Yanai Waves 3.3.3 Rossby Waves 3.3.4 Inertia-Gravity (Poincare) Waves 3.4 Equatorial Currents 3.5 Reduced Gravity Model of Equatorial Processes Chapter 4 Midlatitude Dynamics and Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.1 Linear Motions 4.1.1 Inertia-Gravity (Sverdrup/Poincare) Waves 4.1.2 Kelvin Waves 298 4.1.3 Planetary Ross by Waves 4.1.4 Topographic Rossby Waves 4.2 Continuous Stratification 4.3 Geostrophic Adjustment and Instabilities 4.3.1 Geostrophic Adjustment 4.3.2 Instabilities 4.4 Spinup 4.5 Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.5.1 Governing Equations 4.5.2 Applications Chapter 5 High-Latitude Dynamics and Sea-Ice Models 5.1 Salient Features of Ice Cover 5.2 Momentum Equations for Sea Ice 5.3 Constitutive Law for Sea Ice (Ice Rheology) 5.3.1 Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.3.2 Elastic-Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.4 Continuity Equations for Sea Ice 5.5 Response of Sea Ice to Storm Passage 5.6 Numerics 5.6.1 Governing Equations in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 5.6.2 Solution Technique Chapter 6 Tides and Tidal Modeling 6.1 Description of Tides 6.2 Formulation: Tidal Potential 6.3 Body, Load, Atmospheric, and Radiational Tides 6.3.1 Body (Solid Earth) Tides 6.3.2 Load Tides 6.3.3 Atmospheric Tides 6.3.4 Radiational Tides 6.4 Dynamical Theory of Tides: Laplace Tidal Equations 6.5 Equilibrium Theory of Tides 6.6 Tidal Analysis: Orthotides 6.7 Tidal Currents 6.8 Global Tidal Models 6.9 Regional Tidal Models 6.10 Geophysical Implications 6.10.1 Tidal Dissipation and LOD 6.10.2 Tidal Energetics 6.11 Changes in Earth's Rotation 6.12 Baroclinic (Internal) Tides 6.13 Long-Period Tides 6.14 Shallow Water Tides and Residual Currents 6.15 Summary Chapter 7 Coastal Dynamics and Barotropic Models 7.1 Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Currents 7.2 Tidal Motions 7.3 Continental Shelf Waves 7.4 Modeling Shelf Circulation 7.5 Barotropic Models 7.5.1 Coastal Ocean Response to Wind Forcing 7.5.2 Storm Surges and Storm Surge Modeling 7.5.3 Response to Pressure Forcing Chapter 8 Data and Data Processing 8.1 In Situ Observational Data 8.1.1 XBT, CTD, CM, ADCP, and Drifter Data 8.1.2 Historical Hydrographic Data 8.1.3 Historical Marine Surface Data 8.2 Remotely Sensed Data 8.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature from IR Sensors 8.2.2 Sea Surface Winds from Microwave Sensors 8.2.3 Chlorophyll and Optical Clarity from Color Sensors 8.2.4 Sea Surface Height from Satellite Altimetry 8.3 NWP Products 8.4 Preprocessing of Observational Data and Postprocessing of Model Output 8.4.1 Graphics and Visualization of Model Output 8.4.2 Analyses Chapter 9 Sigma-Coordinate Regional and Coastal Models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Governing Equations 9.3 Vertical Mixing 9.4 Boundary Conditions 9.5 Mode Splitting 9.6 Numerics 9.6.1 Vertical Direction 9.6.2 Horizontal Direction 9.7 Numerical Problems 9.8 Applications 9.9 Code Structure Chapter 10 Multilevel Basin Scale and Global Models 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Governing Equations 10.3 Isopycnal Diffusion 10.4 Architecture and Other Model Features 10.5 Applications 10.6 Hybrid s-Coordinate Models 10.7 Regional z-Level Models Chapter 11 Layered and Isopycnal Models 11.1 Layered Models 11.2 Isopycnal Models Chapter 12 Ice-Ocean Coupled Models 12.1 Sea-Ice Models 12.2 Coupled Ice-Ocean Models Chapter 13 Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Models 13.1 Coupling between the Ocean and the Atmosphere 13.2 Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models 13.3 Regional Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models Chapter 14 Data Assimilation and Nowcasts/ Forecasts 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Direct Insertion 14.3 Nudging 14.4 Statistical Assimilation Schemes 14.4.1 Kalman Filter 14.4.2 Reduced State Space Kalman Filters 14.4.3 Optimal Interpolation (OI) Scheme 14.5 Variational Methods 14.5.1 Adjoint Models 14.6 Predictability of Nonlinear Systems-Low Order Paradigms 14.7 Nowcasts/Forecasts in the Gulf of Mexico Appendix A Equations of State A.1 Equation of State for the Ocean A.2 Equation of State for the Atmosphere Appendix B Wavelet Transforms B.1 Introduction B.1.1 Theory B.1.2 Continuous Wavelet Transforms (CWT) B.1.3 Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) B.2 Examples B.3 Wavelet Transforms and Stochastic Processes B.4 Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transforms B.5 Cross Wavelet Transforms (CrWT) B.6 Error Analysis Appendix C Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Empirical Normal Modes C.1 Empirical Orthogonal Functions C.1.1 Complex EOFs C.1.2 Singular Spectrum Analysis C.1.3 Extended EOFs C.1.4 Coupled Pattern Analysis C.2 Empirical Normal Modes Appendix D Units and Constants D.1 Useful Quantities D.1.1 SI (International System of Units) Units and Conventions D.1.2 Useful Conversion Factors D.1.3 Useful Universal Constants D.1.4 Useful Geodetic Constants D.1.5 Useful Physical Constants D.1.6 Useful Dynamical Quantities D.2 Important Scales and Quantities D.2.1 Length Scales D.2.2 Timescales D.2.3 Velocity Scales D.2.4 Nondimensional Quantities D.3 Useful Websites References Biographies Index

Note: CONTENTS: 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles. - 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere. - 1.4 EnergyJnteractions with Earth Surface Features. - 1.5 Data Acquisition and Interpretation. - 1.6 Reference Data. - 1.7 The Global Positioning System. - 1.8 An Ideal Remote Sensing System. - 1.9 Characteristics of Real Remote Sensing Systems. - 1.10 Successful Application of Remote Sensing. - 1.11 Land and Geographic Information Systems. - 1.12 Organization of the Book. - Selected Bibliography. - 2 Elements of Photographic Systems. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography. - 2.3 Basic Negative-to-Positive Photographic Sequence. - 2.4 Film Exposure 2.5 Film Density and Characteristic Curves. - 2.6 Spectral Sensitivity of Black and White Films. - 2.7 Color Film. - 2.8 Color Infrared Film. - 2.9 Filters. - 2.10 Aerial Film Cameras. - 2.11 Film Resolution. - 2.12 Electronic Imaging. - 2.13 Aerial Videography. - 2.14 Multiband Imaging. - 2.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs. - 3.3 Photographic Scale. - 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs. - 3.5 Area Measurement. - 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features. - 3.7 Image Parallax. - 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography. - 3.9 Mapping with Aerial Photographs. - 3.10 Flight Planning. - 3.11 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 4 Introduction to Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.3 Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment. - 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping. - 4.5 Geologic and Soil Mapping. - 4.6 Agricultural Applications. - 4.7 Forestry Applications. - 4.8 Rangeland Applications. - 4.9 Water Resource Applications. - 4.10 Urban and Regional Planning Applications. - 4.11 Wetland Mapping. - 4.12 Wildlife Ecology Applications. - 4.13 Archaeological Applications. - 4.14 Environmental Assessment. - 4.15 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation. - Selected Bibliography. - 5 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Across-Track Scanning. - 5.3 Along-Track Scanning. - 5.4 Operating Principles of Across-Track Multispectral Scanners. - 5.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Data. - 5.6 Across-Track Thermal Scanning. - 5.7 Thermal Radiation Principles. - 5.8 Interpreting Thermal Scanner Imagery. - 5.9 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.10 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner- Imagery. - 5.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Scanners. - 5.12 Temperature Mapping with Thermal Scanner Data. - 5.13 FLIR Systems. - 5.14 Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 6 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Early History of Space Imaging. - 6.3 Landsat Satellite Program Overview. - 6.4 Landsat-1,-2, and-3. - 6.5 Landsat-4 and -5. - 6.6 Landsat-6 Planned Mission. - 6.7 Landsat-7. - 6.8 Landsat Image Interpretation. - 6.9 New Millennium Program. - 6.10 SPOT Satellite Program. - 6.11 SPOT-1,-2, and-3. - 6.12 SPOT-4. - 6.13 SPOT-5. - 6.14 SPOT Image Interpretation. - 6.15 Other Moderate Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.16 High Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.17 Hyperspectral Satellite Systems. - 6.18 Meteorological Satellites. - 6.19 Ocean Monitoring Satellites. - 6.20 Earth Observing System. - 6.21 Space Station Remote Sensing. - Selected Bibliography. - 7 Digital Image Processing. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Image Rectification and Restoration. - 7.3 Image Enhancement. - 7.4 Contrast Manipulation. - 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation. - 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation. - 7.7 Image Classification. - 7.8 Supervised Classification. - 7.9 The Classification Stage. - 7.10 The Training Stage. - 7.11 Unsupervised Classification. - 7.12 Hybrid Classification. - 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels. - 7.14 The Output Stage. - 7.15 Postclassification Smoothing. - 7.16 Classification Accuracy Assessment. - 7.17 Data Merging and GIS Integration. - 7.18 Hyperspectral Image Analysis. - 7.19 Biophysical Modeling. - 7.20 Scale Effects. - 7.21 Image Transmission and Compression. - 7.22 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 8 Microwave Sensing. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Radar Development. - 8.3 Side Looking Radar System Operation. - 8.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar. - 8.5 Geometric Characteristics of Side-Looking Radar Imagery. - 8.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals. - 8.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics. - 8.8 Radar Image Interpretation. - 8.9 Radar Remote Sensing from Space. - 8.10 Seasat-1. - 8.11 Shuttle Imaging Radar. - 8.12 Almaz-1. - 8.13 ERS-1, ERS-2, and Envisat-1. - 8.14 JERS-1 and ALOS. - 8.15 Radarsat. - 8.16 LightSAR. - 8.17 Spaceborne Radar System Summary. - 8.18 Interferometric Radar. - 8.19 Planetary Exploration. - 8.20 Passive Microwave Sensing. - 8.21 Lidar. - Selected Bibliography. - Appendix. - Remote Sensing Data Sources. - Remote Sensing Periodicals. - Index.

Note: Contents PREFACE LIST OF SYMBOLS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Remarks 1.2 Historical Notes 2 EQUATIONS 2.1 The Continuity Equation 2.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations 2.3 The Equation of State 2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.5 Simplification of the Basic Equations 2.6 Averaging Procedures 2.7 Further Simplifications 3 STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE 3.1 Transition and Instabilities 3.2 Statistical Description of Turbulence 3.3 Scales of Turbulent Flow 3.4 Equations of Higher Moment 3.5 Budgets of Turbulent Fluxes and Variances 3.5.1 Balance of turbulent kinetic energy 3.5.2 Heat flux balance 3.5.3 Momentum flux balance 3.5.4 Temperature and humidity variance and covariance balances 4 SIMILARITY 4.1 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 4.2 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 4.2.1 Free convection regime 4.2.2 Neutral regime 4.2.3 Very stable regime 4.2.4 Empirical verification 4.3 The Rossby Number Similarity Theory 4.4 Local Similarity Theory 4.4.1 Stable boundary layer 4.4.2 Convective boundary layer 5 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 5.1 General Considerations 5.2 Energy Spectra 5.3 Cross Spectra 5.4 Spatial Spectra 5.5 Spectral Curve-Fitting 5.6 Spectra and Cospectra in the Surface Layer 5.7 Spectra and Cospectra in the Mixed Layer 5.8 Spectra and Cospectra in the Stable Outer Layer 6 MODELING 6.1 General Remarks 6.2 Integral Models 6.3 First-Order Closures 6.3.1 Flow in the surface layer 6.3.2 The Ekman model 6.3.3 Effects of baroclinicity 6.3.4 Effects of thermal stability 6.3.5 Effects of slightly inclined terrain 6.3.6 The effects of nonstationarity 6.4 Nonlocal Closures 6.5 Higher-Order Closures 6.5.1 The momentum flux equation 6.5.2 The heat flux equation 6.5.3 The temperature variance equation 6.5.4 The dissipation rate equation 6.6 Large Eddy Simulation Models 7 DIFFUSION 7.1 General Considerations 7.2 The Statistical Theory of Diffusion 7.3 K-Theory Models 7.4 Gaussian Models 7.5 Laboratory and Large Eddy Simulation Experiments 7.6 Higher-Order Closure Models 7.7 Monte Carlo Methods 8 MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sensors 8.2.1 Wind sensors 8.2.2 Temperature sensors 8.2.3 Measurements of humidity fluctuations 8.2.4 Measurements of concentration 8.2.5 Static and dynamic characteristics of sensors 8.3 Platforms 8.3.1 Aircraft measurements 8.3.2 Balloons 8.4 Remote Ground-Based Observing Systems 8.4.1 Radars 8.4.2 Lidars 8.4.3 Sodars 8.5 Averaging of Measured Quantities 8.6 Major Field Experiments 8.6.1 The 1953 Great Plains experiment 8.6.2 The 1967 Wangara experiment 8.6.3 The 1968 Kansas experiment 8.6.4 The 1973 Minnesota experiment Epilogue APPENDIX A.1 Fourier Analysis A.2 The Sweeping Method A.3 Vector Operators REFERENCES INDEX

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Summary for Policymakers Synthesis Report Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Question 5 Question 6 Question 7 Question 8 Question 9 Working Group Summaries Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Annexes A. Authors and Expert Reviewers B. Glossary of Terms C. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Units D. Scientific, Technical, and Socio-Economic Questions Selected by the Panel E. List of Major IPCC Reports

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000 : the expedition LENA 1999 / by the participants of the expedition edited by Volker Rachold and Mikhail N. Gregoriev , Enthaltener Beitrag: Eurasian ice sheets : German-Russian expedition Polar Ural '99 / Wolf-Dieter Hermichen, Annette Gierlichs, Frank Wischer and Dmitry Bolshiyanov , Contents for "Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA 2000 : the expedition LENA 1999" 1 lntroduction 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Selection of working areas 2.2 General logistics and transport 2.3 Time tables of individual working groups 2.3.1 Team 1 a-C (Samoylov Island) 2.3.2 Team 2 a (Arga Island) 2.3.3 Team 2 b (RV Dunay) 2.3.3 Team 3 (Lyahkovsky Island) 2.3.4 Team 4 (Olenyokskaya Channel) 2.3.5 Team 5 (Bykovsky Peninsula) 2.4 Appendix Table A2-1: List of participants Table A2-2: Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes in Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 General Introduction 3.2 The distribution of soils on Samoylov Island and other comparison sites of the Lena Delta 3.3 Thermal and hydrologic dynamics of the active layer 3.4 Seasonal variability of trace gas emission (CH4,CO2) and in situ process studies 3.4.1 Methode and field experiments 3.4.2 Preliminary Results 3.5 CO2 - Fluxes in permafrost affected soils 3.5.1 Team 1 A (winter) 3.5.1.1 Introduction 3.5.1.2 Field studies 3.5.2 Team 1 B (spring) 3.5.2.1 Introduction 3.5.2.2 Field studies 3.5.3 Team 1 C (summer) 3.5.3.1 lntroduction 3.5.3.2 Methods and first results of field work 3.5.4 Description of the sites and profiles 3.6 Monitoring for bird populations in the Lena Delta 3.6.1 Methods and materials 3.6.2 Results and discussion 3.7 References 3.8 Appendix Table A3-1: List of soil samples Table A3-2: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the nesting period (ind.110 km) Table A3-3: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the brood period (ind.110 km) Table A3-4: Abundance of birds on the channels of Lena Delta in the fall migration period (ind.110 km) 4 Coastal Processes in the Laptev Sea and the Environmental History of the Lena Delta 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Lake sediment studies on Arga Island 4.2.1 lntroduction 4.2.2 Samples and methods 4.2.3 Preliminary results 4.3 Coastal erosion studies in the Laptev Sea 43.1 lntroduction 4.3.2 Methods 4.3.3 Preliminary results 4.4 Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Western and Central Sectors of the Lena Delta 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 Study area 4.4.4 Results of the field studies 4.4.5 Preliminary conclusions 4.5 Observations of water level oscillations in the Olenyokskaya Channel 4.6 Aeolian sedimentation processes in the Lena Delta 4.7 References 4.8 Appendix Table A4-1: List of stations for lake sediment studies on Arga Island Table A4-2: List of samples for lake sediment studies on Arga Island Table A4-3: Boreholes temperature measurments in Nikolay Lake (Arga Island) and Ivashkina lagoon, May 1999 Table A4-4: List of stations for coastal erosion studies Table A4-5: List of samples for coastal erosion studies Table A4-6: Water temperature profiles (°C) along the Laptev Sea coast Table A4-7: Hydrometeorological characteristics along the Laptev Sea coast (bottom water temperature - Tb, air temperature -Ta) Table A4-8: List of samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Lena Delta Table A4-9: Bone samples for Geological-Geomorphological Studies in the Lena Delta 5 Paleociimate Signals of Ice-rich Permafrost 5.1 Quaternary deposits of Big Lyakhovsky Island 5.1.1 lntrorfuction 5.1.2 Genlogical-geomorphological situation 5.1.3 Methods of field studies 5.1.4 Description of the outcrop 5.1.5 Cryolithological and sedimentological studies 5.1.6 Geochronometric age determination 5.1.7 Thermokarst processes 5.1.8 Ground ice and water 5.1.9 Paleontological research at the southern coast of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island 5.1.10 Recent and fossil soils 5.1.11 Trip to Khaptagai Tas hills - study of recent Snow patch phenomena 5.2 Ice Complex On Bykovsky Peninsula 5.2.1 Research aims 5.2.2 Site survey and geomorphologic observations 5.2.3 Sampling sites 5.2.4 Stratigraphie and sedimentological observations 5.2.5 Cryolithological observations 5.2.6 The sampling methods and the samples collected 5.2.7 Mammal bone collecting 5.2.8 Conclusion 5.3 References 5.4 Appendix A5-1 : Profile map of sample positions (German version) A5-1-1 : Legend A5-2: Profile map (Russian version) A5-2-1: Schematic profile of permafrost deposits . South coast of Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island A5-2-2: Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. south coast. R-side exposure A5-2-3: Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island. south coast. L-side exposure A5-3: List of sediment samples collected on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky Island A5-4: List of OSL-samples A5-5: List of alas samples A5-6: List of water and ice samples collected on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky island during field season 1999 A5-7: List of bone samples A5-8: List of small fossil samples (rodents, insects, ostracodes, seeds) A5-9: List of peat samples for botanical analysis A5-10: List of mollusc samples A5-11: List of sarnples for paleomagnetics A5-12: Description of soll profiles A5-13: List of samples collected by the Bykovsky team at the upper part of MKh main section in 1999 A5-14: The composition of the marnrnal bone collection (Bykovsky Peninsula. 1999) A5-15: Mammal bones, found in 1999 within the Mamontova Khayata cliff (Bykovsky Peninsula)

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Preface. - List of participants. - The West Antarctic Ice Sheet : the need to understand its dynamics / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - Force budget of ice sheets / I. M. WHILLANS. - On the oceanic circulation near a shelf-ice edge / G. J. F. VAN HEIJST. - Quantitative estimates of the mass flux and ice movement along the ice edges in the eastern and southern Weddell Sea / M. A. LANGE. - Some aspects of the flow of the Ronne Ice Shelf / C. S. M. DOAKE. - Unconfined ice-shelf flow / L. W. MORLAND. - Plane and radial ice-shelf flow with prescribed temperature profile / L. W. MORLAND and R. ZAINUDDIN. - Ice-shelf backpressure : form drag versus dynamic drag / D. R. MACAYEAL. - Ice stream-ice shelf interaction in West Antarctica / R. A. BINDSCHADLER, D. R. MACAYEAL and S. N. STEPHENSON. - A few preliminary results from the glaciogeophysical survey of the interior Ross Embayment (GSIRE) / C. R. BENTLEY, S. SHABTAIE, D. D. BLANKENSHIP, R. B. ALLEY and S. T. ROONEY. - On the flow within the transition zone between ice sheet and ice shelf / K. HERTERICH. - The finite-element method applied to a time-dependent flowband model / J. L. FASTOOK. - Longitudinal stresses and basal sliding : a comparative study / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - A subglacial aquifer bed model and water pressure dependent basal sliding relationship for a West Antarctic ice stream / C. S. LINGLE and T. J. BROWN. - The heat budget of the Ross drainage basin / J. OEKLEMANS. - Numerical modelling of the large-scale basal water flux under the West Antarctic Ice Sheet / W. F. BUDD and D. JENSSEN. - Modelling the response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a climatic warming / W. F. BUDD, B. J. MCINNES, D. JENSSEN and I. N. SMITH. - Subject index. - Geographic index.

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Features of the Arctic Seas of Russia and Their Ecosystems 2.1 Brief History of the Studies 2.2 Physical Geography 2.3 Features of Geological Structure and Sedimentation 2.4 Hydrology 2.5 Hydrochemistry 2.5.1 Oxygen 2.5.2 pH 2.5.3 Alkalinity 2.5.4 Nutrients (P, N, and Si) 3 Biological Production of the Arctic Seas of Russia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Barents Sea 3.3 White Sea 3.4. Kara Sea 3.5. Seas of the East Arctic 4 Particulate Matter and Vertical Carbon Fluxes in the Water–Bottom System 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Barents Sea 4.3 White Sea 4.4 Kara Sea 4.5 Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi Seas 4.6 Carbon Fluxes from the Photic Zone to the Seafloor 4.7 Conclusion 5 Horizontal Carbon Fluxes in the Land–Sea System 5.1 Riverine Runoff and Carbon Fluxes 5.1.1 Water Runoff and Particulate Matter Supply 5.1.2 Carbon runoff 5.2 Coastal Abrasion and Carbon Fluxes 5.3 Aerosols and Eolian Carbon Fluxes 5.4 Underground and Glacial Runoff 5.4.1 Underground Runoff 5.4.2 Ice and Glacial Discharge 5.4.3 Interstitial Waters 6 Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Brief History of the Studies of Carbon and Organic Matter Composition 6.3 Selected Features of the Polar Lithogenesis 6.4 Organo-Chemical Composition of the Sediments 6.5 Distribution and Accumulation Rate of Carbon in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.1 Contents of TOC and Ccarb in Different Types of the Sediments 6.5.2 Distribution of TOC and its Accumulation Rate in the Bottom Sediments 6.5.3 Distribution of Ccarb and its Accumulation Rates in the Bottom Sediments 7 Elements of Carbon Balance and Cycling in the Arctic Seas of Russia 7.1 Fluxes and Balance of Masses 7.2 Ecological Features of the Arctic Seas and their Influence on Carbon Cycling References Index

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 Geographic setting and ecosystems of the Antarctic. - 1.2 Man's activities in the Antarctic. - 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. - 2.1 Environmental impact philosophy and terms. - 2.2 Definitions. - 2.3 Criteria for identifying significant impact. - 2.4 Temporal and spatial considerations of environmental impact. - 2.5 Consequential, synergistic and combined effects. - 2.6 Identification of sensitive indicators of change. - 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. - 3.1 Suggested format. - 3.2 When is an Environmental Impact Assessment necessary?. - 3.3 Environmental impact assessments of current operations and stations. - 3.4 Monitoring. - 4. SURVEY OF THE IMP ACTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE ANTARCTIC. - 4.1 Terrestrial impacts (including inland waters). - 4.2 Marine impacts. - 4.3 Atmospheric impacts. - 4.4 Distribution of impacts. - 5. THE FUTURE. - APPENDIX A. Relevant excerpts from Recommendation XII -3 (Man's Impact on the Antarctic Environment) of the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Canberra, 1983 and Paragraphs 17-19 of its Report. - APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS. - BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note: Contents: Introduction / Professor James H. Zumberge. - 1. First Impressions and the Setting. - 2. Why Are Scientists Interested in the Antarctic?. - 3. First Studies of Antarctica to the Treaty. - 4. Logistics, Transportation, and Telecommunications. - 5. Geodesy and Cartography in Antarctica. - 6. Geology and Solid-Earth Geophysics. - 7. "Land of Mountainous Ice". - 8. Cold Waters Run Deep. - 9. Antarctic Meteorology. - 10. Cold Climates and Frozen Atmospheres. - 11. The Upper Atmosphere from Antarctica. - 12. The Living Edge of Antarctica. - 13. Hostile Environment for Mankind. - 14. Environmental Impact of Man. - 15. Freedom of Exchange of Antarctic Scientific Information. - 16. A Continent for Collaboration. - Appendix 1: SCAR Publications. - Appendix 2: Antarctic Treaty. - Acknowledgements. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Contents Preface 1. Introduction 1.1 The problem of scale transfer 1.2 Aims and scope 1.3 Definitions 1.4 Contents of this book 2. Upscaling 2.1 A classification of upscaling methods 2.2 Averaging of observations or output variables 2.2.1 Exhaustive Information 2.2.2 Design based methods 2.2.3 Geostatistical prediction 2.2.4 Deterministic functions 2.2.5 Combinations and auxiliary information 2.3 Finding representative parameters or input variables 2.3.1 Exhaustive information 2.3.2 Deterministic functions 2.3.3 Indirect stochastic methods 2.3.4 Direct stochastic methods 2.3.5 Inverse modelling 2.4 Averaging of model equations 2.4.1 Deterministic: temporal or volume averaging 2.4.2 Stochastic: ensemble averaging 2.5 Model simplification 2.5.1 Lumped conceptual modelling 2.5.2 Meta-modelling 3. Downscaling 3.1 A classification of downscaling methods 3.2 Empirical functions 3.2.1 Deterministic functions 3.2.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.2.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 3.3 Mechanistic models 3.3.1 Deterministic functions 3.3.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.3.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 3.4 Fine scale auxiliary information 3.4.1 Deterministic functions 3.4.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.4.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 4. A simple DSS for upscaling and downscaling 4.1 Purpose and philosophy of the DSS 4.2 Functionality and options at startup 4.3 Definition of the research chain over the scales 4.3.1 Define a new research chain 4.3.2 Modify parts of research chain 4.4 Enter the DSS from the research chain 4.5 DSS Upscaling and Downscaling Appendix: Random Variables and Stochastic Functions Glossary Contents References Index

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Nature of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.1 Pollen Analysis as a Quaternary Palaeoecological Technique 1.2 Types of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.3 Methods of Presenting Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.4 The Data Used 2 Basic Statistical Concepts 2.1 The Rôle of Statistics in Pollen Analysis 2.2 Description of the Binomial and Multinomial Distributions 2.3 The Binomial and Multinomial Distributions in Palynology 2.4 Further Statistical Examples in Quaternary Palynology 2.5 Exploratory Data Analysis and Classification 2.6 The Measurement of Dissimilarity 3 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Zonation 3.1 The Concept of the Pollen Zone 3.2 Numerical Approaches to Pollen Zonation 3.3 The Constrained Single Link Method 3.4 Binary Divisive Procedures 3.5 Dynamic Programming Algorithm 3.6 The Variable Barriers Approach 3.7 Examples of Numerical Zonations 3.8 Advantages and Limitations of Numerical Zonations 4 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Comparison of Sequences 4.1 Rationale of Comparing Pollen Sequences 4.2 Numerical Approaches to Comparing Stratigraphical Sequences 4.3 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Zone-By-Zone Comparisons 4.4 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Classification Methods 4.5 Comparison of Sequences by Slotting 4.6 Numerical Comparisons of Abernethy Forest 4.7 Other Examples of Numerical Comparisons 4.8 Properties of the Numerical Methods of Comparison 5 The Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Numerical Approaches to the Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.3 Presentation and Comparison of Modern Pollen Spectra from Different Vegetation Types 5.4 Modelling Modern Pollen-Vegetation Relationships 6 The Interpretation of Pollen Stratigraphical Data 6.1 Quantitative Approaches to Interpretation 6.2 Sequence-Splitting, Curve-Fitting, and Time Series-Analysis 6.3 The Use of Pollen-Representation Factors 6.4 Comparing Modern and Fossil Pollen Spectra 6.5 Recurrent Groups 6.6 Environmental Reconstructions Appendix: The Program ZONATION References Index

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - Contributors. - 1. The Present Climate of the Arctic Ocean and Possible Past and Future States / R. G. Barry. - 2. Arctic Ice-Ocean Dynamics / W. D. Hibler III. - 3. Chemical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean / L. Anderson and D. Dyrssen. - 4. Polar Marine Ecosystem Evolution / M. J. Dunbar. - 5. Arctic Sea-Ice Biota / R. A. Horner. - 6. Primary Production, Chlorophyll, Light, and Nutrients Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice / O. G. N. Andersen. - 7. Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton / B. R. Heimdal. - 8. Foraminifera and Pteropoda Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice: New Distributions / Y. Herman and O. G. N. Andersen. - 9. Ecology of Arctic Ocean Cryopelagic Fauna / I. A. Mel'nikov. - 10. Evolution of Arctic Ecosystems During the Neogene Period / A. N. Golikov and O. A. Scarlato. - 11. Distributional Patterns of Echinoderms in the Eurasian Sector of the Arctic Ocean / N. A. Anisimova. - 12. Marine Bivalvia of the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Fedyakov and A. D. Naumov. - 13. Arctic Ocean Gastropod Prosobranchs / A. N. Golikov. - 14. Arctic Ocean Bryozoa / V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko. - 15. Arctic Ocean Mysids (Crustacea, Mysidacea): Evolution, Composition, and Distribution / V. V. Petryashov. - 16. Hydrozoa of the Eurasian Arctic Seas / S. D. Stepanjants. - 17. Arctic Ocean Cumacea / S. V. Vassilenko. - 18. Quarternary Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy: The Eastern Arctic Ocean Record / C. Card. - 19. Arctic Ocean Radiolarians / S. B. Kruglikova. - 20. Diatoms in Arctic Shallow Seas Sediments / E. I. Polyakova. - 21. Ecology of Recent Foraminifera on the Canadian Continental Shelf of the Arctic Ocean / C. Vilks. - 22. Thorium and Uranium Isotopes in Arctic Sediments / B. L. K. Somayajulu, P. Sharma, and Y. Herman. - 23. Late Neogene Arctic Paleoceanography: Micropaleontology, Stable Isotopes, and Chronology / Y. Herman, F. K. Osmond, and B. L. K. Somayajulu. - 24. Sediment Composition and Sedimentary Processes in the Arctic Ocean / D. A. Darby, A. S. Naidu, T. C. Mowatt, and C. A. Jones. - 25. Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Barents Sea / V. S. Zarkhidze and Yu. C. Samoilovich. - 26. The Last Glaciation of Eurasia / A. A. Velitchko, L. L. Isayeva, D. B. Oreshkin, and M. A. Faustova. - 27. Geological and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic During Late Cenozoic Time / I. D. Danilov. - 28. Organic Geochemistry of Barents Sea Sediments / A. N. Belyaeva, A. I. Daniushevskaya, and E. A. Romankevich. - 29. Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean Seafloor / J. R. Weber. - 30. Tectonic History of the Arctic Region from the Ordovician Through the Cretaceous / L. P. Zonenshain and L. M. Napatov. - Index.

Note: Contents (I) Motivation and Methods (A) The Antarctic Ice Sheet and its Role in the Global System (A.1) Main Geographic and Glaciologic Provinces of Antarctica (A.2) Climatic Change, Sea-Level Rise,and Changes in the Cryosphere (A.3) Modeling Versus Measuring B) Satellite Remote Sensing (B.1) An Overview of Ice Sheet Observations by Satellite (B.2) Satellite Radar Altimetry (B.2.1) Satellite Missions with Radar Altimeter Observations (B.2.1.1) SEASAT (B.2.1.2) GEOSAT (B.2.1.3) ERS-1 and ERS-2 (B.2.1.4) Other Missions with Altimeters, and Related Missions (B.2.2) Mission Types: Exact Repeat Missions and Geodetic Missions (B.2.3) Radar Measurement Principles (B.3) Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data over Ice Sheets and Glaciers (B.3.1) Problems and Methods of Mapping Ice Surface Elevation (B.3.2) Derivation of Ice Surface Roughness and Morphology (C) Data Analysis Methods Applied in the Antarctic Atlas (C.0) Introduction (C.1) Corrections of Radar Altimeter Data (C.1.1) Corrections Applied to Satellite Radar Altimeter Data for Ice Surface Mapping (C.1.2) The Bad-Track Problem (C.1.3) The Need for Interpolation of Geophysical Line Survey Data (C.2) Map Projection and Atlas Mapping (C.2.1) The UTM Projection (C.2.2) The Atlas Mapping Problem (C.2.3) The Solution: The Antarctic Atlas Mapping Scheme (C.2.4) Map Sheet Calculation with TRANSVIEW (C.3) Geostatistical Estimation (C.3.1) Concept of the Regionalized Variable and Principles of Variography (C.3.2) Kriging (C.3.3) Variography for Satellite Radar Altimeter Data over Antarctic Ice Surfaces (C.3.4) Application: Search Algorithm and Kriging Parameters for Antarctic Atlas DTMs. Mapping Parameters (C.3.4.1) Search Routine for Geophysical Line Survey Data and Software (C.3.4.2) Grid Spacing (C.3.4.3) Mapping Parameters: Contouring and Coloring Scheme (C.3.5) Error Analysis (C.3.6) Influence of the Radar Altimeter Sensor Compared to Influence of the Variogramin Kriging for GEOSAT and ERS-1 Data (C.4) The Role of the Geodetic Reference Surface (C.4.1) Ellipsoid and Geoid Concepts (C.4.2) Mapping of Ice Surfaces with Reference to Geoid Models (II) The Atlas (D) Atlas Maps (D.0) Map Organization and Description Principles (D.1) Latitude Row 63-68°S: Maps from GEOSAT and ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m45e37-53n63-68 Casey Bay Map m57e49-65n63-68 Napier Mountains Map m69e61-77n63-68 Mawson Coast East Map m81e73-89n63-68 Leopold and Astrid Coast Map m93e85-101n63-68 Queen Mary Coast Map m105e97-113n63-68 Knox Coast Map m117e109-125n63-68 Sabrina Coast Map m129e121-137n63-68 Clarie Coast Map m141e133-149n63-68 Adélie Coast Map m153e145-161n63-68 Ninnis Glacier Tongue Map m297e289-305n63-68 Antarctic Peninsula (Graham Land) (D.2) Latitude Row 67-72.1°S: Maps from GEOSAT and ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m15we23W-7Wn67-721 Ekström Ice Shelf Map m3we11w-5n67-721 Fimbul Ice Shelf Map m9e1-17n67-721 Princess Astrid Coast Map m21e13-29n67-721 Erskine Iceport Map m33e25-41n67-721 Riiser-Larsen Peninsula Map m45e37-53n67-721 Prince Olav Coast Map m57e49-65n67-721 Kemp Coast Map m69e61-77n67-721 Lambert Glacier Map m81e73-89n67-721 Ingrid Christensen Coast Map m93e85-101n67-721 Wilkes Land (e85-101n67-721) Map m105e97-113n67-721 Wilkes Land (e97-113n67-721) Map m117e109-125n67-721 Wilkes Land (e109-125n67-721) Map m129e121-137n67-721 Wilkes Land (e121-137n67-721) Map m141e133-149n67-721 Wilkes Land (e133-149n67-721) Map m153e145-161n67-721 Cook Ice Shelf Map m165e157-173n67-721 Pennell Coast Map m292e284-300n67-721 Antarctic Peninsula (Palmer Land) (D.3) Latitude Row 71-77°S: Maps from ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m333e315-351n71-77 Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf Map m357e339-15n71-77 New Schwabenland Map m21e3-39n71-77 Sør Rondane Mountains Map m45e27-63n71-77 Belgica Mountains Map m69e51-87n71-77 Upper Lambert Glacier Map m93e75-111n71-77 American Highland Map m117e99-135n71-77 Dome Charlie Map m141e123-159n71-77 Southern Wilkes Land (e123-159) Map m165e147-183n71-77 Victoria Land Map m213e195-231n71-77 Ruppert Coast Map m237e219-255n71-77 Bakutis Coast Map m261e243-279n71-77 Walgreen Coast Map m285e267-303n71-77 Ellsworth Land Map m309e291-327n71-77 Black Coast (D.4) Latitude Row 75-80°S: Maps from ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m333e315-351n75-80 Coats Land Map m357e339-15n75-80 Western Queen Maud Land (North) Map m21e3-39n75-80 Central Queen Maud Land (North) Map m45e27-63n75-80 Valkyrie Dome Map m69e51-87n75-80 South of Lambert Glacier Map m93e75-111n75-80 East Antarctica (Sovetskaya) Map m117e99-135n75-80 East Antarctica (Vostok) Map m141e123-159n75-80 East Antarctica (Mt. Longhurst) Map m165e147-183n75-80 Scott Coast Map m189e171-207n75-80 Roosevelt Island Map m213e195-231n75-80 Saunders Coast Map m237e219-255n75-80 Northern Marie Byrd Land Map m261e243-279n75-80 Northern Hollick-Kenyon Plateau Map m285e267-303n75-80 Zumberge Coast Map m309e291-327n75-80 Ronne Ice Shelf (D.5) Latitude Row 78-81.5°S: Maps from ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Data Map m333e315-351n78-815 Filchner Ice Shelf Map m357e339-15n78-815 Western Queen Maud Land (South) Map m21e3-39n78-815 Central Queen Maud Land (South) Map m45e27-63n78-815 Eastern Queen Maud Land (South) Map m69e51-87n78-815 Dome Argus Map m93e75-111n78-815 East Antarctica (e75-111n78-815) Map m117e99-135n78-815 EastAntarctica (e99-135n78-815) Map m141e123-159n78-815 Byrd Glacier Map m165e147-183n78-815 Hillary Coast Map m189e171-207n78-815 Ross Ice Shelf Map m213e195-231n78-815 Shirase Coast Map m237e219-255n78-815 Southern Marie Byrd Land Map m261e243-279n78-815 Southern Hollick-Kenyon Plateau Map m285e267-303n78-815 Ellsworth Mountains Map m309e291-327n78-815 Berkner Island (III) Applications (E) Monitoring Changes in Antarctic Ice SurfaceTopography: The Example of the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf System (E.1) The Problem of Monitoring Changes (E.2) Time Series of Digital Terrain Models and Maps (E.3) Altimeter Data: Acquisition and Corrections (E.4) Visual Comparison - Quantitative Comparison (E.5) Calculation of Elevation Changes (E.6) Discussion of Results on Elevation Changes (E.6.1) Results of the Monitoring Study (E.6.2) Comparison with Other Maps of Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf (E.7) On the Potential Existence of Surge Glaciers in the Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf System (E.7.1) Introduction to the Surge Phenomenon and Relationship to Results of the Monitoring Study (E.7.2) Discussion of the Surge Hypothesis in the Glaciologic Literature (F) Detailed Studies of Selected Antarctic Outlet Glaciers and Ice Shelves (F.0) Introduction (F.1) Detail Map 1: Slessor Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.2) Detail Map 2: Stancomb-Wills Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.3) Detail Map 3: Jutulstraumen Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.4) Detail Map 4: Shirase Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.5) Detail Map 5: Lambert Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.6) Detail Map 6: West Ice Shelf (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.7) Detail Map 7: Denman Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.8) Detail Map 8: Vanderford Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.9) Detail Map 9: Totten Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.10) Detail Maps 10: Mertz Glacier,11: Ninnis Glacier, and 12: Mertz and Ninnis Glaciers (GEOSAT Data 1985-86) (F.11) Detail Map 13: Rennick Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.12) Detail Map 14: David Glacier/Drygalski Ice Tongue (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.13) Detail Map15: Thwaites Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (F.14) Detail Map 16: PineIsland Glacier (ERS-1 Data 1995) (G) Combination of SAR and Radar Altimeter Data: Lambert Glacier/Amery Ice Shelf (IV) References and Appendix (H) References (I) Appendix (I.1)Glaciological Glossary (I.2) Index of Place Names (I.3) Antarctic Expeditions (I.3.1) Early Seagoing Expeditions (I.3.2) Expeditions to the Antarctic Continent (I.3.3) Antarctic Expeditions after the International Geophysical Year

Note: Text teilweise in Deutsch, Englisch und Latein

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Static Structure of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.2 Zonal Mean Temperature and Wind Distributions. - 1.3 Composition of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.4 The Vertical Distribution of Eddy Amplitudes. - 1.5 Observational Techniques. - References. - Chapter 2 Radiative Processes and Remote Sounding. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Fundamentals. - 2.3 Gaseous Absorption Spectra. - 2.4 Transmission Functions. - 2.5 Infrared Radiative Exchange and Radiative Damping. - 2.6 Departure from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 2.7 Absorption of Solar Radiation. - 2.8 Radiative Equilibrium Temperature and Heating-Rate Distributions. - 2.9 Remote Sounding. - References. - Chapter 3 Basic Dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Beta-Plane Approximation and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory. - 3.3 The Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.4 Linearized Disturbances to Zonal-Mean Flows. - 3.5 The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.6 The Generalized Eliassen-Palm Theorem and the Charney-Drazin Nonacceleration Theorem. - 3.7 The Lagrangian Approach. - 3.8 Isentropic Coordinates. - 3.9 The Zonal-Mean Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3A. Derivation of Some Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3B. Boundary Conditions on the Residual Circulation. - References. - Chapter 4 Linear Wave Theory. - 4.1 Introduction and Classification of Wave Types. - 4.2 Wave Disturbances to a Resting Spherical Atmosphere. - 4.3 Atmospheric Thermal Tides. - 4.4 Free Traveling Planetary Waves. - 4.5 Forced Planetary Waves. - 4.6 Gravity Waves. - 4.7 Equatorial Waves. - Appendix 4A. Ray-Tracing Theory and Wave Action in a Slowly Varying Medium. - References. - Chapter 5 Extratropical Planetary-Scale Circulations. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Observed Annual Cycle. - 5.3 Detailed Linear Models of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere. - 5.4 Detailed Linear Models of Free Traveling Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 5.5 Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability. - 5.6 Planetary-Wave Critical Layers. - References. - Chapter 6 Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Observed Features of Sudden Warmings. - 6.3 Theoretical Modeling of Sudden Warmings. - 6.4 Conclusions. - References. - Chapter 7 The Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Some Simple Zonally Averaged Models of the Middle Atmosphere. - 7.3 The Upper Mesosphere. - 7.4 The Winter Polar Stratosphere. - 7. 5 Interpretation and Generalization. - References. - Chapter 8 Equatorial Circulations. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 The Observed Structure of the Equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.3 Theory of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.4 Observed Structure of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.5 Dynamics of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.6 Inertial Instability in the Equatorial Zone. - References. - Chapter 9 Tracer Transport in the Middle Atmosphere. - 9.1 Introduction: Types of Tracers. - 9.2 Long-Lived Chemical Tracers. - 9.3 Transport in the Meridional Plane. - 9.4 Formulations of Eddy and Mean-Flow Transport. - 9.5 Dispersive Wave Transport: Irreversible Mixing of Tracers. - 9.6 Troposphere-Stratosphere Exchange. - 9.7 Transport Modeling. - Appendix 9A. The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Transport for Small-Arnplitude Eddies. - References. - Chapter 10 The Ozone Layer. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 The Climatology of Ozone. - 10.3 Elementary Aspects of Photochemical Modeling. - 10.4 Photochemistry of Ozone: Catalytic Cycles. - 10.5 Models of the Natural and Perturbed Ozone Layer. - Appendix 10A. The Continuity Equation for Chemical Species. - References. - Chapter 11 General Circulation Modeling. - 11.1 Models of the Lower Stratosphere. - 11.2 The GFDL SKYHI Model. - 11.3 Forecasting of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. - 11.4 Transport Modeling. - References. - Chapter 12 Interaction between the Middle Atmosphere and the Lower Atmosphere. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Links: Deductions from Simple Models. - 12.3 Radiative Links: Deductions from GCMs. - 12.4 Dynamical Links: Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves. - 12.5 Interannual Variability in the Stratosphere. - References. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents Introduction 1 Climatic System: Data, Processes, Scales, and Deterministic Models 1.1 Main Components of the Climate System 1.1.1 "Thick" Subsystems 1.1.2 "Thin" Subsystems 1.1.3 Local and Discrete Objects 1.2 Climate Processes 1.2.1 Overview of Climate Processes 1.2.2 External Climate Mechanisms 1.2.3 Internal Mechanisms of Climatie Variations 1.2.4 Transfer-Accumulation Processes 1.3 Scales of Climatic Variability 1.3.1 Spatial Scales 1.3.2 Temporal Scales 1.4 Deterministic Climate Models 1.4.1 General Circulation Models and Coupled Models 1.4.2 Other Types of Climate Models 1.5 Observational Basis for Stochastic Climate Theory 1.5.1 Data on Variability of "Thick" Climatic Subsystems 1.5.1.1 Near-Surface Air Temperature 1.5.1.2 Other Atmospheric Variables 1.5.1.3 Sea Surface Temperature 1.5.1.4 Sea Level 1.5.1.5 lce Sheets 1.5.2 Data on Variables of Thin Earth Covers 1.5.2.1 Snow Cover 1.5.2.2 Sea lce 1.5.2.3 Vegetation Cover 1.5.3 Data on Discrete and Local Climatic Objects 1.5.3.1 River Runoff 1.5.3.2 Lakes 1.5.3.3 Mountain Glaciers 1.5.4 Conclusions on Observational Data 2 Theoretical Foundations of the Stochastic Approach to Climate Variability Studies 2.1 Basic Ideas and Principles of the Stochastic Climate Theory 2.1.1 Mathematical Models and Natural Processes 2.1.2 A Climatic Variable as a Random Variable 2.1.3 Evolution of a Climatic Variable as a Random Function 2.1.4 Stationarity of Climatic Processes 2.2 Introduction to the Theory of Random Functions with Emphasis on Climate Variability 2.2.1 Moments, Mean Value, Correlation Function 2.2.2 The Ergodicity of Climate Variability 2.2.3 Examples of Stationary Random Sequences 2.2.3.1 Uncorrelated Random Variables 2.2.3.2 Moving Averages 2.2.4 Spectral Representation of the Random Process 2.2.5 Climatic Meanings of the Spectral Distribution Function 2.2.6 Spectral Representation of Stationary Sequences 2.2.7 The Markov Sequence 2.2.8 The Discrete Wiener Process 2.2.9 Other Types of Random Functions 2.2.9.1 Autoregressive Models 2.2.9.2 Seasonal Models 2.2.9.3 Threshold Models 2.3 Estimation of Model Parameters 2.3.1 Theoretical Models and the Practice of Model Identification 2.3.2 Informational Approach to the Identification of Stochastic Models 2.3.3 Maximum Entropy Method and Autoregressive Models 2.3.4 Model Identification and Estimation of Model Parameters 2.3.5 An Example ofModel Identification and Parameter Estimation 2.3.6 Frequency Truncation Method of Normalized Spectral Estimates 2.3.7 Other Methods of Time Series Processing 2.3.7.1 Conventional Methods. Moving Average and ARMA models 2.3.7.2 "Deterministic Chaos". Other Methods of Nonlinear Analysis 2.4 Physical Basis of the Stochastic Climate Theory 2.4.1 Atmospheric Forcing ofthe Climate System 2.4.1.1 Observational Evidence 2.4.1.2 Atmospheric Model Results 2.4.1.3 Simple Nonlinear Model as Analog of Atmospheric Forcing 2.4.2 Hasselmann's Stochastic Climate Models 2.4.2.1 Hypothesis on Weather-Climate Two-Scale Separation 2.4.2.2 Classification of Climate Models 2.4.2.3 Analogies with Turbulent Fluid, Brownian Motion, and Other Physical Processes. The Central Limit Theorem 2.4.2.4 Spectra and Correlation Functions of the Stochastic Climate Models. Models Without Feedback 2.4.2.5 Models with Feedback 3 Stochastic Models of Recent Climatic Changes 3.1 Changes in Thick Climatic Subsystems 3.1.1 Local Changes 3.1.1.1 Analysis of Observational Data 3.1.1.2 Local Stochastic Dynamical Models 3.1.2 Regional, Spatially Averaged, and Two-Dimensional Patterns 3.1.2.1 20 Stochastic Patterns of Observational Data 3.1.2.2 Stochastic Dynamical Regional Models 3.1.2.3 Stochastic Models of ENSO Events 3.1.3 Globally Averaged Climate Variables 3.1.3.1 Global Water Mass Exchange. Global Mean Sea Level 3.1.3.2 Global Temperatures 3.1.3.3 "Minus Two" Law of Climatic Variability 3.1.3.4 Stochastic Dynamical Models of Global Temperatures 3.1.3.5 Local-Global Polarization Phenomenon 3.2 Variabilities of Thin Climatic Subsystems 3.2.1 Analyzed Oata 3.2.1.1 37 GHz Polarization Oifference and Related Data 3.2.1.2 Snow and Sea lce Remotely Sensed Data 3.2.1.3 Related Satellite-Based and Conventional Data on Global Air and Sea Temperatures 3.2.2 Comparison of Results for Remotely Sensed and Conventional Data 3.2.2.1 Comparison of Results on Local Scales 3.2.2.2 Globally Averaged 37 GHz Polarization Difference Data. Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 3.2.3 Results of Stochastic Analysis of Local and Regional Hydrological Changes 3.2.3.1 Results of 37 GHz PD Data Analysis for Floodable Areas 3.2.3.2 Results for 37 GHz PD Data on Vegetation Cover in Different Natural Zones 3.2.4 Results of Analysis of Global Changes in Hydrological and Related Parameters 3.2.5 Modeling the Dynamics of Thin Subsystems 3.2.6 Local-Global Polarization Phenomenon and Thin Climatic Subsystems 3.2.7 Discussion on the Global Climatic Subsystems 3.3 Changes in Local and Discrete Climatic Objects 3.3.1 Rivers and River Runoff 3.3.2 Mountain Glaciers 4 Stochastic Models for Glacial Cycles 4.1 Stochastic Analysis of Reconstructed Data on Glacial Cycles 4.1.1 Existing Paleoreconstructed Time Series 4.1.2 Results of Stochastic Analysis of the Last Deglaciation Period, 0 - 18 ka B.P. 4.1.3 Analysis of 200 - 300 ka Time Series 4.1.4 Longer Time Series. Features of Cyclicity 4.1.5 High Resolution Paleorecords 4.2 Zero-Dimensional Model of Glacial Cycles 4.2.1 Hypotheses, Assumptions, and Equations 4.2.2 Results of Numerical Experiments 4.3 Two-Dimensional Stochastic Dynamical Model of Glacial Cycles 4.3.1 Mathematical Model, Parameters, and Experiments 4.3.1.1 Computational Area 4.3.1.2 Equations and Parameters of the Model 4.3.1.3 Numerical Experiments 4.3.2 Results 4.3.2.1 Experiments Without External Forcing 4.3.2.2 Experiments With External Forcing. Globally Averaged Results 4.3.2.3 Zonally Averaged Results 4.3.2.4 Regional Results Conclusion References Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction: Distributions and Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.1 Categorical Response Data. - 1.2 Distributions for Categorical Data. - 1.3 Statistical Inference for Categorical Data. - 1.4 Statistical Inference for Binomial Parameters. - 1.5 Statistical Inference for Multinomial Parameters. - Notes. - Problems. - 2. Describing Contingency Tables. - 2.1 Probability Structure for Contingency Tables. - 2.2 Comparing Two Proportions. - 2.3 Partial Association in Stratified 2 x 2 Tables. - 2.4 Extensions for I x J Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 3. Inference for Contingency Tables. - 3.1 Confidence Intervals for Association Parameters. - 3.2 Testing Independence in Two-Way Contingency Tables. - 3.3 Following-Up Chi-Squared Tests. - 3.4 Two-Way Tables with Ordered Classifications. - 3.5 Small-Sample Tests of Independence. - 3.6 Small-Sample Confidence Intervals for 2 x 2 Tables. - 3.7 Extensions for Multiway Tables and Nontabulated Responses. - Notes. - Problems. - 4. Introduction to Generalized Linear Models. - 4.1 Generalized Linear Model. - 4.2 Generalized Linear Models for Binary Data. - 4.3 Generalized Linear Models for Counts. - 4.4 Moments and Likelihood for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.5 Inference for Generalized Linear Models. - 4.6 Fitting Generalized Linear Models. - 4.7 Quasi-likelihood and Generalized Linear Models. - 4.8 Generalized Additive Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 5. Logistic Regression. - 5.1 Interpreting Parameters in Logistic Regression. - 5.2 Inference for Logistic Regression. - 5.3 Logit Models with Categorical Predictors. - 5.4 Multiple Logistic Regression. - 5.5 Fitting Logistic Regression Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 6. Building and Applying Logistic Regression Models. - 6.1 Strategies in Model Selection. - 6.2 Logistic Regression Diagnostics. - 6.3 Inference About Conditional Associations in 2 x 2 x K Tables. - 6.4 Using Models to Improve Inferential Power. - 6.5 Sample Size and Power Considerations. - 6.6 Probit and Complementary Log-Log Models. - 6.7 Conditional Logistic Regression and Exact Distributions. - Notes. - Problems. - 7. Logit Models for Multinomial Responses. - 7.1 Nominal Responses: Baseline-Category Logit Models. - 7.2 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Logit Models. - 7.3 Ordinal Responses: Cumulative Link Models. - 7.4 Alternative Models for Ordinal Responses. - 7.5 Testing Conditional Independence in I x J x K Tables. - 7.6 Discrete-Choice Multinomial Logit Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 8. Loglinear Models for Contingency Tables. - 8.1 Loglinear Models for Two-Way Tables. - 8.2 Loglinear Models for Independence and Interaction in Three-Way Tables. - 8.3 Inference for Loglinear Models. - 8.4 Loglinear Models for Higher Dimensions. - 8.5 The Loglinear_Logit Model Connection. - 8.6 Loglinear Model Fitting: Likelihood Equations and Asymptotic Distributions. - 8.7 Loglinear Model Fitting: Iterative Methods and their Application. - Notes. - Problems. - 9. Building and Extending Loglinear/Logit Models. - 9.1 Association Graphs and Collapsibility. - 9.2 Model Selection and Comparison. - 9.3 Diagnostics for Checking Models. - 9.4 Modeling Ordinal Associations. - 9.5 Association Models. - 9.6 Association Models, Correlation Models, and Correspondence Analysis. - 9.7 Poisson Regression for Rates. - 9.8 Empty Cells and Sparseness in Modeling Contingency Tables. - Notes. - Problems. - 10. Models for Matched Pairs. - 10.1 Comparing Dependent Proportions. - 10.2 Conditional Logistic Regression for Binary Matched Pairs. - 10.3 Marginal Models for Square Contingency Tables. - 10.4 Symmetry, Quasi-symmetry, and Quasiindependence. - 10.5 Measuring Agreement Between Observers. - 10.6 Bradley-Terry Model for Paired Preferences. - 10.7 Marginal Models and Quasi-symmetry Models for Matched Sets. - Notes. - Problems. - 11. Analyzing Repeated Categorical Response Data. - 11.1 Comparing Marginal Distributions: Multiple Responses. - 11.2 Marginal Modeling: Maximum Likelihood Approach. - 11.3 Marginal Modeling: Generalized Estimating Equations Approach. - 11.4 Quasi-likelihood and Its GEE Multivariate Extension: Details. - 11.5 Markov Chains: Transitional Modeling. - Notes. - Problems. - 12. Random Effects: Generalized Linear Mixed Models for Categorical Responses. - 12.1 Random Effects Modeling of Clustered Categorical Data. - 12.2 Binary Responses: Logistic-Normal Model. - 12.3 Examples of Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.4 Random Effects Models for Multinomial Data. - 12.5 Multivariate Random Effects Models for Binary Data. - 12.6 GLMM Fitting, Inference, and Prediction. - Notes. - Problems. 13. Other Mixture Models for Categorical Data. - 13.1 Latent Class Models. - 13.2 Nonparametric Random Effects Models. - 13.3 Beta-Binomial Models. - 13.4 Negative Binomial Regression. - 13.5 Poisson Regression with Random Effects. - Notes. - Problems. - 14. Asymptotic Theory for Parametric Models. - 14.1 Delta Method. - 14.2 Asymptotic Distributions of Estimators of Model Parameters and Cell Probabilities. - 14.3 Asymptotic Distributions of Residuals and Goodnessof-Fit Statistics. - 14.4 Asymptotic Distributions for Logit/Loglinear Models. - Notes. - Problems. - 15. Alternative Estimation Theory for Parametric Models. - 15.1 Weighted Least Squares for Categorical Data. - 15.2 Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data. - 15.3 Other Methods of Estimation. - Notes. - Problems. - 16. Historical Tour of Categorical Data Analysis. - 16.1 Pearson-Yule Association Controversy. - 16.2 R. A. Fisher's Contributions. - 16.3 Logistic Regression. - 16.4 Multiway Contingency Tables and Loglinear Models. - 16.5 Recent and Future? Developments. - Appendix A. Using Computer Software to Analyze Categorical Data. - A.1 Software for Categorical Data Analysis. - A.2 Examples of SAS Code by Chapter. - Appendix B. Chi-Squared Distribution Values. - References. - Examples Index. - Author Index. - Subject Index.