ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction Terms and abbreviations 2 The biogeographlcal setting Geology, physiography, and surface materials The structural framework Pleistocene geology Bioclimates Arctic and its three subzones Subarctic zone Boreal zone Eastern temperate zone Grassland zone Pacific and Cordilleran zones 3 Autecology and pollen representation Introduction Transcontinental, primarily boreal taxa Eastern, primarily temperate taxa Pacific-Cordilleran taxa Arctic taxa Modern regional pollen spectra The Western Interior The eastern plains transect The Pacific-Cordilleran transect General comments on the modern pollen spectra 4 Full-glacial refugla The southern refugia Pacific-Cordilleran refugia Interior plains and eastern region The Beringian refugia 5 Eastern Canada-fossil record and reconstruction Introduction The late glacial - 12,700 to 10,000 yr BP Southern Quebec and New Brunswick Maritime Canada The Great Lakes Basin Vegetation reconstruction The Holocene - 10,000 yr BP to the present Southern Quebec and New Brunswick The Maritimes, Labrador, and Northern Quebec The Great Lakes Vegetation reconstruction Boreal region 6 The Western Interior Sites near the forest-grassland transition Sites within the modern boreal forest Sites near the modern forest-tundra boundary 7 Pacific-Cordilleran region Southern Pacific zone Southern Cordilleran zone Northern Pacific zone Northern Cordilleran zone 8 Vegetation reconstruction and palaeoenvironments Introduction Origins and history Eastern temperate forests Boreal forest Grasslands and parklands Pacific-Cordilleran complex Tundra (arctic) Palaeoenvironmental controls Climate The Milankovitch model Full-glacial conditions Late-glacial and Holocene Fire Pathogens Paludification Problems for the future Climate disequilibrium Spatial resolution Pollen source area Concluding comments Appendix References Index

Note: Contents: Acknowledgement. - Contributors List. - PART I. INTRODUCTION. - Introduction / D. Prandle. - PART II. BAROCLINIC DYNAMICS. - The influence of coastally trapped waves on the circulation in Jervis Bay, New South Wales / P. D. Craig and P. E. Holloway. - Tidal mixing near the sill of a Scottish sea loch / A. J. Elliott, P. A. Gillibrand and W. R. Turrell. - A topographically induced internal wave and mixing in the Tamar Estuary / D. R. Sturley and K. R. Dyer. - Turbulence and shear induced mixing processes in estuaries / E. J. Derbyshire & J. R. West. - Dynamically-active models in the prediction of estuarine stratification / J. H. Simpson and J. Sharples. - PART III. CIRCULATION. - Circulation Residual flow in Naples Bay and its effect on constituent concentration, constituent flux and residence time / J. Van de Kreeke. - The stratified hydrodynamics of the Palmiet - a prototypical bar-built estuary / J. L. Largier, J. H. Slinger and S. Talijaard. - Salinity structure of a shallow, tributary estuary / W. W. Schroeder, S. P. Dinnel and W. J. Wiseman Jr. - On meteorologically induced subtidal motion in Hangzhou Bay / J. L. Su and W. Chen. - Water level fluctuations in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana: tidal forcing versus river forcing / E. M. Swenson and C. E. Sasser. - Modelling of low-frequency salinity variations in the St. Lawrence Estuary / K. T. Tee. - On the estuatine circulation within the Kattegat / N. Winkel-Steinberg, J. O. Backhaus and T. Pohlmann. - PART IV. SEDIMENTATION. - Sedimentation Observations of fine-sediment concentrations and transport in the turbidity maximum region of an estuary / R. J. Uncles, J. A. Stephens and M. L. Barton. - Velocity asymmetries in frictionally-dominated tidal embayments: longitudinal and lateral variability / C. T. Friedrichs, D. R. Lynch and D. G. Aubrey. - Effects of sea-level rise on muddy coastal margins / R. Kirby. - Acoustic measurements of suspended sediment over sandwaves / P. D. Thome, R. L. Soulsby and P. J. Hardcastle. - Some observations on fluid mud response to water waves / F. Jiang and A. J. Mehta. - The reflection of waves off beaches / J. Darbyshire. - PART V. MODELLING (SEDIMENT). - Dispersion in tidally-averaged transport equation / R. T. Cheng and V. Casulli. - Effect of bends on dilution rates / R. Smith. - Modelling the vertical distribution of suspended sediment in combined wave-current flow / A. G. Davies. - Some considerations on mathematical modelling of morphological processes in tidal regions / Z. B. Wang. - A three-dimensional transport model for dissolved and suspended matter in estuaries and coastal seas / G. C. van Dam and R. A. Louwersheimer. - An estuatine and coastal sand transport model / B. A. O'Connor and J. Nicholson. - PART VI. APPLIED STUDIES. - Current and density structure in the Netherlands coastal zone / W. P. M. de Ruijter, A. van der Giessen and F. C. Groenendijk. - On the distribution of suspended matter and the density driven circulation in the Dutch coastal area / M. Visser. - Coastal dynamics along a rugged coastline / B. King and E. Wolanski. - Transport of hypoxic waters: an estuary-subestuary exchange / A. Y. Kuo and K. Park. - Interdisciplinary study on the tidal front in the Bungo Channel, Japan / T. Yanagi, O. Matsuda, S. Tanabe and S. Uye. - Hydrodynamic modelling for a tidal power project / T. L. Shaw.

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - (1) The purposes of the long-term plan report. - (2) The background and particulars of this report. - (3) Contents of this report. - 2.Changes in the Arctic environment to date and in the near future. - 3. History of Arctic environmental research. - 4. Abstracts of all themes. - (1) Elucidation of abrupt environmental change in the Arctic associated with the on-going global warming. - Theme 1: Arctic amplification of global warming. - Theme 2: Mechanisms and influence of sea ice decline. - Theme 3: Biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem changes. - Theme 4: Ice sheet, glaciers, permafrost, snowfall, snow cover and hydrological cycle. - Theme 5: Interactions between the Arctic and the entire earth. - Theme 6: Predicting future environmental conditions of the Arctic based on paleoenvironmental records. - Theme 7: Effects of the Arctic environment on human society. - (2) Elucidation of environmental change concerning biodiversity. - Theme 8: Effects on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. - Theme 9: Influence on marine ecosystem and biodiversity. - (3) Broad and important subjects on the Arctic environment. - Theme 10: Geospace environment. - Theme 11: Interaction of surface environment change with solid earth. - Theme 12: Basic understanding on formation and transition process of permafrost. - (4) Development of methods enabling breakthroughs in environmental research. - Theme A: Sustainable seamless monitoring. - Theme B: Earth system-modeling for inter-disciplinary research. - Theme C: Data assimilation to connect monitoring and modeling. - 5. Improvement of research foundation. - Authors and reviewers.

Note: Contents: 1 General Introduction. - 1.1 The Climate System. - 1.2 The Atmosphere. - 1.3 Energy Budget and Atmospheric Composition. - 1.4 The Water Cycle. - 1.5 Aerosols and Climate Change. - 1.6 Outline of this Textbook. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles. - 2 Atmospheric Aerosols. - 2.1 Definitions. - 2.2 Sources of Aerosols and Aerosol Precursors. - 2.2.1 Marine Aerosols. - 2.2.2 Desert Dust. - 2.2.3 Volcanic Aerosols. - 2.2.4 Biogenic Aerosols. - 2.2.5 Biomass Burning Aerosols. - 2.2.6 Aerosols from Fossil Fuel Combustion. - 2.3 Spatial and Temporal Aerosol Distributions. - 2.4 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions. - 2.5 Climate Effects of Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 3 Physical, Chemical and Optical Aerosol Properties. - 3.1 Fine, Accumulation and Coarse Modes. - 3.2 Size Distribution. - 3.3 Chemical Composition. - 3.3.1 Aerosol Mixture. - 3.3.2 Inorganic Aerosols. - 3.3.3 Black Carbon Aerosols. - 3.3.4 Organic Aerosols. - 3.3.5 Geographic Distribution of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 3.4 Refractive Index. - 3.5 Deliquescence, Efflorescence and Hysteresis. - 3.6 Definition of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.6.1 Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections. - 3.6.2 Phase Function. - 3.6.3 Upscatter Fractions. - 3.7 Calculation of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.7.1 Mie Theory. - 3. 7.2 Extinction, Scattering and Absorption. - 3.7.3 Optical Depth and Angström Coefficient. - 3.8 Optical Properties of Nonspherical Aerosols. - 3.9 Aerosols and Atmospheric Visibility. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 4 Aerosol Modelling. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Emissions. - 4.2.1 Generalities. - 4.2.2 Fossil Fuels, Biofuels, and Other Anthropogenic Sources. - 4.2.3 Vegetation Fires. - 4.2.4 Sea Spray. - 4.2.5 Desert Dust. - 4.2.6 Dimethylsulphide. - 4.2.7 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds. - 4.2.8 Volcanoes. - 4.2.9 Resuspension. - 4.3 Atmospheric Processes. - 4.3.1 Nucleation. - 4.3.2 Condensation of Semi-Volatile Compounds. - 4.3.3 Coagulation. - 4.3.4 In-Cloud Aerosol Production. - 4.3.5 Wet Deposition. - 4.3.6 Dry Deposition. - 4.3.7 Sedimentation. - 4.3.8 Aerosol Transport. - 4.4 Modelling Approaches. - 4.4.1 Bulk Approach. - 4.4.2 Sectional Approach. - 4.4.3 Modal Approach. - 4.5 Example: The Sulphur Budget. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 5 Interactions of Radiation with Matter and Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Electromagnetic Radiation. - 5.2.1 Generalities. - 5.2.2 Definitions. - 5.3 Interactions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.3.1 Matter, Energy and Spectral Lines. - 5.3.2 Intensity of Spectral Lines. - 5.3.3 Spectral Line Profiles. - 5.3.4 Processes of lnteractions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.4 Modelling of the Interaction Processes. - 5.4.1 Molecular Absorption Coefficient. - 5.4.2 Scattering Phase Function. - 5.4.3 Molecular Scattering. - 5.4.4 Absorption and Scattering by Aerosols. - 5.4.5 Thermal Emission. - 5.5 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.2 Extinction Only. - 5.5.3 Scattering Medium. - 5.5.4 Plane-Parallel Atmosphere. - 5.5.5 Resolution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.6 Absorption Bands, Energy, and Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.1 Main Molecular Absorption Bands in the Atmosphere. - 5.6.2 Radiative Flux. - 5.6.3 Two-Flux Method. - 5.6.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - 5.6.5 Radiative Budget. - 5.6.6 Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.7 Polarization of Radiation. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 6 In Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosols. - 6.1 Introduction to Aerosol Remote Sensing. - 6.2 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Extinction. - 6.2.1 General Principles. - 6.2.2 Ground-Based Photometry. - 6.2.3 Spaceborne Occultation Measurements. - 6.2.4 Retrieval of Aerosol Size Distribution. - 6.3 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Scattering. - 6.3.1 General Principles. - 6.3.2 Ground-Based Measurement of Scattered Radiation. - 6.3.3 Spaceborne Measurements of Scattered Radiation. - 6.4 Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.1 General Principles. - 6.4.2 Spaceborne Nadir Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.3 Spaceborne Limb Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.5 Active Remote Sensing: Lidar. - 6.5.1 General Principles. - 6.5.2 The Lidar Equation. - 6.5.3 Raman Lidar. - 6.6 In Situ Aerosol Measurements. - 6.6.1 Measurement of Aerosol Concentrations. - 6.6.2 Measurement of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 6.6.3 Measurement of Aerosol Scattering. - 6.6.4 Measurement of Aerosol Absorption. - 6.7 Conclusions. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 7 Aerosol Data Assimilation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Basic Principles of Data Assimilation. - 7.3 Applications of Data Assimilation for Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 8 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Atmospheric Radiative Effects Due to Aerosols. - 8.2.1 Simplified Equation for Scattering Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Simplified Equation for Absorbing Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Radiative Transfer Calculations. - 8.2.4 Global Estimates and Sources of Uncertainty. - 8.3 Rapid Adjustments to Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.4 Radiative Impact of Aerosols on Surface Snow and Ice. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 9 Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 39.1 Introduction. - 9 .1.1 Cloud Formation. - 9 .1.2 Cloud Distribution. - 9 .1.3 Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. - 9.2 Aerosol Effects on Liquid Clouds. - 9 .2.1 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour. - 9.2.2 Kelvin Effect. - 9.2.3 Raoult's Law. - . - 9.2.4 Köhler Theory. - 9.2.5 Extensions to the Köhler Theory. - 9.2.6 CCN and Supersaturation in the Cloud. - 9.2.7 Dynamical and Radiative Effects in Clouds. - 9.2.8 Principle of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.9 Observations of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.10 Adjustments in Liquid Water Clouds. - 9.2.11 Rapid Adjustments Occurring in Liquid Clouds. - 9.3 Aerosols Effects on Mixed-Phased and Ice Clouds. - 9.3.1 Elements of Microphysics of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.2 Impact of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Ice Clouds. - 9.4 Forcing Due to Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 9.5 Aerosols, Contrails and Aviation-Induced Cloudiness. - 9.5.1 Formation of Condensation Trails. - 9.5.2 Estimate of the Climate Impact of Contrails. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 10 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Radiative Forcing, Feedbacks and Climate Response. - 10.2.1 Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.2 Climate Feedbacks. - 10.2.3 Rapid Adjustments and Effective Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.4 Climate Response and Climate Efficacy. - 10.3 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.3.1 Equilibrium Response. - 10.3.2 Past Emissions. - 10.3.3 Detection and Attribution of Aerosol Impacts. - 10.3.4 Future Emissions Scenarios. - 10.4 Nuclear Winter. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 11 Biogeochemical Effects and Climate Feedbacks of Aerosols. - 11 .1 Introduction. - 11.2 Impact of Aerosols on Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 11.2.1 Diffuse Radiation and Primary Productivity. - 11.2.2 Aerosols as a Source of Nutrients. - 11.2.3 Acidification of Precipitation. - 11.3 Impact of Aerosols on Marine Ecosystems. - 11.4 Aerosols-Atmospheric Chemistry Interactions. - 11.4.1 Interactions with Tropospheric Chemistry. - 11.4.2 Impact of Stratospheric Aerosols on the Ozone Layer and Ultravialet Radiation. - 11.5 Climate Feedbacks Involving Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.1 Sulphate Aerosols from DMS Emissions. - 11.5.2 Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.3 Other Aerosols of Maritime Origin. - 11.6 Climate Feedbacks Involving Continental Aerosols. - 11.6.1 Secondary Organic Aerosols. - 11.6.2 Primary Aerosols of Biogenic Origin. - 11.6.3 Aerosols from Vegetation Fires. - 11.6.4 Desert Dust. - 11.7 Climate Feedbacks Involving Stratospheric Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 12 Strato

Note: Introduction and Overviews --- J.-P. Henriet and J. Mienert: Gas Hydrates: the Gent debates. Outlook on research horizons and strategies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:1-8, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.01 --- K. A. Kvenvolden: A primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:9-30, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.02 --- E. D. Sloan, Jr: Physical/chemical properties of gas hydrates and application to world margin stability and climatic change / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:31-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.03 --- Analysis and Modelling of Hydrate Formation --- G. D. Ginsburg: Gas hydrate accumulation in deep-water marine sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:51-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.04 --- A. W. Rempel and B. A. Buffett: Mathematical models of gas hydrate accumulation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:63-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.05 --- R. J. Bakker: Improvements in clathrate modelling II: the H2O-CO2-CH4-N2-C2H6 fluid system / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:75-105, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.06 --- H. Lu and R. Matsumoto: Synthesis of CO2 hydrate in various CH3CO2Na/CH3CO2H pH buffer solutions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:107-111, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.07 --- Exploration Strategy and Reservoir Evaluation Methodology --- J. S. Booth, W. J. Winters, W. P. Dillon, M. B. Clennell, and M. M. Rowe: Major occurrences and reservoir concepts of marine clathrate hydrates: implications of field evidence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:113-127, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.08 --- D. Goldberg and S. Saito: Detection of gas hydrates using downhole logs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:129-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.09 --- J. W. Hobro, T. A. Minshull, and S. C. Singh: Tomographic seismic studies of the methane hydrate stability zone in the Cascadia Margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:133-140, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.10 --- U. Tinivella, E. Lodolo, A. Camerlenghi, and G. Boehm: Seismic tomography study of a bottom simulating reflector off the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:141-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.11 --- Worldwide Gas Hydrate Occurrences and Regional Case Studies --- C. K. Paull, W. S. Borowski, and N. M. Rodriguez: Marine gas hydrate inventory: preliminary results of ODP Leg 164 and implications for gas venting and slumping associated with the Blake Ridge gas hydrate field / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:153-160, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.12 --- R. Thiéry, R. Bakker, and C. Monnin: Geochemistry of gas hydrates and associated fluids in the sediments of a passive continental margin. Preliminary results of the ODP Leg 164 on the Blake Outer Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:161-165, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.13 --- G. J. De Lange and H.-J. Brumsack: The occurrence of gas hydrates in Eastern Mediterranean mud dome structures as indicated by pore-water composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:167-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.14 --- J. M. Woodside, M. K. Ivanov, and A. F. Limonov: Shallow gas and gas hydrates in the Anaximander Mountains region, eastern Mediterranean Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:177-193, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.15 --- M. K. Ivanov, A. F. Limonov, and J. M. Woodside: Extensive deep fluid flux through the sea floor on the Crimean continental margin (Black Sea) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:195-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.16 --- S. V. Bouriak and A. M. Akhmetjanov: Origin of gas hydrate accumulations on the continental slope of the Crimea from geophysical studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:215-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.17 --- D. Long, S. Lammers, and P. Linke: Possible hydrate mounds within large sea-floor craters in the Barents Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:223-237, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.18 --- M. Veerayya, S. M. Karisiddaiah, K. H. Vora, B. G. Wagle, and F. Almeida: Detection of gas-charged sediments and gas hydrate horizons along the western continental margin of India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:239-253, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.19 --- S. Neben, K. Hinz, and H. Beiersdorf: Reflection characteristics, depth and geographical distribution of bottom simulating reflectors within the accretionary wedge of Sulawesi / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:255-265, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.20 --- G. Delisle, H. Beiersdorf, S. Neben, and D. Steinmann: The geothermal field of the North Sulawesi accretionary wedge and a model on BSR migration in unstable depositional environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:267-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.21 --- Relevance to Margin Stability and Climatic Change --- J. Mienert, J. Posewang, and M. Baumann: Gas hydrates along the northeastern Atlantic margin: possible hydrate-bound margin instabilities and possible release of methane / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:275-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.22 --- W. P. Dillon, W. W. Danforth, D. R. Hutchinson, R. M. Drury, M. H. Taylor, and J. S. Booth: Evidence for faulting related to dissociation of gas hydrate and release of methane off the southeastern United States / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:293-302, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.23 --- B. U. Haq: Natural gas hydrates: searching for the long-term climatic and slope-stability records / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:303-318, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.24 --- R. B. Thorpe, J. A. Pyle, and E.G. Nisbet: What does the ice-core record imply concerning the maximum climatic impact of possible gas hydrate release at Termination 1A? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:319-326, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.25 --- D. Raynaud, J. Chappellaz, and T. Blünier: Ice-core record of atmospheric methane changes: relevance to climatic changes and possible gas hydrate sources / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 137:327-331, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.137.01.26

Note: Table of Contents: List of contributors. - Cryosphere Science: Series Preface. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - About the companion website. - 1 Remote sensing and the cryosphere. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Remote sensing. - 1.2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum and blackbody radiation. - 1.2.2 Passive systems. - 1.2.3 Active systems. - 1.3 The cryosphere. - References. - 2 Electromagnetic properties of components of the cryosphere. - 2.1 Electromagnetic properties of snow. - 2.1.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.1.2 Microwave region. - 2.2 Electromagnetic properties of sea ice. - 2.2.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.2.2 Microwave region. - 2.3 Electromagnetic properties of freshwater ice. - 2.4 Electromagnetic properties of glaciers and ice sheets. - 2.4.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.4.2 Microwave region. - 2.5 Electromagnetic properties of frozen soil. - 2.5.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.5.2 Microwave region. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 3 Remote sensing of snow extent. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Visible/near-infrared snow products. - 3.2.1 The normalized difference snow index (NDSI). - 3.3 Passive microwave products. - 3.4 Blended VNIR/PM products. - 3.5 Satellite snow extent as input to hydrological models. - 3.6 Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 4 Remote sensing of snow albedo, grain size, and pollution from space. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Forward modeling. - 4.3 Local optical properties of a snow layer. - 4.4 Inverse problem. - 4.5 Pitfalls of retrievals. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 5 Remote sensing of snow depth and snow water equivalent. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Photogrammetry. - 5.3 LiDAR. - 5.4 Gamma radiation. - 5.5 Gravity data. - 5.6 Passive microwave data. - 5.7 Active microwave data. - 5.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 6 Remote sensing of melting snow and ice. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 General considerations on optical/thermal and microwave sensors and techniques for remote sensing of melting. - 6.2.1 Optical and thermal sensors. - 6.2.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.2.3 Electromagnetic properties of dry and wet snow. - 6.3 Remote sensing of melting over land. - 6.4 Remote sensing of melting over Greenland. - 6.4.1 Thermal infrared sensors. - 6.4.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.5 Remote sensing of melting over Antarctica. - 6.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 7 Remote sensing of glaciers. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Fundamentals. - 7.3 Satellite instruments for glacier research. - 7.4 Methods. - 7.4.1 Image classification for glacier mapping. - 7.4.2 Mapping debris-covered glaciers. - 7.4.3 Glacier mapping with SAR data. - 7.4.4 Assessing glacier changes. - 7.4.5 Area and length changes. - 7.4.6 Volumetrie glacier changes. - 7.4.7 Glacier velocity. - 7.5 Glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet. - 7.5.1 Surface elevation. - 7.5.2 Glacier extent. - 7.5.3 Glacier dynamics. - 7.6 Summary. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 8 Remote sensing of accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. - 8.1 Introduction to accumulation. - 8.2 Spaceborne methods for determining accumulation over ice sheets. - 8.2.1 Microwave remote sensing. - 8.2.2 Other remote sensing techniques and combined methods. - 8.3 Airborne and ground-based measurements of accumulation. - 8.3.1 Ground-based. - 8.3.2 Airborne. - 8.4 Modeling of accumulation. - 8.5 The future for remote sensing of accumulation. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 9 Remote sensing of ice thickness and surface velocity. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.1.1 Electrical properties of glacial ice. - 9.2 Radar principles. - 9.2.1 Radar sounder. - 9.2.2 Radar equation. - 9.3 Pulse compression. - 9.4 Antennas. - 9.5 Example results. - 9.6 SAR and array processing. - 9.7 SAR Interferometry. - 9. 7.1 Introduction. - 9.7.2 Basic theory. - 9.7.3 Practical considerations of InSAR systems. - 9.7.4 Application of InSAR to Cryosphere remote sensing. - 9.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 10 Gravimetry measurements from space. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Observing the Earth's gravity field with inter-satellite ranging. - 10.3 Surface mass variability from GRACE. - 10.4 Results. - 10.5 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 11 Remote sensing of sea ice. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Sea ice concentration and extent. - 11.2.1 Passive microwave radiometers. - 11.2.2 Active microwave - scatterometry and radar. - 11.2.3 Visible and infrared. - 11.2.4 Operational sea ice analyses. - 11.3 Sea ice drift. - 11.4 Sea ice thickness and age, and snow depth. - 11.4.1 Altimetric thickness estimates. - 11.4.2 Radiometric thickness estimates. - 11.4.3 Sea ice age estimates as a proxy for ice thickness. - 11.5 Sea ice melt onset and freeze-up, albedo, melt pond fraction and surface temperature. - 11.5.1 Melt onset and freeze-up. - 11.5.2 Sea ice albedo and melt pond fraction. - 11.5.3 Sea ice surface temperature. - 11.6 Summary, challenges and the road ahead. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 12 Remote sensing of lake and river ice. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Remote sensing of lake ice. - 12.2.1 Ice concentration, extent and phenology. - 12.2.2 Ice types. - 12.2.3 Ice thickness and snow on ice. - 12.2.4 Snow/ice surface temperature. - 12.2.5 Floating and grounded ice: the special case of shallow Arctic/sub-Arctic lakes. - 12.3 Remote sensing of river ice. - 12.3.1 Ice extent and phenology. - 12.3.2 lce types, ice jams and flooded areas. - 12.3.3 Ice thickness. - 12.3.4 Surface flow velocities. - 12.3.5 Incorporating SAR-derived ice information into a GIS-based system in support of river-flow modeling and flood forecasting. - 12.4 Conclusions and outlook. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 13 Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground. - 13.1 Permafrost - an essential climate variable of the "Global Climate Observing System". - 13.2 Mountain permafrost. - 13.2.1 Remote sensing of surface features and permafrost landforms. - 13.2.2 Generation of digital elevation models. - 13.2.3 Terrain elevation change and displacement. - 13.3 Lowland permafrost - identification and mapping of surface features. - 13.3.1 Land cover and vegetation. - 13.3.2 Permafrost landforms. - 13.3.3 Landforms and processes indicating permafrost degradation. - 13.4 Lowland permafrost - remote sensing of physical variables related to the thermal permafrost state. - 13.4.1 Land surface temperature through thermal remote sensing. - 13.4.2 Freeze-thaw state of the surface soil through microwave remote sensing. - 13.4.3 Permafrost mapping with airborne electromagnetic surveys. - 13.4.4 Regional surface deformation through radar interferometry. - 13.4.5 A gravimetric signal of permafrost thaw?. - 13.5 Outlook - remote sensing data and permafrost models. - References. - Acronyms. - 14 Field measurements for remote sensing of the cryosphere. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Physical properties of interest. - 14.2.1 Surface properties. - 14.2.2 Sub-surface properties. - 14.3 Standard techniques for direct measurements of physical properties. - 14.3.1 Topography. - 14.3.2 Snow depth. - 14.3.3 Snow water equivalent and density. - 14.3.4 Temperature. - 14.3.5 Stratigraphy. - 14.3.6 Sea ice depth and ice thickness. - 14.4 New techniques for high spatial resolution measurements. - 14.4.1 Topography. - 14.4.2 Surface properties. - 14.4.3 Sub-surface properties. - 14.5 Simulating airborne and spaceborne observations from the ground. - 14.5.1 Active microwave. - 14.5.2 Passive microwave. - 14.6 Sampling strategies for remote sensing field campaigns: concepts and examples. - 14.6.1 Ice sheet campaigns. - 14.6.2 Seasonal snow campaigns. - 14.6.3 Sea ice campaigns. - 14.7 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 15 Remote sensing missions and the cryosphere. - 15.1 In

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Geology of the Floor of Bering and Chukchi Seas - American Studies. - 3 Late Quaternary Sediments of Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. - 4 Quaternary Marine Transgressions in Alaska. - 5 Quaternary Geology of the Alaskan Shore of Chukchi Sea. - 6 Quaternary Geology of Western Seward Peninsula, Alaska. - 7 Paleogeography of Chukotka During Late Neogene and Quaternary Time. - 8 Radiocarbon Chronology in Siberia. - 9 Neogene and Early Quaternary Vegetation of Northwestern North America and Northeastern Asia. - 10 Quaternary Vegetational History of Arctic Alaska. - 11 Vegetation of Eastern Siberia During the Anthropogene Period. - 12 Distribution, Ecology, and Cytology of the Ogotoruk Creek Flora and the History of Beringia. - 13 Mammal Remains of Pre-Wisconsin Age in Alaska. - 14 On the Origin of the Mammalian Fauna of Canada. - 15 The Effect of the Bering Land Bridge on the Quaternary Mammalian Faunas of Siberia and North America. - 16 Palearctic-Nearctic Mammalian Dispersal in the Late Cenozoic. - 17 The Stratigraphy of Tjbrnes, Northern Iceland, and the History of the Bering Land Bridge. - 18 Cenozoic Migrations of Marine Invertebrates Through the Bering Strait Region. - 19 Marine Mammals and the History of Bering Strai. - 20 Depth Changes in Bering Sea During the Upper Quaternary, as Indicated by Benthonic Foraminifera. - 21 Diatom Floras and the History of Okhotskand Bering Seas. - 22 On Migrations of Hunters across the Bering Land Bridge in the Upper Pleistocene. - 23 Human Migration and Permanent Occupation in the Bering Sea Area. - 24 The Cenozoic History of Beringia - A Synthesis. - General Index. - Index to Faunal and Floral Taxa.

Note: CONTENTS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1. Background. - 1.2. Definition of the coastal zone. - 1.3. Modelling for marine pollution studies. - 2. MODELLING FRAMEWORK. - 2.1. lntroduction. - 2.2. Questions to be answered. - 2.3. Other model dependencies on the nature of the questions. - 2.3.1. Near-field models. - 2.3.2. Far-field models. - 2.4. Conceptual model of contaminant dispersion. - 2.4.1. Description of water column processes. - 2.4.2. Description of the sea bed processes. - 2.4.3. Sources and sinks. - 2.5. Selection of components of the conceptual model. - 3. MODEL CONSTRUCTION. - 3.1. Modelling approach. - 3.1.1. Deterministic modelling approach. - 3.1.2. Stochastic modelling. - 3.2. Hydrodynamic model. - 23.2.1. From simple to complex models . - 3.2.2. Model complexity and predictability. - 3.2.3. Dealing with the problern of open boundaries. - 3.3. Sub-models. - 3.3.1. Sediment transport model. - 3.3.2. Biological transport model. - 3.3.3. Benthic transport model. - 4. MODEL FORMULATION AND PARAMETERIZATION OF PROCESSES. - 4.1. lntroduction. - 4.1.1. Philosophy. - 4.1.2. Levels of parameterization. - 4.2. Parameterization in transport models. - 4.2.1. Hydrodynamical model. - 4.2.2. Pollutant transport model: advection-diffusion equation. - 4.2.3. Sediment transport models. - 4.2.4. Biological transport models. - 4.3. Contaminant transport model: couplings between transport models. - 4.3.1. Biota-water interactions. - 4.3.2. Biota-particle interactions. - 4.3.3. Particle-water interactions. - 4.4. Decay and production. - 4.5. Parameterization in transport models for the sea bed. - 4.6. Characterizing source terms. - 5. CASE STUDIES. - 5 .1. Introduction. - 5.2. Cadmium in an estuary. - 5.2.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.2.2. Model construction. - 5.2.3. Example calculations. - 5.2.4. Additional comments. - 5.3. Monazite sand dregded from an estuary. - 5.3.1. Statement of the management problern. - 5.3.2. Model construction. - 5.3.3. Specific examples. - 5.4. Impact of the disposal of titanium dioxide wastes into coastal waters. - 5.4.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.4.2. Model construction. - 5.4.3. Example calculations. - 5.4.4. Additional comments. - 5.5. Nutrient inputs to Osaka Bay. - 5.5.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.5.2. Model construction. - 5.5.3. Example calculations. - 5.5.4. Additional comments. - 5.6. Sewage discharge near a beach. - 5.6.1. Statement of the management question. - 5.6.2. Model construction. - 5.6.3. Example calculations. - 5.6.4. Additional comments. - 5.7. Model for the Dutch North Sea water quality management plan. - 5. 7 .1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.7.2. Model construction. - 5.7.3. Example calculations. - 5.7.4. Additional comments. - 5.8. Radioactive discharges from a nuclear reprocessing plant. - 5.8.1. Statement of the management problem. - 5.8.2. Model construction. - 5.8.3. Additional comments. - 5.9. Overall observations. - 6. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES. - 6.1. Introduction. - 6.2. Verification. - 6.3. Sensitivity analysis. - 6.4. Validation. - 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. - REFERENCES. - ANNEX I. COASTAL REGIMES. - A1.1. Estuaries. - A1.1.1 Stratified estuaries. - A1.1.2. Partially-mixed and well-mixed estuaries. - A1.1.3. Fjords. - A1.1.4. Hybrid estuaries. - A1.1.5. Transverse characteristics of estuaries. - A1.2. Inshore embayments. - A1.3. Open continental shelf. - A1.3.1. Example of a wide shelf. - A1.3.2. Example of a narrow shelf. - A1.4. Marginal seas. - A1.4.1. Example of a marginal sea with a sill: the Baltic Sea. - A1.4.2. Example of a marginal semi-constrained sea: the North Sea. - A1.5. The Arctic shelves. - References to Annex 1. - ANNEX 2. DETAILS ON PARAMETERIZATION OF PROCESSES. - A2.1. Introduction. - A2.2. Hydrodynamic transport models: momentum transfer. - A2.3. Sediment transport models. - A2.3.1. Bed-load transport. - A2.3.2. Suspended sediment transport. - A2.3.3. Grain size distributions. - A2.3.4. Gravitational settling. - A2.3.5. Critical bed shear stress. - A2.4. Biological transport models. - A2.5. Benthic transport models. - A2. 6. Coupling between transport models. - A2.6.1. Biota-water interactions. - A2.6.2. Sediment-water interactions. - A2.7. Diagenesis: water-sediment interactions. - A2.8. Parameterization of the source term. - A2.8.1. Nature of source. - A2.8.2. Bulk sources. - A2.8.3. Disposal procedure. - A2.8.4. Specific chemical compounds. - References to Annex 2. - LIST OF WORKING GROUP MEMBERS, SECRETARIAT AND MEETINGS. - GESAMP REPORTS AND STUDIES.

Note: Peter J. Treloar and Patrick J. O’Brien: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:1-5, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.01 --- K. V. Hodges: The thermodynamics of Himalayan orogenesis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:7-22, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.02 --- R. A. Jamieson, C. Beaumont, P. Fullsack, and B. Lee: Barrovian regional metamorphism: where’s the heat? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:23-51, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.03 --- Donna L. Whitney and Yildirim Dilek: Characterization and interpretation of P-T paths with multiple thermal peaks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:53-60, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.04 --- J. Reche, F. J. Martínez, and M. L. Arboleya: Low- to medium-pressure Variscan metamorphism in Galicia (NW Spain): evolution of a kyanite-bearing synform and associated bounding antiformal domains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:61-79, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.05 --- Simon L. Harley: On the occurrence and characterization of ultrahigh-temperature crustal metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:81-107, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.06 --- Mike Sandiford and Martin Hand: Australian Proterozoic high-temperature, low-pressure metamorphism in the conductive limit / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:109-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.07 --- Roger L. Gibson and Gary Stevens: Regional metamorphism due to anorogenic intracratonic magmatism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:121-135, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.08 --- Michael Brown: Ridge-trench interactions and high-T-low-P metamorphism, with particular reference to the Cretaceous evolution of the Japanese Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:137-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.09 --- Nigel Harris and Michael Ayres: The implications of Sr-isotope disequilibrium for rates of prograde metamorphism and melt extraction in anatectic terrains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:171-182, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.10 --- Alan Whittington, Nigel Harris, and Judy Baker: Low-pressure crustal anatexis: the significance of spinel and cordierite from metapelitic assemblages at Nanga Parbat, northern Parkistan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:183-198, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.11 --- David C. Rubie: Disequilibrium during metamorphism: the role of nucleation kinetics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:199-214, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.12 --- R. H. Vernon: Chemical and volume changes during deformation and prograde metamorphism of sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:215-246, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.13 --- Andrew J. Barker and Xing Zhang: The role of microcracking and grain-boundary dilation during retrograde reactions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:247-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.14 --- Brenton Worley and Roger Powell: Making movies: phase diagrams changing in pressure, temperature, composition and time / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 138:269-280, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.138.01.15

Note: A. Morris and D. H. Tarling: Palaeomagnetism and tectonics of the Mediterranean region: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:1-18, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.01 --- Western Mediterranean --- A. Kirker and E. McClelland: Application of net tectonic rotations and inclination analysis to a high-resolution palaeomagnetic study in the Betic Cordillera / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:19-32, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.02 --- J. J. Villalaín, M. L. Osete, R. Vegas, V. García-Dueñas, and F. Heller: The Neogene remagnetization in the western Betics: a brief comment on the reliability of palaeomagnetic directions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:33-41, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.03 --- H. Feinberg, O. Saddiqi, and A. Michard: New constraints on the bending of the Gibraltar Arc from palaeomagnetism of the Ronda peridotites (Betic Cordilleras, Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:43-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.04 --- D. Khattach, D. Najid, N. Hamoumi, and D. H. Tarling: Palaeomagnetic studies in Morocco: tectonic implications for the Meseta and Anti-Atlas since the Permian / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:53-57, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.05 --- D. Rey, P. Turner, and A. Ramos: Palaeomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy of the Middle Triassic in the Iberian Ranges (Central Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:59-82, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.06 --- M. T. Juárez, M. L. Osete, R. Vegas, C. G. Langereis, and G. Meléndez: Palaeomagnetic study of Jurassic limestones from the Iberian Range (Spain): tectonic implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:83-90, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.07 --- M. Garcés, J. M. Parés, and L. Cabrera: Inclination error linked to sedimentary facies in Miocene detrital sequences from the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Spain) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:91-99, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.08 --- P. Keller and U. Gehring: Consequences of post-collisional deformation on the reconstruction of the East Pyrenees / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:101-109, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.09 --- J. L. Pereira, A. Rapalini, D. H. Tarling, and J. Fonseca: Palaeomagnetic dating and determination of tectonic tilting: a study of Mesozoic-Cenozoic igneous rocks in central West Portugal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:111-117, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.10 --- Central Mediterranean and Carpathians --- J. E. T. Channell: Palaeomagnetism and palaeogeography of Adria / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:119-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.11 --- M. Iorio, G. Nardi, D. Pierattini, and D. H. Tarling: Palaeomagnetic evidence of block rotations in the Matese Mountains, Southern Apennines, Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:133-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.12 --- M. Mattei, C. Kissel, L. Sagnotti, R. Funiciello, and C. Faccenna: Lack of Late Miocene to Present rotation in the Northern Tyrrhenian margin (Italy): a constraint on geodynamic evolution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:141-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.13 --- M. Fedi, G. Florio, and A. Rapolla: The pattern of crustal block rotations in the Italian region deduced from aeromagnetic anomalies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:147-152, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.14 --- Emő Márton and Péter Márton: Large scale rotations in North Hungary during the Neogene as indicated by palaeomagnetic data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:153-173, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.15 --- Miroslav Krs, Marta Krsová, and Petr Pruner: Palaeomagnetism and palaeogeography of the Western Carpathians from the Permian to the Neogene / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:175-184, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.16 --- Václav Houša, Miroslav Krs, Marta Krsová, and Petr Pruner: Magnetostratigraphy of Jurassic-Cretaceous limestones in the Western Carpathians / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:185-194, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.17 --- M. Iorio, D. H. Tarling, B. D’argenio, and G. Nardi: Ultra-fine magnetostratigraphy of Cretaceous shallow water carbonates, Monte Raggeto, southern Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:195-203, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.18 --- E. McClelland, B. Finegan, and R. W. H. Butler: A magnetostratigraphic study of the onset of the Mediterranean Messinian salility crisis; Caltanissetta Basin, Sicily / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:205-217, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.19 --- F. Florindo and L. Sagnotti: Revised magnetostratigraphy and rock magnetism of Pliocene sediments from Valle Ricca (Rome, Italy) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:219-223, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.20 --- Giancarlo Scalera, Paolo Favali, and Fabio Florindo: Palaeomagnetic database: the effect of quality filtering for geodynamic studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:225-237, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.21 --- Eastern Mediterranean --- A. H. F. Robertson, J. E. Dixon, S. Brown, A. Collins, A. Morris, E. Pickett, I. Sharp, and T. Ustaömer: Alternative tectonic models for the Late Palaeozoic-Early Tertiary development of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:239-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.22 --- H. J. Mauritsch, R. Scholger, S. L. Bushati, and A. Xhomo: Palaeomagnetic investigations in Northern Albania and their significance for the geodynamic evolution of the Adriatic-Aegean realm / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:265-275, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.23 --- D. Kondopoulou, A. Atzemoglou, and S. Pavlides: Palaeomagnetism as a tool for testing geodynamic models in the North Aegean: convergences, controversies and a further hypothesis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:277-288, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.24 --- H. Feinberg, B. Edel, D. Kondopoulou, and A. Michard: Implications of ophiolite palaeomagnetism for the interpretation of the geodynamics of Northern Greece / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:289-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.25 --- J. D. A. Piper, Joanna M. Moore, O. Tatar, H. Gursoy, and R. G. Park: Palaeomagnetic study of crustal deformation across an intracontinental transform: the North Anatolian Fault Zone in Northern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:299-310, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.26 --- Antony Morris: A review of palaeomagnetic research in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:311-324, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.27 --- A. M. Kafafy, D. H. Tarling, M. M. El Gamili, H. H. Hamama, and E. H. Ibrahim: Palaeomagnetism of some Cretaceous Nubian Sandstones, Northern Sinai, Egypt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:325-332, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.28 --- A. L. Abdeldayem and D. H. Tarling: Palaeomagnetism of some Tertiary sedimentary rocks, southwest Sinai, Egypt, in the tectonic framework of the SE Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:333-343, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.29 --- Applications in Volcanology --- Leon Bardot, Rick Thomas, and Elizabeth McClelland: Emplacement temperatures of pyroclastic deposits on Santorini deduced from palaeomagnetic measurements: constraints on eruption mechanisms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 105:345-357, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.105.01.30 --- Maurizio De’ Gennaro, Paola R. Gialanella, Alberto Incoronato, Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo, and Debora Naimo: Palaeomagnetic controls on the emplacement of the Neapolit

Note: D. B. Snyder, S. B. Lucas, and J. H. McBride: Crustal and mantle reflectors from Palaeoproterozoic orogens and their relation to arc-continent collisions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:1-23, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.01 --- H. R. Rollinson: Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite magmatism and the genesis of Lewisian crust during the Archaean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:25-42, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.02 --- A. Vrevsky, R. Krimsky, and S. Svetov: Rare earth and isotopic (Nd, O) heterogeneity of the Archaean mantle, Baltic Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:43-53, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.03 --- E. V. Bibikova, T. Skiöld, and S. V. Bogdanova: Age and geodynamic aspects of the oldest rocks in the Precambrian Belomorian Belt of the Baltic (Fennoscandian) Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:55-67, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.04 --- S. V. Bogdanova: High-grade metamorphism of 2.45–2.4 Ga age in mafic intrusions of the Belomorian Belt in the northeastern Baltic Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:69-90, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.05 --- Martin J. Van Kranendonk and Richard J. Wardle: Burwell domain of the Palaeoproterozoic Torngat Orogen, northeastern Canada: tilted cross-section of a magmatic are caught between a rock and a hard place / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:91-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.06 --- Toby Rivers, Flemming Mengel, David J. Scott, Lisa M. Campbell, and Normand Goulet: Torngat Orogen — a Palaeoproterozoic example of a narrow doubly vergent collisional orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:117-136, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.07 --- R. J. Wardle and M. J. Van Kranendonk: The Palaeoproterozoic Southeastern Churchill Province of Labrador-Quebec, Canada: orogenic development as a consequence of oblique collision and indentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:137-153, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.08 --- Andrew Kerr, Bruce Ryan, Charles F. Gower, Richard J. Wardle, and Andrew Kerr: The Makkovik Province: extension of the Ketilidian Mobile Belt in mainland North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:155-177, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.09 --- B. Chadwick and A. A. Garde: Palaeoproterozoic oblique plate convergence in South Greenland: a reappraisal of the Ketilidian Orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:179-196, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.10 --- Charles F. Gower: The evolution of the Grenville Province in eastern Labrador, Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:197-218, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.11 --- Ian C. Starmer: Accretion, rifting, rotation and collision in the North Atlantic supercontinent, 1700-950 Ma / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:219-248, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.12 --- A. Wikström, T. Skiöld, and B. Öhlander: The relationship between 1.88 Ga old magmatism and the Baltic-Bothnian shear zone in northern Sweden / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:249-259, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.13 --- J. N. Connelly and K-I. Åhäll: The Mesoproterozoic cratonization of Baltica — new age constraints from SW Sweden / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:261-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.14 --- J. F. Menuge and T. S. Brewer: Mesoproterozoic anorogenic magmatism in southern Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:275-295, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.15 --- J. N. Connelly, J. Berglund, and S. Å. Larson: Thermotectonic evolution of the Eastern Segment of southwestern Sweden: tectonic constraints from U-Pb geochronology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:297-313, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.16 --- Laurence M. Page, Michael B. Stephens, and Carl-Henric Wahlgren: 40Ar/39Ar geochronological constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the Eastern Segment of the Sveconorwegian Orogen, south-central Sweden / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:315-330, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.17 --- S. Mertanen, L. J. Pesonen, and H. Huhma: Palaeomagnetism and Sm-Nd ages of the Neoproterozoic diabase dykes in Laanila and Kautokeino, northern Fennoscandia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:331-358, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.18 --- Trevor F. Emmett: The provenance of pre-Scandian continental flakes within the Caledonide Orogen of south-central Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:359-366, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.19 --- W. R. Fitches, N. J. G. Pearce, J. A. Evans, and R. J. Muir: Provenance of late Proterozoic Dalradian tillite clasts, Inner Hebrides, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 112:367-377, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.112.01.20