ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1. Bioeconomy Strategies ; 2. Development of Second-Generation Biorefineries ; 3. Biorefineries: Industry Status and Economics ; 4. Sustainability Considerations for the Future Bioeconomy ; 5. Biomass Supply and Trade Opportunities of Preprocessed Biomass for Power Generation ; 6. Commodity-Scale Biomass Trade and Integration with Other Supply Chains ; 7. Commoditization of Biomass Markets ; 8. Transition Strategies: Resource Mobilization Through Merchandisable Feedstock Intermediates ; Conclusions

Note: Originalsprache: Inuit, Tuvaluisch, Englisch; Untertitel: Deutsch, Englisch, Französisch, Italienisch, Spanisch, Portugiesisch, Grönländisch, Tuvaluisch

Note: Beiträge überwiegend deutsch, teilweise englisch

Note: Machine generated contents note:1. Inclusive Developmen t: Debates and Issues -- 2. Inclusive Development and the Burdens of History -- 3. Addressing the Social Deficit in the Wake of Neoliberal Reforms -- 4. Mexico and Indonesia : Politics and Development in Weak States -- 5. Chile : Moving towards Greater Inclusion: From Political Polarization to Consensus -- 6. South Korea : Authoritarianism, Democracy, and the Struggle to Maintain Inclusive Development -- 7. Conclusions: The Politics and Policies of Inclusive Development..

Note: Contents: Chapter 1: Preparing the Work Environment -- Chapter 2: The Geocaching App -- Chapter 3: Combining Multiple Data Sources -- Chapter 4: Improving the App Search Capabilities -- Chapter 5: Making Maps

Note: The rise of the global middle class and global plutocratsInequality within countries - the Kuznets waves: explaining the evolution of within-country inequality over the very long-term -- Inequality among countries - from Karl Marx to Frantz Fanon, and then back to Marx? -- Global inequality in this century and the next -- What next? ten short reflections on the future of income inequality and globalization..

Note: Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2016

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction: The Transitory Century ; 2 Urbanization in a global context ; 2.1 Current urbanization dynamics ; 2.2 Understanding the city ; 2.3 Cities and environmental change ; 2.4 The city as a habitat ; 2.5 Urban governance: actors, structures, processes ; 2.6 Global urbanization reports: problem descriptions, solution approaches and actors ; 2.7 Challenges and needs for action ; 3 The Normative Compass ; 3.1 The Great transformation and cities ; 3.2 An extended normative concept for the transformation towards sustainability ; 3.3 Sustaining the natural life-support systems ; 3.4 Inclusion ; 3.5 Eigenart ; 3.6 Dynamics between the three dimensions of the normative compass ; 4 Exemplary transformative action fields ; 4.1 Transformative action fields: concep ; 4.2 Internationally discussed fields ; 4.3 Transformative action field: ‘urban land use ; 4.4 Transformative action field: ‘materials and material flows' ; 4.5 Transformative action field: ‘urban health' ; 4.6 Transformative action fields: conclusions ; 5 Cities in the global transformation process ; 5.1 Introduction ; 5.2 Mumbai: transformation of a colonial metropolis into a globally networked megacity ; 5.3 Cairo: metropolis between an authoritarian state and weak governance ; 5.4 Copenhagen: a people-oriented pioneer of sustainable urban planning ; 5.5 Guangzhou: Open Door policy, globalization and migration-driven urbanization in the ‘world’s workshop’ ; 5.6 The Ruhr area: the post-industrial metropolis – polycentric and sustainable ; 5.7 Kigali: post-conflict city in Sub-Saharan Africa ; 5.8 São Paulo: the fragmented metropolis ; 5.9 Novi Beograd: 20th century socialist planned city district ; 5.10 Synopsis ; 6 Urban designers: actors of the urban transformation ; 6.1 Introduction. ; 6.2 Transformative urban networks ; 6.3 Inclusive urban planning ; 6.4 Social inclusion and cohesion ; 6.5 Participation in urban development ; 6.6 Small-scale green transformations as part of the Great Transformation ; 6.7 Preventive healthcare ; 6.8 Innovative investment instruments for the urban transformation ; 6.9 Science as a catalyst of urban development ; 6.10 Conclusions ; 7 Urban patterns ; 7.1 From phenomenology to designing cities: forces, forms, values ; 7.2 Newly planned cities and city districts ; 7.3 Informal settlements ; 7.4 Mature cities and city districts ; 7.5 Urbanization surge up to 2050 – six development risks of global change ; 8 Transformative urban governance: empowering cities ; 8.1 Challenges for transformative urban governance ; 8.2 Empowering local governments for the transformation ; 8.3 Strengthen civil society: involve residents, act collaboratively ; 8.4 Shape global governance structures in a way that meets present-day needs ; 8.5 Build a polycentric responsibility architecture ; 9 Recommendations for action ; 9.1 Challenges ; 9.2 Elements of a social contract for the urban transformation ; 9.3 Transformative action fields in cities ; 9.4 Governance ; 9.5 Financing ; 9.6 Synopsis ; 10 Research on sustainable urbanization ; 10.1 Cities and the Great Transformation: important lines of research ; 10.2 Programmes and institutions: where does urban sustainability research stand? ; 10.3 Towards a new urban research agenda ; References ; Glossary

Note: Contents: PART I NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND NATURAL RESOURCE SUPPLY AND SCARCITY ; 1. Economic Growth, Resource Scarcity, and Environmental Degradation: Where Have We Been and Where are We Going? ; 2. Ecosystem Goods and Services: How Does a Healthy Environment Support Economic Production, Consumption, and Quality of Life? ; 3. Resource Supply and Scarcity: How Do We Define, Measure, and Monitor Natural Resource Supply and Scarcity? ; 4. Natural Resources, The Environment, and Policy: What is the Public Policy Context for Natural Resource and Environmental Economics? ; PART II MICROECONOMIC THEORY FOUNDATIONS FOR EFFICIENCY, WELL BEING, AND THE PROBLEM OF RISK ; 5. Economic Efficiency: How Does a Healthy Economy Allocate Natural Resources to Economic Production and Consumption? ; 6. Intertemporal Efficiency: How Do We Efficiently Allocate Natural Resources Over Time? ; 7. Risk and Uncertainty: How Do We Assess Risk and Make Risky Decisions Involving Natural Resources and the Environment? ; PART III ECONOMIC THEORY AND INSTITUTIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY ; 8. Criteria for Economic Policy: How Do We Tell a Good Natural Resource and Environmental Policy From a Bad One? ; 9. Rules of the Game: How do they Influence Efficiency and Equity and How Can We Get Them Right? ; 10. Market Failure and Inefficiency: What Could Cause an Undesirable Market Allocation of Resources? ; 11. Institutional Framework: What is the Social and Legal Context for Natural Resource and Environmental Decisions and Policy? ; PART IVMEASURING AND COMPARING BENEFITS AND COSTS OF NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND PROJECTS ; 12. Benefit–Cost Analysis: How Do We Determine If the Benefits of a Resource Policy Outweigh the Costs? ; 13. Measuring Economic Values: How Do We Account For All Relevant Benefits and Costs In Natural Resource And Environmental Decisions? ; PART V OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF NON-RENEWABLE AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES ; 14. Exhaustible Non-Renewable Resources: What Is The Optimal Use and Management of Non-Renewable Resources Over Time? ; 15. Renewable Resources: What Is The Optimal Use and Management of Renewable Resources Over Time? ; PART VI THE ECONOMICS OF AIR, LAND, AND WATER RESOURCE USE AND POLICY ; 16. The Control of Polluting Emissions: How Can We Protect the Environment and People From Air Pollution? ; 17. The Economics of Land: How Do Land Markets Work and How Do We Manage Land Use? ; 18. The Economics of Water: How Is Water Valued and Allocated? ; PART VII ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, CLIMATE CHANGE, SUSTAINABILITY, CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE FUTURE ; 19. Understanding Sustainability: What Can Economics Tell Us About Using and Managing Resources in a Sustainable Manner? ; 20. Climate Change: The Earth’s Climate Is Changing - Can Economics Help Us Figure Out What, If Anything, To Do About It? ; 21. Economics and Environmental Ethics: What Are the Ethical Implications of the Economic Approach to Conservation and Preservation and What Can We Learn From Other Ethical Approaches? ; 22. Economic Science, Economic Policy, and Doing the Best We Can: How Do We Find Our Way Forward? ; Index

Note: Contents: 1 Computing with Formulas. - 1.1 The First Programming Encounter: a Formula. - 1.1.1 Using a Program as a Calculator. - 1.1.2 About Programs and Programming. - 1.1.3 Tools for Writing Programs. - 1.1.4 Writing and Running Your First Python Program. - 1.1.5 Warning About Typing Program Text. - 1.1.6 Verifying the Result. - 1.1.7 Using Variables. - 1.1.8 Names of Variables. - 1.1.9 Reserved Words in Python. - 1.1.10 Comments. - 1.1.11 Formatting Text and Numbers. - 1.2 Computer Science Glossary. - 1.3 Another Formula: Celsius-Fahrenheit Conversion. - 1.3.1 Potential Error: Integer Division. - 1.3.2 Objects in Python. - 1.3.3 Avoiding Integer Division. - 1.3.4 Arithmetic Operators and Precedence. - 1.4 Evaluating Standard Mathematical Functions. - 1.4.1 Example: Using the Square Root Function. - 1.4.2 Example: Computing with sinh x. - 1.4.3 A First Glimpse of Rounding Errors. - 1.5 Interactive Computing. - 1.5.1 Using the Python Shell. - 1.5.2 Type Conversion. - 1.5.3 IPython. - 1.6 Complex Numbers. - 1.6.1 Complex Arithmetics in Python. - 1.6.2 Complex Functions in Python. - 1.6.3 Unified Treatment of Complex and Real Functions. - 1.7 Symbolic Computing. - 1.7.1 Basic Differentiation and Integration. - 1.7.2 Equation Solving. - 1.7.3 Taylor Series and More. - 1.8 Summary. - 1.8.1 Chapter Topics. - 1.8.2 Example: Trajectory of a Ball. - 1.8.3 About Typesetting Conventions in This Book. - 1.9 Exercises. - 2 Loops and Lists. - 2.1 While Loops. - 2.1.1 A Naive Solution. - 2.1.2 While Loops. - 2.1.3 Boolean Expressions. - 2.1.4 Loop Implementation of a Sum. - 2.2 Lists. - 2.2.1 Basic List Operations. - 2.2.2 For Loops. - 2.3 Alternative Implementations with Lists and Loops. - 2.3.1 While Loop Implementation of a for Loop. - 2.3.2 The Range Construction. - 2.3.3 For Loops with List Indices. - 2.3.4 Changing List Elements. - 2.3.5 List Comprehension. - 2.3.6 Traversing Multiple Lists Simultaneously. - 2.4 Nested Lists. - 2.4.1 A table as a List of Rows or Columns. - 2.4.2 Printing Objects. - 2.4.3 Extracting Sublists. - 2.4.4 Traversing Nested Lists. - 2.5 Tuples. - 2.6 Summary. - 2.6.1 Chapter Topics. - 2.6.2 Example: Analyzing List Data. - 2.6.3 How to Find More Python Information. - 2.7 Exercises. - 3 Functions and Branching. - 3.1 Functions. - 3.1.1 Mathematical Functions as Python Functions. - 3.1.2 Understanding the Program Flow. - 3.1.3 Local and Global Variables. - 3.1.4 Multiple Arguments. - 3.1.5 Function Argument or Global Variable?. - 3.1.6 Beyond Mathematical Functions. - 3.1.7 Multiple Return Values. - 3.1.8 Computing Sums. - 3.1.9 Functions with No Return Values. - 3.1.10 Keyword Arguments. - 3.1.11 Doc Strings. - 3.1.12 Functions as Arguments to Functions. - 3.1.13 The Main Program. - 3.1.14 Lambda Functions. - 3.2 Branching. - 3.2.1 If-else Blocks. - 3.2.2 Inline if Tests. - 3.3 Mixing Loops, Branching, and Functions in Bioinformatics Examples. - 3.3.1 Counting Letters in DNA Strings. - 3.3.2 Efficiency Assessment. - 3.3.3 Verifying the Implementations. - 3.4 Summary. - 3.4.1 Chapter Topics. - 3.4.2 Example: Numerical Integration. - 3.5 Exercises. - 4 User Input and Error Handling. - 4.1 Asking Questions and Reading Answers. - 4.1.1 Reading Keyboard Input. - 4.2 Reading from the Command Line. - 4.2.1 Providing Input on the Command Line. - 4.2.2 A Variable Number of Command-Line Arguments. - 4.2.3 More on Command-Line Arguments. - 4.3 Turning User Text into Live Objects. - 4.3.1 The Magic Eval Function. - 4.3.2 The Magic Exec Function. - 4.3.3 Turning String Expressions into Functions. - 4.4 Option-Value Pairs on the Command Line. - 4.4.1 Basic Usage of the Argparse Module. - 4.4.2 Mathematical Expressions as Values. - 4.5 Reading Data from File. - 4.5.1 Reading a File Line by Line. - 4.5.2 Alternative Ways of Reading a File. - 4.5.3 Reading a Mixture of Text and Numbers. - 4.6 Writing Data to File. - 4.6.1 Example: Writing a Table to File. - 4.6.2 Standard Input and Output as File Objects. - 4.6.3 What is a File, Really?. - 4.7 Handling Errors. - 4.7.1 Exception Handling. - 4.7.2 Raising Exceptions. - 4.8 A Glimpse of Graphical User Interfaces. - 4.9 Making Modules. - 4.9.1 Example: Interest on Bank Deposits. - 4.9.2 Collecting Functions in a Module File. - 4.9.3 Test Block. - 4.9.4 Verification of the Module Code. - 4.9.5 Getting Input Data. - 4.9.6 Doc Strings in Modules. - 4.9.7 Using Modules. - 4.9.8 Distributing Modules. - 4.9.9 Making Software Available on the Internet. - 4.10 Making Code for Python 2 and 3. - 4.10.1 Basic Differences Between Python 2 and 3. - 4.10.2 Turning Python 2 Code into Python 3 Code. - 4.11 Summary. - 4.11.1 Chapter Topics. - 4.11.2 Example: Bisection Root Finding. - 4.12 Exercises. - 5 Array Computing and Curve Plotting. - 5.1 Vectors. - 5.1.1 The Vector Concept. - 5.1.2 Mathematical Operations on Vectors. - 5.1.3 Vector Arithmetics and Vector Functions. - 5.2 Arrays in Python Programs. - 5.2.1 Using Lists for Collecting Function Data. - 5.2.2 Basics of Numerical Python Arrays. - 5.2.3 Computing Coordinates and Function Values. - 5.2.4 Vectorization. - 5.3 Curve Plotting. - 5.3.1 MATLAB-Style Plotting with Matplotlib. - 5.3.2 Matplotlib; Pyplot Prefix. - 5.3.3 SciTools and Easyviz. - 5.3.4 Making Animations. - 5.3.5 Making Videos. - 5.3.6 Curve Plots in Pure Text. - 5.4 Plotting Difficulties. - 5.4.1 Piecewisely Defined Functions. - 5.4.2 Rapidly Varying Functions. - 5.5 More Advanced Vectorization of Functions. - 5.5.1 Vectorization of StringFunction Objects. - 5.5.2 Vectorization of the Heaviside Function. - 5.5.3 Vectorization of a Hat Function. - 5.6 More on Numerical Python Arrays. - 5.6.1 Copying Arrays. - 5.6.2 In-Place Arithmetics. - 5.6.3 Allocating Arrays. - 5.6.4 Generalized Indexing. - 5.6.5 Testing for the Array Type. - 5.6.6 Compact Syntax for Array Generation. - 5.6.7 Shape Manipulation. - 5.7 High-Performance Computing with Arrays. - 5.7.1 Scalar Implementation. - 5.7.2 Vectorized Implementation. - 5.7.3 Memory-Saving Implementation. - 5.7.4 Analysis of Memory Usage. - 5.7.5 Analysis of the CPU Time. - 5.8 Higher-Dimensional Arrays. - 5.8.1 Matrices and Arrays. - 5.8.2 Two-Dimensional Numerical Python Arrays. - 5.8.3 Array Computing. - 5.8.4 Matrix Objects. - 5.9 Some Common Linear Algebra Operations. - 5.9.1 Inverse, Determinant, and Eigenvalues. - 5.9.2 Products. - 5.9.3 Norms. - 5.9.4 Sum and Extreme Values. - 5.9.5 Indexing. - 5.9.6 Transpose and Upper/Lower Triangular Parts. - 5.9.7 Solving Linear Systems. - 5.9.8 Matrix Row and Column Operations. - 5.9.9 Computing the Rank of a Matrix. - 5.9.10 Symbolic Linear Algebra. - 5.10 Plotting of Scalar and Vector Fields. - 5.10.1 Installation. - 5.10.2 Surface Plots. - 5.10.3 Parameterized Curve. - 5.10.4 Contour Lines. - 5.10.5 The Gradient Vector Field. - 5.11 Matplotlib. - 5.11.1 Surface Plots. - 5.11.2 Contour Plots. - 5.11.3 Vector Field Plots. - 5.12 Mayavi. - 5.12.1 Surface Plots. - 5.12.2 Contour Plots. - 5.12.3 Vector Field Plots. - 5.12.4 A 3D Scalar Field and Its Gradient Field. - 5.12.5 Animations. - 5.13 Summary. - 5.13.1 Chapter Topics. - 5.13.2 Example: Animating a Function. - 5.14 Exercises. - 6 Dictionaries and Strings. - 6.1 Dictionaries. - 6.1.1 Making Dictionaries. - 6.1.2 Dictionary Operations. - 6.1.3 Example: Polynomials as Dictionaries. - 6.1.4 Dictionaries with Default Values and Ordering. - 6.1.5 Example: Storing File Data in Dictionaries. - 6.1.6 Example: Storing File Data in Nested Dictionaries. - 6.1.7 Example: Reading and Plotting Data Recorded at Specific Dates. - 6.2 Strings. - 6.2.1 Common Operations on Strings. - 6.2.2 Example: Reading Pairs of Numbers. - 6.2.3 Example: Reading Coordinates. - 6.3 Reading Data fromWeb Pages. - 6.3.1 About Web Pages. - 6.3.2 How to Access Web Pages

Note: Contents: I: Introduction ; II: Climate Change Impacts on Major Cotton Production Regions ; III: Climate Change Impacts on Cotton Growth and Production ; IV: Management Approaches to Adapt to Impacts of Climate Change ; V: Role of Research in Modern Cotton Systems Adapting to Climate Change ; VI: Conclusion

Note: Contents: Preface: Conflict and Context I. Coal: A Primer ; II. War Stories ; Rise of the Rhetoric ; Peeling Back the Propaganda ; III. Congress Misses the Mark ; Fly in the Ointment ; Explaining the Error ; What the Transcripts Tell Us ; Unexpected Deals, Unexpected Devils ; Missing the Mark ; IV. Misadventures in Modification ; Altered States ; Spared Change ; What Goes Up . . . Might Not Count ; Old Plants, New Tricks ; A Fishy "Fix" ; A New Sheriff in Town ; A Safer Harbor ; Considering the Alternatives ; V. Bad Neighbors ; Tall Orders, Taller Stacks ; There Goes the Neighborhood ; Who Will Stop the Rain? ; To Market, To Market ; The Sincerest Form of Flattery ; Grandfathering's Grim Toll ; VI. A Warming World ; The Carbon Loophole: A History ; Between a Cap and a Hard Place ; Let's Make a Deal ; What's Grandfathering Got to Do with It? ; VII. Hope for Redemption ; The Dash to Gas ; The Role of Regulation ; Bumps in the Road Ahead ; Conclusion: A Farewell to Harms

Note: Zusammenfassungen in deutscher und englischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Introduction ; The Organisation of Misery ; Whose Responsibility? ; Fair Society, Healthy Lives ; Equity from the Start Education and Empowerment ; Working to Live ; Do Not Go Gentle ; Building Resilient Communities ; Fair Societies ; Living Fairly in the World ; The Organisation of Hope

Note: IntroductionSingle-particle motions -- Plasmas as fluids -- Waves in plasmas -- Diffusion and resistivity -- Equilibrium and stability -- Kinetic theory -- Nonlinear effects -- Special plasmas -- Plasma applications..

Note: Solar terrestrial physics: the evolution of a disciplineThe upper atmosphere and ionosphere -- Physics of magnetized plasmas -- The Sun and its atmosphere -- The solar wind and heliosphere -- Collisionless shocks -- Solar wind interaction with magnetized obstacles -- Plasma interactions with unmagnetized bodies -- Solar wind magnetosphere coupling -- The terrestrial magnetosphere -- The aurora -- Planetary magnetospheres -- Plasma waves..

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction and examples ; 2. Mechanism design basics ; 3. Myerson's Lemma ; 4. Algorithmic mechanism design 34 ; 5. Revenue-maximizing auctions ; 6. Simple near-optimal auctions ; 7. Multi-parameter mechanism design ; 8. Spectrum auctions ; 9. Mechanism design with payment constraints ; 10. Kidney exchange and stable matching ; 11. Selfish routing and the price of anarchy ; 12. Network over-provisioning and atomic selfish routing ; 13. Equilibria: definitions, examples, and existence ; 14. Robust price-of-anarchy bounds in smooth games ; 15. Best-case and strong Nash equilibria ; 16. Best-response dynamics ; 17. No-regret dynamics ; 18. Swap regret and the Minimax theorem ; 19. Pure Nash equilibria and PLS-completeness ; 20. Mixed Nash equilibria and PPAD-completeness.

Note: Contents: 1: A functional approach to biological diversity ; 2: Trait-based ecology: definitions, methods, and a conceptual framework ; 3: The functional characterisation of plants ; 4: Gradients, response traits, and ecological strategies ; 5: A functional approach to plant community structure ; 6: Plant traits and ecosystem properties ; 7: Functional diversity and ecosystem services ; 8: Functional diversity in agriculture: the cases of grasslands and crop weeds ; 9: Managing functional diversity data ; 10: Perspectives for functional diversity research

Note: Contents: Preface -- Part I Disaster Chain -- 1 Carbonized Terra: Paradox of Civilization -- 2 The Fukushima Nuclear Catastrophe: Systemic Breakdown and Pathology -- 3 Our Stolen Sustainability: Contamination by Environmental Hormones -- Part II Organizational Accidents -- 4 Crime or Punishment: Brakeless Accidents without Compliance and Governance -- 5 Lost Trust: Socio-biological Hazard: from AIDS Pandemic to Viral Outbreaks -- 6 Boiling Globe: Cumulative Thermal Effluent from the World’s 441 Nuclear Reactors over 40 years -- Part III Science of Crises -- 7 Escape from Disaster: Invisible Informatics of Risks and Crises -- 8 Crisis Sciences for Sustainability beyond the Limits of Management and Policy -- 9 Remaking Eco-civilization by Sustainable Decision-making -- Bibliography -- Index

Note: Enthält 5 Publikationen: 1) Mid Wisconsin to Holocene permafrost and landscape dynamics based on a drained lake basin core from the northern Seward Peninsula, northwest Alaska / Josefine Lenz, Guido Grosse, Benjamin M. Jones [und 5 weitere] 2) Evidence of multiple thermokarst lake generations from an 11,800-year old permafrost core on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska / Josefine Lenz, Sebastian Wetterich, Benjamin M. Jones [und 3 weitere] 3) Impacts of shore expansion and catchment characteristics on lacustrine thermokarst records in permafrost lowlands, Alaska Arctic Coastal Plain / Josefine Lenz, Sebastian Wetterich, Benjamin M. Jones [und 5 weitere] 4) Periglacial landscape dynamics in the western Canadian Arctic: Results from a thermokarst lake record on a push moraine (Herschel Island, Yukon) / Josefine Lenz, Michael Fritz, Lutz Schirrmeister [und 4 weitere] 5) Regional environmental change versus local signal preservation in Holocene thermokarst lake sediments: A case study from Herschel Island, Yukon (Canada) / Michael Fritz, Ingmar Unkel, Josefine Lenz [und 6 weitere] , Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations and nomenclature 1 Thesis organization 1.1 Overview of chapters 1.2 Author contribution 2 Introduction 2.1 Scientific background 2.1.1 Arctic environments and permafrost in the study region of Beringia 2.1.2 Permafrost degradation and its global feedbacks 2.1.3 Thermokarst lakes and basins as paleoenvironmental archives 2.2 Aims and approaches 3 Mid Wisconsin to Holocene permafrost and landscape dynamics based on a drained lake basin core from the northern Seward Peninsula, northwest Alaska 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study area 3.4 Material and methods 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Core stratigraphy 3.5.2 Cryostratigraphy 3.5.3 Grain size distribution 3.5.4 Magnetic susceptibility 3.5.5 Biogeochemical characteristics 3.5.6 Tephra 3.5.7 Palaeoecology 3.5.8 Geochronology 3.6 Discussion 3.7 Conclusions 4 Evidence of multiple thermokarst lake generations from an 11,800-year old permafrost core on the northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study area 4.4 Material and methods 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Geochronology 4.5.2 Cryolithological description 4.5.3 Geochemical results 4.5.4 Bioindicators 4.5.5 Characteristics of intra-sedimentary ice and comparison with modern waters 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Thermokarst lake dynamics 4.6.2 Regional lake dynamics and global environmental change 4.6.3 Carbon cycling 4.7 Conclusions 5 Impacts of shore expansion and catchment characteristics on lacustrine thermokarst records in permafrost lowlands, Alaska Arctic Coastal Plain 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Study area 5.4 Material and methods 5.5 Results 5.5.1 Sedimentological results of near-shore core P1 5.5.2 Sedimentological and palynological results of lake center-cores P2 (and P3) 5.5.3 Lake age estimation 5.6 Discussion 5.6.1 Thermokarst lake development 5.6.2 Impact of catchment genesis and morphology on the lake sediment record 5.6.3 Carbon degradation 5.7 Conclusions 6 Synthesis 6.1 Study sites in central-eastern Beringia: Similarities and differences 6.2 Permafrost degradation and thermokarst development in central-eastern Beringia 6.2.1 Timing of thermokarst development 6.2.2 Environmental factors supporting and inhibiting thermokarst 6.3 Processes of thermokarst lake development and their imprint in proxy records 6.4 Contribution of thermokarst dynamics to the carbon cycle 6.5 Potentials/limitations of thermokarst lake archives and outlook Bibliography Appendix I: Periglacial landscape dynamics in the western Canadian Arctic: Results from a thermokarst lake record on a push moraine (Herschel Island, Yukon) I-1 Abstract I-2 Introduction I-3 Study area I-4 Material and methods I-5 Results I-5.1 Core lithology I-5.2 Radiography I-5.3 Magnetic susceptibility and water content I-5.4 Grain size distribution I-5.5 Biogeochemical characteristics I-5.6 Geochronology I-6 Discussion I-6.1 Evolution of Lake Herschel I-6.2 Paleoenvironmental implications of the Lake Herschel record I-7 Conclusions Appendix II: Regional environmental change versus local signal preservation in Holocene thermokarst lake sediments: A case study from Herschel Island, Yukon (Canada) II-1 Abstract II-2 Introduction and study area II-3 Material and methods II-3.1 Sediment core II-3.2 Radiocarbon dating and age modelling II-3.3 Pore-water chemistry II-3.4 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning II-3.5 Micropaleontology II-4 Results II-4.1 Chronostratigraphy: The revised age model II-4.2 XRF chemistry II-4.3 Pore-water chemistry II-4.4 Calcareous microfossils II-4.5 Pollen II-5 Discussion II-5.1 Sedimentation history of Lake Herschel II-5.2 Limnological, sedimentary and geochemical properties predefine the habitat I-5.3 Autochthonous versus allochthonous deposition of calcareous microfossils II-5.4 Regional pollen-based reconstruction of vegetation and climate II-6 Conclusions Acknowledgements

Note: Table of Contents Abstract Kurzfassung Abbreviations and nomenclature 1. Introduction 2. Scientific Background 2.1. Permafrost 2.2.Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 2.3. Inputs of Freshwater, Sediment and Carbon into the Canadian Beaufort Sea 3. Study Area 3.1. Regional Setting: Yukon Coast and Herschel Island 3.2. Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 4. Material and Methods 4.1. Field Work 4.1.1. Terrain Photography 4.1.2. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) 4.1.3. Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 4.1.4. Micrometeorology 4.1.5. Discharge Measurement 4.1.6. Multiple Regression-Statistical Relationships between Micrometeorological Variables and Discharge 4.1.7. Sampling 4.2. Laboratory Analyses 4.2.1. Sedimentological Analyses 4.2.2. Hydrochemical Analyses 4.3. Fluxes of Sediment and (In-) Organic Matter 5. Results 5.1. Field Work 5.1.1. Terrain Photography 5.1.2. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) 5.1.3. Light Detecting And Ranging (LiDAR) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 5.1.4. Micrometeorology 5.1.5. Discharge 5.1.6. Multiple Regression - Statistical Relationships between Micrometeorology and Discharge 5.2. Laboratory Analyses 5.2.1. Sedimentological Analyses 5.2.2. Hydrochemical Analyses 5.3. Fluxes of Sediment-meltwater 6. Discussion 6.1. Microclimatological and Geomorphological Factors Controlling Discharge 6.1.1. Diurnal Variations 6.1.2. Seasonal Variations 6.2. Contribution of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps to the Sediment Budget of the Yukon Coast 6.2.1. Origin of Outflow Material 6.2.2. Slump D in the Regional Context 6.2.3. Seasonal Sediment Budget Compilation for Slump D 6.2.4. Retrogressive Thaw Slump Occurrence along the Yukon Coast 6.2.5. Input to the Beaufort Sea 6.3. Projected Climatic Change and its Impact on Retrogressive Thaw Slump Outflow 6.4. Uncertainties and Limitations 6.5. Future Research 7. Conclusion 8. Appendix 8.1. Field Work 8.1.1. Slump D's northern headwall profile 8.1.2. Collinson Head slump 8.1.3. Herschel Island West Coast slump 8.1.4. Roland Bay slump 8.1.5. Kay Point slump 8.2. Laboratory Work 8.2.1. Volumetric Ice Content 8.2.2. Grain Size 8.3. Evolution of Slump D 8.3.1. Geo Eye satellite of Slump D 8.3.2. Aerial Oblique Photography of Slump D 8.3.3. LiDAR of Slump D 8.3.4. Time Lapse Photography of Slump D's Headwall 9. References 10. Financial and technical support 11. Acknowledgement - Danksagung

Note: Contents List of contributors Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Overview of the aquaculture feed industry / Zuridah Merican and Dagoberto Sanchez 1. Aquafeed in Asia 1.1 Introduction 1.2 A shift in equilibrium 1.3 Lower demand with EMS 1.4 Horizontal expansion and integration 1.5 Extruded and functional feeds 1.6 Rising production costs 1.7 Feed production and trends 1.8 New capacity and new entrants 1.9 Shrimp feed types 1.10 Feed prices 1.11 Country developments 2. Aquafeed in the Americas 2.1 Development of aquafeed production in the Americas 2.2 Country development Acknowledgments References 2 Feed formulation software / A. Victor Suresh 2.1 Introduction 2.2 General overview of the formulation process in the feed industry 2.3 LP-based feed formulation 2.4 Essential components of LP-based feed formulation software 2.5 Software options 2.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 3 Understanding the nutritional and biological constraints of ingredients to optimize their application in aquaculture feeds / Brett Glencross 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Characterizing ingredients 3.3 Chemical composition of oils 3.4 Digestibility, palatability, and utilization value of plant protein meals 3.5 Nutritional value of plant and animal oils to aquaculture species 3.6 Processing effects of ingredients References 4 Nutrient requirements / Cesar Molina-Poveda 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Proteins and amino acids 4.3 Lipids and fatty acids 4.4 Carbohydrates 4.5 Nutritional energetics 4.6 Vitamins 4.7 Minerals References 5 Functional feed additives in aquaculture feeds / Pedro Encarnagao 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Phytogenies 5.3 Organic acids 5.4 Yeast products 5.5 Probiotics 5.6 Enzymes 5.7 Mycotoxin binders References 6 Optimizing nutritional quality of aquafeeds / Karthik Masagounder, Sheila Ramos, Ingolf Reimann and Girish Channarayapatna 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sources of nutrient database 6.3 Nutrient levels and variability in commonly used raw materials 6.4 Impact of heat damage on the amino acid level and their variability 6.5 Proximate nutrients of raw material 6.6 Managing nutrient variation 6.7 Integration of Laboratory Information Management System and formulation 6.8 Summary References Index

Note: Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1. North-East Eurasia (Siberia) in the Context of World History: New Concepts / Vladislav Kokoulin and Igor Likhomanov Chapter 2. The Past, Present, and Future of the use of the Agricultural Soils of Siberia / W. Halicki and K. Kita Chapter 3. Agroecological Monitoring of the Carbon Transformation in Agroecosystems on Gray Forest Soils of the Baikal Region under Current Climatic Changes and Conditions of Fluoride Pollution / L. V. Pomazkina and Yu. V. Semenova Chapter 4. Ecology of Avian Influenza Viruses in Siberia / Maria Alessandra De Marco, Kirill Sharshov, Marina Gulyaeva, Mauro Delogu, Lorenzo Ciccarese, Maria Rita Castrucci, Alexander Shestopalov Chapter 5. Assessment of Biogenic Substances of Selected Terrestrial Waters in the Northern Part of Western Siberia: Significance for Ecology and Climate Change / W. Halicki, M. W. Kochanska and S. N. Kirpotin Chapter 6. Quality Assessment of Selected Surface Waters of the Arctic Tundra of Western Siberia in the Context of Climate Change / W. Halicki, M.W. Kochanska and S.N. Kirpotin Index

Note: Contents Part I Unraveling Microbial Diversity and Their Processes Phagotrophic Protists: Central Roles in Microbial Food Webs / Evelyn B. Sherr and Barry F. Sherr Overview Protists as Elemental Recyclers Protists as Consumers of Bacteria Protists as Consumers of Phytoplankton Protists in High Latitude Food Webs Looking to the Future References Drivers That Structure Biodiversity in the Plankton / Tatiana A. Rynearson and Susanne Menden-Deuer Plankton Biodiversity Alternate Hypotheses That Explain the Paradox of the Plankton An Organismal Perspective on the Paradox of the Plankton: A Biodiversity Explosion from Within? Linking Individual Level Behaviors with Plankton Ecology Pervasive Intra-specific Variability in the Genetic Diversity, Physiological Capacity, and Behavioral Repertoire of Plankton Evolution: Generating and Structuring Diversity over the Long Term Opportunities for Progress References The Elongated, the Squat and the Spherical: Selective Pressures for Phytoplankton Shape / Lee Karp-Boss and Emmanuel Boss Introduction Effects of Shape on Diffusion Other Selective Pressures References Crossing the Freshwater/Saline Barrier: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacteria Inhabiting Both Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems / Mina Bižić-Ionescu and Danny Ionescu Introduction Recent Data on Shared Taxa Synthesis of Published Sequence Data Future Perspectives References Approaches and Challenges for Linking Marine Biogeochemical Models with the “Omics” Revolution / Victoria J. Coles and Raleigh R. Hood Introduction Bridging the Cultural and Structural Divide Relating Existing Omics to Current Biogeochemical Models Near-Term Innovation Conclusions References Part II Viewing Growth and Trophodynamics Through a Stoichiometric Lens Out of Africa and into Stoichiometry / Susan S. Kilham and Peter Kilham References Exploring the Implications of the Stoichiometric Modulation of Planktonic Predation / Aditee Mitra and Kevin J. Flynn Introduction Characterising the Predator–Prey Stoichiometric Link Elemental Stoichiometry and Commercial Microalgal Production Effects of Temperature, Ocean Acidification and Nutrient Excess Avoiding Predation Stoichiometry and Mixotrophy Conclusions References . Part III Understanding the Mysteries of Light and Nitrogen On Saturating Response Curves from the Dual Perspectives of Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Metabolism / Todd M. Kana and Patricia M. Glibert Introduction Static vs. Dynamic Behavior Gradient Signals and Dynamics of Response Curves Overall Perspective on Dynamic Kinetics References Nitrate Reductase: A Nexus of Disciplines, Organisms, and Metabolism / Erica B. Young and John A. Berges Introduction Why Nitrate Reductase? Understanding That Has Emerged from Recent NR Measurements Recent Advances and Emerging Challenges Conclusion References The Ammonium Paradox of an Urban High- Nutrient Low-Growth Estuary / Frances Wilkerson and Richard Dugdale High-Nutrient Low-Growth Estuaries and Oligotrophication Observation of an Ammonium Paradox Ammonium: The Gatekeeper Controlling Access to Nitrate References Why Is Planktonic Nitrogen Fixation So Rare in Coastal Marine Ecosystems? Insights from a Cross-Systems Approach / Roxanne Marino and Robert W. Howarth References Where Light and Nutrients Collide: The Global Distribution and Activity of Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers / Greg M. Silsbe and Sairah Y. Malkin At the Confluence of Light and Nutrients Distribution of Marine SCMLs Phytoplankton Production in SCMLs Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers in Lakes References Part IV Looking in the Rear View Mirror: The Long View on Changing Ecosystems An Ecosystem in Transition: The Emergence of Mixotrophy in the Arabian Sea / Joaquim I. Goes and Helga do R. Gomes Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References The Saint Lawrence Island Polynya: A 25-Year Evaluation of an Analogue for Climate Change in Polar Regions / Jacqueline M. Grebmeier and Lee W. Cooper Introduction Synthesis Results and Discussion The Northern Bering Sea: Interannual Variability and Change Benthivores Overall Summary References Ecological Processes and Nutrient Transfers from Land to Sea: A 25-Year Perspective on Research and Management of the Seine River System / Josette Garnier and Gilles Billen Introduction 1850–1990: Organic Pollution and Oxygen 1990–2000: Eutrophication and Algal Bloom 2000–2015: Agricultural Pollution and Nitrate Contamination Conclusion: From Microbial Ecology to Territorial Biogeochemistry References A Historical Perspective on Eutrophication in the Pensacola Bay Estuary, FL, USA / Jane M. Caffrey and Michael C. Murrell Introduction Pensacola Bay Physical Setting Human Colonization of Pensacola Bay River and Estuarine Water Quality Controls on Primary Production, Organic Matter, and Nutrient Cycling Summary References Unpublished Reports Websites Meeting in the Middle: On the Interactions Between Microalgae and Their Predators or Zooplankton and Their Food / Karen H. Wiltshire and Maarten Boersma Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References Lake Transparency: A Window into Decadal Variations in Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations in Lakes of Acadia National Park, Maine / Collin Roesler and Charles Culbertson Introduction Methods Results Discussion References Part V Focusing on Unique Systems, Processes and Dynamics Phytoplankton Biodiversity in the Oligotrophic Northwestern Sargasso Sea / James L. Pinckney and Tammi L. Richardson Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References Biological Oceanography of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia: A Review / Peter C. Rothlisberg and Michele A. Burford Introduction Study Area Currents and Hydrography Phytoplankton and the Role of Nutrients Zooplankton Penaeid Prawn Larval Ecology Larval Dispersal Mechanisms Summary Points References Discerning the Causes of Toxic Cyanobacteria (Lyngbya majuscula) Blooms in Moreton Bay, Australia / Judith M. O’Neil and William C. Dennison Introduction Nutrient Interactions Light Interactions Conceptual Model Broader Significance References Copepod, Ctenophore, and Schyphomedusae Control in Structuring the Chesapeake Bay Summer Mesohaline Planktonic Food Web / Kevin G. Sellner and Stella G. Sellner Introduction Methods Results and Discussion References Microbiogeochemical Ecophysiology of Freshwater Hydrothermal Vents in Mary Bay Canyon, Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park WY / Carmen Aguilar and Russell Cuhel Introduction Methods Big Picture Outcomes Closing Remarks References Index

Note: Contents 1 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: Permanent Versus Temporary Threshold Shifts and the Effects of Hair Cell Versus Neuronal Degeneration / M. Charles Liberman 2 Modeled and Measured Underwater Sound Isopleths and Implications for Marine Mammal Mitigation in Alaska / Lisanne A.M. Aerts and Bill Streever 3 Peer-Reviewed Studies on the Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Marine Invertebrates: From Scallop Larvae to Giant Squid / Natacha Aguilar de Soto 4 Sources of Underwater Sound and Their Characterization / Michael A. Ainslie and Christ A.F. de Jong 5 Assessment of Marine Mammal Impact Zones for Use of Military Sonar in the Baltic Sea / Mathias H. Andersson and Torbjörn Johansson 6 Contribution to the Understanding of Particle Motion Perception in Marine Invertebrates / Michel André, Kenzo Kaifu, Marta Solé, Mike van der Schaar, Tomonari Akamatsu, Andreu Balastegui, Antonio M. Sánchez, and Joan V. Castell 7 Functional Morphology and Symmetry in the Odontocete Ear Complex / William Ary, Ted W. Cranford, Annalisa Berta, and Petr Krysl 8 A Low-Cost Open-Source Acoustic Recorder for Bioacoustics Research / John Atkins and Mark Johnson 9 Assessment of Impulsive and Continuous Low- Frequency Noise in Irish Waters / Suzanne Beck, Joanne O’Brien, Simon Berrow, Ian O’Connor, and Dave Wall 10 Is the Venice Lagoon Noisy? First Passive Listening Monitoring of the Venice Lagoon: Possible Effects on the Typical Fish Community / Marta Bolgan, Marta Picciulin, Antonio Codarin, Riccardo Fiorin, Matteo Zucchetta, and Stefano Malavasi 11 Effect of Pile-Driving Sounds on the Survival of Larval Fish / Loes J. Bolle, Christ A.F. de Jong, Stijn M. Bierman, Pieter J.G. van Beek, Peter W. Wessels, Ewout Blom, Cindy J.G. van Damme, Hendrik V. Winter, and René P.A. Dekeling 12 Challenge of Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring in High-Energy Environments: UK Tidal Environments and Other Case Studies / Cormac G. Booth 13 Hearing Mechanisms and Noise Metrics Related to Auditory Masking in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) / Brian K. Branstetter, Kimberly L. Bakhtiari, Jennifer S. Trickey, and James J. Finneran 14 Effects of Hatchery Rearing on the Structure and Function of Salmonid Mechanosensory Systems / Andrew D. Brown, Joseph A. Sisneros, Tyler Jurasin, and Allison B. Coffin 15 Effects of Impulsive Pile-Driving Exposure on Fishes / Brandon M. Casper, Thomas J. Carlson, Michele B. Halvorsen, and Arthur N. Popper 16 Review of the Effects of Offshore Seismic Surveys in Cetaceans: Are Mass Strandings a Possibility? / Manuel Castellote and Carlos Llorens 17 Addressing Challenges in Studies of Behavioral Responses of Whales to Noise / Douglas H. Cato, Rebecca A. Dunlop, Michael J. Noad, Robert D. McCauley, Eric Kniest, David Paton, and Ailbhe S. Kavanagh 18 Measurements of Operational Wind Turbine Noise in UK Waters / Samuel Cheesman 19 A Bioenergetics Approach to Understanding the Population Consequences of Disturbance: Elephant Seals as a Model System / Daniel P. Costa, Lisa Schwarz, Patrick Robinson, Robert S. Schick, Patricia A. Morris, Richard Condit, Daniel E. Crocker, and A. Marm Kilpatrick 20 Singing Fish in an Ocean of Noise: Effects of Boat Noise on the Plainfin Midshipman (Porichthys notatus) in a Natural Ecosystem / Sarika Cullis-Suzuki 21 Detection of Complex Sounds in Quiet Conditions by Seals and Sea Lions / Kane A. Cunningham, Brandon L. Southall, and Colleen Reichmuth 22 Offshore Dredger Sounds: Source Levels, Sound Maps, and Risk Assessment / Christ A.F. de Jong, Michael A. Ainslie, Floor Heinis, and Jeroen Janmaat 23 Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on the Early Life Stages of Dicentrarchus labrax / Elisabeth Debusschere, Bert de Coensel, Sofie Vandendriessche, Dick Botteldooren, Kris Hostens, Magda Vincx, and Steven Degraer 24 The European Marine Strategy: Noise Monitoring in European Marine Waters from 2014 / René Dekeling, Mark Tasker, Michael Ainslie, Mathias Andersson, Michel André, Fabrizio Borsani, Karsten Brensing, Manuel Castellote, John Dalen, Thomas Folegot, Sandra van der Graaf, Russell Leaper, Alexander Liebschner, Jukka Pajala, Stephen Robinson, Peter Sigray, Gerry Sutton, Frank Thomsen, Stefanie Werner, Dietrich Wittekind, and John V. Young 25 Potential Population Consequences of Active Sonar Disturbance in Atlantic Herring: Estimating the Maximum Risk / Lise Doksæter Sivle, Petter Helgevold Kvadsheim, and Michael Ainslie 26 Fulfilling EU Laws to Ensure Marine Mammal Protection During Marine Renewable Construction Operations in Scotland / Sarah J. Dolman, Mick Green, Sarah Gregerson, and Caroline R. Weir 27 Expert Elicitation Methods in Quantifying the Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance from Offshore Renewable Energy Developments / Carl Donovan, John Harwood, Stephanie King, Cormac Booth, Bruno Caneco, and Cameron Walker 28 Masking Experiments in Humans and Birds Using Anthropogenic Noises / Robert J. Dooling and Sandra H. Blumenrath 29 Documenting and Assessing Dolphin Calls and Ambient and Anthropogenic Noise Levels via PAM and a SPL Meter / Kathleen M. Dudzinski, Kelly Melillo-Sweeting, and Justin D. Gregg 30 Soundscapes and Larval Settlement: Larval Bivalve Responses to Habitat-Associated Underwater Sounds / David B. Eggleston, Ashlee Lillis, and DelWayne R. Bohnenstiehl 31 Characterizing Marine Soundscapes / Christine Erbe, Robert McCauley, and Alexander Gavrilov 32 Pile-Driving Noise Impairs Antipredator Behavior of the European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax / Kirsty A. Everley, Andrew N. Radford, and Stephen D. Simpson 33 Using Reaction Time and Equal Latency Contours to Derive Auditory Weighting Functions in Sea Lions and Dolphins / James J. Finneran, Jason Mulsow, and Carolyn E. Schlundt 34 Does Primary Productivity Turn Up the Volume? Exploring the Relationship Between Chlorophyll a and the Soundscape of Coral Reefs in the Pacific / Pollyanna I. Fisher-Pool, Marc O. Lammers, Jamison Gove, and Kevin B. Wong 35 Expert Elicitation of Population-Level Effects of Disturbance / Erica Fleishman, Mark Burgman, Michael C. Runge, Robert S. Schick, and Scott Kraus 36 Current Status of Development of Methods to Assess Effects of Cumulative or Aggregated Underwater Sounds on Marine Mammals / Erica Fleishman, Bill Streever, Robyn Angliss, Christopher W. Clark, William T. Ellison, Adam Frankel, Jason Gedamke, Matthias Leu, Megan McKenna, Roberto Racca, Samantha Simmons, and Robert Suydam 37 Seismic Survey Footprints in Irish Waters: A Starting Point for Effective Mitigation / Thomas Folegot, Dominique Clorennec, Gerald Sutton, and Mark Jessopp 38 Stochastic Modeling of Behavioral Response to Anthropogenic Sounds / Adam S. Frankel, William T. Ellison, Kathleen J. Vigness-Raposa, Jennifer L. Giard, and Brandon L. Southall 39 Underwater Sound Levels at a Wave Energy Device Testing Facility in Falmouth Bay, UK / Joanne K. Garrett, Matthew J. Witt, and Lars Johanning 40 Predicting Anthropogenic Noise Contributions to US Waters / Jason Gedamke, Megan Ferguson, Jolie Harrison, Leila Hatch, Laurel Henderson, Michael B. Porter, Brandon L. Southall, and Sofie Van Parijs 41 Auditory Sensitivity and Masking Profiles for the Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) / Asila Ghoul and Colleen Reichmuth 42 Are Masking-Based Models of Risk Useful? / Robert C. Gisiner 43 “Large” Tank Acoustics: How Big Is Big Enough? / Michael D. Gray, Peter H. Rogers, Arthur N. Popper, Anthony D. Hawkins, and Richard R. Fay 44 High-Resolution Analysis of Seismic Air Gun Impulses and Their Reverberant Field as Contributors to an Acoustic Environment / Melania Guerra, Peter J. Dugan, Dimitri W. Ponirakis, Marian Popescu, Yu Shiu, Aaron N. Rice, and Christopher W. Clark 45 Underwater Sound Propagation Modeling Methods for Predicting Marine Animal Exposure / Craig A. Hamm, Diana F. McCammon, and Martin L. Taillefer 46 Investigating the Effect of Tones and Frequency Sweeps on the Collective Behavior of Penned Herring (Clupea harengus) / Nils Olav Handegard, Kevin Boswell, Alex de Robertis, Gavin John

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Porous Material 1.2 Physical Mechanism 1.2.1 Drained and Undrained Responses 1.2.2 Time and Length Scale 1.2.3 Skempton Pore Pressure Effect 1.2.4 Effective Stress for Volumetric Deformation 1.2.5 Effective Stress for Pore Collapse 1.2.6 Fluid Storage 1.2.7 Thermoelasticity Analogy 1.2.8 Coupled Versus Uncoupled Diffusion 1.3 Poroelastic Phenomena 1.3.1 Borehole Failure 1.3.2 Mandel-Cryer Effect 1.3.3 Noordbergum Effect 1.3.4 Land Subsidence 1.3.5 Slope Stability and Fault Slippage 1.3.6 Fluid Induced Seismicity 1.3.7 Outburst of Coal 1.3.8 Hydraulic Fracturing 1.3.9 Water Wave and Seabed Interaction 1.3.10 Tidal and Barometric Efficiency 1.3.11 Biomechanics 1.3.12 Poroviscoelasticity and Anelastic Strain Recovery 1.3.13 Porothermoelasticity and Thermal Fracturing 1.3.14 Poroelastodynamics and Seismoelectric Effect 1.3.15 Swelling of Clay and Shale 1.3.16 Nanoporous Material References 2 Constitutive Equation 2.1 Physical Versus Phenomenological Approach 2.2 Stress and Strain of Porous Medium 2.2.1 Stress 2.2.2 Strain 2.3 Poroelastic Constitutive Equation 2.3.1 Isotropic Elastic Material 2.3.2 Isotropic Poroelastic Material 2.3.3 Reciprocal Work Theorem 2.3.4 Stress-Strain Relation 2.3.5 Strain-Stress Relation 2.4 Bulk Material Constant 2.4.1 Drained and Undrained Constant 2.4.2 Effective Stress Coefficient 2.4.3 Pore Pressure Coefficient 2.4.4 Storage Coefficient References 3 Micromechanics 3.1 Micromechanical Analysis 3.1.1 Solid and Pore Volumetric Strain 3.1.2 Fluid Volumetric Strain 3.1.3 Link Among Material Constants 3.2 Ideal Porous Medium 3.3 Effective Modulus 3.3.1 Mackenzie Model 3.3.2 Walsh Model 3.3.3 Budiansky and O’Connell Model 3.3.4 Bounds on Material Constants 3.4 Nonlinear Model 3.4.1 Effective Stress Dependent Pore Compressibility 3.4.2 Compaction Induced Permeability Change 3.5 Laboratory Test 3.5.1 Drained Test 3.5.2 Undrained Test 3.5.3 Unjacketed Test 3.6 Table of Poroelastic Constants References 4 Variational Energy Formulation 4.1 Internal and External Stress and Strain 4.1.1 Porosity 4.1.2 Volume and Surface Averaging of Elastic Material 4.1.3 Volume and Surface Averaging of Porous Material 4.1.4 Linkage Between Internal and External Strains 4.2 Thermodynamic Principles 4.3 Variational Formulation 4.3.1 Virtual Work 4.3.2 Internal Energy 4.3.3 Porosity Equilibrium 4.4 Constitutive Equation 4.4.1 Linear Material Model 4.4.2 Linear Model 4.5 Intrinsic Material Constant 4.5.1 Effective Solid Bulk Modulus 4.5.2 Fundamental Deformation Mode 4.5.3 Microisotropy and Microhomogeneity: Ideal Porous Medium 4.6 Link with Phenomenological Model 4.6.1 Link with Bulk Continuum Model 4.6.2 Link with Micromechanics Model 4.7 Deviation from Ideal Porous Medium 4.8 Limiting Material Properties 4.8.1 Ideal Porous Medium 4.8.2 Granular Material 4.8.3 Soil Mechanics Model: Saturated 4.8.4 Soil Mechanics Model: Nearly Saturated 4.8.5 Highly Compressible Solid 4.8.6 Highly Compressible Fluid 4.9 Material Stability and Energy Diagram 4.10 Semilinear Model 4.10.1 Geometric Nonlinearity 4.10.2 Structural Nonlinearity 4.11 Laboratory Measurement of Intrinsic Constant References 5 Anisotropy 5.1 Anisotropic Constitutive Equation 5.1.1 Elasticity 5.1.2 Poroelastic Stress-Strain Relation 5.1.3 Poroelastic Strain-Stress Relation 5.2 Material Symmetry 5.2.1 Orthotropy 5.2.2 Transverse Isotropy 5.2.3 Isotropy 5.3 Micromechanics 5.4 Ideal Porous Medium 5.5 Example References 6 Governing Equation 6.1 Darcy’s Law 6.1.1 Darcy’s Empirical Law 6.1.2 Homogenization Theory 6.1.3 Intrinsic Permeability and Mobility Coefficient 6.1.4 Irreversible Thermodynamics Process 6.2 Other Physical Laws 6.2.1 Mass Conservation 6.2.2 Force Equilibrium 6.3 Governing Equation 6.3.1 Navier-Cauchy Equation 6.3.2 Diffusion Equation 6.3.3 Compatibility Equation 6.3.4 Harmonic Relation 6.3.5 Orthotropy 6.3.6 Transverse Isotropy 6.4 Degenerated Governing Equation 6.4.1 Drained and Undrained State 6.4.2 Soil Mechanics Model 6.4.3 Irrotational Displacement Field 6.4.4 Uncoupling of Diffusion Equation 6.5 Boundary Value Problem 6.5.1 Existence and Uniqueness 6.5.2 Boundary Condition 6.6 Field Equation 6.6.1 Biot Function 6.6.2 Biot Decomposition 6.6.3 McNamee-Gibson Displacement Function References 7 Analytical Solution 7.1 Review of Early Work 7.2 Uniaxial Strain 7.2.1 Isotropy 7.2.2 Transverse Isotropy 7.3 One-Dimensional Consolidation Problem 7.3.1 Terzaghi’s Consolidation Problem 7.3.2 Loading by Fluid Pressure 7.3.3 Variable Rete Loading 7.3.4 Harmonic Excitation 7.4 Plane Strain 7.4.1 Orthotropy 7.4.2 Isotropy 7.4.3 Volumetric Strain and Rotation Formulation 7.5 Generalized Plane Strain 7.5.1 Definition of Generalized Plane Strain 7.5.2 Pure Shear 7.5.3 Warping 7.5.4 Torsion 7.5.5 Plane Strain 7.5.6 Axial Strain 7.5.7 Pure Bending 7.6 Pure Bending of Plate 7.6.1 Bending of Cantilever Plate 7.6.2 Buckling of Axially Loaded Plate 7.7 Mandel Problem 7.8 Water Wave Over Seabed 7.9 Spherical Symmetry 7.10 Cryer Problem 7.11 Spherical Cavity 7.11.1 Pressurized Cavity 7.11.2 Excavated Cavity 7.11.3 Pore Pressure Meter Problem 7.12 Axial Symmetry 7.13 Cylinder Problem 7.13.1 Solid Cylinder 7.13.2 Hollow Cylinder 7.14 Borehole Problem 7.14.1 Plane Strain Borehole Problem 7.14.2 Inclined Borehole Problem 7.15 Borehole and Cylinder Application Problems 7.15.1 Retrieval of Cylindrical Core 7.15.2 Excavated Borehole 7.15.3 Fluid Extraction and Injection 7.15.4 Borehole Breakdown Pressure 7.15.5 Borehole Stability Analysis 7.16 Moving Load on Half Plane 7.17 Plane Strain Half Space and Layered Problem 7.17.1 General Solution for Layered Problem 7.17.2 Plane Strain Half Space Problem 7.18 Axial Symmetry Half Space Problem References 8 Fundamental Solution and Integral Equation 8.1 Reciprocal Theorem 8.1.1 Green’s Second Identity 8.1.2 Betti-Maxwell Reciprocal Theorem 8.1.3 Reciprocal Theorem of Poroelasticity 8.2 Somigliana Integral Equation 8.2.1 Green’s Third Identity 8.2.2 Elasticity 8.2.3 Poroelasticity 8.3 Fredholm Integral Equation 8.3.1 Potential Problem 8.3.2 Elasticity 8.3.3 Poroelasticity 8.4 Stress Discontinuity Method 8.5 Displacement Discontinuity Method 8.6 Dislocation Method 8.7 Galerkin Integral Equation 8.8 Fundamental Solution 8.8.1 Elementary Fundamental Solution 8.8.2 Elasticity Fundamental Solution 8.9 Poroelasticity Fundamental Solution 8.10 Fluid Source 8.10.1 Continuous Source 8.10.2 Instantaneous Source 8.11 Fluid Dipole 8.11.1 Continuous Dipole 8.11.2 Instantaneous Dipole 8.12 Fluid Dilatation 8.12.1 Continuous Fluid Dilatation 8.12.2 Instantaneous Fluid Dilatation 8.13 Fluid Force 8.13.1 Continuous Fluid Force 8.13.2 Instantaneous Fluid Force 8.14 Fluid Dodecapole 8.15 Total Force 8.15.1 Continuous Total Force 8.15.2 Instantaneous Total Force 8.16 Solid Quadrupole and Hexapole 8.17 Solid Center of Dilatation 8.18 Displacement Discontinuity 8.19 Edge Dislocation 8.20 Fundamental Solution Relation Based on Reciprocity References 9 Poroelastodynamics 9.1 Dynamic Equilibrium Equation 9.2 Dynamic Permeability 9.3 Governing Equation 9.4 Wave Propagation 9.4.1 Elastic Wave 9.4.2 Poroelastic Wave 9.5 Phase Velocity and Attenuation 9.5.1 Phase Velocity 9.5.2 Attenuation 9.5.3 Extended Biot Models 9.6 One-Dimensional Wave Problem 9.6.1 Half Space 9.6.2 Finite Thickness Layer 9.7 Thermoelasticity Analogy 9.8 Poroelastodynamics Fundamental Solution 9.8.1 Elastodynamics Fundamental Solution 9.8.2 Helmholtz Decomposition 9.8.3 Three-Dimensional Point Force Solution 9.8.4 Three-Dimensional Fluid Source Solution 9.8.5 Two-Dimensional Fundamental Solution 9.9 Integral Equation Representation 9.10 Plane Wave Reflection and Refraction 9.10.1 Plane Strain Wave Solution 9.10.2 Reflection on Free Surface—Non-Dissipative Medium 9.10.3 Reflection on Free Surface—Dissipative Medium 9.10.4 Impermeable Surface 9.10.5 Fluid and Porous Medium Interface References 10 Poroviscoelasticity 10.1 Viscoelasticity 10.1.1 Spring and Dashpot Model 10.1.2 Correspondence Principle

Note: Contents 1 Marine Ecosystem: An Overview 1.1 Benthic Compartment 1.1.1 Supralittoral Zone 1.1.2 Eulittoral Zone 1.1.3 Sublittoral Zone 1.1.4 Continental Shelf 1.1.5 Continental Slope 1.1.6 Bathyal Zone 1.1.7 Abyssal Plains 1.1.8 Hadal Zone 1.2 Aquatic Compartment 1.2.1 Classification on the Basis of Light Penetration 1.2.2 How to Estimate the Age of Ocean Water? 1.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Consumption Method 1.2.4 Decay Rate of 14C Method 1.2.5 90Sr Content Method 1.2.6 Hydrogen Isotope Method Brain Churners Annexure References 2 Estuarine Ecosystem: An Overview 2.1 Definition and Ecosystem Services 2.1.1 Ecosystem Services 2.2 Classification Brain Churners Annexure References 3 Physical Processes in the Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems 3.1 Waves and Tides 3.1.1 Tides 3.1.2 Theories Related to Tides 3.1.3 Tidal Bore and Tide in Rivers 3.2 Currents 3.2.1 Upwelling and Downwelling: Causes and Significance 3.2.2 Factors Regulating the Pattern and Distribution of Currents 3.2.3 What Happens Practically? 3.2.4 El Niño Brain Churners Annexure References 4 Abiotic Variables of the Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems 4.1 Chemical Components 4.1.1 Spatio-temporal Variations of Salinity 4.1.2 Deep-Water Salinity 4.1.3 Conservative and Non-conservative Ions 4.1.4 Dissolved Gases in Seawater 4.1.5 Nutrients 4.2 Sediment Compartment 4.2.1 Transportation of Marine Sediments 4.2.2 Classification of Marine Sediments 4.2.3 Ooze: Definition and Type 4.2.4 Sediment Deposition: A Boon or a Curse? Brain Churners Annexure References 5 Producers of the Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems 5.1 Phytoplankton Community 5.1.1 Diatoms 5.1.2 Dinoflagellates 5.1.3 Coccolithophores 5.1.4 Blue-Green Algae 5.1.5 Green Algae 5.1.6 Classification of Phytoplankton 5.2 Macrophytes 5.2.1 Seaweed Community 5.2.2 Mangroves 5.2.3 Seagrass and Salt Marsh Grass Brain Churners Annexure References 6 Consumers of the Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems 6.1 Zooplankton Community 6.1.1 Zooplankton: Do They Maintain Uniformity in Their Life Timeline? 6.2 Vertebrate Community 6.2.1 Fishes 6.2.2 Reptiles 6.2.3 Sea Birds 6.2.4 Marine Mammals Brain Churners Annexure References 7 Decomposers of the Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems 7.1 Overview of Marine and Estuarine Microbes 7.1.1 Marine Organisms as Habitats of Microorganisms 7.1.2 Identification of Marine and Estuarine Microorganisms: A Molecular Genetic Approach 7.2 Importance of Marine and Estuarine Microbes 7.2.1 Production of Antibiotics 7.2.2 Production of Antitumour Compounds 7.2.3 Production of Enzyme 7.2.4 Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon 7.2.5 Degradation of Mangrove Litter 7.2.6 Drugs from Marine Microbes Brain Churners Annexure References 8 Adaptation of Marine and Estuarine Organisms 8.1 Adaptation of Organisms in the Intertidal Zone 8.1.1 Adaptation of Biota Inhabiting Rocky Shore 8.1.2 Adaptation of Biota Inhabiting Soft Substratum 8.2 Adaptation of Organisms Inhabiting Deep Sea 8.2.1 Morphological Adaptations 8.2.2 Biochemical Adaptations 8.2.3 Vent Communities of the Deep Sea 8.2.4 Properties of Vent Community Brain Churners Annexure References 9 Hot Spots of Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems 9.1 Mangroves 9.2 Coral Reefs 9.2.1 Types of Coral Reefs 9.2.2 Coral Reef Characteristics 9.2.3 Reef Productivity Brain Churners Annexure References 10 Threats to Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems 10.1 Natural Threats 10.1.1 Alteration of the Earth’s Orbit 10.1.2 Natural Oscillation of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 10.1.3 Volcanic Activities 10.1.4 Variations in Solar Output 10.1.5 Plate Tectonics 10.1.6 Natural Disasters and Extreme Weather Events 10.2 Anthropogenic Threats 10.2.1 Pollution 10.2.2 Aquaculture 10.2.3 Unplanned Tourism 10.2.4 Introduction of Alien Species 10.2.5 Development of Coastal Structures 10.2.6 Negative Fishing Brain Churners Annexure References 11 Conservation of Marine and Estuarine Resources 11.1 Conservation or Preservation? 11.2 Tiers for Conservation 11.2.1 Habitat Diversity 11.2.2 Community and Ecosystem Diversity 11.2.3 Functional Diversity 11.2.4 Population Diversity 11.2.5 Phyletic Diversity 11.2.6 Species Diversity 11.2.7 Genetic Diversity Brain Churners Annexure References 12 Instruments and Methods 12.1 Instruments 12.1.1 Instruments Used for Physical Oceanographic Study 12.1.2 Instruments Used for Geological Oceanographic Study 12.1.3 Instruments Used for Chemical Oceanographic Study 12.1.4 Instruments Used for Biological Oceanographic Study 12.2 Application of Satellites in Marine and Estuarine Researches Brain Churners Annexure References Erratum

Note: Contents Introduction / Germán Mariano Gasparini, Jorge Rabassa, Cecilia Deschamps and Eduardo Pedro Tonni The Heinrich and Dansgaard–Oeschger Climatic Events During Marine Isotopic Stage 3 / Jorge Rabassa and Juan Federico Ponce On the Origin of the Dansgaard–Oeschger Events and Its Time Variability / Silvia Duhau and Cornelis de Jager The Influence of the Geomagnetic Field in Climate Changes / María Julia Orgeira, Ana María Sinito and Rosa Hilda Compagnucci Abrupt Climate Changes During the Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) / Eduardo Andrés Agosta and Rosa Hilda Compagnucci Active Deformation, Uplift and Subsidence in Southern South America Throughout the Quaternary: A General Review About Their Development and Mechanisms / Andrés Folguera, Guido Gianni, Lucía Sagripanti, Emilio Rojas Vera, Bruno Colavitto, Darío Orts and Víctor Alberto Ramos The Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3) in Valleys of the Undulated Pampa, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina / Adriana María Blasi, Carola Castiñeira Latorre, Gabriela Catalina Cusminsky and Ana Paula Carignano Sea Level Changes During Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3) in Argentina / Federico Ignacio Isla and Enrique Jorge Schnack Paleogeographic Evolution of the Atlantic Coast of South America During Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) / Juan Federico Ponce and Jorge Rabassa The Continental Record of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3; ~60–25 ka) in Central Argentina: Evidence from Fluvial and Aeolian Sequences / Marcelo Zárate, Adriana Mehl and Alfonsina Tripaldi Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) and Continental Beds from Northern Uruguay (Sopas Formation): Paleontology, Chronology, and Climate / Martín Ubilla, Andrea Corona, Andrés Rinderknecht, Daniel Perea and Mariano Verde The Brazilian Intertropical Fauna from 60 to About 10 ka B.P.: Taxonomy, Dating, Diet, and Paleoenvironments / Mário André Trinidade Dantas and Mario Alberto Cozzuol Continental Vertebrates During the Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) in Argentina / Germán Mariano Gasparini, Esteban Soibelzon, Cecilia Deschamps, Analía Francia, Elisa Beilinson, Leopoldo Héctor Soibelzon and Eduardo Pedro Tonni Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) Versus Marine Isotope Stage 5 (MIS 5) Fossiliferous Marine Deposits from Uruguay / Alejandra Rojas and Sergio Martínez Vegetation and Climate in Southern South America during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3): an Overview of Existing Terrestrial Pollen Records / Ana María Borromei and Lorena Laura Musotto Response of Diatoms to Late Quaternary Climate Changes / Marcela Alcira Espinosa Silicophytolith Studies in South America and Argentina: Scope and Limitations for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) / Margarita Osterrieth, María Fernanda Alvarez, Mariana Fernández Honaine and Georgina Erra Index

Note: Contents Part I The Algae Cell The Cell Cycle of Microalgae / Vilém Zachleder, Kateřina Bišová, and Milada Vítová Biosynthesis of the Cell Walls of the Algae / David S. Domozych Part II The Fundamental Physiological Processes Photosynthesis and Light Harvesting in Algae / Anthony W. Larkum Carbon Acquisition by Microalgae / John Beardall and John A. Raven Fundamentals and Recent Advances in Hydrogen Production and Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria / Namita Khanna, Patrícia Raleiras, and Peter Lindblad Dark Respiration and Organic Carbon Loss / John A. Raven and John Beardall Part III Nutrients and Their Acquisition Combined Nitrogen / John A. Raven and Mario Giordano Nutrients and Their Acquisition: Phosphorus Physiology in Microalgae / Sonya T. Dyhrman Sulphur and Algae: Metabolism, Ecology and Evolution / Mario Giordano and Laura Prioretti Micronutrients / Antonietta Quigg Iron / Adrian Marchetti and Maria T. Maldonado Selenium in Algae / Hiroya Araie and Yoshihiro Shiraiwa Silicification in the Microalgae / Zoe V. Finkel Calcification / Alison R. Taylor and Colin Brownlee Part IV Algae Interactions with Environment Chemically-Mediated Interactions in Microalgae / Michael A. Borowitzka Coping with High and Variable Salinity: Molecular Aspects of Compatible Solute Accumulation / Martin Hagemann Effects of Global Change, Including UV and UV Screening Compounds / Richa, Rajeshwar P. Sinha, and Donat-P. Häder Part V Secondary Metabolites Lipid Metabolism in Microalgae / Inna Khozin-Goldberg Sterols in Microalgae / John K. Volkman Carotenoids / Einar Skarstad Egeland Exocellular Polysaccharides in Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Chemical Features, Role and Enzymes and Genes Involved in Their Biosynthesis / Federico Rossi and Roberto De Philippis Algae Genome-Scale Reconstruction, Modelling and Applications / Cristiana G.O. Dal’Molin and Lars K. Nielsen Part VI Applications Algal Physiology and Large-Scale Outdoor Cultures of Microalgae / Michael A. Borowitzka Part VII Systematics and Taxonomy Systematics, Taxonomy and Species Names: Do They Matter? / Michael A. Borowitzka

Note: Contents 1 Introduction References Part I Mine Design, Mine Mapping and Sampling 2 Mining Methods 2.1 Open Pit Mines 2.2 Underground Mines 2.2.1 Underground Selective Mining Methods 2.2.2 Underground Bulk Mining Methods 2.2.3 Mining of the Gently Dipping Ore Bodies 2.3 Unconventional Mining 2.3.1 In situ Leach (ISL) Technique 2.3.2 Dredging of the Mineral Sands References 3 Mine Mapping 3.1 Mine Mapping Principles 3.2 Mapping Open Pit Mines 3.3 Mapping of Underground Mines 3.4 Mapping Using Digital Photogrammetry and Laser Technologies 3.4.1 Mapping Mining Faces Using Photogrammetry 3.4.2 Remote Mapping of the Mines Using Laser 3.5 Optimisation of the Mine Mapping Procedures References 4 Drilling Techniques and Drill Holes Logging 4.1 Drilling Methods 4.2 Diamond Core Drilling 4.2.1 Core Quality and Representativeness 4.2.2 Orientated Core 4.2.3 Logging Diamond Core Holes 4.2.4 Sampling Diamond Core 4.3 Open Hole Percussion Drilling 4.3.1 Sampling Blastholes for Grade Control Purpose in the Open Pits 4.3.2 Use of ‘Jumbo’ Drilling for Delineation of Underground Stopes 4.4 Reverse Circulation (RC) Percussion Drilling 4.4.1 Logging RC Holes 4.4.2 Sampling RC Holes 4.5 Sonic Drilling Technologies 4.5.1 Strength and Weakness of the Sonic Drilling 4.5.2 Logging and Sampling Sonic Drill Holes 4.6 Auger Drilling 4.7 Rotary Drilling Using Tricone Bit References 5 Sampling of the Mine Workings 5.1 Sampling Rock Faces in the Underground Mines 5.1.1 Channel Sampling 5.1.2 Rock Chip Sampling 5.2 Sampling of the Broken Ore 5.3 Trenching and Winzing References 6 Geotechnical Logging and Mapping 6.1 Geotechnical Logging of the Drill Core 6.1.1 Drilling Parameters and Core Recovery 6.1.2 Rock Weathering 6.1.3 Rock Strength 6.1.4 Rock Quality Designation Index (RQD) 6.1.5 Natural Breaks 6.2 Geotechnical Mapping 6.3 Geotechnical Applications of Rock Mass Classification Schemes References 7 Dry Bulk Density (DBD) of Rocks 7.1 Types of the Rock Densities Used in the Mining Industry 7.2 Dry Bulk Density Measurement Techniques 7.2.1 Competent Non-porous Rocks 7.2.2 Porous and Weathered Rocks 7.2.3 Non-consolidated Sediments 7.3 Spatial Distribution of the Rock Density Measurements References 8 Data Points Location (Surveying) 8.1 Surface Points Location 8.2 Down-Hole Survey Reference Part II Sampling Errors 9 Introduction to the Theory of Sampling 9.1 Types of Sampling Errors 9.2 Fundamental Sampling Error 9.2.1 Theoretical Background 9.2.2 Experimental Calibration of the Sampling 9.2.3 Sampling Nomogram 9.3 Grouping – Segregation Error 9.4 Errors Related to the Sampling Practices 9.5 Instrumental Errors References 10 Quality Control and Assurance (QAQC) 10.1 Accuracy Control 10.1.1 Statistical Tests for Assessing Performance of the Standard Samples 10.1.2 Statistical Tests for Assessing the Data Bias Using the Duplicate Samples 10.1.3 Diagnostic Diagram: Pattern Recognition Method 10.2 Precision Control 10.2.1 Matching Pairs of Data 10.2.2 Processing and Interpretation of Duplicate Samples 10.3 Comparative Analysis of the Statistical Estimation Methods 10.4 Guidelines for Optimisation of the Sampling Programmes 10.4.1 Planning and Implementation of the Sampling Programmes 10.4.2 Frequency of Inserting QAQC Material to Assay Batches 10.4.3 Distribution of the Reference Materials 10.4.4 Distribution of the Duplicate Samples References 11 Twin Holes 11.1 Method Overview 11.1.1 Objectives of the Twinned Holes Study 11.1.2 Statistical Treatment of the Results 11.1.3 Distance Between Twinned Holes 11.1.4 Drilling Quality and Quantity 11.1.5 Comparison of Studied Variables 11.1.6 Practice of Drilling Twinned Holes for Mining Geology Applications 11.2 Case Studies 11.2.1 Gold Deposits: Confirmation of High-Grade Intersections 11.2.2 Twin Holes Studies in Iron Ore Deposits 11.2.3 Mineral Sands Deposits: Validation of Historic Drilling 11.2.4 Bauxites: Use of Twin Holes as a Routine Control of Drilling Quality References 12 Database 12.1 Construction of the Database 12.2 Data Entry 12.2.1 Electronic Data Transfer 12.2.2 Keyboard Data Entry 12.2.3 Special Values 12.3 Management of the Data Flow 12.4 Database Safety and Security References Part III Mineral Resources 13 Data Preparation 13.1 Data Compositing 13.1.1 Data Coding 13.1.2 Compositing Algorithms 13.1.3 Choice of the Optimal Compositing Intervals 13.1.4 Validating of the Composited Assays 13.2 High Grade Cut-Off References 14 Geological Constraints of Mineralisation 14.1 Introduction to Wireframing 14.2 Characterisation of the Mineralisation Contacts 14.2.1 Contact Profile 14.2.2 Determining of the Cut-Off Value for Constraining Mineralisation 14.2.3 Contact Topography 14.2.4 Uncertainty of the Contacts 14.3 Geometry and Internal Structure of the Mineralised Domains 14.3.1 Unfolding References 15 Exploratory Data Analysis 15.1 Objective of the EDA 15.2 Overview of the EDA Techniques 15.2.1 Spider Diagram 15.2.2 Data Declustering 15.2.3 Q-Q Plots 15.2.4 Box-and-Whisker Plot (Box Plot) 15.3 Grouping and Analysis of the Data 15.3.1 Data Types 15.3.2 Data Generations 15.3.3 Grouping Samples by Geological Characteristics 15.4 Statistical Analysis of the Resource Domains References 16 Resource Estimation Methods 16.1 Polygonal Method 16.2 Estimation by Triangulation 16.3 Cross-Sectional Method 16.3.1 Extrapolation of the Cross-Sections 16.3.2 Interpolation Between Cross-Sections 16.4 Estimation by Panels 16.5 Inverse Distance Weighting Method References Part IV Applied Mining Geostatistics 17 Introduction to Geostatistics 17.1 Regionalised Variable and Random Function 17.2 Stationarity and Intrinsic Hypothesis References 18 Variography 18.1 Quantitative Analysis of the Spatial Continuity 18.2 Intuitive Look at Variogram 18.3 Geostatistical Definition of Variogram 18.4 Directional, Omnidirectional and Average Variograms 18.5 Properties of the Variograms 18.5.1 Behaviour Near Origin 18.5.2 Anisotropy 18.6 Analysis of the Data Continuity Using a Variogram Map 18.7 Presence of Drift 18.8 Proportional Effect 18.9 Variogram Sill and the Sample Variance 18.10 Impact of the Different Support 18.11 Variogram Models 18.11.1 Common Variogram Models 18.11.2 Modelling Geometric Anisotropy 18.11.3 Nested Structures 18.11.4 Modelling Zonal Anisotropy 18.12 Troublesome Variograms 18.12.1 Hole Effect 18.12.2 Saw-Tooth Shaped and Erratic Variograms 18.13 Alternative Measures of a Spatial Continuity 18.13.1 Variograms of the Gaussian Transformed Values 18.13.2 Relative (Normalised) Variograms 18.13.3 Different Structural Tools 18.14 Indicator Variograms 18.15 Variograms in the Multivariate Environment 18.15.1 Multivariate Geostatistical Functions 18.15.2 Linear Model of Coregionalisation References 19 Methods of the Linear Geostatistics (Kriging) 19.1 Geostatistical Resource Estimation 19.2 Kriging System 19.2.1 Ordinary Kriging 19.2.2 Simple Kriging 19.2.3 Simple Versus Ordinary Kriging 19.3 Properties of Kriging 19.3.1 Exactitude Property of Kriging 19.3.2 Negative Kriging Weights and Screening Effect 19.3.3 Smoothing Effect 19.3.4 Kriging Variance 19.3.5 Conditional Bias 19.4 Block Kriging 19.4.1 Blocks and Point Estimates 19.4.2 Kriging of the Small Blocks References 20 Multivariate Geostatistics 20.1 Theoretical Background of Multivariate Geostatistics 20.1.1 Ordinary Co-kriging 20.1.2 Collocated Co-kriging 20.1.3 Properties of the Co-kriging 20.2 Kriging with External Drift References 21 Multiple Indicator Kriging 21.1 Methodology of the Multiple Indicator Kriging 21.2 Practical Notes on the Indicators Post-Processing References 22 Estimation of the Recoverable Resources 22.1 Change of Support Concept 22.1.1 Dispersion Variance 22.1.2 Volume Variance Relations 22.1.3 Conditions for Change-of-Support Models 22.2 Global Change of Support Methods 22.2.1 Affine Correction 22.2.2 Discrete Gaussian Change of Support 22.3 Local Change of Support Methods 22.3.1 Uniform Conditioning 22.3.2 Localised Uniform Conditioning 22.3.3 Application of the LUC

Note: Contents Part I Plenary Talk 1 Putting Sensory Back into Voluntary Motor Control / Stephen H. Scott 2 Is Visual Processing in Primates Strictly Hierarchical? / Mark A.G. Eldridge, Samarth Chandra and Barry J. Richmond 3 Self-organization of a Second Kind: General Scope and a Cortical Case Study / Ichiro Tsuda 4 Toward Autonomous Intelligence: From Active 3D Vision to Invariant Object and Scene Learning, Recognition, and Search / Stephen Grossberg 5 The Cognitive Control of Goal-Directed Action: How Predictive Learning Affects Choice / Bernard W. Balleine 6 Functional Connectivity Mapping of Decision-Making in Drosophila Melanogaster / Aike Guo, Ke Zhang, Q.Z. Ren, H.F. Su and N.N. Chen 7 Neurodynamics of Decision-Making—A Computational Approach / Azadeh Hassannejad Nazir and Hans Liljenström 8 Brain Pattern Analysis Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Dewen Hu 9 Dopamine Prediction Errors and the Relativity of Value / Masamichi Sakagami and Shingo Tanaka 10 The Neural Mechanism of Direction- and Orientation-Selective Neurons for Processing Direction, Speed, and Axis of Motion in Early Visual Cortices / Hongliang Gong, Xu An, Liling Qian, Jiapeng Yin, Yiliang Lu and Wei Wang Part II Neural Dynamics in Motor and Sensory Systems 11 Stability and Flexibility During Human Motor Control / Taishin Nomura, Yasuyuki Suzuki, Chunjiang Fu, Naoya Yoshikawa, Ken Kiyono, Maura Casadio and Pietro Morasso 12 Context-Dependent Human Motor Memories: Function, Implementation, and Manipulation / Daichi Nozaki 13 A Model of Gait Cycle Variability During Human Walking / Chunjiang Fu, Yasuyuki Suzuki, Ken Kiyono and Taishin Nomura 14 Coordinate Systems in the Motor System: Computational Modeling and EEG Experiment / Hirokazu Tanaka, Makoto Miyakoshi and Scott Makeig 15 Simulation Study on Neuromuscular Model-Inspired Control Strategy for Variable Stiffness Actuators / Jun Zhu, Yu Wang and Heng Cao 16 Changes in the Inner Gene Expression of Lateral Olivocochlear Receptors After the Loss of the Descending Cortical Pathway / Miguel A. Merchan, Veronica Lamas and Jose Manuel Juiz 17 Effect of Parvalbumin Deficiency on Distributed Activity and Interactions in Neural Circuits Activated by Instrumental Learning / Agnès Gruart, José Maria Delgado-García and Alessandra Lintas 18 Dynamic Patterns of Cortical Activation During Different Types of Learning Tasks and Unpredictable Situations / José M. Delgado-García, Raudel Sánchez-Campusano, Iván Fernández-Lamo and Agnès Gruart 19 The Application of Spatiotemporal Energy Model in the Simulation of Population Responses in Early Visual Cortices / Yiliang Lu, Xu An, Hongliang Gong and Wei Wang 20 Aspect Ratio of the Receptive Field Makes a Major Contribution to the Bandwidth of Orientation Selectivity in Cat V1 / Tao Xu, Ming Li, Ke Chen, Ling Wang and Hong-Mei Yan 21 Nonlinear Dynamical Analysis of Spontaneous EEG Recordings in Rats After Chronic Spinal Cord Injury / Pu Jiangbo, Xu Hanhui, Wang Yazhou, Cui Hongyan and Hu Yong Part III Interactive Dynamics in Cognitive Functions 22 Causality in Neuroscience and Its Limitations: Bottom-up, Top-down, and Round-About / Hans A. Braun 23 Decisions and Downward Causation in Neural Systems / Hans Liljenström and Azadeh Hassannejad Nazir 24 Top-down and/or Bottom-up Causality: The Notion of Relatedness in the Human Brain / Kim C. Wende and Andreas Jansen 25 Overviewing Causality or Over-Interpreting Noise: Is Modern Neuroscience Shaping Our View of the Human Mind? / Kim C. Wende and Andreas Jansen 26 Theoretical Models of Decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game: Fairness vs. Reason / Tatiana V. Guy, Miroslav Kárný, Alessandra Lintas and Alessandro E.P. Villa 27 Dynamic Interactions in Prefrontal Functional Connectivity During Adolescence / Xin Zhou, Emilio Salinas, Terrence R. Stanford and Christos Constantinidis 28 Causal Interaction Between Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum Estimated by Granger Causality / Xiaochuan Pan, Rubin Wang and Masamichi Sakagami 29 Two Strategies for Interactive Planning / Jiro Okuda 30 TMS-EEG for Probing Distinct Modes of Neural Dynamics in the Human Brain / Keiichi Kitajo and Yuka O. Okazaki 31 Estimating Information Transmission Time Between Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum by Transfer Entropy / Kaidi Shao, Xiaochuan Pan and Rubin Wang 32 Reward-Modulated Functional Connectivity Between Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum / Yan Zhang, Xiaochuan Pan and Rubin Wang 33 On the Role of Intrinsic Rewards in Communication / Jan Lauwereyns and Shizuka Sakurai Lauwereyns Part IV Neural Dynamics in Hippocampus 34 Hydrogen Sulfide Prevents Synaptic Plasticity from Vascular Dementia-Induced Damage via Inhibiting Autophagy on Rats / Chunhua Liu, Tao Zhang and Zhuo Yang 35 The Impact of Nasal Copper Nanoparticle Exposure on Rats’ Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Cognition / Ye Liu, Wei Guan, Jinzhe Liu and Zhuo Yang 36 Theta Phase Time-Delayed Modulating Low Gamma Amplitude in Hippocampal CA3–CA1 Network / Chenguang Zheng, Qun Li, Yiyi Wang and Tao Zhang 37 Roles of DA and 5-HT in Modulating Neural Oscillatory Synchronization / Chenguang Zheng and Tao Zhang 38 Dynamic Information Routing in the Hippocampus / Hiroshi Nishida, Muneyoshi Takahashi and Jan Lauwereyns 39 Rule Switching Affects Cross-Frequency Couplings in Rat Hippocampus / Tomoaki Nakazono, Susumu Takahashi and Yoshio Sakurai Part V Imaging Cognitive Networks 40 Functional Connectivity Analysis of Cognitive Reappraisal Using Sparse Spectral Clustering Method / Ling Zou, Yi Xu, Zhongyi Jiang, Zhuqing Jiao, Changjie Pan and Renlai Zhou 41 Theta Coupling in the Human EEG During the Control of Bottom-up and Top-down Attention / Dandan Zhao and Ling Li 42 Phase-Dependent Alteration of Functional Connectivity Density During Face Recognition in the Infra-slow Frequency Range / Yifeng Wang, Feng Liu, Xiujuan Jing, Zhiliang Long and Huafu Chen 43 The Supramodal Brain Network for the Recognition of Faces and Bodies: Is Visual Experience Necessary for the Development of High-Order Visual Cortices? / Ryo Kitada 44 Over-Complete Analysis for Resting-State fMRI Data / Ruiyang Ge, Li Yao, Hang Zhang, Xia Wu and Zhiying Long 45 Decoding Brain States with Simulated Microgravity from Baseline Using Functional Connectivity of Default Network / Ling-Li Zeng, Yang Liao, Hui Shen, Xufeng Liu and Dewen Hu 46 Experimental Studies on the Contralateral Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow Using a Patient-Specific Aneurysm Model / Lizhong Mu, Ying He, Junyuan Chen, Xunjie Yu, Jianhui Wei, Changjin Ji and Jiaqi Lv 47 A Robust Coherence-Based Brain Connectivity Method with an Application to EEG Recordings / Jiaqing Yan, Jianbin Wen, Yinghua Wang, Xianzeng Liu and Xiaoli Li Part VI Advanced Brain Computer Interaction 48 Robust Averaging of Covariance Matrices by Riemannian Geometry for Motor-Imagery Brain–Computer Interfacing / Takashi Uehara, Toshihisa Tanaka and Simone Fiori 49 Vibrotactile Brain–Computer Interface with Error-Detecting Codes / Sittipong Apichartstaporn, Kitsuchart Pasupa and Yoshikazu Washizawa 50 Sparse Support Vector Machine for Simultaneous Feature Selection and Classification in Motor-Imagery-Based BCI / Yu Zhang, Yu Wang, Jing Jin and Xingyu Wang 51 QEEG Coherence Evaluation for Soccer Performance Level Analysis of the Striker / Kittichai Tharawadeepimuk and Yodchanan Wongsawat 52 BCI-Based Mobile Phone Using SSVEP Techniques / Dongsheng Wang, Toshiki Kobayashi, Gaochao Cui, Daishi Watabe and Jianting Cao 53 Two-Step Input Spatial Auditory BCI for Japanese Kana Characters / Moonjeong Chang and Tomasz M. Rutkowski 54 Resting-State Long-Range Functional Connectivity Density Reveals Sensorimotor Rhythm-Based BCI Performance Variations / Rui Zhang, Tao Zhang, Teng Ma, Fali Li, Dezhong Yao and Peng Xu 55 On the Correlations of Motor Imagery of Swallow with Motor Imagery of Tongue Movements and Actual Swallow / Huijuan Yang, Cuntai Guan, Chuan Chu Wang, Kai Keng Ang, Kok Soon Phua, See San Chok, Christina Ka Yin Tang and Karen Sui Geok Chua

Note: Contents: Part I: Overview of the Changes in the Terrestrial Water Cycle ; Chapter 1: Macroscale Hydrological Modeling and Global Water Balance ; Chapter 2: Historical and Future Changes in Streamflow and Continental Runoff ; Chapter 3: Changes in the Global Terrestrial Water Cycle ; Part II: Human Alterations of the Terrestrial Water Cycle ; Chapter 4: Human-Induced Changes in the Global Water Cycle ; Chapter 5: Impacts of Groundwater Pumping on Regional and Global Water Resources ; Chapter 6: Land Use/Cover Change Impacts on Hydrology in Large River Basins ; Part III: Recent Advances in Hydrological Measurement and Observation ; Chapter 7: GRACE-Based Estimates of Global Groundwater Depletion ; Chapter 8: Regional-Scale Combined Land-Atmosphere Water Balance Based on Daily Observations in Illinois ; Part IV: Integrated Modeling of the Terrestrial Water Cycle ; Chapter 9: Drivers of Change in Managed Water Resources ; Chapter 10: Modeling the Role of Vegetation in Hydrological Responses to Climate Change ; Chapter 11: Estimating Virtual Water Contents Using a Global Hydrological Model ; Index

Note: Contents: Front Matter -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Good health -- 3. The invisible mind -- 4. Inputs and outcomes -- 5. The individual -- 6. The practitioner -- 7. The public -- 8. The logic of insurance -- 9. Insurance: private and public -- 10. Equity and equality -- 11. The right to health -- 12. Inequality and health -- 13. Narrowing the gap -- 14. Equalising medical care -- 15. The cost of care -- 16. Cost containment -- 17. State, market and cost -- 18. Conclusion -- References -- Index

Note: Contents: Introduction: The Need for a Heterodox Approach to Economic Analysis ; PART I ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS ; 1. What is Economics? ; 2. The History of Economic Theories ; 3. Monetary Economies of Production ; PART II MONEY, BANKS, AND FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES ; 4. Money and Banking ; 5. The Financial System ; 6. The Central Bank and Monetary Policy ; PART III THE MACROECONOMICS OF THE SHORT AND LONG RUN ; 7. Aggregate Demand ; 8. Inflation and Unemployment ; 9. The Role of Fiscal Policy ; 10. Economic Growth and Development ; 11. Wealth Distribution ; PART IV INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY ; 12. International Trade and Development ; 13. Balance-of-payments Constrained Growth ; 14. European Monetary Union ; PART V RECENT TRENDS ; 15. Financialization ; 16. Imbalances and Crises ; 17. Sustainable Development ; Conclusion: Do we Need Microfoundations for Macroeconomics? Index

Note: Contents: Part One: Why Great Companies Can Fail ; 1 How can great firms fail? Insights from the Hard Disk Drive industry ; 2 Value networks and the impetus to innovate ; 3 Disruptive technological change in the mechanical excavator industry ; Part Two: Managing Disruptive Technological Change ; 5 Give responsibility for disruptive technologies to organizations whose customers need them ; 6 Match the size of the organization to the size of the market ; 7 Discovering new and emerging markets ; 8 How to appraise your organization's capabilities and disabilities ; 9 Performance provided, market demand, and the product life cycle ; 10 Managing disruptive technological change: a case study ; 11 The dilemma of innovation: a summary

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 2 Optimal Allocation and Development ; Part I: Fundamental Economic Theory ; Part II: Further Adjustments for the Idiosyncrasies of Water ; 3 Efficiency in a Dynamic World ; Part I: The Whys and Whats of Discounting ; Part II: Applied Discounting4 Risk and Reliability ; 5 Social Institutions ; Part I: The Economics of Institutions ; Part II: Legal Institutions ; 6 Policy Analysis ; 7 Cost-Benefit Analysis ; 8 Water Marketing ; 9 Water Pricing ; 10 Demand Analysis ; Part I: Demand Methodology ; Part II: Empirical Demand Findings for Three Sectors ; 11 Supply Analysis ; 12 Modeling with Demand and Supply ; 13 The Water Challenge

Note: Contents: PART I CONCEPTS ; 1. Meghnad Desai (2003), ‘Public Goods: A Historical Perspective’, in Inge Kaul, Pedro Conceição, Katell Le Goulven and Ronald U. Mendoza (eds), Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, Part 1, New York, NY, USA, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 63–77 ; 2. Charles P. Kindleberger (1986), ‘International Public Goods Without International Government’, American Economic Review, 76 (1), March, 1–13 ; 3. William D. Nordhaus (2006), ‘Paul Samuelson and Global Public Goods: A Commemorative Essay for Paul Samuelson’, in Michael Szenberg, Lall Ramrattan and Aron A. Gottesman (eds), Samuelsonian Economics and the Twenty-First Century, Chapter 5, New York, NY, USA, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 88–98 ; 4. Inge Kaul and Ronald U. Mendoza (2003), ‘Advancing the Concept of Public Goods’, in Inge Kaul, Pedro Conceição, Katell Le Goulven and Ronald U. Mendoza (eds), Providing Global Public Goods: Managing Globalization, Part 1, New York, NY, USA, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 78–111 ; PART II INCENTIVES TO COOPERATE ; 5. Todd Sandler (1998), ‘Global and Regional Public Goods: A Prognosis for Collective Action’, Fiscal Studies, 19 (3), 221–47 ; 6. Joseph S. Nye Jr. (2002), ‘The American National Interest and Global Public Goods’, International Affairs, 78 (2), April, 233–44 ; 7. Amartya Sen (1999), ‘Global Justice: Beyond International Equity’, in Inge Kaul, Isabelle Grunberg and Marc A. Stern (eds), Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century, New York, NY, USA, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 116–25 ; 8. Calvin Blackwell and Michael McKee (2003), ‘Only for my Own Neighbourhood? Preferences and Voluntary Provision of Local and Global Public Goods’, Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization, 52 (1), 115–31 ; 9. Eric Brousseau and Tom Dedeurwaerdere (2012), ‘Global Public Goods: The Participatory Governance Challenges’, in Eric Brousseau, Tom Dedeurwaerdere and Bernd Siebenhüner (eds), Reflexive Governance for Global Public Goods, Chapter 1, Cambridge, MA, London, UK: MIT Press, 21–36, references ; PART III PROVISION PATTERNS ; 10. Scott Barrett (2006), ‘Critical Factors for Providing Transnational Public Goods’, Expert Paper Series Seven: Cross-Cutting Issues, Chapter 1, Stockholm, Sweden: Secretariat of the International Task Force on Global Public Goods, 1‒58 ; 11. Cecilia Albin (2003), ‘Negotiating International Cooperation: Global Public Goods and Fairness’, Review of International Studies, 29 (3), July, 365-85 ; 12. Todd Sandler (2013), ‘Buchanan Clubs’, Constitutional Political Economy, 24 (4), 265–84 ; 13. Elinor Ostrom (2014), ‘A Polycentric Approach for Coping with Climate Change’, Annals of Economics and Finance, 15 (1), 97–134 ; 14. Fabrizio Cafaggi (2012), ‘Transnational Private Regulation and the Production of Global Public Goods and Private “Bads”’, European Journal of International Law, 23 (3), 695‒718 ; 15. David Gartner (2012), ‘Global Public Goods and Global Health’, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 22, 303–18 ; 16. Keith E. Maskus and Jerome H. Reichman (2004), ‘The Globalization of Private Knowledge Goods and the Privatization of Global Public Goods’, Journal of International Economic Law, 7 (2), 279–320 ; PART IV FINANCING SCHEMES ; 17. Agnar Sandmo (2007), ‘The Welfare Economics of Global Public Goods’, NHH (Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) Working Paper 35, November, 1–25 ; 18. Ramses H. Abul Naga and Philip Jones (2013), ‘Helping Others or Helping Oneself? International Subsidies and the Provision of Global Public Goods’, Oxford Economic Papers, 65 (4), 856–75 ; 19. Dirk T.G. Rübbelke (2011), ‘International Support of Climate Change Policies in Developing Countries: Strategic, Moral and Fairness Aspects’, Ecological Economics, 70 (8), June, 1470–80 ; 20. Pedro Conceição and Ronald U. Mendoza (2006), ‘Identifying High-Return Investments: A Methodology for Assessing When International Cooperation Pays – and for Whom’, in Inge Kaul and Pedro Conceição (eds), The New Public Finance: Responding to Global Challenges, Part 3, New York, NY, USA, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 327–56 ; 21. Tony Atkinson (2006), ‘Global Public Finance’, Oxonomics, 1 (1), 2–4 ; 22. Ottmar Edenhofer, Michael Jakob, Felix Creutzig, Christian Flachsland, Sabine Fuss, Martin Kowarsch, Kai Lessmann, Linus Mattauch, Jan Siegmeier and Jan Christoph Steckel (2015), ‘Closing the Emission Price Gap’, Global Environmental Change, 31, 132–43 ; 23. Nancy Birdsall and Benjamin Leo (2011), ‘Find me the Money: Financing Climate and Other Global Public Goods’, Centre for Global Development Working Paper 248, i, 1‒50 ; PART V GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONS ; 24. Daniel Bodansky (2012), ‘What’s In a Concept? Global Public Goods, International Law and Legitimacy’, European Journal of International Law, 23 (3), 651–68 ; 25. Inge Kaul (2013), ‘Meeting Global Challenges: Assessing Governance Readiness’, The Governance Report, 33–58 ; 26. Julio Frenk and Suerie Moon (2013), ‘Governance Challenges in Global Health’, New England Journal of Medicine, 368 (10), 936–42 ; 27. José Antonio Ocampo (2010), ‘Rethinking Global Economic and Social Governance’, Journal of Globalization and Development, 1 (1), February, i, 1–27 ; 28. Peter H. Sand (2004), ‘Sovereignty Bounded: Public Trusteeship for Common Pool Resources?’, Global Environmental Politics, 4 (1), February, 47–71 ; 29. Nico Krisch (2014), ‘The Decay of Consent: International Law in an Age of Global Public Goods’, American Journal of International Law, 108 (1), 1–40 ; Index

Note: Contents: Part I. Ecological Economics, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development -- Chapter 1. Ecological Economics and Climate Change -- Chapter 2. Sustainable Development and Climate Change -- Chapter 3. Policies to Achieve Sustainable Development -- Chapter 4. A Sustainable Versus a Growth-As-Usual Scenario -- Part II. Alternative Perspectives of the Climate Change Crisis -- Chapter 5. A Mainstream Economic Perspective of the Climate Change Crisis -- Chapter 6. An Ecological Economic Perspective of the Climate Change Crisis -- Part III. A Way Forward and the Road to Sustainable Development -- Chapter 7. The Case for an Emissions-Trading System to Help Resolve the Climate Change Crisis -- Chapter 8. International Climate Change Institutions and the Greenhouse-Gas Emitting Performance of Nations -- Chapter 9 Laying the Foundations to Support a New Global Climate Change Protocol -- Chapter 10. A Post-2020 Protocol and Emissions-Trading Framework to Resolve the Climate Change Crisis

Note: Contents: Managing Water, Soil, and Waste in the Context of Global Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Water and Land Context ; Climate Change, Profligacy, Poverty and Destruction: All Things Are Connected ; Urbanization as a Main Driver of Global Change ; A Nexus Approach to Urban and Regional Planning Using the Four-Capital Framework of Ecological Economics ; The Urban Water–Energy Nexus: Building Resilience for Global Change in the “Urban Century” ; Population Growth and Increased Demand for Resources ; Role of Soils for Satisfying Global Demands for Food, Water, and Bioenergy ; Implications of the Nexus Approach When Assessing Water and Soil Quality as a Function of Solid and Liquid Waste Management

Note: Contents: Introduction ; Horizontal Policies: General Aspects ; The Circulation of the Model of Sustainable Development: Tracing the Path in a Comparative Law Perspective ; 3-D Sustainability and Its Contribution to Governance Assessment in Legal Terms: Examples and Perspectives ; Sustainability—A Long, Hard Road ; Horizontal Policies: Human and Intellectual Property Rights ; Environmental Sustainability as a Human Right ; Ensuring Access to Safe Drinking Water as an Imperative of Sustainable Development ; Ensuring a Sustainable Future Through Recognizing and Protecting Indigenous Ecological Knowledge ; Horizontal policies: Communication and Social Enterprise Governance ; Framing New Environmental Cultures for Sustainability. Communication and Sensemaking in Three Intractable Multiparty Conflicts in the EbreBiosfera, Spain ; An Empirical Investigation of Supportive Legal Frameworks for Social Enterprises in Belgium: A Cross-Sectoral Comparison of Case Studies Concerning Social Enterprises in the Social Housing, Finance and Energy Sector ; Horizontal Policies: Public Participation ; Judicial Control Over Acts of Administrative Omission: Environmental Rule of Law and Recent Case Law in Japan ; Examining the Resilience of Public Participation Structures for Sustainable Mining in the Philippines ; Public Participation and Constitutional Impediments to Sustainable Development in Nigeria ; Horizontal Policies: Assessment Tools ; A Global Conceptual Framework for Categorizing Environmental Change Based on Property Rights and Compensation ; Prioritising the Environment in Sustainable Development: Lessons from Australian Environmental Impact Assessment ; Reframing Sustainability in Taiwan: Legal Challenges and Opportunities ; Sectorial Policies: Forest and Water Management ; A Legal Butterfly Effect: Unexpected Twists and Turns of the Law in Costa Rica’s Payment for Ecosystem Services Program ; From River Basins to Landscapes—Holistic Legal Constructs and Their Differentiation ; Coherence Issues Between Climate, Energy and Water in the Case of European Hydropower: Can We Have It All? ; Sectorial Policies: Renewable Energy ; Generating Renewable Energy for the Material Realization of Sustainable Development: What Do We Need from Multilateral Cooperation, the Climate Change and the International Trade Regimes? ; The Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard and the Revocation of Feed in Tariffs—Foreign Renewable Energy Investments in Crisis-Struck Spain ; Horizontal and Vertical Integration of Sustainability into Policymaking, Planning and Implementation of Renewable Energy Projects—The New Zealand Model ; Tackling Climate Change Through the Elimination of Trade Barriers for Low-Carbon Goods: Multilateral, Plurilateral and Regional Approaches ; Sectorial Policies: Cities, Waste and Material Management ; Environmental Integration in China’s Eco-city Development—From an Institutional Perspective ; Identifying the Interaction Between Landfill Taxes and NIMBY. A Simulation for Flanders (Belgium) Using a Dynamic Optimization Model ; Pressing Forward—Developments in the Transition Towards Sustainable Materials Management in EU Environmental Law ; Sectorial Policies: Biodiversity, Nature Conservation, Oceans and Spatial Planning ; Sustainable Development: New Thoughts, New Policy, New Law? ; Sustainable Development of the Oceans: Closing the Gaps in the International Legal Framework ; Knowledge in Sustainable Resource Management in Australia ; Sectorial Policies: Agriculture and Rural Policy ; The Sustainable Use of Biodiversity and Its Implications in Agriculture: The Agroforestry Case in the Brazilian Legal Framework ; Next Generation Rural Natural Resource Governance: A Careful Diagnosis ; Conclusions

Note: Contents: i The Problem wirh Homo economicus ; ii A Constitution for Knaves ; Moral Sentiments and Material Interests ; iv Incentives as Information ; v A Liberal Civic Culture ; vi The Legislators Dilemma ; vii A Mandate for Aristotle's Legislator

Note: Contents: PART I: BASICS ; 1. Population Dynamics ; 2. Simple Frequency Dependence ; 3. Dynamics in n-dimensional Games ; 4. Equilibrium ; 5. Social games ; 6. Cellular Automaton Games ; PART II: APPLICATIONS ; 7. Rock-Paper-Scissors Everywhere ; 8. Learning in Games ; 9. Contingent Life Cycle Strategies ; 10. The Blessing and the Curse of the Multiplicative Updates (Contributed by Manfred K. Warmuth) ; 11. Traffic Games (contributed by John Musacchio) ; 12. International Trade and the Environment (contributed by Matthew McGinty) ; 13. Evolution of Cooperation ; 14. Speciation ; Glossaries

Note: Table of Contents: Environmental changes in the Arctic: an Italian perspective / David Cappelletti, Roberto Azzolini, Leonardo Langone, Stefano Ventura, Angelo Viola, Stefano Aliani, Vito Vitale & Enrico Brugnoli Atmospheric observations at the Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard / Mauro Mazzola, Angelo Pietro Viola, Christian Lanconelli & Vito Vitale On turbulence characteristics at Ny-Ålesund–Svalbard / Francesco Tampieri, Angelo Pietro Viola, Mauro Mazzola & Armando Pelliccioni Variability features associated with ozone column and surface UV irradiance observed over Svalbard from 2008 to 2014 / Boyan H. Petkov, Vito Vitale, Mauro Mazzola, Angelo Lupi, Christian Lanconelli, Angelo Viola & Maurizio Busetto Air-snow exchange of reactive nitrogen species at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (Arctic) / Antonietta Ianniello, Francesca Spataro, Rosamaria Salvatori, Mauro Valt, Marianna Nardino, Mats P. Björkman, Giulio Esposito & Mauro Montagnoli Size distribution and ion composition of aerosol collected at Ny-Ålesund in the spring–summer field campaign 2013 / F. Giardi, S. Becagli, R. Traversi, D. Frosini, M. Severi, L. Caiazzo, C. Ancillotti, D. Cappelletti, B. Moroni, M. Grotti, A. Bazzano, A. Lupi, M. Mazzola, V. Vitale, O. Abollino, L. Ferrero, E. Bolzacchini, A. Viola & R. Udisti Multi-seasonal ultrafine aerosol particle number concentration measurements at the Gruvebadet observatory, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Islands / Angelo Lupi, Maurizio Busetto, Silvia Becagli, Fabio Giardi, Christian Lanconelli, Mauro Mazzola, Roberto Udisti, Hans-Christen Hansson, Tabea Henning, Boyan Petkov, Johan Ström, Radovan Krejci, Peter Tunved, Angelo Pietro Viola & Vito Vitale Elemental and lead isotopic composition of atmospheric particulate measured in the Arctic region (Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Islands) / Andrea Bazzano, Francisco Ardini, Marco Grotti, Mery Malandrino, Agnese Giacomino, Ornella Abollino, David Cappelletti, Silvia Becagli, Rita Traversi & Roberto Udisti Sulfate source apportionment in the Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands) Arctic aerosol / Roberto Udisti, Andrea Bazzano, Silvia Becagli, Ezio Bolzacchini, Laura Caiazzo, David Cappelletti, Luca Ferrero, Daniele Frosini, Fabio Giardi, Marco Grotti, Angelo Lupi, Mery Malandrino, Mauro Mazzola, Beatrice Moroni, Mirko Severi, Rita Traversi, Angelo Viola & Vito Vitale Water-soluble trace, rare earth elements and organic compounds in Arctic aerosol / Clara Turetta, Roberta Zangrando, Elena Barbaro, Jacopo Gabrieli, Elisa Scalabrin, Piero Zennaro, Andrea Gambaro, Giuseppa Toscano & Carlo Barbante AGAP: an atmospheric gondola for aerosol profiling / Mauro Mazzola, Maurizio Busetto, Luca Ferrero, Angelo Pietro Viola & David Cappelletti Local vs. long-range sources of aerosol particles upon Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands): mineral chemistry and geochemical records / Beatrice Moroni, David Cappelletti, Luca Ferrero, Stefano Crocchianti, Maurizio Busetto, Mauro Mazzola, Silvia Becagli, Rita Traversi & Roberto Udisti Snowpack characteristics of Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard Islands / Mauro Valt & Rosamaria Salvatori Continuous monitoring of spectral albedo of snowed surfaces in Ny-Ålesund / Roberto Salzano, Christian Lanconelli, Rosamaria Salvatori, Giulio Esposito & Vito Vitale Evolution of the Svalbard annual snow layer during the melting phase / Andrea Spolaor, Elena Barbaro, Jean Marc Christille, Torben Kirchgeorg, Fabio Giardi, David Cappelletti, Clara Turetta, Andrea Bernagozzi, Mats P. Björkman, Enzo Bertolini & Carlo Barbante Characterization of seawater properties and ocean heat content in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Archipelago / Stefano Aliani, Roberta Sciascia, Ilaria Conese, Alessandra D’Angelo, Fabrizio Del Bianco, Federico Giglio, Leonardo Langone & Stefano Miserocchi Gas hydrate stability zone in shallow Arctic Ocean in presence of sub-sea permafrost / Umberta Tinivella & Michela Giustiniani A numerical algorithm for the assessment of the conjecture of a subglacial lake tested at Amundsenisen, Svalbard / Daniela Mansutti, Edoardo Bucchignani & Piotr Glowacki Trace elements in marine particulate and surface sediments of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Islands / Francisco Ardini, Andrea Bazzano, Paola Rivaro, Francesco Soggia, Amanda Terol & Marco Grotti Stable isotopes and digital elevation models to study nutrient inputs in high-arctic lakes / Edoardo Calizza, Maria Letizia Costantini, David Rossi, Vittorio Pasquali, Giulio Careddu & Loreto Rossi Legacy and emergent POPs in the marine fauna of NE Greenland with special emphasis on the Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus / Simonetta Corsolini, Karla Pozo & Jørgen S. Christiansen Body size-related constraints on the movement behaviour of the arctic notostracan Lepidurus arcticus (Pallas, 1973) under laboratory conditions / Giorgio Mancinelli & Vittorio Pasquali Geomorphological features of the Kongsfjorden area: Ny-Ålesund, Blomstrandøya (NW Svalbard, Norway) / Enrico Miccadei, Tommaso Piacentini & Claudio Berti Quantification of fracturing within fault damage zones affecting Late Proterozoic carbonates in Svalbard / Paola Cianfarra & F. Salvini Towards a calibration laboratory in Ny-Ålesund / Chiara Musacchio, Andrea Merlone, Angelo Viola, Vito Vitale & Marion Maturilli Development of an automatic sampler for extreme polar environments: first in situ application in Svalbard Islands / Giuseppe Zappalà, Gabriele Bruzzone, Gabriella Caruso & Maurizio Azzaro Isolation and degradation potential of a cold-adapted oil/PAH-degrading marine bacterial consortium from Kongsfjorden (Arctic region) / Francesca Crisafi, Laura Giuliano, Michail M. Yakimov, Maurizio Azzaro & Renata Denaro