ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction ; 2 Theories of Migration ; 3 How Migration Transforms Societies ; 4 International Migration before 1945 ; 5 Migration in Europe since 1945 ; 6 Migration in the Americas ; 7 Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region ; 8 Migration in Africa and the Middle East ;9 Migration, Security and the Debate on Climate Change ; 10 The State and International Migration: The Quest for Control ; 11 Migrants and Minorities in the Labour Force ; 12 New Ethnic Minorities and Society ; 13 Immigrants and Politics ; 14 Conclusion: Migration in the Twenty-First Century

Note: Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction; 2. The global energy system; 3. Virtue and energy efficiency; 4. Utility and energy externalities; 5. Energy and human rights; 6. Energy and due process; 7. Energy poverty, access, and welfare; 8. Energy subsidies and freedom; 9. Energy resources and future generations; 10. Fairness, responsibility, and climate change; 11. Conclusion..

Note: Contents: 1 The Chinese population at a historic turning point ; 2 Socioeconomic development as a determinant of demographic transitions ; 3 Socioeconomic impacts of demographic transition ; 4 A steady approach to adjusting the family planning policy ; 5 Investing in health ; 6 Improving education ; 7 Child development in rural areas ; 8 An overall planning approach to the issue of population mobility in the future development of urban and rural areas ; 9 Promoting gender equality ; 10 Stimulating development potential in an aging society ; 11 Capacity building for family development ; Policy proposals

Note: Dissertation

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Basic theory of quantitative remote sensing 3 Radiometric calibration in thermal infrared 4. Retrieval of land surface emissivity from remotely sensed data 5. Land surface temperature retrieval from thermal infrared data 6. Estimation and validation of evapotranspiration from thermal infrared remote sensing data 7. Application of thermal remote sensing in agriculture drought monitoring and thermal anomaly detection 8. Future development and perspectives Index.

Note: Aus dem Franz. übers.

Note: Editorial E&G Quaternary Science Journal, Vol. 67 (2018) Christopher Lüthgens and Margot Böse E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 85-86, 2019. 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-85-2019" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-85-2019〈/a〉 , Middle to Late Holocene mobilization of DOC-bound Pb and Y in the Magellanic moorlands (53° S) as a function of sea spray fertilization, climate variations and volcanic fallout? A preliminary report Björn Klaes, Rolf Kilian, Gerhard Wörner, Sören Thiele-Bruhn, and Helge W. Arz E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 1-6, 2018. 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-1-2018" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-1-2018〈/a〉 , Capability of U–Pb dating of zircons from Quaternary tephra: Jemez Mountains, NM, and La Sal Mountains, UT, USA Jana Krautz, Mandy Hofmann, Andreas Gärtner, Ulf Linnemann, and Arno Kleber E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 7-16, 2018. 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-7-2018" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-7-2018〈/a〉 , Reconsidering the origin of the Sedrun fans (Graubünden, Switzerland) Catharina Dieleman, Susan Ivy-Ochs, Kristina Hippe, Olivia Kronig, Florian Kober, and Marcus Christl E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 17-23, 2018. 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-17-2018" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-17-2018〈/a〉 , Disestablishing “Glacial Lake Speight”, New Zealand? An example for the validity of detailed geomorphological assessment with the study of mountain glaciations Stefan Winkler, David Bell, Maree Hemmingsen, Kate Pedley, and Anna Schoch E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 25-31, 2018. 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-25-2018" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-25-2018〈/a〉 , Proglacial streams and their chronology in the glacier forefields of the Himalayas Gerrit Tombrink E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 33-36, 2018. 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-33-2018" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-33-2018〈/a〉 , Glacial history of the upper Drac Blanc catchment (Écrins massif, French Alps) Felix Martin Hofmann E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 37-40, 2018. 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-37-2018" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-37-2018〈/a〉 , New data from the Middle Palaeolithic Cotencher cave (Swiss Jura): site formation, environment, and chronology Judit Deák, Frank Preusser, Marie-Isabelle Cattin, Jean-Christophe Castel, and François-Xavier Chauvière E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 41-72, 2019. 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-41-2019" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-41-2019〈/a〉 , Fortification, mining, and charcoal production: landscape history at the abandoned medieval settlement of Hohenwalde at the Faule Pfütze (Saxony, Eastern Ore Mountains) Johann Friedrich Tolksdorf, Matthias Schubert, Frank Schröder, Libor Petr, Christoph Herbig, Petr Kočár, Mathias Bertuch, and Christiane Hemker E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 67, 73-84, 2019. 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-73-2019" target="_blank"〉https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-67-73-2019〈/a〉

Note: Content Foreword Preface 1 – The PERMAFrance network 1.1 – Objectives 1.2 – Structure and partners 1.3 – Monitoring sites 2 – Permafrost in the French mountains 2.1 – Distribution of permafrost in France 2.2 – Monitoring sites 3 – Weather and climate 3.1 – Climatic trends of the last 4 decades 3.2 – Annual weather summary 2002-2009 3.3 – Summary of nivo-meteorological conditions 4 – Surface temperature on surficial deposits 4.1 – BTS datasets 4.2 – GST datasets 5 – Geodetic measurements and surface dynamics of rock glaciers 5.1 – GPS & total station 5.2 – LIDAR 6 – Rockfalls and evolution of rockfaces 6.1 – LiDAR datasets for rockwalls in the Mont Blanc massif 6.2 – Rockfall inventories in the Mont Blanc massif 7 – References / Bibliographie , In englischer und französischer Sprache

Note: Analysing qualitative data-but how? -- The building blocks of systematic qualitative text analysis -- Basic concepts and the process of qualitative text analysis -- Three basic methods of qualitative twxt analysis -- Qualitative text analysis using computer assistance -- Quality standards, research report, and documentation -- Concluding remarks

Note: In English

Note: Zugl.: Berlin, TU, Fakultät VII - Wirtschaft und Management, Diss., 2009

Note: Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 The necessity for measurements 1.2 Definition of a measurement 1.3 Historical aspects 2 Measurement basics 2.1 Overview of methods 2.1.1 Direct and indirect methods 2.1.2 In-situ and remote sensing methods 2.1.3 Instantaneous and integrating methods 2.1.4 On-line and off-line methods, post-processing 2.1.5 Flux measurements 2.2 Main measurement principles 2.3 Measurements by inversion 2.3.1 Inversion with one variable 2.3.2 Inversion with more than one variable 2.3.3 Well-posed and ill-posed problems 2.4 Measurement instruments 2.4.1 Active and passive instruments 2.4.2 Analogue and digital instruments 2.5 Measurement platforms 2.6 Measurement variables 2.7 General characteristics of measured data 2.8 Data logging 2.9 Quality assurance/quality control 3 In-situ measurements of state variables 3.1 Thermometers 3.1.1 Liquid-in-glass thermometers 3.1.2 Bimetal thermometers 3.1.3 Resistance thermometers, thermistors 3.1.4 Thermocouples, thermopiles 3.1.5 Sonic thermometry 3.1.6 Measurement of infrared radiation 3.1.7 Soil thermometer 3.1.8 Recommendations for temperature measurements 3.2 Measuring moisture 3.2.1 Hygrometer 3.2.2 Psychrometers 3.2.3 Dewpoint determination 3.2.4 Capacitive methods 3.2.5 Recommendations for humidity measurements 3.3 Pressure sensors 3.3.1 Barometers 3.3.2 Hypsometers 3.3.3 Electronic barometers 3.3.4 Microbarometer 3.3.5 Pressure balance 3.3.6 Recommendations for pressure measurements 3.4 Wind measurements 3.4.1 Estimation from visual observations 3.4.2 Wind direction 3.4.3 Cup anemometer 3.4.4 Pressure tube 3.4.5 Hot wire anemometer 3.4.6 Ultrasonic anemometer 3.4.7 Propeller anemometer 3.4.8 Recommendations for wind measurements 4 In-situ methods for observing liquid water and ice 4.1 Precipitation 4.1.1 Rain sensors (Present Weather Sensors) 4.1.2 Rain gauges (totalisators) 4.1.3 Pluviographs 4.1.4 Disdrometer 4.1.5 Special instruments for snow 4.1.6 Recommendations for precipitation measurements 4.2 Soil moisture 4.2.1 Gravimetric methods 4.2.2 Neutron probes 4.2.3 Time domain reflectrometry (TDR) 4.2.4 Tensiometers 4.2.5 Resistance block tensiometer 4.2.6 Recommendations for soil moisture measurements 5 In-situ measurement of trace substances 5.1 Measurement of trace gases 5.1.1 Physical methods 5.1.2 Chemical methods 5.1.3 Recommendations for the measurement of trace gases 5.2 Particle measurements 5.2.1 Determination of the particle mass 5.2.2 Measuring particle size distributions 5.2.3 Measurement of the chemical composition of particles 5.2.4 Measuring the particle structure 5.2.5 Saltiphon 5.2.6 Recommendations for particle measurements 5.3 Olfactometry 5.4 Radioactivity 5.4.1 Counter tubes 5.4.2 Scintillation counters 5.4.3 Recommendations for radioactivity monitoring 6 In-situ flux measurements 6.1 Measuring radiation 6.1.1 Measuring direct solar radiation 6.1.2 Measuring shortwave irradiance 6.1.3 Measuring longwave irradiance 6.1.4 Measuring the total irradiance 6.1.5 Measuring chill 6.1.6 Sunshine recorder 6.1.7 Recommendations for radiation measurements 6.2 Visual range 6.3 Micrometeorological flux measurements 6.3.1 Cuvettes 6.3.2 Surface chambers 6.3.3 Mass balance method 6.3.4 Inferential method 6.3.5 Gradient method 6.3.6 Bowen-ratio method 6.3.7 Flux variance method 6.3.8 Dissipation method 6.3.9 Eddy covariance method 6.3.10 Eddy accumulation methods 6.3.11 Disjunct eddy covariance method 6.3.12 Recommendations for the measurement of turbulent fluxes 6.4 Evaporation Atmometers 6.4.2 Lysimeters 6.4.3 Evaporation pans and tanks 6.4.4 Recommendations for evaporation measurements 6.5 Soil heat flux 6.6 Inverse emission flux modelling 7 Remote sensing methods 7.1 Basics of remote sensing 7.2 Active sounding methods 7.2.1 RADAR 7.2.2 Windprofilers 7.2.3 SODAR 7.2.4 RASS 7.2.5 LIDAR 7.2.6 Further LIDAR techniques 7.3 Active path-averaging methods 7.3.1 Scintillometers 7.3.2 FTIR 7.3.3 DOAS 7.3.4 Quantum cascade laser 7.4 Passive methods 7.4.1 Radiometers 7.4.2 Photometers 7.4.3 Infrared-Interferometer 7.5 Tomography 7.5.1 Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique 7.5.2 Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) 7.5.3 Smooth Basis Function Minimization (SBFM) 8 Remote sensing of atmospheric state variables 8.1 Temperature 8.1.1 Near-surface temperatures 8.1.2 Temperature profiles 8.2 Gaseous humidity 8.2.1 Integral water vapour content 8.2.2 Vertical profiles 8.2.3 Large-scale humidity distribution 8.3 Wind and turbulence 8.3.1 Small-scale near-surface turbulence 8.3.2 Horizontal wind fields 8.3.3 Vertical wind profiles 8.3.4 Turbulence profiles 8.3.5 Cloud winds 8.3.6 Ionospheric winds 8.4 Mixing-layer heights 8.4.1 LIDAR 8.4.2 SODAR 8.5 Turbulent fluxes 8.6 Ionospheric electron densities 8.7 Recommendations for remote sensing of state variables 9 Remote sensing of water and ice 9.1 Precipitation 9.1.1 RADAR 9.1.2 Precipitation measurements from satellites 9.2 Clouds 9.2.1 Cloud base 9.2.2 Cloud cover 9.2.3 Cloud movement 9.2.4 Water content 9.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of liquid water and ice 10 Remote sensing of trace substances 10.1 Trace gases 10.1.1 Horizontal path-averaging methods 10.1.2 Vertical column densities 10.1.3 Sounding methods 10.2 Aerosols 10.2.1 Aerosol optical depths (AOD) 10.2.2 Sounding methods 10.3 Recommendations for remote sensing of trace substances 11 Remote sensing of surface properties 11.1 Properties of the solid surface 11.1.1 Surface roughness 11.1.2 Land surface temperature 11.1.3 Soil moisture 11.1.4 Vegetation 11.1.5 Snow and ice 11.1.6 Fires 11.2 Properties of the ocean surface 11.2.1 Altitudes of the sea surface 11.2.2 Wave heights 11.2.3 Sea surface temperature 11.2.4 Salinity 11.2.5 Ocean currents 11.2.6 Ice cover, size of ice floes 11.2.7 Algae and suspended sediment concentrations 12 Remote sensing of electrical phenomena 12.1 Spherics 12.1.1 Directional analyses 12.1.2 Distance analyses 12.2 Optical lightning detection 13 Outlook on new developments Literature Subject index Appendix: Technical guidelines and standards Index to the Appendix

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - PART 1 INTRODUCTION. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Humans and the coastal zone. - 1.2 Approaches to the study of coasts. - 1.3 Information sources. - 1.4 Approach and organisation. - References. - 2. Coastal geomorphology. - 2.1 Definition and scope of coastal geomorphology. - 2.2 The coastal zone: definition and nomenclature. - 2.3 Factors influencing coastal morphology and processes. - References. - PART 2 COASTAL PROCESSES. - 3. Sea level fluctuations and changes. - 3.1 Synopsis. - 3.2 Mean sea level, the geoid, and changes in mean sea level. - 3.3 Changes in mean sea level. - 3.4 Astronomical tides. - 3.5 Short-term dynamic changes in sea level. - 3.6 Climate change and sea level rise. - References. - 4. Wind-generated waves. - 4.1 Synopsis. - 4.2 Definition and characteristics of waves. - 4.3 Measurement and description of waves. - 4.4 Wave generation. - 4.5 Wave prediction. - 4.6 Wave climate. - Further reading. - Preferences. - 5. Waves - wave theory and wave dynamics. - 5.1 Synopsis. - 5.2 Wave theories. - 5.3 Wave shoaling and refraction. - 5.4 Wave breaking. - 5.5 Wave groups and low-frequency energy in the surf and swash zones. - Further reading. - References. - 6. Surf zone circulation. - 6.1 Synopsis. - 6.2 Undertow. - 6.3 Rip cells. - 6.4 Longshore currents. - 6.5 Wind and tidal currents. - Further reading. - References. - 7. Coastal sediment transport. - 7.1 Synopsis. - 7.2 Sediment transport mechanisms, boundary layers and bedforms. - 7.3 On-offshore sand transport. - 7.4 Longshore sand transport. - 7.5 Littoral sediment budget and littoral drift cells. - Further reading. - References. - PART 3 COASTAL SYSTEMS. - 8. Beach and nearshore systems. - 8.1 Synopsis. - 8.2 Beach and nearshore sediments and morphology. - 8.3 Nearshore morphodynamics. - 8.4 Beach morphodynamics. - References. - 9. Coastal sand dunes. - 9.1 Synopsis. - 9.2 Morphological components of coastal dunes and dune fields. - 9.3 Plant communities of coastal dunes. - 9.4 Aeolian processes in coastal dunes. - 9.5 Sand deposition. - 9.6 Beach / dune interaction and foredune evolution. - 9.7 Management of coastal dunes. - References. - 10. Barrier systems. - 10.1 Synopsis. - 10.2 Barrier types and morphology. - 10.3 Barrier dynamics: overwash and inlets. - 10.4 Barrier spit morphodynamics. - 10.5 Barrier islands. - 10.6 Management of barrier systems. - References. - 11. Salt marshes and mangroves. - 11.1 Synopsis. - 11.2 Saltmarsh and mangrove ecosystems. - 11.3 Salt marshes. - 11.4 Mangroves. - 11.5 Conservation and management of saltmarshes and mangroves. - Further reading. - References. - 12. Coral reefs and atolls. - 12.1 Synopsis. - 12.2 Corals and reef formation. - 12.3 Geomorphology and sedimentology of coral reefs. - 12.4 Impacts of disturbance on coral reefs. - Further reading. - References. - 13. Cliffed and rocky coasts. - 13.1 Synopsis. - 13.2 Cliffed coast morphology. - 13.3 Cliffed coast erosion system. - 13.4 Cohesive bluff coasts. - 13.5 Rock coasts. - 13.6 Shore platforms. - 13.7 Management of coastal cliff shorelines. - Further reading. - References. - Index

Note: Contents: 1. An introduction to justice, political liberalism, and utilitarianism Marc Fleurbaey, Maurice Salles and John A. Weymark ; Part I. Themes from Rawls: 2. John Rawls's theory of justice: some critical comments John C. Harsanyi ; 3. Rawls, responsibility, and distributive justice Richard Arneson ; 4. Improving our ethical beliefs James Griffin ; Part II. Harsanyi's Impartial Observer and Social Aggregation Theorems: 5. Harsanyi's impartial observer is not a utilitarian John E. Roemer ; 6. Social aggregation and the expected utility hypothesis Charles Blackorby, David Donaldson and John A. Weymark ; 7. A welfarist version of Harsanyi's aggregation theorem Claude d'Aspremont and Philippe Mongin ; 8. Preference aggregation after Harsanyi Matthias Hild, Richard Jeffrey and Mathias Risse ; Part III. Goodness and Well-Being: 9. Can there be a preference-based utilitarianism? John Broome ; 10. Harsanyi, Rawls and the search for a common currency of advantage Robert Sugden ; 11. Utilitarianism versus fairness in welfare economics Marc Fleurbaey and François Maniquet ; 12. Rationality and want-satisfaction Brian Barry ; Part IV. Sharing the Gains from Social Cooperation ; 13. Naturalizing Harsanyi and Rawls Ken Binmore ; 14. The social contract naturalized Brian Skyrms ; 15. An alternative model of rational cooperation Edward F. McClennen ; Part V. Rights and Liberties: 16. Republican political theory Philip Pettit ; 17. Rule utilitarianism and liberal priorities Jonathan Riley.

Note: Content The Arctic: A Strategic Challenge for the 21st Century / Gunter Gloser Opportunities and Responsibilities in the Arctic Region: The European Union's Perspective / Joe Borg The First Responsibility / Aqqaluk Lynge An Explorer's Perspective / Arved Fuchs New Chances and New Responsibilities in the Arctic Region: An Introduction / Georg Witschel The Arctic in the Context of International Law / Rüdiger Wolfrum Arctic in Change: New Prospects for Resource Exploitation and Maritime Traffic / Kirsten Ullbæk Selvig UArctic - A Most Welcome Tool / Erling Olsen Sustainable Development in the Arctic: New Social Challenges and Responsibilities / Rasmus Ole Rasmussen Managing Towards Sustainability in the Arctic: Some Practical Considerations / Brooks B. Yeager The Environmental and Research Challenges in the Arctic / Reinhard Priebe Towards a Canadian Arctic Strategy / Franklyn Griffiths The Changing Arctic: New Perspectives for the Use of Resources and Transport Routes / Baron Rüdiger von Fritsch An International Governance Framework for the Arctic: Challenges for International Public Law / Peter Taksøe-Jensen The Legal Regime of the Arctic Ocean / Thomas H. Heidar An International Governance Framework for the Arctic: Challenges for International Public Law - A Danish Perspective / Thomas Winkler Strategie and Environmental Impact Assessment in Promoting Sustainable Development in the Changing Arctic / Paula Kankaanpää Research for the Future of the Arctic / Karin Lochte Integrated Arctic Ocean Governance for the Lasting Benefit of All Humanity / Paul Arthur Berkman Resource Exploitation and Navigation in a Changing Arctic / Louwrens Hacquebord Developing International Law Teachings for Preventing Inter-State Disaccords in the Arctic Ocean / Alexander L. Vylegzhanin The Call for Good Governance in the Arctic Ocean - the Legal Framework and the Development of Policies to Meet Rising Challenges and Emerging Opportunities / Rolf Einar Fife International Law and Scientific Research in the Arctic - the Role of Science in Law and the Role of Law in Science / Marie Jacobsson The Challenge of Climate Security in the Arctic Region / Dennis Tänzler Chairman's Conclusions / Georg Witschel Current Endeavors with Respect to the Arctic Ocean: New Challenges for International Law and Politics / Georg Witschel/Ingo Winkelmann Annex Conference Programme List of Participants List of Abbreviations

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2014 , Table of contents I - Abstract II - Zusammenfassung Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1. Introduction 1.1.1 Motivation 1.1.2 Organisation of thesis 1.1 Scientific background 1.2.1 Arctic and wetland bryophytes 1.2.2 Bryophyte remains as palaeo-environmental indicators 1.2.3 Regional setting 1.3 Objectives ofthe thesis 1.4 Overview of the manuscripts 1.5 Contribution of the authors Chapter 2 - Manuscript #1 Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Geographic setting 2.3 Materials and methods 2.3.1 Fieldwork 2.3.2 Radiocarbon dating 2.3.3 Geochemical, stable carbon isotope, and granulometric analyses 2.3.4 Analyses of moss remains and vascular plant macrofossils 2.3.5 Pollen analysis 2.3.6 Diatom analysis 2.3.7 Statistical analysis 2.4 Results 2.4.1 High-resolution spatial characteristics oft the investigated polygon and vegetation pattern 2.4.2 Geochronology and age-depth relationships 2.4.3 General properties of the sedimentary fill 2.4.4 Bioindicators 2.4.5 Characterization oftwo different types of polygon pond sediment 2.5. Discussion 2.5.1 Small-scale spatial structure of polygons 2.5.2 Age-depth relationships 2.5.3 Proxy value of the analysed parameters 2.5.4 The general polygon development 2.5.5 Polygon development as a function of external controls and internal adjustment mechanisms 2.6 Conclusions Chapter 3 - Manuscript #11 Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material und methods 3.2.1 Regional setting 3.2.3 Field methods and environmental data collection 3.2.4 Data analysis 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Major characteristics of the investigated polygons 3.3.2 Vegetation cover and its relationships with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.3 Vegetation alpha-diversity and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.4 Vegetation composition and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the rim-pond transect (local-scale) 3.4.2 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the regional-scale forest-tundra transect 3.4.3 Indicator potential ofvascular plant and bryophyte remains from polygonal peats for the reconstruction of local hydrological and regional vegetation changes 3.4.4. Implications of the performed vegetation transect studies for future Arctic warming 3.5 Acknowledgements 2.4.4 Bioindicators 2.4.5 Characterization of two different types of polygon pond sediment 2.5. Discussion 2.5.1 Small-scale spatial structure of polygons 2.5.2 Age-depth relationships 2.5.3 Proxy value of the analysed parameters 2.5.4 The general polygon development 2.5.5 Polygon development as a function of external controls and internal adjustment mechanisms 2.6 Conclusions Chapter 3 - Manuscript #II Abstract 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material und methods 3.2.1 Regional setting 3.2.3 Field methods and environmental data collection 3.2.4 Data analysis 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Major characteristics of the investigated polygons 3.3.2 Vegetation cover and its relationships with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.3 Vegetation alpha-diversity and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.3.4 Vegetation composition and its relationship with micro-relief and vegetation type 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the rim-pond transect (local-scale) 3.4.2 Patterns of cover, alpha-diversity and compositional turnover of vascular plants and bryophytes along the regional-scale forest-tundra transect 3.4.3 Indicator potential of vascular plant and bryophyte remains from polygonal peats for the reconstruction of local hydrological and regional vegetation changes 3.4.4. Implications of the performed vegetation transect studies for future Arctic warming 3.5 Acknowledgements Chapter 4 - Manuscript #3 Abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Material and methods 4.2.1 Sites 4.2.2 Sampling 4.2.3 Investigated moss species 4.2.4 Measurements 4.2.5 Statistical Tests 4.3 Results 4.4 Discussion Chapter 5 - Discussion 5.1 Bryophytes of polygonal landscapes in Siberia 5.1.1 Modern bryophytes in the Siberian Arctic 5.1.2 Biochemical and isotopic characteristics of mosses 5.1.3 Reliability and potential of fossil bryophyte remains as palaeoproxies 5.2 Dynamics of low-centred polygons during the late Holocene 5.3 Outlook Appendix I - Preliminary Report Motivation Material and methods Results and first interpretation Appendix II Additional tables and figures of manuscript #1 Appendix III Additional figures of manuscript #2 Appendix IV - Quantitative approach of Standard Moss Stem (SMS3) Bibliography Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: CONTENTS Preface Photo Credits Computer Codes 1 Introduction 1-1 Why Microwaves for Remote Sensing? 1-2 A Brief Overview of Microwave Sensors 1-3 A Short History of Microwave Remote Sensing 1-3.1 Radar 1-3.2 Radiometers 1-4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1-5 Basic Operation and Applications of Radar 1-5.1 Operation of Remote-Sensing Radars 1-5.2 Applications of Remote-Sensing Radars 1-6 Basic Operation and Applications of Radiometers 1-6.1 Radiometer Operation 1-6.2 Applications of Microwave Radiometry 1-7 Image Examples 2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 2-1 EM Plane Waves 2-1.1 Constitutive Parameters 2-1.2 Maxwell's Equations 2-1.3 Complex Permittivity 2-1.4 Wave Equations 2-2 Plane-Wave Propagation in Lossless Media 2-2.1 Uniform Plane Waves 2-2.2 General Relation between E and H 2-3 Wave Polarization in a Lossless Medium 2-3.1 Linear Polarization 2-3.2 Circular Polarization 2-3.3 Elliptical Polarization 2-4 Plane Wave Propagation in Lossy Media 2-4.1 Low Loss Dielectric 2-4.2 Good Conductor 2-5 Electromagnetic Power Density 2-5.1 Plane Wave in a Lossless Medium 2-5.2 Plane Wave in a Lossy Medium 2-5.3 Decibel Scale tor Power Ratios 2-6 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence 2-6.1 Boundary between Lossless Media 2-6.2 Boundary between Lossy Media 2-7 Wave Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence 2-7.1 Horizontal Polarization—Lossless Media 2-7.2 Vertical Polarization 2-8 Reflectivity and Transmissivity 2-9 Oblique Incidence onto a Lossy Medium 2- 10 Oblique Incidence onto a Two-Layer Composite 2-10.1 Input Parameters 2-10.2 Propagation Matrix Method 2-10.3 Multiple Reflection Method 3 Remote-Sensing Antennas 3-1 The Hertzian Dipole 3-2 Antenna Radiation Characteristics 3-2.1 Antenna Pattern 3-2.2 Beam Dimensions 3-2.3 Antenna Directivity 3-2.4 Antenna Gain 3-2.5 Radiation Efficiency 3-2.6 Effective Area of a Receiving Antenna 3-3 Friis Transmission Formula 3-4 Radiation by Large-Aperture Antennas 3-5 Rectangular Aperture with Uniform Field Distribution 3-5.1 Antenna Pattern in x-y Plane 3-5.2 Beamwidth 3-5.3 Directivity and Effective Area 3-6 Circular Aperture with Uniform Field Illumination 3-7 Nonuniform-Amplitude Illumination 3-8 Beam Efficiency 3-9 Antenna Arrays 3-10 N-Element Array with Uniform Phase Distribution 3-10.1 Uniform Amplitude Distribution 3-10.2 Grating Lobes 3-10.3 Binomial Distribution 3-11 Electronic Scanning of Arrays 3-12 Antenna Types 3-12.1 Horn Antennas 3-12.2 Slot Antennas 3-12.3 Microstrip Antennas 3-13 Active Antennas 3-13.1 Advantages of Active Antennas 3-13.2 Digital Beamforming with Active Antennas 4 Microwave Dielectric Properties of Natural Earth Materials 4-1 Pure-Water Single-Debye Dielectric Model (f 〈 50 GHz) 4-2 Saline-Water Double-Debye Dielectric Model (f〈 1000 GHz) 4-3 Dielectric Constant of Pure Ice 4-4 Dielectric Mixing Models for Heterogeneous Materials 4-4.1 Randomly Oriented Ellipsoidal Inclusions 4-4.2 Polder-van Santen/de Loor Formulas 4-4.3 Tinga-Voss-Blossey (TVB) Formulas 4-4.4 Other Dielectric Mixing Formulas 4-5 Sea Ice 4-5.1 Dielectric Constant of Brine 4-5.2 Brine Volume Fraction 4-5.3 Dielectric Properties 4-6 Dielectric Constant of Snow 4-6.1 Dry Snow 4-6.2 Wet Snow 4-7 Dielectric Constant of Dry Rocks 4-7.1 Powdered Rocks 4-7.2 Solid Rocks 4-8 Dielectric Constant of Soils 4-8.1 Dry Soil 4-8.2 Wet Soil 4-8.3 εsoil in 0.3-1.5 GHz Band 4-9 Dielectric Constant of Vegetation 4-9.1 Dielectric Constant of Canopy Constituents 4-9.2 Dielectric Model 5 Radar Scattering 5-1 Wave Polarization in a Spherical Coordinate System 5-2 Scattering Coordinate Systems 5-2.1 Forward Scattering Alignment (FSA) Convention 5-2.2 Backscatter Alignment (BSA) Convention 5-3 Scattering Matrix 5-3.1 FSA Convention 5-3.2 BSA Convention 5-3.3 Stokes Parameters and Mueller Matrix 5-4 Radar Equation 5-5 Scattering from Distributed Targets 5-5.1 Narrow-Beam Scatterometer 5-5.2 Imaging Radar 5-5.3 Specific Intensities for Distributed Target 5-6 RCS Statistics 5-7 Rayleigh Fading Model 5-7.1 Underlying Assumptions 5-7.2 Linear Detection 5-7.3 Square-Law Detection 5-7.4 Interpretation 5-8 Multiple Independent Samples 5-8.1 N-Look Amplitude Image 5-8.2 N-Look Intensity Image 5-8.3 N-Look Square-Root Intensity Image 5-8.4 Spatial Resolution vs. Radiometric Resolution 5-8.5 Applicability of the Rayleigh Fading Model 5-9 Image Texture and Despeckle Filtering . 5-9.1 Image Texture 5-9.2 Despeckling Filters 5-10 Coherent and Noncoherent Scattering 5-10.1 Surface Roughness 5-10.2 Bistatic Scattering 5-10.3 Specular Reflectivity 5-10.4 Bistatic-Scattering Coefficient 5-10.5 Backscattering Response of a Smooth Surface 5-11 Polarization Synthesis 5-11.1 RCS Polarization Response 5-11.2 Distributed Targets 5-11.3 Mueller Matrix Approach 5-12 Polarimetric Scattering Statistics 5-13 Polarimetric Analysis Tools 5-13.1 Scattering Covariance Matrix 5-13.2 Eigenvector Decomposition 5-13.3 Useful Polarimetric Parameters 5-13.4 Image Examples 5-13.5 Freeman-Durden Decomposition 6 Microwave Radiometry and Radiative Transfer 6-1 Radiometric Quantities 6-2 Thermal Radiation 6-2.1 Quantum Theory of Radiation 6-2.2 Planck's Blackbody Radiation Law 6-2.3 The Rayleigh-Jeans Law 6-3 Power-Temperature Correspondence 6-4 Radiation by Natural Materials 6-4.1 Brightness Temperature 6-4.2 Brightness Temperature Distribution 6-4.3 Antenna Temperature 6-5 Antenna Efficiency Considerations 6-5.1 Beam Efficiency 6-5.2 Radiation Efficiency 6-5.3 Radiometer Measurement Ambiguity 6-6 Theory of Radiative Transfer 6-6.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer 6-6.2 Brightness-Temperature Equation 6-6.3 Brightness Temperature of a Stratified Medium 6-6.4 Brightness Temperature of a Scatter-Free Medium 6-6.5 Upwelling and Downwelling Atmospheric Brightness Temperatures 6-7 Terrain Brightness Temperature 6-7.1 Brightness Transmission Across a Specular Boundary 6-7.2 Emission by a Specular Surface 6-7.3 Emissivity of a Rough Surface 6-7.4 Extreme Surface Conditions 6-7.5 Emissivity of a Two-Layer Composite 6-8 Downward-Looking Satellite Radiometer 6-9 Polarimetric Radiometry 6-10 Stokes Parameters and Periodic Structures 7 Microwave Radiometric Systems 7-1 Equivalent Noise Temperature 7-2 Characterization of Noise 7-2.1 Noise Figure 7-2.2 Equivalent Input Noise Temperature 7-2.3 Noise Temperature of a Cascaded System 7-2.4 Noise Temperature of a Lossy Two-Port Device 7-3 Receiver and System Noise Temperatures 7-3.1 Receiver Alone 7-3.2 Total System Including Antenna 7-4 Radiometer Operation 7-4.1 Measurement Accuracy 7-4.2 Total-Power Radiometer 7-4.3 Radiometric Resolution 7-5 Effects of Receiver Gain Variations 7-6 Dicke Radiometer 7-7 Balancing Techniques 7-7.1 Reference-Channel Control Method 7-7.2 Antenna-Channel Noise-Injection Method 7-7.3 Pulsed Noise-Injection Method 7-7.4 Gain-Modulation Method 7-8 Automatic-Gain-Control (AGC) Techniques 7-9 Noise-Adding Radiometer 7-10 Summary of Radiometer Properties 7-11 Radiometer Calibration Techniques 7-11.1 Receiver Calibration 7-11.2 Calibration Sources 7-11.3 Effects of Impedance Mismatches 7-11.4 Antenna Calibration 7-11.5 Cryoload Technique 7-11.6 Bucket Technique 7-12 Imaging Considerations 7-12.1 Scanning Configurations 7-12.2 Radiometer Uncertainty Principle 7-13 Interferometric Aperture Synthesis 7-13.1 Image Reconstruction 7-13.2 MIR Radiometric Sensitivity 7-14 Polarimetric Radiometer 7-14.1 Coherent Detection 7-14.2 Incoherent Detection 7-15 Calibration of Polarimetric Radiometers 7-15.1 Forward Model for a Fully Polarimetric Radiometer 7-15.2 Forward Model for the Polarimetric Calibration Source 7-15.3 Calibration by Inversion of the Forward Models 7-16 Digital Radiometers 8 Microwave Interaction with Atmospheric Constituents 8-1 Standard Atmosphere 8-1.1 Atmospheric Composition 8-1.2 Temperature Profile 8-1.3 Density Profile 8-1.4 Pressure Profi

Note: Table of Contents Introduction: Thermokarst Lakes of Western Siberia as Dominant Forms of Landscape and Regulators of Greenhouse Gas Exchange with the Atmosphere Chapter 1. Thermokarst Lakes: Distribution, Cycle of Development, Surface Coverage and Evolution Chapter 2. Sources of Dissolved Components in Thermokarst Lakes Chapter 3. Temperature and Gas Regime Chapter 4. Dissolved Organic Carbon Chapter 5. Microbiology of Thermokarst Lake Systems Chapter 6. Trace Elements in Thermokarst Lakes Chapter 7. Colloids in Thermokarst Lakes Chapter 8. Latitude Profile Gradients of Lakes: Substituting Space for Time Chapter 9. Possible Impact of Climate Warming on Stocks and Fluxes of Carbon and Related Elements in Western Siberian Lakes Conclusions: Thaw Lakes as Indicators of Climate Change References Index

Note: Contents: Plant-environment interactions across multiple scales -- Plant biodiversity and population dynamics -- Assembly of plant communities -- Plant pollination and dispersal -- Plant phenotypic expression in variable environments -- Evolutionary ecology of chemically mediated plant-insect interactions -- Plant-microbe interactions -- Patterns and controls of terrestrial primary production in a changing world -- Ecology of tropical rain forests -- Ecology of temperate forests -- Plants in deserts -- Plants in alpine environmnets -- Plants in arctic environments -- Grassland ecology -- Coastal wetland ecology and challenges for environmental management -- Near-coastal seagrass ecosystem -- Ecology of marine phytoplankton -- Plants in changing environmental conditions of the anthropocene -- Plant influences on atmospheric chemistry -- Biofuel development from cellulosic sources -- Plant ecology and sustainability science

Note: IntroductionThe random universe -- Six degrees of separation -- Small worlds -- Hubs and connectors -- The 80/20 rule -- Rich get richer -- Einstein's legacy -- Achilles' heel -- Viruses and fads -- The awakening Internet -- The fragmented web -- The map of life -- Network economy -- Web without a spider -- Afterlink: Hierarchies and communities..

Note: IntroductionTheorising Norms -- Theorising Crime -- Agent-based Modelling -- The Environment and Social Norms -- Punishment and Social Norms -- Imitation and Social Norms -- Socially Situated Social Norms -- Internalisation and Social Norms -- Modelling Norms -- Delinquent Networks -- Social Construction of Knowledge -- Morality -- We-Intentionality -- Conclusion -- Index..

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Contents: Linear Control Systems ; The Dynamic Programming Approach ; Ellipsoidal Techniques: Reachability and Control Synthesis ; Solution Examples on Ellipsoidal Methods: Computation in High Dimensions ; The Comparison Principle: Nonlinearity and Nonconvexity ; Impulse Controls and Double Constraints ; Dynamics and Control Under State Constraints ; Trajectory Tubes State-Constrained Feedback Control ; Guaranteed State Estimation ; Uncertain Systems: Output Feedback Control ; Verification: Hybrid Systems

Note: Front cover; Title page; Copyright page; Contents; Dedication; Friends of the Earth: rethinking travel; Foreword; Preface; Introduction; PART 1: THINKING BEYOND FLYING; Chapter 1: To fly or not to fly?; Chapter 2: Deciding never to fly again; Chapter 3: Young people and climate change; Chapter 4: Waking up to the downsides of flying; Chapter 5: Slow and low - the way to go: a systems view of travel emissions; PART 2: BUSINESS BEYOND FLYING; Chapter 6: A green travel experiment; Chapter 7: Trains versus planes: building a low-carbon travel agency. , Chapter 8: Going cold turkey: a law practice without any flightsChapter 9: The no-flying conference: Signs of Change; Chapter 10: Slowlier than thou: why flight-free travel is about better, not less; PART 3: SAVOURING THE JOURNEY; Chapter 11: The human engine: bicycling to Beijing; Chapter 12: Walking distance; Chapter 13: bike2oz: the world going through you instead of around you; Chapter 14: A small matter of distance: trying not to fly to climate talks; Chapter 15: Travel on a hot planet: exploring the global tourist industry overland; How to fly less; Index; Other Green Books titles. , About Green Books.

Note: Cover; Title; Copyright; CONTENTS; Acknowledgments; PART I. THE COMPLEXITY FRAME FOR POLICY; Chapter 1. Twin Peaks; Chapter 2. Government With, Not Versus, the Market; Chapter 3. I Pencil Revisited: Beyond Market Fundamentalism; Chapter 4. The Complexity Policy Frame; PART II. EXPLORING THE FOUNDATIONS; Chapter 5. How Economics Lost the Complexity Vision; Chapter 6. How Macroeconomics Lost the Complexity Vision; Chapter 7. Complexity: A New Kind of Science?; Chapter 8: A New Kind of Complexity Economics?; Chapter 9. Nudging toward a Complexity Policy Frame. , PART III. LAISSEZ-FAIRE ACTIVISM IN PRACTICEChapter 10. The Economics of Influence; Chapter 11. Implementing Influence Policy; Chapter 12. Laissez-Faire Activism; Chapter 13. Getting the Ecostructure of Government Right; PART IV. THE LOST AGENDA; Chapter 14. Getting the Ecostructure of Social Science Education Right; Chapter 15. The Lost Agenda; Notes; Bibliography; Index.

Note: 1. Introduction : high hopes and down-to-earth realism / Frans Oosterhuis and Patrick ten Brink2. A global survey of potentially environmentally harmful subsidies / Ronald Steenblik -- 3. Hidden subsidies : the invisible part of the EHS iceberg / Sirini Withana ... [et al.] -- 4. Can we recognise an environmentally harmful subsidy if we see one? / Jan Pieters -- 5. Quantifying the impacts of environmentally harmful subsidies / Cees van Beers and Jeroen van den Bergh -- 6. Energy subsidies / Frans Oosterhuis and Katharina Umpfenbach -- 7. Environmentally harmful subsidies in the transport sector / Laurent Franckx and Inge Mayeres -- 8. Agriculture, food and water / Frans Oosterhuis and Kris Bachus -- 9. Environmentally harmful subsidies and biodiversity / Patrick ten Brink ... [et al.] -- 10. Reforming EHS in Europe : success stories, failures and agenda setting / Jacqueline Cottrell -- 11. Phasing out environmentally harmful subsidies worldwide / Anja von Moltke -- 12. Reform of environmentally harmful subsidies : distributional issues / Annegrete Bruvoll and Haakon Vennemo -- 13. The way forward : reforming EHS in the transition to a green economy / Patrick ten Brink, Sirini Withana and Frans Oosterhuis..

Note: IntroductionConditional expectations and related concepts in econometrics -- Basic asymptotic theory -- Single-equation linear model and ordinary least squares estimation -- Instrumental variables estimation of single-equation linear models -- Additional single-equation topics -- Estimating systems of equations by ordinary least squares and generalized least squares -- System estimation by instrumental variables -- Simultaneous equations models..

Note: The democratic promiseThe deliberative turn in democratic theory -- The elusive concept of empathy -- Empathy in deliberative theory -- Empathy's importance : the empirical evidence -- Deliberative democracy and its critics -- Empathy and democracy..

Note: Machine generated contents note: Introduction J. Stripple and H. Bulkeley; Part I. Governmentality, Critical Theory and Climate Change: 1. Bringing governmentality to the study of global governance E. Lavbrand and J. Stripple; 2. Experimenting on climate governmentality with actor-network theory A. Blok; 3. Third side of the coin: hegemony and governmentality in global climate politics B. Stephan, D. Rothe and C. Methman; 4. The limits of climate governmentality C. Death; Part II. Cases of Climate Government: Theorising Practice: 5. Neuro-liberal climatic governmentalities M. Whitehead, R. Jones and J. Pykett; 6. Making carbon calculations S. Eden; 7. Smart meters and the governance of energy use in the household T. Hargreaves; 8. Translation loops and shifting rationalities of transnational bioenergy governance J. Kortelainen and M. Albrecht; 9. Governing mobile species in a climate-changed world J. Fall; 10. Measuring forest carbon H. Lovell; 11. Climate security as governmentality: from precaution to preparedness A. Oels; Part III. Future Directions: 12. The rise and fall of the global climate polity O. Corry; 13. Climate change multiple S. Randalls; 14. Reflections and way forward H. Bulkeley and J. Stripple..

Note: Thinking differently for an age of complexity -- How can theory improve practice? -- Stories from the field -- The praxis of collaboration -- Dialogue as a community of inquiry -- Knowledge into action : the role of dialogue -- Using local knowledge for justice and resilience -- Beyond collaboration : democratic governance for a resilient society..

Note: Cover; Contents; Preface and Overview; Acknowledgments; Introduction to the 2014 Edition; 1. The Distinctiveness of Comparative Social Science; 2. Heterogeneity and Causal Complexity; 3. Case-Oriented Comparative Methods; 4. The Variable-Oriented Approach; 5. Combined Versus Synthetic Comparative Strategies; 6. A Boolean Approach to Qualitative Comparison: Basic Concepts; 7. Extensions of Boolean Methods of Qualitative Comparison; 8. Applications of Boolean Methods of Qualitative Comparison; 9. The Dialogue of Ideas and Evidence in Social Research; Bibliography; Index.

Note: Text dt. und engl. - Text in Faltbl. [1] dt.

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction: The Climate Change Problem and Solutions Part 1: Theory 2. The Basis of an Obligation Towards Future Generations in Justice and Ethics in the Context of Climate Change 3. Content of Justice-based Obligations Towards Future Generations in the Context of Climate Change Part II: International Law and Politics 4. Current International Law, Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change 5. International Human Rights Law, Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change 6. Climate Change Discources and Intergenerational Justice Part III: The Way Forward and Conclusion 7. The Way Forward – Incorporating Intergenerational Justice Principles into International Climate Law 8. Conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: The basics -- Matching, covering and packing -- Connectivity -- Planar graphs -- Colouring -- Flows -- Extremal graph theory -- Infinite graphs -- Ramsey theory for graphs -- Hamilton cycles -- Random graphs -- Minors, trees, and WQO..

Note: Text dt. und engl.

Note: Contents: Contents: Foreword by Ed Glaeser ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Urban Economic Performance ; 3. Residential Segregation and People Sorting Within Cities ; 4. Planning for a Housing Crisis: Or the Alchemy by Which We Turn Houses into Gold ; 5. Planning and Economic Performance ; 6. Planning: Reforms that Might Work and Ones that Won’t ; 7. Devolution, City Governance and Economic Performance ; 8. Urban Policies ; 9. Conclusions ; Index

Note: Contents: Getting Started ; Git Basics ; Git Branching ; Git on the Server ; Distributed Git ; Github ; Git Tools ; Customizing Git ; Git and Other Systems ; Git Internals ; Git in Other Environments ; Embedded Git in Your Applications ; Git Commands