ALBERT

Note: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Rinnen im Meereis: Heizung für die Atmosphäre? = Leads in Sea Ice: Heating the Atmosphere? / Christof Lüpkes, Vladimir Gryanik, Anna Barbara Herold, Gerit Birnbaum, Ulrike Wacker, Jörg Hartmann Die polaren Ozeane vor dem Hintergrund der Klimaänderung – Ein Vergleich = The Polar Oceans in the context of climate change – commons and contrasts / Eberhard Fahrbach, Christian Haas und Ursula Schauer Wissenschaftliches Rechnen und Ozeanographie für das Krisenmanagement: Der Beitrag des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts zum Deutsch-Indonesischen Tsunami-Frühwarnsystem = Scientific computing and oceanography for hazard management: The contribution of the Alfred Wegener Institute to the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System / Jörn Behrens, Wolfgang Hiller, Jens Schröter Klimaarchiv Eis – Das European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) = Climate archive in ice - the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) / Hubertus Fischer, Frank Wilhelms, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Hans Oerter, Hanno Meyer, Peter Köhler, Rainer Gersonde & Heinz Miller Schwarzschiefer vom Nordpol entschlüsseln Klimageschichte: Der Arktische Ozean war vor 45 Millionen Jahren so warm wie die Ostsee heute = Black shales near the North Pole decipher climate history: The Arctic Ocean at 45 Ma was as warm as the modern Baltic Sea / Ruediger Stein, Petra Weller, Bettina Boucsein und Jens Matthiessen Leben auf dem Mars? Methan-bildende Mikroorganismen aus sibirischen Permafrost-böden als Studienobjekte = Life on Mars? Methane-forming micro-organisms from Siberian permafrost soils as study objects / Dirk Wagner und Daria Morozova Seeelefanten helfen Südozeanmodellierern = Elephant Seals help validate Finite Element Ice-Ocean Model / Ralph Timmermann Neuigkeiten in der Krillforschung: Licht kontrolliert Lebensfunktionen des Krills = News in Krill research: Light controls life functions of krill / Mathias Teschke, Bettina Meyer, Carsten Pape, Susanne Spahic Wie wird man 400 Jahre alt? Altersvorsorge der Islandmuschel (Arctica islandica) = Living 400 years – what is the secret of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)? / Doris Abele, Eva Philipp, Julia Strahl, Thomas Brey Langzeitforschung auf Helgoland und Sylt: Ein Finger am Puls der Nordsee = Long-Term Ecological Research at Helgoland and Sylt: Keeping a Finger at the Pulse of the North Sea / Justus E.E. van Beusekom, Maarten Boersma, Karsten Reise and Karen H. Wiltshire 3. Forschung = Research MARCOPOLI 3.1 MARINE 3.2 COAST 3.3 POLAR 3.4 Neue Themen = Additional funding 4. Helmholtz-Nachwuchsgruppen = Helmholtz Young Investigator Groups 5. Entwicklungen in den Fachbereichen = Progresses in the Scientific Divisions 6. Neue Technologien = New technologies 7. Logistik und Forschungsplattformen = Logistics and research platforms 8. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 9. Mariner Umweltschutz = Marine environmental protection 10. Wissenschaftliches Rechenzentrum = Scientific data processing centre 11. Bibliothek = Library 12. Technologietransfer = Technology transfer 13. Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 14. Schulprojekt = School project 15. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 16. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex , Text in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: CONTENTS COMPOSITION OF THE OFFICE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. THE POLAR REGIONS: AN URGENT NEED FOR PROTECTION A. EXTREME BUT FRAGILE REGIONS 1. The Arctic Ocean 2. Antarctica B. FRANCE'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ANTARCTICA TREATY 1. The origins of the treaty and the Antarctic system 2. Mining a suspended issue 3. Tourism: a new peaceful threat? II. THE POLES: THEIR KEY ROLE IN UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE A. UNDERSTANDING PAST CLIMATES TO UNDERSTAND THE FUTURE CLIMATE 1. Recent ice cores from Greenland 2. lce cores from Antarctica 3. Ocean core samples: the transpolar link 4. The future of glacial core sampling B. THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION 1. The general circulation system 2. The importance of the creation of cold, deep waters 3. The Antarctic Ocean, a carbon sink C. THE POLAR REGIONS AT THE HEART OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 1. Will the Arctic ice shelf disappear in the summer? 2. Will Greenland melt completely? 3. Can a diagnosis be made concerning the assessment of Antarctica's mass? III. FRANCE'S FIRST-CLASS BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH A. AN EXCEPTIONAL HERITAGE 1. A unique geographic situation 2. 40 to 50 years of continuous observations B. ADAPTING TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 1. Adapting to climate change 2. Understanding the adaptation to extreme environments C. INNOVATIVE RESEARCH 1. The equipment of animals 2. Hormonal, molecular and genetic research 3. The implications for the organization of research IV. OBSERVING THE EARTH, OBSERVING THE UNIVERSE A. OBSERVATORIES FOR THE EARTH AND THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE 1. Seismology 2. Measuring gravity and terrestrial magnetism 3. Studying the stratosphere and monitoring the ozone layer '1. Observing the ionosphere B. ANTARCTIC ASTRONOMY: A NEW FIELD 1. Recognizing this fast-growing discipline 2. Concordia: the best site in the world/or astronomic observations? 3. Searching for meteorites in Antarctica 4. Measuring cosmic radiation V. PREPARING THE SPACE MISSIONS IN ANTARCTICA A. PREPARING AND VALIDATING THE SATELLITE MISSIONS 1. Space and the polar regions: preparation complementarity 2. Validating on the ground observations made from space B. PREPARING MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS AND MOON OR MARS-BASED STATIONS 1. Concordia - a unique research site 2. Studying behaviour in an extreme environment 3. Physiological studies C. TESTING EXPLORATION MATERIAL 1. American examples and projects 2. European perspectives VI. FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE POLAR REGIONS A. DEVELOPING FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC, STRENGTHENING ITS PRESENCE IN ANTARCTICA 1. Developing France's Arctic presence 2. Strengthening our presence in the southern regions B. IPEV (THE FRENCH PAUL-EMILE VICTOR INSTITUTE), AN AGENCY OF MEANS VII. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: A NECESSITY AND A GOAL A. HOW TO ENCOURAGE A EUROPEAN PROCESS? 1. The European Union: a sufficient framework? 2. The practical and political limitations of cooperation 3. Towards an Italian-German-French engine? B. WHAT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR FRANCE ON THE EVE OF THE IPY? 1. Excellence, proximity and longevity: three key criteria for cooperation 2. Developing a network for the stations VIII. THE RAPPORTEUR'S CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS 1. Strategic regions 2. Regions to protect 3. Essential regions for understanding climate change 4. Life in the polar regions: of great value to humanity 5. The polar regions: an observatory for the Earth 6. Strongly support the development of astronomy at Concordia 7. Take advantage of the polar regions' complementarity with the space missions 8. Strengthen France's presence in the polar regions 9. Reorganize France's presence in the polar regions 10. Better coordinate polar research 11. Solve the problem of insufficient funding for polar-research logistics 12. Define a French strategy for European and international cooperation APPENDICES SPEAKERS PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1 MARCH 2007 SEMINAR: "OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE" PART ONE: LUNCH-DEBATE I. MR. HENRI REVOL, PRESIDENT OF THE OPECST II. MR. JEAN-LOUIS ETIENNE PART TWO: OFFICIAL OPENING SESSION I. INTRODUCTION A. MR. CHRISTIAN GAUDIN, SENATOR, RAPPORTEUR FOR THE OPECST B. MS. CATHERINE BRECHIGNAC, PRESIDENT OF THE CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) C. MR. MICHEL JARRAUD, SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION D. MR. CHRISTIAN COINTAT, SENATOR, PRESIDENT OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ARTIC STUDY GROUP II. OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE BY MR. CHRISTIAN PONCELET, PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE III. THEMATIC DEBATE-THE POLES: INDICATORS AND EVIDENCE FOR MANKIND A. MS. NELLY OLIN, MINISTER OF ECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT B. MS. VALERIE MASSON-DELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST, CEA C. MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST, CNRS D. MS. JOELLE ROBERT-LAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST, CNRS E. DEBATE IV. CLOSING SPEECHES A. MR. FRAN〈;:OIS GOULARD, MINISTER FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH B. HIS SERENE HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT II OF MONACO APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. VALERIE MASSONDELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST - CEA APPENDIX 2: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. JOELLE ROBERTLAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST - CNRS APPENDIX 3: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST- CNRS

Note: Utrecht, Univ., Diss., 2008

Note: Contents List of contributors Introduction Part I Geophysical methods 1 Electrical methods / C. Kneisel and C. Hauck 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Measurement principles 1.3 Data acquisition 1.4 Data processing 1.5 Periglacial applications and particularities 1.6 Conclusions 1.7 Checklist References 2 Electromagnetic methods / A. Hardt and C. Hauck 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Background 2.3 Periglacial applications and particularities 2.4 Conclusions 2.5 Checklist References 3 Refraction seismics / L. Schrott and T. Hoffmann 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Measurement principles 3.3 Limitations of seismic refraction based on measurement principles 3.4 Data acquisition 3.5 Data processing 3.6 Periglacial applications and particularities 3.7 Checklist References 4 Ground-penetrating radar / I. Berthling and K. Melvold 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Measurement principles 4.3 Data acqusition 4.4 Data processing 4.5 Periglacial applications and particularities 4.6 Recommendations References Part Il Case studies 5 Typology of vertical electrical soundings for permafrost/ground ice investigation in the forefields of small alpine glaciers / R. Delaloye and C. Lambiel 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Method 5.3 Typology 5.4 Conclusions References 6 ERT imaging for frozen ground detection / M. Ishikawa 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Data acquisition and quality control 6.3 Case studies 6.4 Summary References 7 Electrical resistivity values of frozen soil from YES and TEM field observations and laboratory experiments / K. Harada 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Methods 7.3 Results 7.4 Summary References 8 Results of geophysical surveys on Kasprowy Wierch, the Tatra Mountains, Poland / W. Dobinski, B. Zogala, K. Wzietek and L. Litwin 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Field site 8.3 Methods 8.4 Measurements 8.5 Analysis and interpretation of the measurements 8.6 Conclusions References 9 Reassessment of DC resistivity in rock glaciers by comparing with P-wave velocity: a case study in the Swiss Alps / A. Ikeda 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Methods 9.3 Field sites with borehole information 9.4 Results 9.5 Discussion 9.6 Conclusions References 10 Quantifying the ice content in low-altitude scree slopes using geophysical methods / C. Hauck and C. Kneisel 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methods 10.3 Field sites 10.4 Results 10.5 Discussion and conclusions References 11 The use of GPR in determining talus thickness and talus structure / O. Sass 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Study sites and data acquisition 11.3 Results 11.4 Conclusions References 12 GPR soundings of rock glaciers on Svalbard / I. Berthling, B. Etzelmüller, H. Farbrot, K. Isaksen, M. Wåle and R. Ødegård 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methods 12.3 Results and interpretation 12.4 Discussion References 13 Arctic glaciers and ground-penetrating radar. Case study: Stagnation Glacier, Bylot Island, Canada / T. Irvine-Fynn and B. Moorman 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Field site 13.3 Field methods 13.4 Processing methods 13.5 Results 13.6 Discussion 13.7 Conclusions References 14 Mapping of subglacial topography using GPR for determining subglacial hydraulic conditions / K. Melvold and T. V. Schuler 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Field site 14.3 Methodology 14.4 Results 14.5 Discussion 14.6 Conclusions References 15 Snow measurements using GPR: example from Amundsenisen, Svalbard / K. Melvold 15.1 Introduction 15.2 GPR and GPS equipment and measurements 15:3 Data processing 15.4 Results and discussion 15.5 Conclusions References 16 Mapping frazil ice conditions in rivers using ground penetrating radar / I. Berthling, H. Benjaminsen and A. Kvambekk 16J Introduction 16.2 Setting and field procedures 16.3 Results 16.4 Discussion 16.5 Conclusions References Contents Appendix Tables of geophysical parameters for periglacial environments Index

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2008

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - References. - 2 Oceanographical and Geological Background / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - Introduction. - 2.1 Bathymetry and Geomorphology. - 2.2 Oceanography. - Monsoon. - Surface Circulation. - Surface Temperature and Salinity. - Thermocline and Upwelling. - Water Exchange with Pacific and Kuroshio Intrusion. - Deep Water Circulation. - Other Oceanographic Features. - Oceanographic Summary. - 2.3 Tectonic History and Sedimentary Basins. - Prior Terrains and Opening of the SCS. - Step-Wise Closure of the Sea Basin. - Formation of Shelf-Slope Sedimentary Basins. - Sediments of the SCS Shelf-Slope Basins: An Overview. - Summary of Tectonics and Basin Formation. - References. - 3 Stratigraphy and Sea Level Changes. - Introduction. - 3.1 Lithostratigraphic Overview / (Li Q. and Zhong G.). - Pre-Cenozoic Basement. - Lithostratigraphy of Syn-Rift Sediments. - Post-Rift Sediments in Shelf-Slope Basins. - Deep Water Lithostratigraphy. - 3.2 Biostratigraphic Framework / (Li Q.). - Floral and Shallow-Water Faunal Assemblages. - Planktonic Foraminiferal and Nannofossil Biostratigraphy. - Quaternary Lithobiostratigraphic Events. - 3.3 Isotopic and Astronomical Stratigraphy / (Tian J. and Li Q.). - Neogene Isotopic Records at Site 1148. - Pliocene–Pleistocene Isotopic Records at Site 1143. - 3.4 Stratigraphy of Major Shelf and Slope Basins / (Zhong G. and Li Q.). - Northern South China Sea Basins. - Southern South China Sea Basins. - 3.5 Regional Sea Level Changes / (Zhong G. and Li Q.). - Late Quaternary Sea Level Changes. - Long-Term Sea Level Changes Since the Oligocene. - New Approach Toward Fine-Scale Sea Level Magnitude. - Summary of South China Sea stratigraphy. - References. - 4 Sedimentology. - Introduction. - 4.1 Surface Deposition Patterns / (Liu Z.). - Deposit Distribution Patterns. - Sediment Transport. - 4.2 Terrigenous Deposition / (Liu Z.). - Clay Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Source Areas. - Clay Minerals. - Geochemistry. - Terrigenous Sediment Supply in Glacial Cycles. - Long-Term Changes of Terrigenous Sediment Supply. - 4.3 Biogenic Deposition. - Carbonate / (Li J. and Wang P.). - Opal / (Wang R.). - 4.4 Coral Reefs / (Yu K. and Zhao J.). - Modern Coral Reef Distribution. - Carbonate Platform Sediments and Calcium Carbonate Production. - Reef History. - 4.5 Volcanic Deposition / (Liu Z.). - Volcanic Rock Distribution. - Volcanic Ash Records. - Case Studies: Pinatubo, Toba. - 4.6 Estimation of Deposit Mass Since the Oligocene / (Huang W. and Wang P.). - Data Sources and Analyses. - Sediment Distribution and Mass. - Estimation of Terrigenous and Carbonate Masses. - Depositional Patterns. - Major Characteristics of SCS Sedimentation. - References. - 5 Upper Water Structure and Paleo-Monsoon. - Introduction. - 5.1 Sea Surface Temperature History / (Jian Z. and Tian J.). - SST Proxies. - Paleo-SST Reconstruction. - Paleo-SST Patterns. - 5.2 Thermocline Depth History / (Tian J. and Jian Z.). - Proxies of Thermocline Depth. - Paleo-Thermocline Depth. - 5.3 Vegetation History in Deep-Sea Record / (Sun X.). - Pollen Distribution in Surface Sediments. - Long-Term Evolution. - Last Glacial Pollen Records: North-South Differences. - North-South Comparison of the Vegetation During the LGM. - 5.4 Monsoon History / (Jian Z. and Tian J.). - Monsoon Proxies. - Tectonic-Scale Long-Term Evolution. - Orbital-Scale Variability. - Suborbital-Scale Variability. - Summary. - References. - 6 Deep Waters and Oceanic Connection / Quanhong Zhao, Qianyu Li and Zhimin Jian. - Introduction. - 6.1 Modern Deep Waters and Their Faunal Features. - Marginal Seas in the Western Pacific. - Modern Intermediate and Deep Waters in the South China Sea. - Modern Deep-Sea Benthic Foraminifera and Ostracods. - 6.2 Late Quaternary Deep-Water Faunas and Stable Isotopes. - 6.3 Neogene and Oligocene Deep-Water Benthic Faunas from ODP Leg 184 Sites. - Site 1148 Benthic Foraminifera. - Site 1148 Ostracods. - Faunal Indication of Deep-Water Mass Changes. - 6.4 Deep Water Evolution: Evidence from Carbonate. - Preservation and Isotopes. - Carbonate Dissolution. - Isotopic Records. - 6.5 Oceanic Connection. - Summary. - References. - 7 Biogeochemistry and the Carbon Reservoir. - Introduction. - 7.1 Productivity and Nutrient Dynamics in the Modern South China Sea / (Zhao M.). - Primary Productivity. - Nutrient Supplies. - Community Structure, Export Productivity and Sedimentary Biogenic Content. - 7.2 Paleoproductivity Reconstruction of the South China Sea / (Zhao M.). - Patterns of Productivity Changes During Glacial-Interglacial Oscillations. - Pre-Pleistocene Paleoproductivity Changes. - 7.3 Carbon Reservoir Changes / (Wang P., Tian J. and Li J.). - Modern Carbon Cycling. - Late Quaternary δ13C Cyclicity. - Long-Term Trend of Carbon Isotopes. - Summary. - References. - 8 History of the South China Sea – A Synthesis / Pinxian Wang and Qianyu Li. - Introduction. - 8.1 Evolution of the South China Sea Basin. - Pre-Spreading Stage in the Early Paleogene. - Seafloor Spreading in the Oligocene-Early Miocene. - Post-Spreading Stage Since the Late Miocene. - 8.2 Evolution of the East Asian Monsoon. - Summer Monsoon and Chemical Weathering. - Winter Monsoon and North-South Contrast. - East and South Asian Monsoons. - 8.3 Evolution of Continent-Ocean Interactions. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface PART I Framework of Climate Science CHAPTER 1 Overview of Climate Science Climate and Climate Change 1-1 Geologic Time Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales 1-2 How This Book Is Organized Development of Climate Science 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change Overview of the Climate System 1-4 Components of the Climate System 1-5 Climate Forcing 1-6 Climate System Responses 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response 1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks CHAPTER 2 Climate Archives, Data, and Models Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution 2-1 Types of Archives 2-2 Dating Climate Records 2-3 Climatic Resolution Climatic Data 2-4 Biotic Data 2-5 Geological and Geochemical Data Climate Models 2-6 Physical Climate Models 2-7 Geochemical Models PART II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 3 CO2and Long-Term Climate Greenhouse Worlds Faint Young Sun Paradox Carbon Exchanges Between Rocks and the Atmosphere 3-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere 3-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat? 3-3 Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat? 3-4 Gaia Hypothesis Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon Subcycle Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”? A Snowball Earth? CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate Plate Tectonics 4-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates 4-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions Polar Position Hypothesis 4-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions Since 500 Myr Ago Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea 4-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago 4-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis 4-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading 4-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis 4-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering 4-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming 4-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering 4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin 4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback? CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse 5-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch? 5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future Sea Level Changes and Climate 5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level 5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level Asteroid Impact Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago 6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation 6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements 6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling? 6-4 Gateway Hypothesis 6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO2 6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis 6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis Climate DebateTiming of the Uplift in Western North America Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation Earth’s Orbit Today 7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons 7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit 7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation 7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time 7-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season 7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records 7-8 Time Series Analysis 7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records 7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons Monsoon Circulations 8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons 8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean 8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic 8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment 8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil 8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago 8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size 9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing 9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation 9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay 9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence 9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Ice Cores 10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores 10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air 10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2 10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go? 10-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean? 10-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater 10-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters A Closer Look at Climate Science: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping 10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4 Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO2and CH4 CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World 11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly at 41,000 Years? 11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses? 11-3 CO2 Feedback at 41,000 Years? Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World 11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South? Why did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at ~100,000 Years? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response 11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock 11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local Environment 11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases PART IV Deglacial Climate Change CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas 12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum 12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets? 12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons 12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the Continents 12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern Ice Sheets 12-9 Climate Changes far from the Northern Ice Sheets How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling 12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling 12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power 13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt? 13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level 13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial Two-Step To

Note: Contents: 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles. - 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere. - 1.4 Energy Interactions with Earth Surface Features. - 1.5 Data Acquisition and Interpretation. - 1.6 Reference Data. - 1.7 The Global Positioning System. - 1.8 Characteristics of Remote Sensing System. - 1.9 Successful Application of Remote Sensing. - 1.10 Geographic Information Systems. - 1.11 Organization of the Book. - Works Cited. - 2 Elements of Photographic Systems. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography. - 2.3 Photographic Basics. - 2.4 Film Photography. - 2.5 Digital Photography. - 2.6 Aerial Cameras. - 2.7 Spatial Resolution of Camera Systems. - 2.8 Aerial Videography. - 2.9 Multiband Imaging. - 2.10 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs. - 3.3 Photographic Scale. - 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs. - 3.5 Area Measurement. - 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features. - 3.7 Image Parallax. - 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography. - 3.9 Production of Maps and Orthophotos. - 3.10 Flight Planning. - 3.11 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 4 Introduction to Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.3 Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment. - 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping. - 4.5 Geologic and Soil Mapping. - 4.6 Agricultural Applications. - 4.7 Forestry Applications. - 4.8 Rangeland Applications. - 4.9 Water Resource Applications. - 4.10 Urban and Regional Planning Applications. - 4.11 Wetland Mapping. - 4.12 Wildlife Ecology Applications. - 4.13 Archaeological Applications. - 4.14 Environmental Assessment. - 4.15 Natural Disaster Assessment. - 4.16 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation. - Works Cited. - 5 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Across-Track Scanning. - 5.3 Along-Track Scanning. - 5.4 Example Across-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery. - 5.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery. - 5.6 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.7 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.8 Thermal Scanning. - 5.9 Thermal Radiation Principles. - 5.10 Interpreting Thermal Scanner Imagery. - 5.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Scanners. - 5.12 Temperature Mapping with Thermal Scanner Data. - 5.13 FLIR Systems. - 5.14 Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.15 Conclusion . - Works Cited. - 6 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Early History of Space Imaging. - 6.3 Landsat Satellite Program Overview. - 6.4 Landsat-1,-2, and-3. - 6.5 Landsat-4 and -5. - 6.6 Landsat-6 Planned Mission. - 6.7 Landsat-7. - 6.8 Landsat Image Examples. - 6.9 Landsat Data Continuity Mission. - 6.10 Long-Term Future of the Landsat Program and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. - 6.11 SPOT Satellite Program. - 6.12 SPOT-1,-2, and-3. - 6.13 SPOT-4. - 6.14 SPOT-5. - 6.15 SPOT Image Examples. - 6.16 Other Earth Resource Satellites. - 6.17 Meteorological Satellites Frequently Applied to Earth Surface Feature Observation. - 6.18 Ocean Monitoring Satellites. - 6.19 Earth Observing System. - 6.20 Space Station Remote Sensing . - Works Cited. - 7 Digital Image Interpretation and Analysis. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Image Rectification and Restoration. - 7.3 Image Enhancement. - 7.4 Contrast Manipulation. - 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation. - 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation. - 7.7 Image Classification. - 7.8 Supervised Classification. - 7.9 The Classification Stage. - 7.10 The Training Stage. - 7.11 Unsupervised Classification. - 7.12 Hybrid Classification. - 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels. - 7.14 The Output Stage. - 7.15 Postclassification Smoothing. - 7.16 Object-Oriented Classification. - 7.17 Classification Accuracy Assessment. - 7.18 Data Merging and GIS Integration. - 7.19 Hyperspectral Image Analysis. - 7.20 Biophysical Modeling. - 7.21 Scale Effects. - 7.22 Image Transmission and Compression. - 7.23 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 8 Microwave and Lidar Sensing. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Radar Development. - 8.3 Side-Looking Radar System Operation. - 8.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar. - 8.5 Geometric Characteristics of Radar Imagery. - 8.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals. - 8.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics. - 8.8 Radar Image Interpretation. - 8.9 Interferometric Radar. - 8.10 Radar Remote Sensing from Space. - 8.11 Seasat-1. - 8.12 Shuttle Imaging Radar. - 8.13 Almaz-1. - 8.14 ERS-1 and ERS-2. - 8.15 Envisat. - 8.16 JERS-1. - 8.17 ALOS. - 8.18 Radarsat. - 8.19 High Resolution Spaceborne Radar Systems. - 8.20 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. - 8.21 Spaceborne Radar System Summary. - 8.22 Passive Microwave Sensing. - 8.23 Lidar. - Works Cited. - Appendix A Radiometric Concepts,Terminology, and Units. - Geometric Characteristics of Radiation Measurement. - Radiometric Terminology and Units. - Appendix B Remote Sensing Data and Information Resources. - Sources of Remote Sensing Data and Information. - Remote Sensing Periodicals. - Remote Sensing Glossaries. - Online Remote Sensing Courses and Tutorials. - Appendix C Sample Coordinate Transformation and Resampling Procedures. - Two-Dimensional Affine Coordinate Transformation. - Resampling Procedures . - Appendix D Radar Signal Concepts, Terminology,and Units. - Signal Power and Radar Cross Section. - Complex Amplitude of Radar Signals. - Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 The meteorology of monsoons. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Meteorology of the tropics. - 1.3 The Indian Ocean monsoon system. - 1.4 Theory of monsoons. - 2 Controls on the Asian monsoon over tectonic timescales. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 The influence of Tibet. - 2.3 Oceanic controls on monsoon intensity. - 2.4 Summary. - 3 Monsoon evolution on tectonic timescales. - 3.1 Proxies for monsoon intensity. - 3.2 Monsoon reconstruction by oceanic upwelling. - 3.3 Continental climate records. - 3.4 Eolian dust records. - 3.5 Evolving flora of East Asia. - 3.6 History of Western Pacific Warm Pool and the Monsoon. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 Monsoon evolution on orbital timescales. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Orbital controls on monsoon strength. - 4.3 Eolian records in North-east Asia. - 4.4 Monsoon records from cave deposits. - 4.5 Monsoon variability recorded in ice caps. - 4.6 Monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments. - 4.7 Salinity records in marine sediments. - 4.8 Pollen records in marine sediments. - 4.9 Paleoproductivity as an indicator of monsoon strength. - 4.10 The Early Holocene monsoon. - 4.11 Mid–Late Holocene monsoon. - 4.12 Summary. - 5 Erosional impact of the Asian monsoon. - 5.1 Monsoon and oceanic strontium. - 5.2 Reconstructing erosion records. - 5.3 Reconstructing exhumation. - 5.4 Estimating marine sediment budgets. - 5.5 Erosion in Indochina. - 5.6 Erosion in other regions. - 5.7 Monsoon rains in Oman. - 5.8 Changes in monsoon-driven erosion on orbital timescales. - 5.9 Tectonic impact of monsoon strengthening. - 5.10 Climatic control over Himalaya exhumation. - 5.11 Summary. - 6 The Late Holocene monsoon and human society. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Holocene climate change and the Fertile Crescent. - 6.3 Holocene climate change and the Indus Valley. - 6.4 Holocene climate change and early Chinese cultures. - 6.5 Monsoon developments since 1000 AD. - 6.6 Monsoon and religion. - 6.7 Impacts of future monsoon evolution. - 6.8 Summary. - References. - Further reading. - Index.

Note: Contents: 1. The Politics and Political Economy of Forestland Regimes ; SECTION I: The Origins and Divergences of National Forestland Regimes ; 2. Colonialism and the Transformation of Hinterlands ; 3. Politics of 4. Political Mediation of Land Conflicts in the Hinterlands ; SECTION II: Politics of Institutional Change ; 5. Politics of Institutional Change in India's Forestland Regimes ; 6. Politics of Institutional Change in Tanzania and Mexico ; SECTION III: Policy Differences and Key Lessons ; 7. Public Accountability in Policy- making: Forest- Based Climate Change Mitigation in India, Tanzania, and Mexico ; 8. Conclusion: Toward Social Justice and Enduring Nature Conservation ; Appendix I: Number of People Affected by Forestland Conflicts ; Appendix II: A Sample of Specific Events Related to Forestland Conflicts ; Appendix III: Major Socioeconomic and Political Indicators in Case Study Countries ; Appendix IV: Inequality- Adjusted Human Development Index for Selected Regions ; Appendix V: Statistical Analysis of Forestland Claims in Gujarat, India ; References ; Index

Note: Zugl.: Zürich, Univ., Diss., 2007 , Contents: Abstract. - Zusammenfassung. - Acknowledgements. - Contents. - List of figures. - List of tables. - List of abbreviations. - List of symbols. - Latin symbols. - Greek symbols. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 State of research. - 1.1.1 Hydrothermal regime of the active layer in debris slopes. - 1.1.2 Slope stability of the active layer in debris slopes. - 1.2 Motivation. - 1.3 Hypothesis. - 1.4 Objectives. - 2 Field investigations. - 2.1 Study site. - 2.2 Field methods. - 2.2.1 Field research infrastructure. - 2.2.2 Field measuring array. - 2.2.3 Measurements in detail. - 2.3 Field results and interpretation. - 2.3.1 Meteorological conditions. - 2.3.2 Hydrological ground parameters. - 2.3.3 Thermal ground parameters. - 2.3.4 Geotechnical parameters. - 2.4 Discussion of field investigations. - 2.4.1 Water balance. - 2.4.2 Heat balance. - 2.4.3 Relation between water and heat balance. - 2.4.4. Suitability of measuring equipment and reliability of data. - 2.4.5 Relevance of results in context of climate change. - 2.5 Summary of field investigations. - 3 Laboratory experiments. - 3.1 Analysis of granular materials. - 3.2 Development of inclinable shear apparatus. - 3.2.1 Requirements. - 3.2.2 Solution. - 3.2.3 Construction. - 3.3 Systematic 4-factorial screening shear test series. - 3.3.1 Methods of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.2 Results and analysis of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.3 Discussion of systematic shear test series. - 3.3.4 Summary of systematic shear test series. - 3.4 Physical simulation of thaw-induced failure of the active layer. - 3.4.1 Methods for simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.2 Results of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.3 Discussion of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.4.4 Summary of simulation of thaw-induced active layer failure. - 3.5 Comparison of systematic shear tests and failure simulation. - 4 Integral discussion of field and laboratory investigations. - 4.1 Implications of the laboratory simulation for the field study site. - 4.2 Implications of the shear test series for the field in general. - 5 Conclusions. - 6 Outlook. - References. - Curriculum Vitae. , Zsfassung in dt. Sprache

Note: ""Preface""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""Contents""; ""Chapter 1 Structure and Composition of the Lower and Middle Atmosphere""; ""Chapter 2 Radiative Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere""; ""Chapter 3 Dynamics of the Troposphere and Stratosphere""; ""Chapter 4 Waves in the Troposphere and Stratosphere""; ""Chapter 5 Chemical Processes in the Stratosphere and Troposphere""; ""Chapter 6 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Antarctic Ozone Hole""; ""Chapter 7 Transport Processes in the Stratosphere and Troposphere""; ""Chapter 8 Stratosphere�Troposphere Exchange"". , ""Chapter 9 Stratospheric Influence on Tropospheric Weather and Climate""""Acronyms""; ""List of Symbols""; ""Table of Physical Constants""; ""Answers to Selected Problems""; ""Index"".

Note: Contents: PART 1: The challenge of long-term democratic governance ; 1 Intertemporal policy-making in advanced democracies ; 2 The presentist bias ; 3 Probing the causes of the presentist bias ; 4 The policy dimensions of the presentist bias ; PART 2: Principles and proposals for improving long-term democratic governance ; 5 Foundations for prudent long-term governance ; 6 Countering the presentist bias ; PART 3: Assessing the options for improving long-term democratic governance ; 7 A constitution for the future ; 8 Committing to a better future ; 9 Insulating decision-making from short-term political pressures ; 10 Enhancing voices for the future ; 11 Advising for a better future ; 12 Designing and embedding a strategic foresight capability ; 13 Creating the political conditions for policy investments ; PART 4: Taking care of tomorrow today ; 14 Towards a better tomorrow ; Appendix ; Bibliography ; Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - NICOP Sponsors. - Deep Permafrost Studies at the Lupin Mine: Hydrogeological and Geochemical Information for Nuclear Waste Disposal / L. Ahonen, T. Ruskeeniemi, R. Stotler, S. Frape, K. Lehto, I. Puigdomenech, M. Hobbs, and P. Degnan. - Effect of Fire on Pond Dynamics in Regions of Discontinuous Permafrost: A State of Change Following the Fires of 2004 and 2005? / G. Altmann, D. Verbyla, K. Yoshikawa, and J. Fox. - Cryological Status of Russian Soils: Cartographic Assessment / T.V. Ananko, D.E. Konyushkov, and E.M. Naumov. - Acoustical Surveys of Methane Plumes Using the Quantitative Echo Sounder in the Japan Sea / C. Aoyama, R. Matsumoto, M. Hiromatsu, and G. Snyder. - Permafrost Delineation Near Fairbanks, Alaska, Using Geophysical Techniques / B.N. Astley and A.J. Delaney. - Preparatory Work for a Permanent Geoelectrical Measurement Station for Permafrost Monitoring at the Hoher Sonnblick, Austria / M. Avian, A. Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A. Römer, and R. Supper. - A Provisional Soil Map of the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica / M.R. Balks, M. McLeod, and J.G. Bockheim. - Martian Permafrost Depths from Orbital Neutron and Temperature Measurements / J.L. Bandfield and W.C. Feldman. - Time Series Analyses of Active Microwave Satellite Data for Monitoring of Hydrology at High Latitudes / A. Bartsch. - Impact of Permafrost Degradation on Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks Related to Pedogenesis and Ecosystem Functioning / F. Baumann, J-S. He, P. Kühn, and T. Scholten. - DC Resistivity Soundings Across a Pebbly Rock Glacier, Kapp Linné, Svalbard / I. Berthling and H. Juliussen. - Modeling Thermal and Moisture Regimes of Permafrost with New Deep Soil Configuration in CLASS / J-P. Blanchette, L. Sushama, and R. Laprise. - A Provisional Permafrost Map of the Transantarctic Mountains / J.G. Bockheim, M. McLeod, and M.R. Balks. - Alpine Permafrost Distribution at Massif Scale: Assessment of Mean Surface Temperatures During the Winter Equilibrium Period Thanks to Topoclimatic and Geomorphological Data (Combeynot Massif, French Alps) / X. Bodin, P. Schoeneich, and M. Fort. - Cryogenic Formations of the Caucasus and the Significance of Their Impact on the Natural Phenomena of the Region / I.V. Bondyrev. - Modeling Potential Climatic Change Impacts on Mountain Permafrost Distribution, Wolf Creek, Yukon, Canada / P.P. Bonnaventure and A.G. Lewkowicz. - A Hypothesis: A Condition of Growth of Thick Ice Wedges / A. Brouchkov. - Modeled Continual Surface Water Storage Change of the Yukon River Basin / R. Bryan, L.D. Hinzman, and R.C. Busey. - Freeze/Thaw Properties of Tundra Soils, with Applications to Trafficability on the North Slope, Alaska / C.F. Bryant, R.F. Paetzold, and M.R. Lilly. - Discontinuous Permafrost Distribution and Groundwater Flow at a Contaminated Site in Fairbanks, Alaska / A.E. Carlson and D.L. Barnes. - Thermal Regime Within an Arctic Waste Rock Pile: Observations and Implications / J.W. Cassie and L.U. Arenson. - Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Active Layer Development in Permafrost Wetland Systems / C.M. Chiu and L.C. Bowling. - Twelve-Year Thaw Progression Data from Zackenberg, Northeast Greenland / H.H. Christiansen and C. Sigsgård. - Continued Permafrost Warming in Northwest Alaska as Detected by the DOI/GTN-P Borehole Array / G.D. Clow. - Landsliding Following Forest Fire on Permafrost Slopes, Klondike Area, Yukon, Canada / J. Coates and A.G. Lewkowicz. - A Permafrost Model Incorporating Dynamic Variable Soil Depth and Properties / R. Coppell and S. Venevsky. - Seasonal Sources of Soil Respiration from High Arctic Landscapes Dominated by Polar Stripes / C.I. Czimczik, S.E. Trumbore, and J. Welker. - Greenland Permafrost Temperature Simulations / R.P. Daanen, V.E. Romanovsky, S.S. Marchenko, J.H. Christensen, M. Stendel, and T. Ingeman-Nielsen. - The Importance of Snow Cover Evolution in Rock Glacier Temperature Modeling / M. DallAmico, S. Endrizzi, R. Rigon, and S. Gruber. - The Account of Long-Term Air Temperature Changes for Building Design in Permafrost / I.V. Davidova and L.N. Khroustalev. - The Combined Isotopic Analysis of Late Quaternary Ice Wedges and Texture Ice at the Lena-Anabar Lowland, Northern Siberia / A. Dereviagin, H. Meyer, A. Chizhov, and D. Magens. - Adaptating and Managing Nunavik’s Transportation Infrastructure / G. Doré, A. Guimond, and G. Grondin. - Human Experience of Cryospheric Change in Nunavut, Canada: Preliminary Findings / N. Doubleday, S. Donaldson, T. Vlasova, A. Kushwaha, and M. Ip. - HiRISE Observations of Fractured Mounds in the Martian Mid-Latitudes / C.M. Dundas and A.S. McEwen. - A Soil Freeze-Thaw Model Through the Soil Water Characteristic Curve / S. Endrizzi, R. Rigon, and M. DallAmico. - Mapping and Modeling the Distribution of Permafrost in the Nordic Countries / B. Etzelmüller, H. Farbrot, O. Humlum, H. Christiansen, H. Juliussen, K. Isaksen, T.V. Schuler, R.S. Ødegård, and H. Ridefelt. - First Results of Ground Surface Temperature Modeling in Finnmark, Northern Norway / H. Farbrot, B. Etzelmüller, K. Isaksen, T.V. Schuler, O.E. Tveito, and H.H. Christiansen. - Historical Changes in the Seasonally Frozen Ground Regions of the Russian Arctic / O.W. Frauenfeld, T. Zhang, A.J. Etringer, R.G. Barry, and D. Gilichinsky. - Rock Glaciers in the Kåfjord Area, Troms, Northern Norway / R. Frauenfelder, J. Tolgensbakk, H. Farbrot, and T.R. Lauknes. - Snowpack Evolution on Permafrost, Non-Permafrost Soils, and Glaciers in the Monte Rosa Massif (Northwest Alps, Italy) / M. Freppaz, M. Maggioni, S. Gandino, and E. Zanini. - Climate Change in Permafrost Regions in North America / M.K.Gavrilova. - Maximizing Construction Season in a Subarctic Environment, Fort Wainwright, Alaska / Q. Gehring and F.J. Wuttig. - Pleistocene Sand-Wedge, Composite-Wedge, and Complex-Wedge Growth in Flanders, Belgium / G. Ghysels, I. Heyse, J.-P. Buylaert, A.S. Murray, D. Vandenberghe, F. De Corte, and P. Van den haute. - Response of Arctic and Subarctic Soils in a Changing Earth (RASCHER) – Project of IPY: Methodology, Activity, Results / S.V. Goryachkin, J.M. Kimble, N.B. Badmaev, M. Drewnik, D.G. Fedorov-Davydov, S.A. Iglovski, E.M. Lapteva, G.M., Mazhitova, N.S. Mergelov, V.E. Ostroumov, and E-M. Pfeiffer. - Monitoring of the Floodplain Talik Downstream from the Ust’-Srednekan Reservoir / S.A. Guly and V.M. Mikhailov. - Retrogressive Thaw Slump Impacts on Inconnu Spawning Habitat in the Selawik River, Alaska / R. Hander, K. Yoshikawa, and N. OlsonClimatic Change and Permafrost Stability in the Eastern Canadian Cordillera / S.A. Harris. - Idealized Modeling of the Impact of Atmospheric Forcing Variables on Mountain Permafrost Degradation / C. Hauck and N. Salzmann. - A Method for the Analysis of the Thermal Permafrost Dynamics / M.A. Hidalgo, J.J. Blanco, M. Ramos, D. Tomé, and G. Vieira. - Ground Truth Observations of the Interior of a Rock Glacier as Validation for Geophysical Monitoring Datasets / C. Hilbich, I. Roer, and C. Hauck. - Internal Structure of Rock Glacier Murtèl Delineated by Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Forward/Inverse Modeling / C. Hilbich. - Permafrost Degradation Beneath a Heat-Producing Coal Waste Rock Pile, Svalbard (78°N) / J. Hollesen and B. Elberling. - Patterns in Soil Carbon Distribution in the Usa Basin (Russia): Linking Soil Properties to Environmental Variables in Constrained Gradient Analysis / G. Hugelius and P. Kuhry. - Total Storage and Landscape Distribution of Soil Carbon in the Central Canadian Arctic Using Different Upscaling Tools / G. Hugelius, P. Kuhry, C. Tarnocai, and T. Virtanen. - Liquid Water Destabilizes Frozen Debris Slope at the Melting Point: A Case Study of a Rock Glacier in the Swiss Alps / A. Ikeda and N. Matsuoka. - TSP NORWAY – Thermal Monitoring of Mountain Permafrost in Northern Norway / K. Isaksen, H. Farbrot, B. Etzelmüller, H.H. Christiansen, L.H. Blikra, K. Midttømme, and J.S. Rønning. - Mapping the Mountain Permafrost in Areas Surrounding

Note: Contents: 1 Reforming the EU ETS: Where are we now? ; 2 Agreeing on the EU ETS price floor to foster solidarity, subsidiarity, and efficiency in the EU ; 3 Under pressure: European Electricity Markets and the Need for Reform ; 4 Reforming the EU energy tax directive: assessing the options ; 5 On the coherence of economic instruments: climate, renewables, and energy efficiency policies ; 6 Fiscal and regulatory instruments for clean technology development in the European Union ; 7 Lessons from the U.S. shale gas boom ; 8 Tax and regulatory policies for European transport: getting ther, but in the slow lane ; 9 Carbon pricing and taxation: overcoming obstacles to policy reform in the EU

Note: Contents: 1 Future water use in the Guanting basin under climate change and socio-economic transition ; 2 The geographical setting for integrated water resource management in the Guanting basin ; 3 Regional climate modeling ; 4 Simulation of natural water availability with the eco-hydrological model SWIM ; 5 Quality assessment of SWIM-Guanting simulations ; 6 Regionalization of socio-economic scenarios and adaptation options for the Guanting basin ; 7 Water Quantity Management – the Model WBalMo ; 8 Monitoring of trophic status and phytoplankton in water bodies of the Guanting basin ; 9 Water quality management: modeling of nutrient emissions with MONERIS ; 10 Reservoirs of the Guanting basin ; 11 Impacts and adaptation ; 12 Exploring alternative water distribution rules with behavioral irrigation experiments ; 13 InfoSYS Guanting ; Glossary

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction to the Application of Paleoecological Techniques in Estuaries / Kathryn H. Taffs, Krystyna M. Saunders, Kaarina Weckström, Peter A. Gell, and C. Gregory Skilbeck. - PART I ESTARIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT. - 2 Estuary Form and Function: Implications for Palaeoecological Studies / Peter Scanes, Angus Ferguson, and Jaimie Potts. - 3 Geology and Sedimentary History of Modern Estuaries / C. Gregory Skilbeck, Andrew D. Heap, and Colin D. Woodroffe. - 4 Paleoecological Evidence for Variability and Change in Estuaries: Insights for Management / Krystyna M. Saunders and Peter A. Gell. - PART II CORING AND DATING OF ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS. - 5 Sediment Sampling in Estuaries: Site Selection and Sampling Techniques / C. Gregory Skilbeck, Stacey Trevathan-Tackett, Pemika Apichanangkool, and Peter I. Macreadie. - 6 Some Practical Considerations Regarding the Application of 210Pb and 137Cs Dating to Estuarine Sediments / Thorbjoern Joest Andersen. - 7 Radiocarbon Dating in Estuarine Environments / Jesper Olsen, Philippa Ascough, Bryan C. Lougheed, and Peter Rasmussen. - PART III TECHNIQUES FOR PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS IN ESTUARINES. - 8 Lipid Biomarkers as Organic Geochemical Proxies for the Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Estuarine Environments / John K. Volkman and Rienk H. Smittenberg. - 9 C/N ratios and Carbon Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Estuarine Environments / Melanie J. Leng and Jonathan P. Lewis. - 10 Physical and Chemical Factors to Consider when Studying Historical Contamination and Pollution in Estuaries / Amanda Reichelt-Brushett, Malcolm Clark, and Gavin Birch. - 11 Diatoms as Indicators of Environmental Change in Estuaries / Kathryn H. Taffs, Krystyna M. Saunders, and Brendan Logan. - 12 Dinoflagellate Cysts as Proxies for Holocene Environmental Change in Estuaries: Diversity, Abundance and Morphology / Marianne Ellegaard, Barrie Dale, Kenneth N. Mertens, Vera Pospelova, and Sofia Ribeiro. - 13 Applications of Foraminifera, Testate Amoebae and Tintinnids in Estuarine Palaeoecology / Anupam Ghosh and Helena L. Filipsson. - 14 Ostracods as Recorders of Palaeoenvironmental Change in Estuaries / Jessica M. Reeves. - 15 Application of Molluscan Analyses to the Reconstruction of Past Environmental Conditions in Estuaries / G. Lynn Wingard and Donna Surge. - 16 Corals in Estuarine Environments: Their Response to Environmental Changes and Application in Reconstructing Past Environmental Variability / Francisca Staines-Urías. - 17 Inferring Environmental Change in Estuaries from Plant Macrofossils / John Tibby and Carl D. Sayer. - 18 Applications of Pollen Analysis in Estuarine Systems / Joanna C. Ellison. - PART IV CASE STUDIES. - 19 Palaeo-Environmental Approaches to Reconstructing Sea Level Changes in Estuaries / Brigid V. Morrison and Joanna C. Ellison. - 20 Paleoecology Studies in Chesapeake Bay: A Model System for Understanding Interactions between Climate, Anthropogenic Activities and the Environment / Elizabeth A. Canuel, Grace S. Brush, Thomas M. Cronin, Rowan Lockwood, and Andrew R. Zimmerman. - 21 Paleosalinity Changes in the Río de la Plata Estuary and on the Adjacent Uruguayan Continental Shelf over the Past 1200 Years: An Approach Using Diatoms as a Proxy / Laura Perez, Felipe García-Rodríguez, and Till J.J. Hanebuth. - 22 Application of Paleoecology to Ecosystem Restoration: A Case Study from South Florida’s Estuaries / G. Lynn Wingard. - 23 Paleolimnological History of the Coorong: Identifying the Natural Ecological Character of a Ramsar Wetland in Crisis / Peter A. Gell. - 24 Palaeoenvironmental History of the Baltic Sea: One of the Largest Brackish-water Ecosystems in the World / Kaarina Weckström, Jonathan P. Lewis, Elinor Andrén, Marianne Ellegaard, Peter Rasmussen, and Richard Telford. - Glossary. - Index

Note: Beiträge überwiegend deutsch, teilweise englisch

Note: Contents: TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT PAGE -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART I FORCINGS OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 1 THE CHANGING EL NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION AND ASSOCIATED CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. CHANGES IN ENSO PROPERTIES -- 1.3. CHANGES IN ENSO DYNAMICS -- 1.4. CHANGES IN ENSO TELECONNECTIONS AND ASSOCIATED CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 1.5. ENSO IN THE FUTURE -- 1.6. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 WEATHER EXTREMES LINKED TO INTERACTION OF THE ARCTIC AND MIDLATITUDES -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. ARCTIC EFFECTS ON MIDLATITUDE EXTREMES -- 2.3. MIDLATITUDE EFFECTS ON ARCTIC EXTREMES -- 2.4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON REGIONAL CHANGES IN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS ON CLOUDS AND RADIATION -- 3.3. AEROSOL IMPACT ON REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE -- 3.4. Mitigation scenarios for aerosol emissions -- 3.5. AEROSOL EFFECT ON TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION EXTREMES -- 3.6. FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4 WEAKENED FLOW, PERSISTENT CIRCULATION, AND PROLONGED WEATHER EXTREMES IN BOREAL SUMMER -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. RESONANT CIRCULATION REGIMES -- 4.3. REAL EVENTS -- 4.4. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5 LAND PROCESSES AS THE FORCING OF EXTREMES: A REVIEW -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. FORCINGS OF LAND PROCESSES ON CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 5.3. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART II PROCESSES OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 6 TIMING OF ANTHROPOGENIC EMERGENCE IN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. DEFINING TIME OF EMERGENCE -- 6.3. DATA AND METHODS -- 6.4. RESULTS -- 6.5. DISCUSSION -- 6.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES CHAPTER 7 RECENT INCREASES IN EXTREME TEMPERATURE OCCURRENCE OVER LAND -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY -- 7.3. RESULTS -- 7.4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8 WHY FUTURE SHIFTS IN TROPICAL PRECIPITATION WILL LIKELY BE SMALL: THE LOCATION OF THE TROPICAL RAIN BELT AND THE HEMISPHERIC CONTRAST OF ENERGY INPUT TO THE ATMOSPHERE -- 8.1. INTRODUCTION -- 8.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ITCZ POSITION AND HEMISPHERIC CONTRAST OF ATMOSPHERIC HEATING -- 8.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SEASONAL CYCLE OF ITCZ MIGRATION AND THE ANNUAL MEAN PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION -- 8.4. IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE ITCZ SHIFTS UNDER GLOBAL WARMING -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9 WEATHER-CLIMATE INTERACTIONS AND MJO INFLUENCES -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO, BACKGROUND STATE, AND SYNOPTIC WEATHER -- 9.3. A CASE STUDY ON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION AND EL NIÑO -- 9.4. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO AND BREAKING WAVES -- 9.5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MJO, TROPICAL CYCLONES, AND THE EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION -- 9.6. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10 RECENT CLIMATE EXTREMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE WEST PACIFIC WARMING MODE -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. BACKGROUND -- 10.3. DATA AND METHODS -- 10.4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN HEAT WAVES AND CIRCUMGLOBAL TELECONNECTION PATTERNS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SUMMER -- 11.1. INTRODUCTION -- 11.2. DATA AND METHODS -- 11.3. DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT WAVES -- 11.4. PLANETARY WAVES ASSOCIATED WITH THE HEAT WAVES -- 11.5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART III REGIONAL CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 12 NORTH AMERICAN DROUGHT AND LINKS TO NORTHERN EURASIA: THE ROLE OF STATIONARY ROSSBY WAVES -- 12.1. INTRODUCTION -- 12.2. REANALYSIS DATA AND THE GEOS-5 AGCM EXPERIMENTS -- 12.3. RESULTS -- 12.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13 THE CALIFORNIA DROUGHT: TRENDS AND IMPACTS -- 13.1. INTRODUCTION -- 13.2. THE PROLONGED DROUGHT OF 2012-2016 -- 13.3. ROLE OF ENSO CYCLE -- 13.4. ARCTIC INFLUENCES -- 13.5. DROUGHT IMPACTS ON CALIFORNIA -- 13.6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14 OBSERVED TRENDS IN US TORNADO FREQUENCY -- 14.1. INTRODUCTION -- 14.2. STORM DATA TORNADO DATABASE -- 14.3. US TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY -- 14.4. CHANGES IN US TORNADO STATISTICS -- 14.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15 MECHANISMS EXPLAINING RECENT CHANGES IN AUSTRALIAN CLIMATE EXTREMES -- 15.1. INTRODUCTION -- 15.2. AUSTRALIAN RAINFALL EXTREMES OF 2010-2012 -- 15.3. AUSTRALIA'S TEMPERATURE EXTREMES OF 2013 -- 15.4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16 UNRAVELING EAST AFRICA'S CLIMATE PARADOX -- 16.1. INTRODUCTION -- 16.2. THE NATURE OF THE RECENT EAST AFRICAN LONG RAINS DECLINE -- 16.3. LINKS TO PACIFIC DECADAL VARIABILITY -- 16.4. PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- 16.5. CLIMATE MODEL SIMULATIONS OF EAST AFRICAN CLIMATE -- 16.6. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17 A PHYSICAL MODEL FOR EXTREME DROUGHT OVER SOUTHWEST ASIA -- 17.1. INTRODUCTION -- 17.2. PRECIPITATION PATTERNS -- 17.3. SST RELATIONSHIPS -- 17.4. ATMOSPHERIC TELECONNECTIONS -- 17.5. SUMMARY -- APPENDIX: DATA -- REFERENCES -- PART IV PREDICTION OF CLIMATE EXTREMES -- CHAPTER 18 EXTRATROPICAL PRECURSORS OF THE EL NIÑO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION -- 18.1. INTRODUCTION -- 18.2. OVERVIEW OF PRECURSORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON ENSO -- 18.3. DATA AND DEFINITIONS -- 18.4. EVALUATION OF PRECURSOR VARIABILITY AND COVARIABILITY -- 18.5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECURSORS AND ENSO -- 18.6. DIAGNOSING PRECURSORS AS ENSO PREDICTORS -- 18.7. RELATIONSHIP OF EXTRATROPICAL PRECURSORS TO 2014 AND 2015 EL NIñO -- 18.8. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19 NORTH ATLANTIC SEASONAL HURRICANE PREDICTION: UNDERLYING SCIENCE AND AN EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL MODELS -- 19.1. INTRODUCTION -- 19.2. STATISTICALLY BASED SEASONAL HURRICANE OUTLOOK MODELS -- 19.3. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20 PREDICTING SUBSEASONAL PRECIPITATION VARIATIONS BASED ON THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION -- 20.1. INTRODUCTION -- 20.2. THE MJO INFLUENCE ON THE VARIABILITY OF PRECIPITATION -- 20.3. FORECASTING THE MJO -- 20.4. THE MJO AND PREDICTABILITY OF PRECIPITATION -- 20.5. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21 PREDICTION OF SHORT-TERM CLIMATE EXTREMES WITH A MULTIMODEL ENSEMBLE -- 21.1. INTRODUCTION -- 21.2. PREDICTION SKILL -- 21.3. PREDICTABILITY -- 21.4. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 22 TOWARD PREDICTING US TORNADOES IN THE LATE 21ST CENTURY -- 22.1. PROJECTING CHANGES IN US TORNADO ACTIVITY USING ENVIRONMENTAL PROXIES -- 22.2. SHORT-TERM TORNADO PREDICTION USING HIGH RESOLUTION MODELS AND APPLICATIONS TO DYNAMICAL DOWNSCALING -- 22.3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX