ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS Introduction / J. C. Davis Integrating Geological Datasets With a Raster-Based Geographic In/ormation System / G. F. Bonham-Carter Integration of Geological Datasets for Gold Exploration in Nova Scotia / G. F. Bonham-Carter, F. P. Agterberg, and D. F. Wright GIS and Computer-Mapping Aspects of the Austrian Stream-Sediment Geochemical Sampling Project / G. Hausberger Power to the People! PC and Workstation Mapping and Database Systems / M. J. McCullagh Three-Dimensional Display of Geologic Data / J. N. Van Driel

Note: Chapter 1. Crystal Chemistry of the Amphiboles by Frank C. Hawthorne, p. 1 - 102 Chapter 2. Amphibole Spectroscopy by Frank C. Hawthorne, p. 103 - 140 Chapter 3. An Introduction to the Mineralogy and Petrology of the Biopyriboles by James B. Thompson, Jr., p. 141 - 188 Chapter 4. Non-Classical Pyriboles and Polysomatic Reactions in Biopyriboles by David R. Velben, p. 189 - 236 Chapter 5. Amphibole Asbestos Mineralogy by Tibor Zoltai, p. 237 - 278 Chapter 6. The Geologic Occurrences and Health Hazards of Amphibole and Serpentine Asbestos by Malcolm Ross, p. 279 - 324 Chapter 7. Subsolidus Reactions and Microstructures in Amphiboles by Subrata Ghose, p. 325 - 372

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1. lntroduction. - Chapter 2. Basic Equations. - 2.1. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations. - 2.2. Equations of the Mean Flow. - 2.3. Equations of the Eddies. - 2.4. Energy Balance. - 2.5. Vorticity and Divergence. - 2.6. Linearization. - 2.7. Eliassen-Palm Flux. - 2.8. Ertel Potential Vorticity. - 2.9. Diffusive Separation of Atmospheric Constituents. - 2.10. Spherical Harmonics. - 2.11. Hermite Functions. - Chapter 3. External Energy Sources. - 3.1. Solar Irradiance. - 3.2. Solar Heat Input into Upper Atmosphere. - 3.3. Solar Heat Input into Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 3.4. Lunar Gravitational Tidal Energy. - 3.5. Solar Wind Energy. - Chapter 4. Internal Energy Sources and Sinks. - 4.1. Eddy Viscosity. - 4.2. Eddy Heat Conduction. - 4.3. Latent Heat. - 4.4. Newtonian Cooling. - 4.5. Rayleigh Friction. - 4.6. Ion Drag. - 4.7. Feedback between Large-Scale Eddies and Mean Flow. - Chapter 5. Horizontal Modal Structure. - 5.1. Separation of Variables. - 5.2. Eigenvalues of Laplace's Equations. - 5.3. Gravity Waves. - 5.4. Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 5.5. Kelvin Waves and Yanai Waves. - 5.6. Low Frequency Waves with Positive Eigenvalues. - 5.7. Class Il Waves of Wavenumber m = 0. - 5.8. Diurnal Tides. - 5.9. Dynamo Action of Tidal Winds. - 5.10. Rossby Waves Migrating within Mean Zonal Flow. - 5.11. Influence of Zonal Mean Flow on Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 5.12. Salutions of Inhomogeneous Laplace Equations. - Chapter 6. Vertical Modal Structure. - 6.1. Characteristic Waves. - 6.2. Vertical Wavenumber. - 6.3. Particular Salutions. - 6.4. Boundary Conditions. - 6.5. Normal Modes. - 6.6. Height Structure of External Waves. - 6.7. Directly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.8. Indirectly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.9. Height Structure of Internal Waves. - 6.10. Impulsive Heat Input. - 6.11. Ray Tracing of Rossby Waves. - 6.12. Mode Conversion. - 6.13. Baroclinic Instability. - Chapter 7. Nonlinear Wave Propagation. - 7.1. Nonlinear Coupling between Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 7.2. Analytic Salutions for Weak Coupling of Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 7.3. Rossby- Haurwitz Wave Coupling in Realistic Mean Flow. - 7.4. Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence. - 7.5. Space-Time Analysis. - 7.6. Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization. - 7.7. Lorenz Attractor. - 7.8. Logistic Difference Equation. - 7.9. Multiple Equilibria. - Chapter 8. Tidal Waves. - 8.1. Seasonal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere (m = 0). - 8.2. Quasi-Stationary Seasonal Waves (m 〉 0). - 8.3. Climatic Mean Flow. - 8.4. Seasonal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.5. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 8.6. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.7. Nonmigrating Solar Diurnal Tides. - 8.8. Lunar Tides. - 8.9. Electromagnetic Effects of Tidal Waves. - 8.10. Energy and Momentum Deposition of Solar Diurnal Tides. - Chapter 9. Planetary Waves. - 9.1. Extratropical Transients. - 9.2. Southern Oscillation. - 9.3. Forty-Day Oscillations. - 9.4. Transients in the Tropical Middle Atmosphere. - 9.5. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Angular Momentum. - 9.6. Sudden Stratospheric Warnings. - 9.7. Thermospheric Response to Solar EUV Fluctuations. - 9.8. Thermospheric Storms. - 9.9. Solar Activity Effects within Middle and Lower Atmosphere. - Chapter 10. Epilogue. - References. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents: OVERVIEW. - 1. WORKSHOP ON THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM: OVERVIEW / James H. Zumberge and Lee A. Kimball. - Trends in the Debate at the Workshop. - Ideas and Suggestions Put Forward. - The Antarctic Setting. - INTRODUCTION. - 2. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE / Trevor Hatherton. - Early Notions. - The Routes Open. - Reduction to Size. - Exploitation - The Seals. - Science and National Interests. - Because It Is There. - Exploitation - The Whales. - The Modern Era. - The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958. - 3. JURIDICAL NATURE OF THE 1959 TREATY SYSTEM / Yuri M. Rybakov. - Peaceful Use. - Scientific Investigation. - Inspection. - Consultative Meetings. - Recommendations. - Additional Conventions. - LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND. - 4. ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY: A POLITICAL AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE / Cristian Maquieira. - 5. ANTARCTIC CONFLICT AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION / Francisco Orrego Vicuna. - The Early Trends Toward Antarctic Conflict. - Localized Territorial Disputes. - Generalized Territorial Disputes and International Implications. - Strategic Uses and Disputes in Antarctica. - Major-Power Rivalry in Antarctica. - The Antarctic Treaty: Cooperation as a Factor of Stabilization. - 6. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM / Arthur D. Watts. - 7. PANEL DISCUSSION ON THE LEGAL AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY. - ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - 8. SUMMARY OF SCIENCE IN ANTARCTICA PRIOR TO AND INCLUDING THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR / Robert H. Rutford. - 9. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM (POST-IGY) - CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTARCTIC SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH / William F. Budd. - Introduction. - The Post-IGY International Antarctica Quarter Century. - The Profitable Nonrenewable Resources Fallacy. - Antarctica as a Global Environmental Science Resource. - Antarctic Publications and the Knowledge Explosion. - Highlights of Antarctic Discoveries and Research. - The Treaty Nations as the United Nations "Antarctic Rangers". - 10. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY AS A SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM - THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON ANTARCTIC RESEARCH AND THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / James H. Zumberge. - Introduction. - The Origin and Growth of SCAR. - SCAR Structure and Procedures. - The Interaction of SCAR with the Antarctic Treaty System. - A Look at SCAR's Future. - 11. THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM / E. Fred Roots. - Background. - The Political Role of Science in Antarctica. - Different Approaches to Science in Antarctica. - What Results Can Antarctic Science Deliver?. - The Setting of Scientific Priorities in Antarctica. - The Future. - 12. PANEL DISCUSSION ON ANTARCTIC SCIENCE. - THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT: MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES A. CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT 13. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL MECHANISM - AN APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES / John A. Heap and Martin W. Holdgate. - Introduction. - Characteristics of the Antarctic Environment. - Human Impacts on the Environment of Antarctica. - The Evaluation of Environmental Goals. - Environmental Conservation Within the Antarctic Treaty System. - The Antarctic Treaty System as a Mechanism for Environmental Conservation. - 14. PANEL DISCUSSION ON CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT. - B. LIVING RESOURCES. - 15. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - LIVING RESOURCES / John A. Gulland. - Introduction. - Marine Resources. - International Whaling Commission. - The Role of the Antarctic Treaty. - Terrestrial Activities. - The Role of SCAR. - 16. PANEL DISCUSSION ON LIVING RESOURCES. - Biomass. - Experimental Fishery. - Inspection and Other CCAMLR Measures. - C. NONLIVING RESOURCES. - 17. ARCTIC OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE ANTARCTIC / K. R. Croasdale. - Introduction. - Geography and Oil and Gas Resources. - The Arctic Offshore Environment. - Technology for Arctic Offshore Petroleum Operations. - Conclusions. - 18. DISCUSSION ON TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF MINERALS DEVELOPMENT IN POLAR AREAS. - 19. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AS A RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM - NONLIVING RESOURCES / Christopher D. Beeby. - 20. PANEL DISCUSSION ON NONLIVING RESOURCES. - Participation. - Common Heritage of Mankind. - Participation in the Minerals Regime Negotiations. - Participation in the Adoption of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Implementation of the Minerals Regime. - Participation in Activities and Benefits. - Urgency and Timing of Minerals Activities. - The Regime. - Enforcement and Reporting Requirements. - INSTITUTIONS. - 21. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A STATE NOT PARTY TO THE SYSTEM / Zain Azraai. - The Response of the Nontreaty Parties (NTPs). - 22. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NON-CONSULTATIVE PARTY TO THE ANTARCTIC TREATY / Peter Bruckner. - Introduction. - Motives for Accession. - Functioning of the Treaty System. - Rights and Obligations of the NCPs Under the Treaty. - The Observer Issue. - Antarctica and the U.N. General Assembly. - Concluding Remarks. - Appendix. - 23. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW CONSULTATIVE PARTY / L. F. Macedo de Soares Guimaraes. - 24. THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A NEW MEMBER / S. Z. Qasim and H. P. Rajan. - Introduction. - Background of the Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System. - India's Scientific Expeditions. - Political Issues. - Conclusions. - 25. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM AND THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM / Richard A. Woolcott. - Promotion of Principles and Purposes of United Nations Charter. - Links with the United Nations Specialized Agencies. - The Future. - Relationship to the United Nations System in the Future. - 26. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM - THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE / R. Tucker Scully. - Introduction. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Substantive Content. - The Antarctic Treaty System - Institutional Response. - Operation of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Conclusion. - 27. PANEL DISCUSSION ON INSTITUTIONS OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM. - Legitimacy. - Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System. - Concluding Remarks.

Note: CONTENTS Geology and Structure of the Ross Sea Region / F. J. Davey Recording and Processing Procedures for Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Data Collected in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / S. V. Dadisman, H. F. Ryan, D. M. Mann Seismic Stratigraphy and Structure of the Victoria Land Basin, Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, J. C. Behrendt Extent and Nature of Ross Sea Unconformity in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, B. D. Edwards Structure of Extensionally Rifted Crust Beneath the Western Ross Sea and lselin Bank, Antarctica, from Sonobuoy Seismic Data / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, G. R. Cochrane Gravity Studies of the Victoria Land Basin and lselin Bank / F. J. Davey, A. K. Cooper The Antarctic Continental Margin Magnetic Gradiometer Data: Suppression of Time Variations / R. O. Hansen, J. R. Childs Interpretation of Marine Magnetic Gradiometer and Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Observations over the Western Ross Sea Shelf, Antarctica / J.C. Behrendt, A. K. Cooper, A. Yuan Heat Flow and Tectonics in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / D. K. Blackman, R. P. Von Herzen, L. A. Lawver Geology and Physical Properties of Ross Sea, Antarctica, Continental Shelf Sediment / B. D. Edwards, H. J. Lee, H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, L. A. Timothy Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Sediments Offshore from Antarctica / J. B. Rapp, K. A. Kvenvolden, M. Golan-Bae Diatoms from the 1984 USGS Antarctic Cruise in the Ross Sea / J. A. Barron, L. H. Burckle Petrography of Rock Samples Dredged from lselin Bank, Ross Sea, Antarctica / F. L. Wong, P. J. Barrett, J. Gamble, D. G. Howell

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Climate. - 1.1 The components of climate. - 1.2 Climate modelling and climate prediction. - 1.3 Climate changes and human perception. - 1.4 Feedback mechanisms in climate. - 1.4.1 The ice-albedo feedback mechanism. - 1.4.2 The water vapour “greenhouse”. - 1.4.3 Cloud feedbacks. - 1.4.4 Combining feedback effects. - 1.5 Perturbations on the climate system. - 1.5.1 External causes of climatic change. - 1.5.2 Internal causes of climatic change. - 1.6 Range of questions for climate modelling. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 2 A history of and introduction to climate models. - 2.1 Introducing climate modelling. - 2.2 Types of climate models. - 2.2.1 Energy balance climate models. - 2.2.2 One-dimensional radiative-convective climate models. - 2.2.3 Two-dimensional climate models. - 2.2.4 General circulation climate models. - 2.3 History of climate modelling. - 2.4 Sensitivity of climate models. - 2.5 Parameterization of climatic processes. - 2.6 Simulation of the full, interacting climate system: one goal of modelling. - Chapter 3 Energy balance models. - 3.1 Balancing the planetary radiation budget. - 3.2 The structure of energy balance models. - 3.3 Parameterizing the climate system for energy balance models. - 3.4 A BASIC energy balance climate model. - 3.5 Experiments with energy balance models. - 3.5.1 Explicit modelling of the cryosphere. - 3.6 Box models — another form of energy balance model. - 3.6.1 A simple box model of the ocean-atmosphere. - 3.6.2 A coupled atmosphere, land and ocean energy balance box model. - 3.7 Energy balance models: deceptively simple models. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 4 Radiative-convective models. - 4.1 The concept of a radiative-convective climate model. - 4.2 The structure of global radiative-convective models. - 4.3 Radiation computation. - 4.3.1 Shortwave radiation. - 4.3.2 Longwave radiation. - 4.3.3 Eleat balance at the ground. - 4.4 Convective adjustment. - 4.5 Sensitivity experiments with radiative-convective models. - 4.6 Development of radiative-convective models. - 4.6.1 Cloud amount and height predicted from ‘convection’. - 4.6.2 A water vapour transport model. - 4.7 Radiation: the driver of climate. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 5 Two-dimensional models. - 5.1 Why two-dimensional models?. - 5.2 Two-dimensional statistical dynamical climate models. - 5.3 Convection, cloud cover and precipitation in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4 Radiation and surface characterization in two-dimensional statistical dynamical models. - 5.4.1 Radiation. - 5.4.2 Surface characterization. - 5.5 Intercomparison of a two-and a three-dimensional model. - 5.6 Other types of two-dimensional models. - 5.6.1 An upgraded energy balance model. - 5.6.2 A severely truncated spectral general circulation climate model. - 5.7 Why are some climate modellers Flatlanders?. - Recommended reading. - Chapter 6 General circulation climate models. - 6.1 The structure of general circulation climate models. - 6.2 Dynamics in general circulation climate models. - 6.2.1 Cartesian (or rectangular) grid general circulation climate models. - 6.2.2 Spectral general circulation climate models. - 6.3 Physics in general circulation climate models. - 6.3.1 Radiative transfer. - 6.3.2 Boundary layer. - 6.3.3 Surface parameterization. - 6.3.4 Convection. - 6.3.5 Large scale rainfall. - 6.4 Including ‘other’ elements in general circulation climate models. - 6.4.1 Cloud prediction. - 6.4.2 Modelling the cryosphere. - 6.5 Land surface parameterization in general circulation climate models. - 6.6 Coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation climate models. - 6.7 Future climate projects and their importance to general circulation climate models. - 6.8 Epilogue. - Recommended reading. - Appendices. - A. Glossary. - B. Climate models: examples of simple microcomputer software. - I. Daisyworld: a simple biospheric feedback climate model. - II. Modelling the climatic impact of anthropogenerated albedo change. - III. An energy balance climate model (EBM). - IV. Carbon dioxide feedback using a simple ocean model. - General Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Foreword. - Preface. - PART 1. NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION. - Medium-range forecasting at the ECMWF / Lennart Bengtsson. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The physical and mathematical basis for medium-range forecasting. - 3. Numerical methods and modeling techniques. - 4. Observations, their use and importance. - 5. Operational application and results. - 6. Problems and prospects in numerical weather prediction. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Extended range forecasting / K. Miyakoda and J. Sirutis. - 1. Introduction. - 2. An evolution of 10-day forecast performance. - 3. Examples of monthly forecasts. - 4. A projection of seasonal forecasts. - 5. Postscript. - References. - Predictability / J. Shukla. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classical predictability studies. - 3. Predictability of space-time averages. - 4. Some outstanding problems. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - Data Assimilation / W. Bourke, R. Seaman, and K. Puri. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Evolution of assimilation and the FGGE. - 3. Components of four-dimensional assimilation systems. - 4. Characteristics of some current Assimilation schemes. - 5. Role of four-dimensional assimilation in research and operations. - 6. Conclusion. - References. - PART 2. MESOSCALE DYNAMICS. - Predictability of mesoscale atmospheric motions / Richard A. Anthes, Ying-Hwa Kuo, David P. Baumhefner, Ronald M. Errico, and Thomas W. Bettge. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Classic predictability experiments and their relationship to mesoscale predictability. - 3. Preliminary predictability study with a mesoscale model. - 4. Discussion and comparison with a predictability study using a global model. - 5. Summary and conclusions. - References. - Thermal and orographic mesoscale atmospheric systems - an essay / Roger A. Pielke. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Summary of major research accomplishments. - 3. Research areas. - 4. Eventual goals. - References. - Advances in the theory of atmospheric fronts / I. Orlanski, B. Ross, L. Polinsky, and R. Shaginaw. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Baroclinic waves and fronts. - 3. Mature front. - 4. What observed features can be explained by theory?. - 5. What other processes are important in Frontogenesis?. - References. - PART 3. TROPICAL DYNAMICS. - Numerical modeling of tropical cyclones / Yoshio Kurihara. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Numerical models of hurricanes. - 3. Numerical simulation of tropcial cyclones. - 4. Some challenging issues in the future. - Appendix. GFDL Hurricane Model. - References. - Numerical weather prediction in low latitudes / T. N. Krishnamurti. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Initialization: dynamic, normal mode, and physical. - 3. Parameterization of physical processes. - 4. Medium-range prediction of monsoon disturbances. - 5. On the prediction of the quasi-Stationary component. - 6. Scope of future research. - References. - PART 4. TURBULENCE AND CONVECTION. - Sub-grid-scale turbulence modeling / J. W. Deardorff. - 1. Introduction: the need for grid-scale Reynolds averaging. - 2. The effect of grid-volume Reynolds averaging. - 3. The sub-grid scale Eddy Coefficient. - 4. Recent developments. - 5. Future outlook. - References. - Ensemble average, turbulence closure / George L. Mellor. - 1. Introduction. - 2. The turbulence macroscale and turbulence closure. - 3.Averaging distance for measurements in the atmosphere and oceans and for numerical models. - 4. Numerical modeling applications and horizontal diffusion. - 5. Concluding remarks. - References. - The planetary boundary layer / H. A. Panofsky. - 1. General characteristics. - 2. The equations in the PBL. - 3. The surface layer. - 4. First- and second-order closures. - 5. Boundary-layer models. - 6. Boundary-layer parameterization. - References. - Modeling studies and convection / Yoshi Ogura. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Bénard-Rayleigh Convection. - 3. Complexity of convection in the atmosphere. - 4. Shallow moist convection. - 5. Deep moist convection. - 6. Feedback effects of cumulus clouds on larger-scale environments. - 7. Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Nature of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.1 Pollen Analysis as a Quaternary Palaeoecological Technique 1.2 Types of Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.3 Methods of Presenting Quaternary Pollen Analytical Data 1.4 The Data Used 2 Basic Statistical Concepts 2.1 The Rôle of Statistics in Pollen Analysis 2.2 Description of the Binomial and Multinomial Distributions 2.3 The Binomial and Multinomial Distributions in Palynology 2.4 Further Statistical Examples in Quaternary Palynology 2.5 Exploratory Data Analysis and Classification 2.6 The Measurement of Dissimilarity 3 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Zonation 3.1 The Concept of the Pollen Zone 3.2 Numerical Approaches to Pollen Zonation 3.3 The Constrained Single Link Method 3.4 Binary Divisive Procedures 3.5 Dynamic Programming Algorithm 3.6 The Variable Barriers Approach 3.7 Examples of Numerical Zonations 3.8 Advantages and Limitations of Numerical Zonations 4 The Analysis of Pollen Stratigraphical Data: Comparison of Sequences 4.1 Rationale of Comparing Pollen Sequences 4.2 Numerical Approaches to Comparing Stratigraphical Sequences 4.3 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Zone-By-Zone Comparisons 4.4 Comparison of Sequences in the Absence of Stratigraphical Constraints: Classification Methods 4.5 Comparison of Sequences by Slotting 4.6 Numerical Comparisons of Abernethy Forest 4.7 Other Examples of Numerical Comparisons 4.8 Properties of the Numerical Methods of Comparison 5 The Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Numerical Approaches to the Analysis of Modern Pollen Data 5.3 Presentation and Comparison of Modern Pollen Spectra from Different Vegetation Types 5.4 Modelling Modern Pollen-Vegetation Relationships 6 The Interpretation of Pollen Stratigraphical Data 6.1 Quantitative Approaches to Interpretation 6.2 Sequence-Splitting, Curve-Fitting, and Time Series-Analysis 6.3 The Use of Pollen-Representation Factors 6.4 Comparing Modern and Fossil Pollen Spectra 6.5 Recurrent Groups 6.6 Environmental Reconstructions Appendix: The Program ZONATION References Index

Note: Contents: Translator's foreword. - Preface to English edition. - Abstract. - Map showing major place names. - 1 Introduction. - 2 What is the tundra?. - 3 Temperature and humidity in the tundra. - 4 The diversity of tundra landscapes. - 5 Snow and its role in the life of the tundra. - 6 Adaptation of living organisms to conditions in the tundra zone. - 7 Distribution of animals and plants. - 8 Interrelationships between organisms. - 9 Man and the tundra. - Bibliography. - Index. , Aus dem Russ. übers.

Note: Contents: SUMMARY. - 1. INTRODUCTION. - 1.1 Geographic setting and ecosystems of the Antarctic. - 1.2 Man's activities in the Antarctic. - 2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT. - 2.1 Environmental impact philosophy and terms. - 2.2 Definitions. - 2.3 Criteria for identifying significant impact. - 2.4 Temporal and spatial considerations of environmental impact. - 2.5 Consequential, synergistic and combined effects. - 2.6 Identification of sensitive indicators of change. - 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE. - 3.1 Suggested format. - 3.2 When is an Environmental Impact Assessment necessary?. - 3.3 Environmental impact assessments of current operations and stations. - 3.4 Monitoring. - 4. SURVEY OF THE IMP ACTS OF MAN'S ACTIVITIES IN THE ANTARCTIC. - 4.1 Terrestrial impacts (including inland waters). - 4.2 Marine impacts. - 4.3 Atmospheric impacts. - 4.4 Distribution of impacts. - 5. THE FUTURE. - APPENDIX A. Relevant excerpts from Recommendation XII -3 (Man's Impact on the Antarctic Environment) of the Twelfth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Canberra, 1983 and Paragraphs 17-19 of its Report. - APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS. - BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te