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  • English  (8,725)
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  • 2015-2019  (8,732)
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  • 101
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    The material footprint model for green information systems : using statistical learning to identify the predictors of natural resource use (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Green Information Systems in general, and footprint calculators in particular, are promising feedback tools to assist people in adopting sustainable behaviour. Therefore, a Material Footprint model for use in an online footprint calculator was developed by identifying the most important predictors of the Material Footprint of the calculator's users. By means of statistical learning, the analysis revealed that 22 of the 95 predictors identified accounted for 74% of the variance in Material Footprints. Ten predictors out of the 95, mainly from the mobility domain, were capable of showing a prediction accuracy of 61%. The authors conclude that 22 predictors from the areas of mobility, housing and nutrition, as well as sociodemographic information, accurately predict a person's Material Footprint. The short and concise Material Footprint model may help developers and researchers to enhance their information systems with additional items while ensuring the data quality of such applications.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 102
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    Governance and institutions for a long-term transition to low-carbon mobility (2019)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-15
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 103
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    Beyond production : the relevance of user decision and behaviour in LCA (2019)
    Cham : Springer
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-19
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 104
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    Economic models for assessing the economic effects of linking emissions trading schemes (2019)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: Before linking emissions trading systems, there should be a good understanding of the expected economic implications: How could linking affect the development of the common allowance price, the development of emissions or industrial production, capital flows or liquidity? Answering these questions requires a multitude of data and assumptions and therefore usually the use of economic models. This report gives an overview of various economic models that are suitable for assessing the economic effects of linking. It analyses the economic indicators relevant for the assessment of the effects of linking, formulates requirements for economic models to answer this question, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different modelling approaches and gives an assessment of which models are suitable in principle for the assessment of linking. Five models were selected for a more detailed description: E3ME, GEM-E3, PACE, POLES, and TIMES-MARKAL.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 105
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    Funding and financing of sustainable urban mobility measures : topic guide (2019)
    Brussels : Urban Mobility Observatory
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-09
    Description: The transformation of urban mobility systems causes financial costs for the procurement and operation of innovative products and services and for the adaptation of existing infrastructure. While public budgets are limited, investments in infrastructure and transport services compete against other spending priorities, and private investors often are reluctant to invest into sustainable transport projects. Thus, cities need to seek additional funding and financing options and to develop business models to attract private sector investments in the development of the urban transport system. Moreover, financing schemes should cover the entire SUMP (Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning) cycle, starting from planning, to project implementation and procurement up to the operation and maintenance of services and infrastructures. This requires the blending of different revenue sources, including: project related revenue sources such as public transport fares and the lease of advertising space in buses; the extension of the local tax base, for example through the introduction of road user charges and parking fees or the use of value capture mechanisms; National, bilateral, and European grants; Debt financing through loans and other instruments such as issuing green bonds. Finally, a prudential engagement of the private sector in infrastructure development and service provision can reduce the direct burden on public budgets while enhancing service quality. The applicability of specific financing options critically depends on the national legislative environment. Many of the instruments and case examples presented here may not be transferred to other Member States due to the different distribution of responsibilities and powers between the political levels in the Member States. This report, however, can inspire the search for potential funding and financing sources and is therefore aimed not only at local and regional authorities but also at decisionmakers at the national level. Still, whether a specific instrument can be used in a Member State needs to be assessed on a case-by-case base.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 106
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    The SDG-check : guiding open innovation towards Sustainable Development Goals (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-04-04
    Description: The "fuzzy front end" of innovation is argued to be crucial for the success and sustainability impact of a final product. Indeed, it is a promising area of focus in efforts to achieve the United Nations' 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which provide a globally accepted framework for sustainability. However, the usability of the 17 goals and the large number of sub-goals represent barriers to innovation practitioners. Moreover, this early innovation stage proves to be a challenge for corporate practitioners and innovators, largely due to the concept's intangible, qualitative nature and the lack of data. To help overcome these barriers, this article proposes a four-stage approach for structuring the innovation process using an online tool called the "SDG-Check", which help assess an innovator's sustainability orientation in the early phases of product and service development. It is a semi-quantitative tool to gather and combine assessments by experts involved in innovation processes with implications for the United Nations' SDGs. Furthermore, this article presents our first experiences in applying the SDG-Check based on three living lab innovation cases. The results indicate that the tools can support and inspire a dialogue with internal and external stakeholders with regards to sustainability considerations in the early design stages of product and service development.
    Keywords: ddc:500
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 107
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    The multiple benefits of the 2030 EU energy efficiency potential (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Description: The implementation of energy efficiency improvement actions not only yields energy and greenhouse gas emission savings, but also leads to other multiple impacts such as air pollution reductions and subsequent health and eco-system effects, resource impacts, economic effects on labour markets, aggregate demand and energy prices or on energy security. While many of these impacts have been studied in previous research, this work quantifies them in one consistent framework based on a common underlying bottom-up funded energy efficiency scenario across the EU. These scenario data are used to quantify multiple impacts by energy efficiency improvement action and for all EU28 member states using existing approaches and partially further developing methodologies. Where possible, impacts are integrated into cost-benefit analyses. We find that with a conservative estimate, multiple impacts sum up to a size of at least 50% of energy cost savings, with substantial impacts coming from e.g., air pollution, energy poverty reduction and economic impacts.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 108
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    A complexity approach to defining urban energy systems (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: Urban energy systems have been commonly considered to be socio-technical systems within the boundaries of an urban area. However, recent literature challenges this notion in that it urges researchers to look at the wider interactions and influences of urban energy systems wherein the socio-technical sphere is expanded to political, environmental and economic realms as well. In addition to the inter-sectoral linkages, the diverse agents and multilevel governance trends of energy sustainability in the dynamic environment of cities make the urban energy landscape a complex one. There is a strong case then for establishing a new conceptualisation of urban energy systems that builds upon these contemporary understandings of such systems. We argue that the complex systems approach can be suitable for this. In this paper, we propose a pilot framework for understanding urban energy systems using complex systems theory as an integrating plane. We review the multiple streams of urban energy literature to identify the contemporary discussions and construct this framework that can serve as a common ontological understanding for the different scholarships studying urban energy systems. We conclude the paper by highlighting the ways in which the framework can serve some of the relevant communities.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 109
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    Status and development prospects of IRP/LCP activities in Germany (2019)
    Bochum : Ponte Press
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-07
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 110
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    Happy Wuppertal : measuring individual and community well-being on the urban scale (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-17
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 111
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    Enhancing scientific exchange : reflections on the first carbon pricing leadership coalition research conference (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-05-17
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 112
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    Cities as engines for mobility transitions : co-benefits and coalitions as enablers for a low-carbon transport (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-26
    Description: The transformation of cities towards sustainable and inclusive development is a key objective of the New Urban Agenda (United Nations 2017). Transport infrastructure is a critical factor in shaping cities, determining the energy intensity of mobility and providing access to essential social and economic opportunities. The sector also plays an important role in global climate change mitigation strategies, as it currently accounts for about 23% of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC 2014). There is substantial potential to improve urban access, air quality, safety and the quality of life in cities along with reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions if an integrated policy approach is applied that combines all intervention areas for transport policy and involves all levels of government. A package that achieves low-carbon transport and fosters sustainable developed includes avoided journeys through compact urban design and shifts to more efficient modes of transport, uptake of improved vehicle and engine performance technologies, low-carbon fuels, investments in related infrastructure, and changes in the built environment. From a governance perspective, all relevant political institutions at the local and national level need to be involved in the coalition building along with key societal actors, such as unions, industry and civil society organisations. Bringing the policy objectives of these actors together with an integrated policy package is a vital step towards a low-carbon, sustainable mobility system. Policy design and governance are critically interlinked as the ability of institutions to find a political consensus and to maintain policy stability heavily influences the success of measures to shape the transformation pathway towards sustainable mobility. This thesis aims to analyse these linkages and highlight the role of different policy and governance approaches. This analysis builds on transport and urban development research, but takes a transdisciplinary research perspective, building on the Multi-Level-Perspective on sustainability transitions (Geels 2002) and aims to highlight the potential for a consensus oriented policy approach (Lijphard 1999) that builds on co-benefits among key policy objectives and coalitions among key political actors, which leads to the main question for this thesis and the focus areas for the analysis.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 113
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    Expanding the scale : making Article 6.4 ready for up-scaled crediting (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 114
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    Assessment of the implementation of sustainable energy action plans at local level : case study of Latvia (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: The need for sustainable energy management at the municipal level is growing, in order to meet EU climate goals. Multiple initiatives have been launched to support municipalities in energy planning and strategy development process. Despite available support, research shows mixed results about implementation of plans and strategies. This research paper analyses what targets municipalities set, how they monitor implementation of their sustainable energy action plans (SEAPs) and searches for the most important factors that have enabled or hindered the implementation of local SEAPs at Latvia. The article shows that, in some cases, there is evidence that SEAP development is a project-based activity, supported by external experts. From municipal personnel point of view, it is a project that ends with approved SEAP, but not a part of their future daily routine. Eventually implementation of the plan is difficult, because municipalities lack experience in daily management of energy data, distribution of responsibilities and implementation of procedures. Municipalities also tend to exclude important stakeholders in their SEAPs, like, private sector, household sector and transport sector, which lead to lower targets and lower achievements in GHG reduction.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 115
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    Comprehensive framework on asset management of transportation networks and resilience planning (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-12-16
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 116
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    Review and categorization of digital applications in the energy sector (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-18
    Description: Digitalization is a transformation process which has already affected many parts of industry and society and is expected to yet increase its transformative speed and impact. In the energy sector, many digital applications have already been implemented. However, a more drastic change is expected during the next decades. Good understanding of which digital applications are possible and what are the associated benefits as well as risks from the different perspectives of the impacted stakeholders is of high importance. On the one hand, it is the basis for a broad societal and political discussion about general targets and guidelines of digitalization. On the other hand, it is an important piece of information for companies in order to develop and sustainably implement digital applications. This article provides a structured overview of potential digital applications in the German energy (electricity) sector, including the associated benefits and the impacted stakeholders on the basis of a literature review. Furthermore, as an outlook, a methodology to holistically analyze digital applications is suggested. The intended purpose of the suggested methodology is to provide a complexity-reduced fact base as input for societal and political discussions and for the development of new digital products, services, or business models. While the methodology is outlined in this article, in a follow-up article the application of the methodology will be presented and the use of the approach reflected.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 117
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    Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria's power sector : assessment of transition pathways (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2020-08-14
    Description: Nigeria is Africa's largest economy and home to approximately 10% of the un-electrified population of Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, 77 million Nigerians or 40% of the population had no access to affordable, reliable and sustainable electricity. In practice, diesel- and petrol-fuelled back-up generators supply the vast majority of electricity in the country. In Nigeria's nationally-determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, over 60% of the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reductions are foreseen in the power sector. The goal of this study is to identify and critically examine the pathways available to Nigeria to meet its 2030 electricity access, renewables and decarbonization goals in the power sector. Using published data and stakeholder interviews, we build three potential scenarios for electrification and growth in demand, generation and transmission capacity. The demand assumptions incorporate existing knowledge on pathways for electrification via grid extension, mini-grids and solar home systems (SHS). The supply assumptions are built upon an evaluation of the investment pipeline for generation and transmission capacity, and possible scale-up rates up to 2030. The results reveal that, in the most ambitious Green Transition scenario, Nigeria meets its electricity access goals, whereby those connected to the grid achieve a Tier 3 level of access, and those served by sustainable off-grid solutions (mini-grids and SHS) achieve Tier 2. Decarbonization pledges would be surpassed in all three scenarios but renewable energy goals would only be partly met. Fossil fuel-based back-up generation continues to play a substantial role in all scenarios. The implications and critical uncertainties of these findings are extensively discussed.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 118
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    Trends, drivers, and pathways for sustainable urban mobility (2019)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-15
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 119
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    Implementation of nationally determined contributions : Rebublic of Marshall Islands country report (2019)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
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    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the Republic of Marshall Islands under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of transport - especially low-carbon domestic shipping - and waste reduction, disposal and processing.
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 120
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    New paths to policy crediting? : Challenges and opportunities of policy-based cooperation under article 6 of the Paris agreement (2019)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Description: With the adoption of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, former debates about generating carbon credits on the basis of national policies have resurged. National policies have not been eligible as project activities under the Kyoto Protocol's flexible mechanisms. The Paris Agreement opens the possibility for such policy crediting but also provides an entirely new context: Universal participation, ambitious long-term targets and nationally defined contributions (NDCs) that are to be made more ambitious over time. As this paper shows, these changes in the framework conditions add an additional layer of complexity to policy-based cooperation. The paper explores the potential for policy-based cooperation by first briefly presenting the regulatory basis provided by the Paris Agreement before outlining a prototype for policy-based cooperation and its key challenges.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 121
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    Rural electrification with household wind systems in remote high wind regions (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2019-09-20
    Description: This paper offers a comparative analysis of small wind electrification programmes targeted at remote sheep farming households in two of the windiest regions of the world, Argentine Patagonia and the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas. Despite comparable environmental conditions and local livelihoods, their impact was vastly different. Insights from socio-technical systems and strategic niche management approaches offered a deeper understanding of the local context and development dynamics, facilitating the identification of the critical success factors that contributed to these two distinct outcomes and finally highlighting those that can inform the design of future such initiatives. The research is based upon a series of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, observational field visits and review of archival sources. The critical factors identified by this case study research include strong and consistent institutional support, investment in robust equipment creation of effective feedback loops from the field and hybridisation. Additionally, a user centred approach that assesses whether small wind is really the right option for each individual household and if so, matches an appropriate energy system to their unique and evolving needs. Finally, empowering users to take on as much responsibility for maintenance as possible by integrating maintenance practices with local culture and ensuring the support of an effective decentralised maintenance network.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 122
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    The potential role of direct air capture in the German energy research program : results of a multi-dimensional analysis (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: A significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions will be necessary in the coming decades to enable the global community to avoid the most dangerous consequences of man-made global warming. This fact is reflected in Germany's 7th Federal Energy Research Program (EFP), which was adopted in 2018. Direct Air Capture (DAC) technologies used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere comprise one way to achieve these reductions in greenhouse gases. DAC has been identified as a technology (group) for which there are still major technology gaps. The intention of this article is to explore the potential role of DAC for the EFP by using a multi-dimensional analysis showing the technology's possible contributions to the German government's energy and climate policy goals and to German industry's global reputation in the field of modern energy technologies, as well as the possibilities of integrating DAC into the existing energy system. The results show that the future role of DAC is affected by a variety of uncertainty factors. The technology is still in an early stage of development and has yet to prove its large-scale technical feasibility, as well as its economic viability. The results of the multi-dimensional evaluation, as well as the need for further technological development, integrated assessment, and systems-level analyses, justify the inclusion of DAC technology in national energy research programs like the EFP.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 123
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    The material footprint of private households in Germany : linking the natural resource use and socioeconomic characteristics of users from an online footprint calculator in Germany (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2020-09-21
    Description: Footprint calculators are efficient tools to monitor the environmental impact of private consumption. We present the results of an analysis of data entered into an online Material Footprint calculator undertaken to identify the socioeconomic drivers of the Material Footprint in different areas of consumption, from housing to holidaymaking. We developed regression models to reveal (1) the impact of socioeconomic characteristics on Material Footprints of private households and (2) correlations between the components of Material Footprints for different arrays of consumption. Our results show that an increasing Material Footprint in one array of consumption comes with an increasing Material Footprint in all other arrays, with the exception of housing and holidaymaking. The socioeconomic characteristics of users have a significant impact on their Material Footprints. However, this impact varies by the array of consumption. Households only exhibit generally bigger Material Footprints as a result of higher incomes and larger dwellings. We conclude that indicators which strive to monitor resource efficiency should survey disaggregated data in order to classify the resource use to different population groups and arrays of consumption.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 124
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    Centralized or host party-led? : Design options for the art. 6.4 body (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 125
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    Sustainable cycles and management of plastics (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 126
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    Critical evaluation of the material characteristics and environmental potential of laser beam melting processes for the additive manufacturing of metallic components (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-17
    Description: Nowadays, the main impetus to apply additive manufacturing (AM) of metals is the high geometric flexibility of the processes and its ability to produce pilot or small batch series. In contrast, resource and energy intensities are often not considered as constraints, even though the turnout of additive manufacturing is high, at least compared to chip removing processes. The study at hand analyses the material characteristics and environmental impacts of a hose nozzle as an example of a commercial product of simple geometry. The production routes turning (conventional manufacturing) and laser beam melting (additive manufacturing) are compared to each other in terms of natural resource use, climate change potential and primary energy demand. It is found, that the product shows a lower demand for natural resources when produced via AM, but higher carbon emissions and energy demand when using a steel, that is mainly (80%) produced from high-alloyed steel scrap. However, different case studies during the sensitivity analyses showed that a number of factors highly influence the results: the steel source as well as the source of electricity play a major role in determining the environmental performance of the production routes. The authors also found that other production processes (here cold forging of tubes) might be an eco-friendly alternative to both routes, if feasible from an economic point of view. In regard to the material characteristics, experimental testing revealed that the material advantages of AM produced hose nozzles (in particular higher yield strength) are reduced after a solution heat treatment is applied to the as-produced material, in order to increase corrosion resistance. However, products that do not require this production step might benefit from the higher yield strength, as a lower wall thickness could be realised.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 127
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    What makes people leave LESS food? : Testing effects of smaller portions and information in a bahavioral model (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: To contribute to a better understanding of consumer food leftovers and to facilitate their reduction in out-of-home settings, our study analyzes the effects of two common intervention strategies for reducing leftovers in a holistic behavioral model. Based on a quasi-experimental baseline-intervention design, we analyzed how the display of information posters and the reduction of portion sizes take an effect on personal, social and environmental determinants in a structural equation model. Applying data from online surveys and observations among 880 guests (503 baseline, 377 intervention) during two weeks in a university canteen, the suggested model allows to assign effects from the two interventions on plate leftovers to specific changes in behavioral determinants. Portion size reductions for target dishes are found to relate to lower levels of plate waste based on conscious perception, represented in smaller portion size ratings. Effects from seeing information posters are found to base on changed personal attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. However, depending on how an individual reacts to the information (by only making an effort to finish all food or by making an effort and additionally choosing a different dish in the canteen) there are opposite effects on these determinants and consequently also on plate leftovers. Overall, the differentiated results on intervention effects strongly support the benefits of more holistic and in-depth analyses of interventions to reduce plate leftovers and therefore to contribute to more sustainable food consumption in out-of-home settings.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Ecological and socio-technical assessment of collaborative consumption : resource efficiency potentials (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-17
    Description: Responsible consumption and production is one of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. To achieve this goal the currently high extraction rates of natural resources, that our economy is based on, needs a transformation of the consumption and production system considering technological as well as social change. One of the promising transition approaches is seen in collaborative consumption with its many facets of socio-cultural innovations and fast growing number of participants and businesses. With a decreasing production of goods, due to a utilisation of underutilised assets, these offers might support an absolute reduction of the global resource use. However, a positive environmental effect depends on the setting and the social practices of such sharing offers and is not sustainable or resource efficient generally. Also, resource efficient practices with a low diffusion potential that stick in a niche offer no leverage to achieve sustainable consumption patterns. Thus, this paper describes a mixed method approach to analyse the resource efficiency and diffusion potential of 20 sharing offers in the area of mobility, housing & travel and everyday objects in Germany. Results show that the overall positive environmental connotation of sharing offers cannot be confirmed. We identified five clusters of offers that are all treated to be differently when it comes to deploying the positive potential and avoid unnecessary societal effort to achieve the mentioned Sustainable Development Goal.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Long-term electricity scenarios for the MENA region : assessing the preferences of local stakeholders using multi-criteria analyses (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-06
    Description: In recent years, most countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), including Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia, have rolled out national policies with the goal of decarbonising their economies. Energy policy goals in these countries have been characterised by expanding the deployment of renewable energy technologies in the electricity mix in the medium term (i.e., until 2030). This tacitly signals a transformation of socio-technical systems by 2030 and beyond. Nevertheless, how these policy objectives actually translate into future scenarios that can also take into account a long-term perspective up to 2050 and correspond to local preferences remains largely understudied. This paper aims to fill this gap by identifying the most widely preferred long-term electricity scenarios for Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia. During a series of two-day workshops (one in each country), the research team, along with local stakeholders, adopted a participatory approach to develop multiple 2050 electricity scenarios, which enabled electricity pathways to be modelled using Renewable Energy Pathway Simulation System GIS (renpassG!S). We subsequently used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) within a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) to capture local preferences. The empirical findings show that local stakeholders in all three countries preferred electricity scenarios mainly or even exclusively based on renewables. The findings demonstrate a clear preference for renewable energies and show that useful insights can be generated using participatory approaches to energy planning.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Who should waste less? : Food waste prevention and rebound effects in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Description: Addressing food waste prevention is one target of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and a major task for the UN Environmental Programme and the European Commission. It is promising in terms of its environmental saving potential. However, it also leads to consumers being able to save money, which they then are likely to spend, thus again causing a negative environmental impact. This dimension of the so-called indirect rebound effect, which prevents the desired ecological benefits from being achieved, is investigated in this paper. By using a single-region environmentally extended input-output model from a production perspective, the indirect rebound effects from food waste prevention in Germany are analysed. Any political action needs to consider not only a differentiation in income class, but also alternative concepts such as the principles of sufficiency in order to achieve all ecological benefits and specifically the third target of SDG 12.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Energy sufficiency in buildings : concept paper (2019)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Additionality revisited : guarding the integrity of market mechanisms under the Paris agreement (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-20
    Description: The Paris Agreement requires mitigation contributions from all Parties. Therefore, the determination of additionality of activities under the market mechanisms of its Article 6 will need to be revisited. This paper provides recommendations on how to operationalize additionality under Article 6. We first review generic definitions of additionality and current approaches for testing of additionality before discussing under which conditions additionality testing of specific activities or policies is still necessary under the new context of the Paris Agreement, that is, in order to prevent increases of global emissions. We argue that the possibility of "hot air" generation under nationally-determined contributions (NDCs) requires an independent check of the NDC's ambition. If the NDC of the transferring country does contain "hot air", or if the transferred emission reductions are not covered by the NDC, a dedicated additionality test should be required. While additionality tests of projects and programmes could continue to be done through investment analysis, for policy instruments new approaches are required. They should be differentiated according to type of policy instrument. For regulation, we suggest calculating the resulting pay-back period for technology users. If the regulation generates investments exceeding a payback period threshold, it could be deemed additional. Similarly, carbon pricing policies that generate a carbon price exceeding a threshold could qualify; for trading schemes an absence of over-allocation needs to be shown. The threshold should be differentiated according to country categories and rise over time.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    The development dictionary : a guide to knowledge as power (2019)
    London : Zed Books
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    Publication Date: 2020-01-27
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Key concepts, core challenges and governance functions of international climate governance : deliverable 4.1 ; COP21 - results and implications for pathways and policies for low emissions European societies (2019)
    Paris : Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Combating climate change requires a fundamental simultaneous transformation of various sectoral systems that are key to the functioning of our economies and societies, such as energy, industry, transport, housing, and agriculture. This report by the COP21 RIPPLES project examines sector-specific challenges to decarbonisation and what contribution international governance could make to overcoming these challenges. Taking a sectoral perspective, the report identifies the key governance challenges that exist internationally towards the deep transformations required, and specifies the resulting key governance functions to be fulfilled by means of international cooperation/international institutions. To this end, the report first clarifies a number of key concepts, including international (climate) governance, international and transnational institutions, institutional complexes and poly-centricity. It then derives a number of functions that international institutions can fulfil from the relevant literature: providing guidance and signals, setting rules, providing transparency and accountability, providing capacity building, technology and finance, and facilitating knowledge and learning. This is the basis for an investigation into the key governance challenges and the potential of international governance in 14 key sectoral systems.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    The role of clean hydrogen in the future energy systems of Japan and Germany : an analysis of existing mid-century scenarios and an investigation of hydrogen supply chains (2019)
    Berlin : Adelphi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Germany and Japan have both gained substantial experience with hydrogen production and applications, albeit with focus on different sectors. They also share similar drivers for hydrogen development and, of course, similar technical and economic opportunities and challenges. However, there also are relevant differences in the policy priorities and approaches. Notwithstanding differing emphases and patterns, the two countries share three main drivers for hydrogen development and deployment: climate mitigation and other environmental goals, energy supply diversification, and technological leadership. In this context, hydrogen has been identified by the German and the Japanese governments during the Energy Policy Dialogue as having potential for closer cooperation. The authors of this study provide an overview of demand-side deployment by sector (residential, transport, industry, power generation and power-to-x) for both countries, as well as of their hydrogen policy debates, key institutions, R&D programs and demonstration projects. They also present a short survey on relevant international platforms and initiatives in which Japan and Germany participate. On the basis of a meta-analysis of the role of hydrogen in 18 long-term energy system scenarios for Germany and 12 scenarios for Japan, this study draws conclusions on the possible role of hydrogen in the long term energy policy debates of both countries. Subsequently, the authors discuss sustainability criteria and certification schemes for clean hydrogen, compare the greenhouse gas intensity of different hydrogen supply chains and provide a data-based analysis to identify countries which could become important suppliers of clean hydrogen.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    How can existing national climate policy instruments contribute to ETS development? : Final report (2019)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Before introducing an emissions trading system, jurisdictions have to consider the ex-isting energy and climate policy framework. This report seeks to analyse and evaluate non-ETS climate policy instruments, such as carbon taxes or green certificate trading schemes, regarding their suitability to serve as a basis for establishing emission trading systems. There is a general assessment of prototypical policy instruments. Besides, the report contains insights from case studies in India and Mexico. The report is meant to inform ETS development by showing how existing policy instruments could contribute to this process and by illustrating how non-ETS policy instruments could coexist with an emissions trading system, allowing for an effective policy mix.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Make fossil fuels great again? : The Paris agreement, Trump, and the US fossil fuel industry (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Theoretical advances suggest that international governance in general and the Paris Agreement in particular provide a strong signal guiding sociotechnical systems toward decarbonization. We assess this signal and its effects empirically, by examining the struggle of competing narratives as present in the communications of leading US fossil fuel industry associations and companies. The results are then discussed in the context of the national and international climate and energy policy debates in a study period from late 2014 until the announcement of withdrawal from the Paris Agreement in June 2017. We find that the Paris Agreement has institutionalized a narrative paradigm that is surprisingly resilient. While the election of Donald Trump and his climate and energy policy led to a narrative shift in the coal industry, the oil and gas industry remained conspicuously silent in its immediate response and maintained its narrative strategies despite its alignment with the Paris Agreement.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    The evolution of industry 4.0 and its impact on the knowledge base for the circular economy (2019)
    Jakarta : Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Implementation of nationally determined contributions : Ethiopia country report (2019)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Ethiopia under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of agriculture, forestry and low-emission transport.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Is 1+1 more than 2? : The German-Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC), a role model for bi-national cooperation (2019)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: In spite of differences in energy policies and supply, Japan and Germany have to master similar challenges: To reorganize the energy supply system towards - in the long term - being reliable, affordable, low in risks and resource use, and climate-neutral. At the same time, the ecological modernization should maintain or even strengthen international competitiveness. To better address these challenges, a bi-national expert council has been established between the two high-tech countries in 2016 - the GJETC. The aim of the GJETC is to show that despite different starting points, a national energy transition can be more successful, if both countries learn from their strengths and also weaknesses, to avoid the latter. If the implementation of an energy transition in the two countries is socially and economically sound and advances technology innovation and deployment, it may not only double success, but can also serve as blue prints for other countries, especially due to learning from similarities and differences. For example: Why is per capita energy consumption higher in transport in Germany, but energy intensity higher in Japan's building sector? How can variable renewable energies be integrated in an efficient energy system at lowest costs? The Council meets twice a year, holds stakeholder dialogues and outreach events, and prepares policy papers on strategic topics of mutual interest. Four comprehensive studies, each in cooperation of a German and a Japanese research institute, have been the basis for 15 joint key recommendations during the 1st phase. The 2nd phase to 2020 will study the role of hydrogen and digitalisation for the energy transition, as well as other topics. The paper presents the findings and recommendations of the GJETC of the first phase 2016-18 as well as first results of the second phase. It also reviews the setup of the GJETC and the way it works, to assess if and how it can serve as a role model of bilateral cooperation on the energy transition.
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    Social impacts of large-scale solar thermal power plants : assessment results for the NOORo I power plant in Morocco (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Many countries are increasingly investing in renewable energy technologies to meet growing energy demands and increase the security of their energy supply. This development is also evident in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, where renewable energy targets and policies have evolved rapidly in recent years. There is a steady increase in both the number of planned and implemented solar photovoltaic (PV) but also of solar thermal projects in form of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants. Many of these installations are designed as large utility-scale systems. Despite the fact that these types of large-scale projects can have significant effects on local communities and their livelihoods, the existing research into the social impacts of such large-scale renewable energy infrastructures at local level is limited. However, assessing and managing these impacts is becoming increasingly important to reduce risks to both the affected communities and to the project and businesses activities. In order to provide more robust evidence on the local effects, this research study reviews the social impacts of large-scale renewable energy infrastructure in the MENA region based on a case study of the NOORo I CSP plant in Ouarzazate, Morocco. Data collected during two empirical field studies, in combination with expert interviews and secondary data analysis, provides detailed evidence on the type and significance of livelihood impacts of the NOORo I CSP plant. The analysis results in a consolidated list of 30 impacts and their significance levels for different stakeholder groups including farmers, young people, women, community representatives and owners of small and medium enterprises. The results show that, overall, the infrastructure development was received positively. The review also indicates that factors identified as having effects on the sustainability of local livelihoods are mainly related to information management and benefit distribution, rather than physical or material aspects.
    Keywords: ddc:600
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    Success factors for the global stocktake under the Paris Agreement (2019)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: While the Paris Agreement (PA) has enshrined ambitious long-term objectives, the current level of action of the Parties to the Agreement falls far short of this ambition, as is recognised in the very COP decision adopting the Agreement. The Global Stocktake (GST) established in Art. 14 of the PA is a key element to address this problem. Its purpose is to review the implementation of the PA and to assess the progress made towards the collectively agreed goals. The aim of this report is to develop recommendations on how to maximise the potential impact of the GST. The report starts from a perspective of what the GST could ideally do, irrespective of decisions already taken under the UNFCCC and other political constraints. In the second step, the report takes these limitations into account and suggests ways for how to nonetheless work towards the desired outcome.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    System integration of renewables and smart grids in Korea : supporting Germany's energy dialogue with Japan and Korea ; short scientific report (2019)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: In the context of the German-Korean Energy Policy Dialogue, integration of renewable power sources and smart grids have been identified as topics with high relevance. This study aims to support mutual learning and exploration of new fields for collaboration by identifying similarities and differences in the respective status quos, strategies and policies in both countries. After a short introduction to the South Korean energy situation, Chapter 2 provides an overview of the South Korean power market, its situation regarding renewable power sources and the Korean definition of smart grids. Chapter 3 of this study highlights the major South Korean energy strategies and regulatory frameworks relevant to integration of renewable energies and smart grids. In Chapter 4, the status and perspectives of renewable energy sources integration and smart grids in South Korea are discussed, presenting various demonstrative examples, new business models and the current situation of technology deployment. Chapter 5 puts South Korea in the global context and compares it to Germany. Finally, Chapter 6 draws conclusions and presents recommendations on suitable areas for mutual learning.
    Keywords: ddc:600
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    Estimating the sufficiency potential in buildings : the space between underdimensioned and oversized (2019)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The emission reduction potential of energy efficiency and energy supply in buildings is estimated in various energy and climate action plans, scenarios, and potential analyses. But the third pillar of sustainability - sufficiency - is neglected in most studies.The increasing demand of space per person in the residential sector is a trend in most European countries. Its implication on energy use, demand for resources like land, building material, equipment, and waste production is enormous. Next to the ecological impact, the distribution of space has social and societal effects. Thus, sufficiency policies in the building sector complementing efficiency and energy policy are needed for a sustainable development of the European building stock. But how can a sufficiency potential in the building sector be estimated? How much space and equipment is needed for a decent living and how much is too much? The paper proposes four areas of sufficiency in buildings: space, design and construction, equipment, and use. It presents a set of indicators, a quantitative estimate of energy savings from reduced per capita floor area, and visualises the sufficiency potential in European countries in an experimental approach. The final discussion focuses on the question: What does this mean for policy making?
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Evaluating the adequacy of the outcome of COP21 in the context of the development of the broader international climate regime complex : deliverable 4.2 ; COP21 - results and implications for pathways and policies for low emissions European societies (2019)
    Paris : Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Much mitigation-related governance activity is evident in a range of sectoral systems, and regarding particular governance functions. However, there is a tendency for this activity to relate to the easiest functions to address, such as "learning and knowledge building", or to take place in somewhat limited "niches". Across all sectoral systems examined, the gap between identified governance needs and what is currently supplied is most serious in terms of the critical function of setting rules to facilitate collective action. A lack of "guidance and signal" is also evident, particularly in the finance, extractive industries, energy-intensive industries, and buildings sectoral systems. Of the sectoral systems examined, the power sector appears the most advanced in covering the main international governance functions required of it. Nevertheless, it still falls short in achieving critical governance functions necessary for sufficient decarbonisation. Significantly, while the signal is strong and clear for the phase-in of renewable energy, it is either vague or absent when it comes to the phase-out of fossil fuel-generated electricity. The same lack of signal that certain high-carbon activities need actively to be phased out is also evident in financial, fossil-fuel extractive industry and transport-related sectors. More effective mitigation action will need greater co-ordination or orchestration effort, sometimes led by the UNFCCC, but also from the bodies such as the G20, as well as existing (or potentially new) sector-level institutions. The EU needs to re-consider what it means to provide climate leadership in an increasingly "polycentric" governance landscape.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Smart power grids and integration of renewables in Japan : status and activities concerning smart grids implementation and integration of renewable energy sources in Japan ; background study (2019)
    Berlin : Adelphi Consult
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This study focuses on smart grids and integration of renewable energy sources in Japan. It first elaborates on the current status of the Japanese power market, its electricity grid, and the trends taking place which result in the need for smart grids. It proceeds with strategic and legislative framework setting relevant for smart grids and renewables, and with current status of smart grids and renewables. Further, it focuses on relevant stakeholders, new business models, and public acceptance relevant for smart grids and renewables. It then puts the Japanese developments in international context and, where possible, compares it to Germany. Lastly, it derives recommendations and identifies where Japanese and German policymakers, regulators and private sector stakeholders might profit from closer collaboration.
    Keywords: ddc:600
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    What shape for the Paris mechanisms? : A synthesis of parties' submissions on article 6 of the Paris agreement (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement establishes three approaches for countries to cooperate with each other in implementing their climate protection contributions. However, Article 6 sketches out only some basic contours; the details are to be filled in by further negotiations. This article surveys the views countries have submitted so far in order to identify the main issues at stake, points of controvery and convergence and possible ways forward. The submissions reveal some sharp differences in opinions on key issues such as the scope of the new mechanisms, how to operationalise the Article 6 requirement to increase ambition, whether to have international provisions on the promotion of sustainable development, and how to protect environmental integrity in the use of Article 6. The article concludes with a number of recommendations on how to address these controversies.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Phasing out coal in the German energy sector : interdependencies, challenges and potential solutions (2019)
    Berlin : German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Relevant aspects of the options and requirements for reducing and phasing out coal-fired power generation have been under debate for several years. This process has produced a range of strategies, analyses and arguments, outlining how coal use in the energy sector could be reduced and phased out in the planned time frame, and determining structural policy measures suitable to support this. This Coal Report studies the existing analyses and provides an overview of the state of debate. It is intended to provide information on facts and contexts, present the advantages and disadvantages of individual courses of action, and reveal the respective scientific backgrounds. It strives to take a scientific and independent approach, and present facts in concise language, making it easy to follow for readers who are not experts in the field, without excessive abridgements or provocative statements.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    The relevance of multiple impacts of energy efficiency in policy-making and evaluation (2019)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Improvements in energy efficiency have numerous impacts additional to energy and greenhouse gas savings. This paper presents key findings and policy recommendations of the COMBI project ("Calculating and Operationalising the Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency in Europe"). This project aimed at quantifying the energy and non-energy impacts that a realisation of the EU energy efficiency potential would have in 2030. It covered the most relevant technical energy efficiency improvement actions in buildings, transport and industry. Quantified impacts include reduced air pollution (and its effects on human health, eco-systems), improved social welfare (health, productivity), saved biotic and abiotic resources, effects on the energy system and energy security, and the economy (employment, GDP, public budgets and energy/EU-ETS prices). The paper shows that a more ambitious energy efficiency policy in Europe would lead to substantial impacts: overall, in 2030 alone, monetized multiple impacts (MI) would amount to 61 bn Euros per year in 2030, i.e. corresponding to approx. 50% of energy cost savings (131 bn Euros). Consequently, the conservative CBA approach of COMBI yields that including MI quantifications to energy efficiency impact assessments would increase the benefit side by at least 50-70%. As this analysis excludes numerous impacts that could either not be quantified or monetized or where any double-counting potential exists, actual benefits may be much larger. Based on these findings, the paper formulates several recommendations for EU policy making: (1) the inclusion of MI into the assessment of policy instruments and scenarios, (2) the need of reliable MI quantifications for policy design and target setting, (3) the use of MI for encouraging inter-departmental and cross-sectoral cooperation in policy making to pursue common goals, and (4) the importance of MI evaluations for their communication and promotion to decision-makers, stakeholders, investors and the general public.
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    Review of policy instruments and recommendations for effective food waste prevention (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Each year, approximately one-third of the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted worldwide. The waste of resources used for this food has significant environmental impacts in terms of land and water use as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, one of the targets of the UN sustainable development goals is to halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains by 2030. However, sufficient knowledge about the suitability of instruments for food waste prevention is still lacking. The purpose of this paper is therefore threefold: first, it outlines the generation and causes of food losses and waste. Second, it discusses good practices from different countries, such as laws to reduce food waste, voluntary agreements, awareness campaigns and results from behavioural economics. Finally, based on these findings, this paper identifies barriers to as well as requirements for the implementation of effective and efficient instruments.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    The building battlefield : (in)consistencies in German policies for sustainable living (2019)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: "400,000 new homes per year are needed in German cities." This figure has been cited repeatedly in political discussions, media, and statements of different groups for a couple of years now. Living space is needed to mitigate the (further) inordinate increase of rents in some cities and regions and to ease finding appropriate flats at affordable prices for low- and medium-income households. But how to activate investors and the real estate market? Having the triangle of sustainability in mind with its ecologic, social and economic cornerstones the discussion - metaphorically spoken - currently pulls the three corners: Which should have the highest priority? The economically driven most favourable solution is lowering the requirements for new buildings such as the energy performance to make building cheaper. The social perspective prefers an increase of public social housing investments regardless of efficiency standards. And the ecological side argues that a high performance is needed to reach energy and climate targets in the buildings sector. Starting at this point of discussion, firstly, the paper reflects the assumptions behind the numbers of new homes needed against a sufficiency background. Secondly, it presents current changes in German building policies: a new legislation for energy supply and efficiency is currently in preparation. It discusses the potential to integrate sufficiency aspects in building policies, focussing specifically on the new regulation, financial incentives, and energy advice. The paper analyses if and to what extent it is likely to balance the three cornerstones of sustainability by integrating sufficiency aspects into efficiency policies. Household experiences with prepayment meters are used as an example to illustrate the potential for tapping efficiency and sufficiency potentials in low-income households considering social, economic, and ecological aspects. Based on the identified (in)consistencies, thirdly, it suggests further development in German policies to make better use of synergies between the ecologic, social and economic demands on buildings.
    Keywords: ddc:320
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    Energy sufficiency : how can research better help and inform policy-making? (2019)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The concept of sufficiency - reducing energy uses beyond technical efficiency - is far-reaching and requires a reflection on human needs, energy services, urban structures, social norms, and the role of policies to support the shift towards lower-energy societies. In recent years, a growing body of literature has been published on energy sufficiency in various disciplines. However, there has been limited exchanges and cooperation among researchers so far, hindering the visibility and impact of this research. This paper presents an assessment of where sufficiency research stands, especially in the perspective of policy-making. It is the first overview paper issued in the context of the newly-founded ENOUGH network - International network for sufficiency research & policy, established in 2017. In the first part, we provide a condensed literature review on energy sufficiency, based on dozens of recent references collected through the network. Through four main themes (the nature of sufficiency, the challenges of modelling it, the barriers to its diffusion, and the approaches to foster it), we summarise the key issues and approaches. We then present what the scholars themselves see as the priorities for future research, promising sufficiency policy options, and key barriers that research should help overcome. We collected their views through a questionnaire completed by more than 40 knowledgeable authors and experts from various disciplines. We finally build on the previous parts to draw some recommendations on how sufficiency research could increase its impact, notably in relation to policy-making.
    Keywords: ddc:300
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    Managing the transition to industry 4.0 through multilevel governance systems (2019)
    Jakarta : Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Implementation of nationally determined contributions : Islamic Republic of Iran country report (2019)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The study analyses the country background, emissions trends, ongoing activities and barriers relating to the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the Islamic Republic of Iran under the UNFCCC. A special emphasis is laid on further mitigation potentials in the fields of demand-side efficiency through energy-price reform, upstream oil and gas efficiency (with an emphasis on gas flaring) and a sustainable energy mix (with an emphasis on renewable energies).
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Challenges of coal transitions : a comparative study on the status quo and future prospects of coal mining and coal use in Indonesia, Colombia and Viet Nam (2019)
    Dessau-Roßlau : Umweltbundesamt
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Today more than 45 % of all energy-related CO2 emissions come from burning coal. Thus, reducing CO2 emissions from coal use is a necessity for reaching the targets of the Paris Agreement. This will not only pose challenges for coal consumers (restructuring of the energy system), but also for countries whose economy is strongly depending on the production of coal. This paper examines the role of coal in three countries, which are or were in recent years among the top coal exporters: Indonesia, Colombia and Vietnam. Understanding challenges and possible transition pathways in these countries will help to develop global strategies to reduce CO2 emissions from coal in the short to mid-term.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    A pathway design framework for national low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The Paris Agreement introduces long-term strategies as an instrument to inform progressively more ambitious emission reduction objectives, while holding development goals paramount in the context of national circumstances. In the lead up to the twenty-first Conference of the Parties, the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project developed mid-century low-emission pathways for 16 countries, based on an innovative pathway design framework. In this Perspective, we describe this framework and show how it can support the development of sectorally and technologically detailed, policy-relevant and country-driven strategies consistent with the Paris Agreement climate goal. We also discuss how this framework can be used to engage stakeholder input and buy-in; design implementation policy packages; reveal necessary technological, financial and institutional enabling conditions; and support global stocktaking and increasing of ambition.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Global climate (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The twenty-third Conference of the Parties (COP-23) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Bonn on 6-17 November 2017, under the presidency of Fiji. COP-23 focused, in particular, on developing rules to implement the 2015 Paris Agreement and on raising ambition for climate protection. Since this was the first "Oceanic" COP, special attention was given to supporting the countries of the Global South in their efforts to reduce emissions, adapt to climate change, and deal with the unavoidable impacts of climate change. This article summarizes the main developments and results of COP-23.
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    German energy transition : targets, current status, chances and challenges of an ambitious pathway (2019)
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: With the "Energiewende", the German term for the transformation of the national energy system, the German government pursues ambitious goals, primarily but not only to reflect the climate change challenge and to react to the risks associated with the use of nuclear power plants. After launching the energy concept in mid-2011, which describes the "Energiewende" goals, Germany was perceived as an international pioneer in energy transition for many years and has been acknowledged for its braveness to combine ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation targets with a phase out program for nuclear power plants. In this context, this article asks where Germany’s energy transition currently stands, what is planned next and how far the set targets have been achieved or where more action is required to stick to this pathway.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Paris agreement : ship moves out of the drydock ; an assessment of COP24 in Katowice (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Last year's conference of the global climate change regime took place from 2 until 15 December 2018 in Katowice, Poland. The conference had two main objectives: operationalising the Paris Agreement by adopting detailed rules for its implementation, and starting the process of strengthening Parties' climate protection contributions. This article covers the negotiations on these two sets of issues and also includes a discussion of other recent climate activities by Parties and non-Party actors. Success of the negotiations in Katowice was far from assured, but in the end COP24 concluded with the adoption of the "Katowice Climate Package" setting out detailed guidelines on how to implement its various elements. However, the conference fell short on the first objective, none of the major emitting countries was ready to step up its climate ambition. The most important aspect of the Katowice outcome is therefore that it has brought the wrangling about implementation procedures to a close, making way for the true task at hand: the strengthening of national and international activities to protect the climate and the implementation of the existing pledges. Arguably, a key factor that has been slowing down climate policy is the power of entrenched interests. The article therefore concludes with a reflection on how such barriers to climate action may be overcome and what role future COPs may play in this regard.
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    Options for fostering increasing ambition levels under the Paris Article 6.4 mechanism : discussion paper (2019)
    Berlin : German Emissions Trading Authority (DEHSt)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement establishes mechanisms for Parties to "pursue voluntary cooperation in the implementation of their nationally determined contributions to allow for higher ambition in their mitigation and adaptation actions [...]" (Article 6.1). I. e. the mechanisms are explicitly designed to foster higher ambition. However, without additional guidance and rules, the economic incentives of carbon markets may work against increasing host country ambition. For example, setting ambitious NDC targets may directly reduce the amount of mitigation outcomes that go beyond the NDC target and that a host country can transfer abroad. The report presents four options on how the risks can be ad-dressed and ambition can be increased: (1) Strengthening reporting, transparency and comparability; (2) Reconciling the design of the Article 6.4 mechanism with ambition raising of host countries; (3) Supporting the host country to raise ambition through the Article 6.4 mechanism; (4) Fostering the acquiring country to raise ambition through the Article 6.4 mechanism. These options are assessed and recommendations are provided on how they could be implemented.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    What role do transaction costs play in energy efficiency improvements and how can they be reduced? (2019)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Ex-ante policy evaluation requires a detailed understanding of how the subjects addressed by the policy react to its implementation. In the context of energy efficiency, policy measures typically aim at influencing investment decisions towards more efficient options. As has been discussed widely in the context of the "energy efficiency gap", investments in energy efficiency improvements are frequently not conducted even though they seem cost-effective from a simple cost-benefit perspective, where transaction costs have been identified as one important barrier. While transaction costs have been discussed widely from a conceptional perspective, empirical studies quantifying transaction costs and measures to reduce them are rare. This paper presents approaches, results and insights from a recently completed research project funded by the German Federal Energy Efficiency Center (BfEE), addressing transaction costs in various energy efficiency measures and the role of energy efficiency services to overcome the barrier. We analyse a set of 11 energy efficiency investments covering private households, public institutions and the industry sector. We gather data on direct investment costs and energy cost savings and provide a detailed analysis of the various barriers and transaction costs associated with the implementation. We then analyse the costs of existing energy efficiency services using data provided by the BfEE. We compare the different cost elements and analyze the potential of energy efficiency services to reduce transaction costs. We find that the role of transaction costs differs substantially between households, public institutions and companies and that the impact of energy efficiency services on transaction costs needs to be evaluated using different methodological approaches. We conclude that while data availability on disaggregated transaction costs is a major challenge, energy services can reduce transaction costs considerably.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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    Energy poverty in the EU : indicators as a base for policy action (2019)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: In 2016, the European Commission presented the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package , comprising legislative proposals to facilitate the clean energy transition within the EU, such as the revised EPBD 2010/31/EU and EED 2012/27/EU.Besides putting energy efficiency first and achieving global leadership in renewable energy, a third goal of the package was to provide a "fair deal to consumers" with "no one left behind"., While in some Member States the issue of energy poverty already was on the political agenda, enabling affordable access to basic energy services for all households and thus reducing energy poverty is now an explicit policy target of the revised EU Directives. In order to assess and monitor the extent of the issue across the EU and address it by suitable measures, the concept of energy poverty needs to be defined, operationalised and measured. The paper aims to investigate the role of energy poverty indicators for policy making. To do so, it provides an overview on existing measurement approaches.Furthermore, the paper presents the development and current state of energy poverty across the EU using a set of four complementary indicators used by the EU Energy Poverty Observatory. These consensual and expenditure-based indicators are calculated using data from the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions and the Household Budget Survey. In addition, the paper highlights peculiarities of results on the different indicators, describes persisting issues with regard to their calculation and interpretation against the background of the underlying data base. Based on the results of this analysis, further necessities of data collection and research are pointed out.
    Keywords: ddc:300
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    Behind closed windows : an actor-centred analysis of barriers for the diffusion of energy efficient ventilation systems in residential buildings (2019)
    Stockholm : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Reaching the climate goals for the building sector requires to improve insulation and to increase air tightness of buildings in order to minimize heat loss. To achieve these goals and to prevent risks to the health of occupants and damages to the building fabric due to insufficient removal of pollutants and humidity, broad implementation of Mechanical Ventilation and Heat Recovery (MVHR) systems is crucial. Comparable and up to date figures on the market penetration of MVHR systems across the EU are hardly available. However, figures point to only a small share of residential buildings being currently equipped with such systems (cf. Riviere et al. 2009). For the German building stock the figure is estimated to be below 5% (Händel 2011). The paper presents insights into the reasons for the slow diffusion of HRV technologies in the German building stock. It builds on the results of a recently completed research project whose central aim was to identify actor-specific and structural barriers for the diffusion of efficient ventilation systems in apartment buildings and to examine how these barriers can be addressed. The analysis is based on 40 semi-structured expert interviews with energy consultants, HVAC craftsmen, and housing companies, as well as guided in-depth interviews with private owners of apartment buildings or apartments that were evaluated by means of qualitative content analysis. Based on the collected data, seven barrier categories were identified, each containing a range of single barriers for the diffusion of efficient ventilation systems within the residential building stock. Results of the analysis were quantitatively validated by means of online surveys and a household survey among 1,008 households. The paper points out interdependencies within the chain of effects leading up to the investment decision of building owners. Furthermore, based on good practice examples identified within the data collection process, it proposes different measures to address these barriers.
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    Achieving overall mitigation of global emissions under the Paris article 6.4 mechanism : discussion paper (2019)
    Berlin : German Emissions Trading Authority (DEHSt)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement establishes a new mechanism for Parties to cooperate in achieving their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). One key innovation of the Article 6.4 mechanism is its objective to "deliver an overall mitigation in global emissions" (Art. 6.4(d)). This report develops recommendations on how to implement this objective. A key difficulty lies in the fact that even basics of how the mechanism is supposed to function have so far not been clarified by the Parties. The report therefore first sketches out what has so far been agreed and discussed on the mechanism’s activity cycle. Second, as the concept of overall mitigation has so far also not been clearly defined by Parties, the report derives a working definition from the language that was agreed in the Paris Agreement. In the next step, the report provides a survey of the options to achieve overall mitigation that have so far been discussed in the relevant literature and in the Article 6 negotiations. Many of these options were developed in the context of the Kyoto mechanisms. The report therefore discusses to what extent the options are also applicable under the Paris Agreement or whether adjustments need to be made. In the following, the options that are applicable under the Agreement are assessed on the basis of a number of criteria. The report concludes with a summary of the main findings and recommendations.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    The voluntary carbon market : what may be its future role and potential contributions to ambition raising? ; Discussion paper (2019)
    Berlin : German Emissions Trading Authority (DEHSt)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This report explores the future role of the voluntary carbon market and its potential to contribute to raising the ambition of climate policy. For this purpose, desk research was complemented by interviews with voluntary carbon market representatives. The report finds that the current roles of the voluntary market are set to change fundamentally due to the Paris Agreement. For the future of the voluntary market as an investor, three roles were identified, each of which is associated with specific challenges: The market may maintain its current role of buyer of carbon neutrality credits, it may become a supporter of NDC implementation, or it may become a driver of ambition. With regard to the future role of private certification standards, the Paris Agreement may hold the possibility of using such standards in the context of compliance activities. Overall, the findings indicate that the voluntary market has some potential to contribute to ambition raising. Whether this potential will actually be unlocked depends on how the concept of ambition raising will be operationalized under the Paris Agreement and to what degree it can be integrated into the voluntary market's activities and business models.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Research study on holistic indicators for waste prevention (2019)
    Brussels : Zero Waste Europe
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Because prevention is closely linked to complex consumption patterns, even cultural changes, such as increasing environmental awareness, changes in the average size of households or changes in the industrial structure of an economy, are relevant factors for the interpretation of changes in the generation of waste - it is more or less impossible to isolate the effect of specific waste prevention measures in this complex system. This must be considered, in particular, in international comparisons of policies and their potential transferability. The guidelines of the European Commission on waste prevention also point to the particular problem of data availability in the area of prevention: as waste statistics focus mainly on the treatment and fate of wastes, they are often of limited value for prevention of waste because they don't give sufficient information about their origins or reasons for their generation. Against this background, this report has the following objectives: Chapter 2 discusses strengths and weaknesses of typical waste-based prevention indicators; Chapter 3 analyses possible indicators that consider an upstream perspective and take into account the ecological rucksacks of products and components that have become waste; Chapter 4 focuses on specific product groups that could be targeted by waste prevention indicators. In general, the report describes the complexity of measuring waste prevention and outlines pros and cons of possible approaches. The final chapter aims to draw rather pragmatic conclusions on possibly most preferable options for future policy-making.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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    Zeitschrift für Geophysik 36 / 3 (2019)
    Physika-Verlag, Würzburg
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar | 8 Z NAT 2148
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-28
    Description: Dieser Band enthält Artikel zu Themengebieten der Geophysik, veröffentlicht durch die Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft in dem Jahr 1970.
    Description: 〈ul style="line-height:2;"〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0058.pdf"〉Heft 3〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0059.pdf"〉Titelseite〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0060.pdf"〉Inhaltsverzeichnis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0061.pdf"〉[Impressum]〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0062.pdf"〉Die Theorien der thermoremanenten Magnetisierung von Gesteinen (Soffel, H.)〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0065.pdf"〉Natural Magnetization of Deep Core Samples of Basaltic Rocks from Brazil (Schult, A.)〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0069.pdf"〉Crustal Structure of the East African Rift System from Spectral Response Ratios of Long-Period Body Waves (Bonjer, K.-P., Fuchs, K., Wohlenberg, J.)〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0071.pdf"〉Crustal Investigation from Gravity Measurements at the Scarp of the Ethiopian Plateau (Makris, J., Thiele, P., Zimmermann, J.)〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0074.pdf"〉Die Verbreitung von schadenverursachenden Erdbeben auf dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Versuch einer seismologischen Regionalisierung (Ahorner, L., Murawski, H., Schneider, G.)〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0077.pdf"〉Über den Einfluß oberflächennaher Störkörper auf geoelektrische Widerstandsmessungen (Töpfer, K. D.)〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0079.pdf"〉Zur Problematik der Deutung paläomagnetischer Meßergebnisse auf Grund von Untersuchungen an den Basalten des Paläovulkans Vogelsberg in Hessen (Schenk, E.)〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0085.pdf"〉Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the Ethiopian Rift Derived from Seismic and Gravity Data (Makris, J., Menzel, H., Zimmermann, J., Bonjer, K.-P., Fuchs, K., Wohlenberg, J.)〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0036/LOG_0087.pdf"〉[Werbung]〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈/ul〉
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGG
    Keywords: 550 ; Geophysik ; Erdbeben ; Geoelektrik ; Geomagnetismus ; Gravitation ; Tektonik ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German , English
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    LAC 2019 : 25th Latin-American Colloquium of Geosciences : program and abstracts : Universität Hamburg, Germany September 18-21, 2019 (2019)
    Geounion Alfred-Wegener-Stiftung, Potsdam
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-02
    Description: This volume contains the program, abstracts and field guides of the 25th Latin-American Colloquium of Geosciences (LAC). In the tradition of the holistic approach of Alexander von Humboldt in approaching complex research problems, the LAC celebrates transdisciplinary milestones achieved through German-Latin American cooperation in the geosciences. It also highlights the results of individual research projects and identify future avenues of cooperation. The following topics are central to the LAC: Ocean-continent transition, Continental growth and modification, Earth-surface processes and their climatic and tectonic forcings. The main topics of the LAC are complemented by contributions regarding methodological and technical advances, coIlection-based and paleo-environmental research, and resource formation. The scientific goal of the LAC is at the heart of a deeper understanding of the interactions between solid earth, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere with a focus on Latin America. The forcing factors governing the Earth's systems also involve the interaction with humankind.
    Description: conference
    Keywords: ddc:558
    Language: English
    Type: map , publishedVersion
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    Creating statistics for China's building energy consumption using an adapted energy balance sheet (2019)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-07
    Description: China's regular energy statistics does not include the building sector, and data on building energy demand is included in other types of energy consumption in the Energy Balance Sheet (EBS). Therefore data on building energy demand is not collected based on statistics, but rather calculated or estimated by various approaches in China. This study aims at developing and testing China's building energy statistics by applying an adapted EBS. The advantage of the adapted EBS is that statistical data is from the regular statistical system and no additional statistical efforts are needed. The research result shows that the adapted EBS can be included in China regular energy statistical system and can be standardized in a transparent way. Testing of the adapted EBS shows that China's building energy demand has shown an annual increase of 7.6% since 2001, and a lower contribution to the total energy demand as compared to the developed world. There is also a close link to lifestyle and living standard while industrial energy demand is mainly driven by economy and decoupling of building energy demand with increasing of building floor area, this is due to a considerable improvement of building energy efficiency. The adapted EBS creates a method for China conducting statistics of building energy consumption at the sector level in a uniform way and serves as the basis for any sound building energy efficiency policy decisions.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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    Measuring urban circularity based on a territorial perspective : final report ; CIRCTER - circular economy and territorial consequences (2019)
    Luxembourg : ESPON EGTC
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-24
    Description: This report provides an overview of the main findings from the different research tasks in the CIRCTER project and delivers selected policy messages with European coverage. The report provides: (Sec. 2) a territorial definition of the circular economy; (Sec. 3) insights into the available statistics on material and waste patterns and flows and their interpretation, alongside new territorial evidence on both aspects; (Sec. 4) a sectoral characterisation of the circular economy at regional level (NUTS-2), including data on turnover and jobs; (Sec. 5) key findings from the CIRCTER case studies; (Sec. 6) a systemic interpretation of the circular economy that works as a knowledge-integration mechanism for the entire report; (Sec. 7 and 8) an analysis of the most relevant circular economy policies and strategies at various territorial levels; (Sec. 8) a subset of policy recommendations focusing in particular on territorial and cohesion policies, and; (Sec. 9) suggestions for further research.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 171
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    The energy transition in Europe : a vision of progress (2019)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: Europe needs a new vision of progress. An energy transition has this potential. It can give the "European idea" a future-oriented content. The goal for 2050 is clear: a Europe without fossil and nuclear energy! This is not a utopia. Studies, resolutions of the EU and some member states prove that this vision is feasible and has many advantages: more jobs, more security of supply, fewer premature deaths due to air pollution, reduction of resource conflicts, falling energy costs. New green lead markets for renewable energies and resource efficiency are emerging. A European energy transition requires an alliance, ideally fuelled by neighbours France and Germany. Many are hoping for Germany as a driver of nuclear and coal phase-out. But deciding on "revolutionary goals" is not enough: finally implementing them is what Germany and Europe are waiting for. This report shows which concrete steps can advance this vision of progress.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 172
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    Evaluation of the glacial impact on the shallow heat-flow density in the North German Basin (2019)
    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 21, EGU2019-12927-1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Paleoclimatic effects may still influence the present day subsurface temperature distribution and therefore the heatflow density calculated in affected depth levels. Cooling of several degrees Celsius into depths of up to 1.5 – 2km were reported for areas which were strongly affected by the Pleistocene ice ages (e.g. Canada, Poland, andDenmark). However, although this phenomenon is well known, not much research has been performed to quantifythese processes in Northern Germany, an area where Pleistocene ice margins of the last ice ages are located. Tofill that gap we compiled new data from two boreholes in the eastern part of the North German Basin, one locatedbeneath the former ice shield of the last glaciation, and one located in the foreland. We determined thermal rockproperties (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat capacity) on drill core samples and used itas calibrator for well-log based calculations of thermal parameter profiles along the borehole. The results wereused for heat-flow computations with depth and implemented as a base for an analytical solution of the heatequation as well as inversion modelling. By showing the discrepancy of observed and theoretical backgroundtemperature and heat flow density profiles, we aim to improve the understanding of the regional thermal responseto the last glaciations.
    Language: English
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  • 173
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    Scaling and balancing carbon dioxide fluxes in a heterogeneous tundra ecosystem of the Lena River Delta (2019)
    In:  Biogeosciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The current assessments of the carbon turnover in the Arctic tundra are subject to large uncertainties. This problem can (inter alia) be ascribed to both the general shortage of flux data from the vast and sparsely inhabited Arctic region, as well as the typically high spatiotemporal variability of carbon fluxes in tundra ecosystems. Addressing these challenges, carbon dioxide fluxes on an active flood plain situated in the Siberian Lena River Delta were studied during two growing seasons with the eddy covariance method. The footprint exhibited a heterogeneous surface, which generated mixed flux signals that could be partitioned in such a way that both respiratory loss and photosynthetic gain were obtained for each of two vegetation classes. This downscaling of the observed fluxes revealed a differing seasonality in the net uptake of bushes (−0.89 µmol m−2 s−1) and sedges (−0.38 µmol m−2 s−1) in 2014. That discrepancy, which was concealed in the net signal, resulted from a comparatively warm spring in conjunction with an early snowmelt and a varying canopy structure. Thus, the representativeness of footprints may adversely be affected in response to prolonged unusual weather conditions. In 2015, when air temperatures on average corresponded to climatological means, both vegetation-class-specific flux rates were of similar magnitude (−0.69 µmol m−2 s−1). A comprehensive set of measures (e.g. phenocam) corroborated the reliability of the partitioned fluxes and hence confirmed the utility of flux decomposition for enhanced flux data analysis. This scrutiny encompassed insights into both the phenological dynamic of individual vegetation classes and their respective functional flux to flux driver relationships with the aid of ecophysiologically interpretable parameters. For comparison with other sites, the decomposed fluxes were employed in a vegetation class area-weighted upscaling that was based on a classified high-resolution orthomosaic of the flood plain. In this way, robust budgets that take the heterogeneous surface characteristics into account were estimated. In relation to the average sink strength of various Arctic flux sites, the flood plain constitutes a distinctly stronger carbon dioxide sink. Roughly 42 % of this net uptake, however, was on average offset by methane emissions lowering the sink strength for greenhouse gases. With growing concern about rising greenhouse gas emissions in high-latitude regions, providing robust carbon budgets from tundra ecosystems is critical in view of accelerating permafrost thaw, which can impact the global climate for centuries.
    Language: English
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    The lithospheric strength along the Main Marmara Fault based on 3D density and thermal modelling (2019)
    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-13065, 2019
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In Northwest Anatolia, the dextral North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) goes through the Sea of Marmara and cre-ates a section which is known as the Main Marmara Fault (MMF). Due to the NAFZ activity, the Marmara regionis a major earthquake zone. This area hosts the Megacity of Istanbul in the vicinity of a seismic gap (∼150 kmlong) in the MMF which has not ruptured since 1766. There is an ongoing controversial debate regarding the causeof the seismic gap and if either the fault is locked to a certain depth or is creeping. The main question is if the faultis geomechanically segmented or if the energy will be released over a big single rupture surface. To contribute tothis discussion a detailed description and understanding of the lithosphere thermomechanical behaviour below theSea of Marmara is key. In this study, we present 3D lithospheric-scale thermal and rheological models of the Sea ofMarmara. These models are based on a 3D density model which is obtained from geological and geophysical dataintegration and constrained by gravity modelling. Accordingly, the lithosphere structure consists of six major lay-ers. Two layers of syn- and pre-kinematic sediments with respect to the Sea of Marmara formation with an averagedensity (ρ) of 2000 and 2490 kg.m−3, respectively. These sediments rest on a heterogeneous crust including a felsicupper crystalline crust (ρ= 2720 kg.m−3)and an intermediate to mafic lower crystalline crust (ρ= 2890 kg.m−3).The crystalline crustal units are crosscut by two thick dome-shaped mafic high-density bodies (ρ= 3050 kg.m−3),that spatially correlate with the bending segments of the MMF. Beneath these layers is a homogeneous lithosphericmantle (ρ= 3300 kg.m−3)down to the thermal Lithosphere-Asthenosphere boundary (LAB). Along the MMF,the thermomechanical model generally indicates that the brittle-ductile transition zone occurs within the uppercrystalline crust at a depth of around 18 km b.s.l, which is consistent with the 1999 Izmit earthquake. In contrast,the thermomechanical model indicates that the high-density bodies are colder and stronger than the surroundingcrystalline units. Consequently, the brittle-ductile transition zone occurs, closer to the Moho discontinuity, at thedepth around 23 km b.s.l. In conclusion, these results suggest that crustal heterogeneities significantly affect therheological behaviour of the MMF, and support the hypothesis that the fault is geomechanically segmented.
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    Fatigue hydraulic fracturing: Concept and application in hard rock (2019)
    In:  Rock Mechanics for Natural Resources and Infrastructure Development - Full Papers : Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering (ISRM 2019), September 13-18, 2019, Foz Do Iguassu, Brazil | Proceedings in Earth and geosciences ; 6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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    Passive seismic measurement of seismic attenuation in Delaware Basin (2019)
    In:  The Leading Edge
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Local earthquake activity can be employed to measure attenuation (the effective quality factor [Q]) and characterize production in the Delaware Basin, Texas, USA. To illustrate this, we employed data from the recently installed Texas Seismic Network (TexNet) seismic stations collected in the west Texas area between April 2017 and March 2018. Earthquake activity in the Delaware Basin has increased in comparison to the previous 20 years, which has resulted in numerous high-quality events suitable for this analysis. The high signal-to-noise ratio events were used to estimate effective Q factors using the peak frequency method on the sediments of the Delaware Basin. The effective attenuation of the sedimentary basin is 90 for P-waves and 140 for S-waves (both with uncertainty of approximately 30), indicating an unusually low attenuation (high Q) for S-waves relative to the P-waves. This is consistent with attenuation of a saturated sedimentary basin because the saturation results in less attenuation of S-waves. Additionally, we observe an increase of the effective Q factor with distance between the station and events consistent with rays sampling the deeper, less-attenuating, and less-saturated portions of the basin and even basement. Inverted effective attenuation coefficients were used to calculate moment magnitudes, which were consistent with those seen in the TexNet array.
    Language: English
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    Integrated assessment of short-term direct and indirect economic flood impacts including uncertainty quantification (2019)
    In:  Plos One
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Understanding and quantifying total economic impacts of flood events is essential for flood risk management and adaptation planning. Yet, detailed estimations of joint direct and indirect flood-induced economic impacts are rare. In this study an innovative modeling procedure for the joint assessment of short-term direct and indirect economic flood impacts is introduced. The procedure is applied to 19 economic sectors in eight federal states of Germany after the flood events in 2013. The assessment of the direct economic impacts is object-based and considers uncertainties associated with the hazard, the exposed objects and their vulnerability. The direct economic impacts are then coupled to a supply-side Input-Output-Model to estimate the indirect economic impacts. The procedure provides distributions of direct and indirect economic impacts which capture the associated uncertainties. The distributions of the direct economic impacts in the federal states are plausible when compared to reported values. The ratio between indirect and direct economic impacts shows that the sectors Manufacturing, Financial and Insurance activities suffered the most from indirect economic impacts. These ratios also indicate that indirect economic impacts can be almost as high as direct economic impacts. They differ strongly between the economic sectors indicating that the application of a single factor as a proxy for the indirect impacts of all economic sectors is not appropriate.
    Language: English
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    Operational report for the 2017 Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes (SUSTAIN) drilling project at Surtsey Volcano, Iceland (2019)
    GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In summer 2017, the ICDP SUSTAIN project (Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes), drilled three cored boreholes (Table 1) through Surtsey at sites ≤10 m from a cored hole obtained in 1979. Drilling through the still hot volcano was carried out with an Atlas Copco CS1000 drill rig, whose components were transported by helicopter to Surtsey and re-assembled on site. The first vertical borehole, SE-02a, was cored in HQ diameter to 152 meters below surface (m b.s.) during August 7-16. It was terminated due to borehole collapse. A second vertical (SE-02b) cored borehole was then drilled in HQ diameter to 192 m during August 19-26. Wireline borehole logging in SE-02b was performed August 26. The anodized NQ-sized aluminum tubing of the Surtsey Subsurface Observatory was installed in SE-02b to 181 m depth on August 27. A third borehole, SE-03, angled 35° from vertical and directed 264°, was drilled from August 28 to September 4 and reached a measured depth of 354 m (~290 m vertical depth) under the eastern crater. The core is HQ diameter to a measured depth of 213 m and NQ diameter from 213-354 m measured depth. The core traverses the deep conduit and intrusions of the volcano to a total vertical depth of 290 m b.s. Seawater drilling fluid for boreholes SE-02a and SE-02b was filtered and doubly UV-sterilized at the drill site. No mud products were employed while coring SE-02a, while small amounts of attapulgite mud were used in SE-02b and SE-03. Core samples for geochemical analyses of pore water and microbiological investigations were collected on site from all three boreholes. About 650 m of core was transported by helicopter to Heimaey, 18 km northeast of Surtsey, to a processing laboratory where the core was scanned, documented, and described. Additional core processing has taken place at the Náttúrufraedistofnun Íslands, the Icelandic Institute of Natural History in Gardabaer, where both the 1979 and 2017 cores are stored.
    Language: English
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    Mass distribution and thermal field across the Alpine orogen and its forelands (2019)
    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-2718, 2019
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Although crustal and sub-crustal structures in the Alps are some of the best studied of any orogen in the world,different hypotheses still exist regarding plate architecture and the nature of the subduction system. Additionally,rheological configurations of the different crustal units and of the lithospheric mantle, isostasy in the orogen-foreland system, and variations of flexural rigidity along and across the mountain belt are, at the present-day, poorlyconstrained with relation to spatial patterns of seismicity and deformation. The primary goal of INTEGRATE,a project in the DFG priority program Mountain Building in 4 Dimensions, a part of the AlpArray initiative,is to provide insights into these questions by integrating different 3D modelling techniques. Here we present agravity constrained, 3D, density differentiated, structural model of the Alps and their respective forelands derivedfrom integrating numerous existing geological and geophysical datasets. Results indicate the existence of lateralheterogeneities within the crust of the studied area, particularly in regards to the difference in thickness and densityof the European and Adriatic crusts. Within the plates, some density heterogeneities correspond to well-studiedtectonic features such as the Vosges, Black Forest and Bohemian massifs, along with the Ivrea geophysical body.However, in keeping with similar modelling works, the location of these density contrasts do not always correspondto present day tectonic structures, instead indicating older, inherited crustal features. A positive correlation betweenthese inherited crustal density contrasts and present day deformation maps of the region was identified, a trendnoted here for the first time. Additionally, we used the 3D density model together with information on seismicvelocities to derive lithologies for the different crustal units and calculate the 3D conductive field of the system. Astemperature is a key controlling factor for rock strength, we also assess the correlation of temperature variationsand deformation within the region.
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  • 180
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    Source parameters of relocated earthquakes recorded during hydraulic stimulation within St1 Deep Heat project in Espoo, Finland (2019)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 181
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    Composite OSG Logging Data from the PTA-2 borehole, Big Island, Hawaii (2019)
    GFZ Data Services
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 182
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    GRACE-FO geopotential GSM coefficients GFZ RL06 (2019)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Spherical harmonic coefficients representing an estimate of Earth's mean gravity field during the specified timespan derived from GRACE-FO mission measurements. These coefficients represent the full magnitude of land hydrology, ice, and solid Earth processes. Further, they represent atmospheric and oceanic processes not captured in the accompanying GAC product.
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  • 183
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    Evidence for transient fluid pathways in the mantle of the subducting Nazca slab from seismological observations and modeling of the Poisson's ratio (2019)
    In:  Abstracts
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 184
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    On the usefulness of existing solar wind models for pulsar timing corrections (2019)
    In:  Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Dispersive delays due to the solar wind introduce excess noise in high-precision pulsar timing experiments, and must be removed in order to achieve the accuracy needed to detect, e.g., low-frequency gravitational waves. In current pulsar timing experiments, this delay is usually removed by approximating the electron density distribution in the solar wind either as spherically symmetric or with a two-phase model that describes the contributions from both high- and low-speed phases of the solar wind. However, no data set has previously been available to test the performance and limitations of these models over extended time-scales and with sufficient sensitivity. Here we present the results of such a test with an optimal data set of observations of pulsar J0034−0534, taken with the German stations of LOFAR. We conclude that the spherical approximation performs systematically better than the two-phase model at almost all angular distances, with a rms given by the two-phase model being up to 28 per cent larger than the result obtained with the spherical approximation. Never the less, the spherical approximation remains insufficiently accurate in modelling the solar wind delay (especially within 20 degrees of angular distance from the Sun), as it leaves timing residuals with rms values that reach the equivalent of 0.3 μs at 1400 MHz. This is because a spherical model ignores the large daily variations in electron density observed in the solar wind. In the short term, broad-band observations or simultaneous observations at low frequencies are the most promising way forward to correct for solar-wind-induced delay variations.
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    Seismic catalogues of the 2018-2019 volcano-seismic crisis offshore Mayotte, Comoro Islands (2019)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In May 2018 a volcano-seismic sequence accompanied the upward migration of a magmatic intrusion from Moho depth to the seafloor led to the drainage of the deep magmatic reservoir and to the birth of a submarine volcano offshore the island of Mayotte, Comoro Islands. This process of magma transport was accompanied by an intense seismic swarm and peculiar long-duration very long period signals. Between 1 January 2018 and 1 May 2019 we detected 407 sources of very long period signals and 6990 volcano-tectonic earthquakes. This report collects detection, location and source parameters catalogs for these two sets of earthquake sources. This data publication provides the catalogues of very long period (VLP) signals and volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes, as discussed in Cesca et al. (2019). Here, methods and data used to create the different catalogues are only briefly discussed; a more accurate description is given in Cesca et al. (2019), which furthermore discusses the different processes of dike migration, undersea eruption, deep reservoir drainage and overburden sagging which are responsible for the seismic activity.
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    Temperature, composition, and strength variability of the Australian lithosphere (2019)
    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-5870, 2019
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Australian plate has a long and complex tectonic history. The continental crust was accreted in three majorepisodes from the Archean cratons in the west to the Phanerozoic provinces in the east. The crust and upper mantleof Australia have been deeply investigated in the last two decades using a variety of geophysical methods. To dis-cern temperature and compositional variations in the Australian upper mantle, we apply an integrative technique,which jointly interprets seismic tomography and gravity data. In the first stage, we removed the effect of the crustfrom the observed gravity field and topography. In the second step, an initial thermal model has been constructedby inverting the seismic tomography model AusREM (http://rses.anu.edu.au/seismology/AuSREM/index.php),assuming a laterally and vertically uniform “fertile” mantle composition. After removing the effect of thetemperature variations from the total mantle anomalies, the residual “compositional” fields are obtained. Theresidual mantle gravity field and residual topography are inverted to obtain a 3-D density model of the uppermantle, which is supplementary to the initial thermally induced density variations. These density anomalies wereused to improve the initial thermal and compositional models by applying an iterative approach to account forthe effect of composition on the thermal model. The results obtained show that the Precambrian West and NorthAustralian Craton (WAC and NAC) each possess thick, relatively cool, lithosphere that has depleted composition(Mg# 〉 90). This observation is stronger in the older WAC than the younger NAC. Substantially hotter and lessdense lithosphere is seen fringing the eastern and southeastern margin of the continent, resolving the thermalperturbation of these regions in response to Mesozoic and Cenozoic events.Furthermore, we used the surface heat flow values recently published and the most updated crustal model ofAustralia (AusREM) to estimate temperature distribution in the crust, assuming steady state conditions, and weused the results obtained together with the mantle thermal model to construct two alternative models of strengthand effective elastic thickness (EET) of the lithosphere. The first model (Model I) assumes a constant value of 10−15 s−1for the strain rates. In the second model (Model II), we used the strain rates obtained from a global mantleflow model. In both models we assumed a stiff rheology, on account of the mafic composition of the Australiancrust. The results of Model II show larger variability of the rigidity of the plate within the cratonic areas, reflectingthe long tectonic history of the Australian plate. On the other hand, the younger eastern terranes are uniformlyweak, due to the higher temperatures.
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  • 187
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    The Skin of the Earth : where Life meets Rocks [Film, short version] (2019)
    GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Length: 32 min What forms the landscapes of the Earth with its mountains, rivers, soils, the places we live in? Is Earth’s surface shaped when rocks are uplifted by geologic forces, and are then destroyed by rain, ice, and wind; or do plants with their roots, animals that dig into soil and the vast number of microorganisms shape the landscapes? Watch the scientists of the German-Chilean “EarthShape” project study these questions along a fascinating landscapes in Chile, and in their home laboratories. A science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Kirstin Übernickel from Universität Tübingen, and Wolfgang Dümcke from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany, within the DFG-funded research network “EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which is coordinated by Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam).
    Language: English
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  • 188
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    Scala Macrosismica Europea 1998 = European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (2019)
    Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie
    In:  Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: Italian
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  • 189
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    Intraformational migration of petroleum: Insights into the development of sweet spot in the Cretaceous Niobrara shale-oil system, Denver Basin (2019)
    In:  Marine and Petroleum Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Cretaceous Niobrara Formation is one of the latest unconventional exploration targets in North America. In this paper, an overall Type-II marine organofacies with some variability is present within a core which consists of alternating marls and chalks, covering a maturity range of 0.8–1.0 %Rc (calculated vitrinite reflectance). Enhanced oil saturation index (OSI) values have previously been reported for the chalk, and here a positive trend (R2 = 0.92) between the OSI and the percentage of saturates in gross fractions is present. Thus, the saturate fraction gradually increases from 40% to above 60% as the OSI increases from 40 to 550 mg HC/g TOC (total organic carbon). Extremely high OSI values (〉300 mg HC/g TOC) are characteristic of Niobrara chalks. Therefore, the chalk intervals represent primary sweet spots. Using a combined analytical approach, petroleum has been shown to migrate from the organic-rich marls into juxtaposed chalks, and that this has fractionated oils into higher quality liquids. Extractable organic matter in the chalks is clearly enriched in saturate hydrocarbons, while the NSO-containing polar compounds are preferentially retained in the shale and marl units. Compared with the significant fractionation effects between these gross fractions, fractionation within a given compound class is nevertheless indistinct.
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  • 190
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    Small but mighty: microorganisms offer inspiration for mine remediation and waste stabilisation (2019)
    In:  Microbiology Australia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Understanding the natural microbiological mechanismsthat promote iron cycling in iron ore mine environmentsmay provide novel tools for the remediation of the fragile,iron-rich duricrust ecosystems associated with these envir-onmentsaswellasprovide asolutionforthestabilisation ofhillslopes and tailings (waste) dams. A diverse array ofmicrofossils is frequently identified throughout metre-scale duricrusts (canga;〉50 wt.% Fe) that cap iron oredeposits in Brazil, shedding light on the intimate role ofmicroorganisms in the evolution of these crusts. Nanoscalesecondary ion mass spectrometry revealed that carbon andnitrogen biosignatures are occasionally preserved, and typ-ically associated with the cell envelope structures of micro-fossils. The microfossils are 1–5mm in length, withfilamentous and rod-shaped morphologies commonly pre-served1,2. When examined using backscatter electron scan-ning electron microscopy, canga shows a complexmicrostructure from repeated dissolution and re-precipita-tion of iron oxide minerals. Geochronology3, geochemis-try4and microbiology5provide insights into the past andpresent-day role of microorganisms in the evolution ofcanga. These dynamic biogeochemical processes in cangacontribute to the continuous formation of new ironcements, preserving some of world’s longest-lived contin-uously exposed surfaces. Harnessing and accelerating thebiogeochemical cycling of iron may contribute to the de-velopment of novel technologies for mine remediation andwaste stabilisation.
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  • 191
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    Ring-shear test data of quartz sand used for analogue experiments in the laboratory of the Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague (2019)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand used in analogue experiments at the Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Science (IGCAS) (Kratinová et al., 2006; Zavada et al., 2009; Lehmann et al., 2017; Krýza et al., 2019). It is characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesion C. According to our analysis the materials show a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope. Peak friction coefficients µP of the tested material is ~0.75, dynamic friction coeffi-cients µD is ~0.60 and reactivation friction coefficients µR is ~0.64. Cohesions of the material range between 90 and 130 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
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  • 192
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    Digital image correlation data from analogue modeling experiments addressing mechanisms of overprinting transnational domains in passive margin salt basins (2019)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Language: English
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  • 193
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    Preface (2019)
    In:  Geochemical Perspectives
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-18
    Language: English
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  • 194
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    IMU/Magnetometer/Barometer/Mass-Flow Sensor Integrated Indoor Quadrotor UAV Localization with Robust Velocity Updates (2019)
    In:  Remote Sensing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-17
    Description: Velocity updates have been proven to be important for constraining motion-sensor-based dead-reckoning (DR) solutions in indoor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications. The forward velocity from a mass flow sensor and the lateral and vertical non-holonomic constraints (NHC) can be utilized for three-dimensional (3D) velocity updates. However, it is observed that (a) the quadrotor UAV may have a vertical velocity trend when it is controlled to move horizontally; (b) the quadrotor may have a pitch angle when moving horizontally; and (c) the mass flow sensor may suffer from sensor errors, especially the scale factor error. Such phenomenons degrade the performance of velocity updates. Thus, this paper presents a multi-sensor integrated localization system that has more effective sensor interactions. Specifically, (a) the barometer data are utilized to detect height changes and thus determine the weight of vertical velocity update; (b) the pitch angle from the inertial measurement unit (IMU) and magnetometer data fusion is used to set the weight of forward velocity update; and (c) an extra mass flow sensor calibration module is introduced. Indoor flight tests have indicated the effectiveness of the proposed sensor interaction strategies in enhancing indoor quadrotor DR solutions, which can also be used for detecting outliers in external localization technologies such as ultrasonics.
    Language: English
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  • 195
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    Paleoredox conditions of the Middle-Upper Jurassic black shales in the Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia (2019)
    In:  Journal of African Earth Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: Redox-sensitive elements (Mo, V, U, Re, Cd, Co, As, Sb, Tl, Ni, Cr, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Se) and proxies for detrital clastic sedimentation (Al, Ti, Sc, Th) along with total organic carbon (TOC) and total sulfur (TS) were analysed to constrain the paleoredox conditions of the Middle-Upper Jurassic black shales in the Blue Nile (Abay) Basin, Ethiopia. These samples were collected from the deep marine Antalo Limestone (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian), Gohatsion Formation (Bathonian) and glauconitic shale-mudstone unit (Aalenian-Toarcian). Significant variations in redox-sensitive elements concentration within and between these shales were evident for variable redox conditions. In general, the concentration of proxies for detrital clastic sedimentation increases from the Antalo Limestone to Gohatsion Formation and further to glauconitic shale-mudstone unit shales, respectively. The Antalo Limestone shales show slightly higher enrichment in redox-sensitive elements than the Gohatsion Formation and glauconitic shale-mudstone unit shales. The Antalo Limestones shales have higher TOC content than the glauconitic shale-mudstone unit shales and become very low in the Gohatsion Formation shales. The TS content in contrast, is relatively lower in the Antalo Limestone shales, intermediate in the Gohatsion Formation shales and becomes higher in the glauconitic shale-mudstone unit shales. The Antalo Limestone shales were deposited under anoxic-suboxic conditions whereas the Gohatsion Formation and glauconitic shale-mudstone unit shales were deposited under suboxic-oxic conditions. The TOC content and redox conditions of the Antalo Limestone shales implies favourable organic matter preservation and future source rock explorations in the basin should be targeted there.
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  • 196
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    Constraining the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution from proximal to distal settings by fluid inclusion and isotopic analyses of ore and gangue minerals (2019)
    In:  Conference Abstracts
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: Magmatic-hydrothermal systems form a variety of ore deposits at different proximities to upper-crustal hydrous magma chambers, ranging from greisenization in the roof zone of the intrusion, porphyry mineralization at intermediate depths to epithermal vein deposits near the surface. The physical transport processes and chemical precipitation mechanisms vary between deposit types and are often still debated. For this study, we investigate the fluid evolution from proximal to distal settings at the Pirquitas and Chinchillas Mines in NW Argentina and the Sweet Home Mine, Colorado. New results from fluid inclusion and isotopic analyses indicate a contribution of magmatic fluids in the formation of the SnAg Pirquitas Mine, even though no direct association to a magmatic intrusion is visible. Therefore, this deposit may represent a rather distal setting. In contrast, the Ag-Pb-Zn Chinchillas Mine is hosted in volcanic extrusive units and is directly associated to an underlying dacite diatreme. In that respect, this deposit is proximal to a volcanic complex, but due to its shallow emplacement is distal to an inferred magmatic intrusion at depth. The Ag-polymetallic Sweet Home Mine (currently mined for gemmy rhodochrosite) is related to an assumed hidden Mo porphyry, but may be located more proximal to a magmatic intrusion as compared to the other deposits. Performing fluid inclusion analysis, Raman spectroscopy, noble gas isotopic compositions and LA-ICPMS measurements as well as the analysis of stable (H, O, S) and radiogenic (Pb, Sr) isotopic compositions, we aim to reconstruct the evolution and P-T-x properties of the ore-forming fluids in the respective ore deposits. As all studied deposits are characterized by a distinct sulfide mineralization stage, we also investigate whether this stage has formed by mixing of magmatic fluids with variable amounts of externally derived fluids. Furthermore, numerical modelling of the transition from a porphyry to an epithermal environment, considering country rock permeability, fluid pressure distribution, fluid temperatures, and varying locations of the magmatic plume, is used to build a quantitative model for the formation of these types of epithermal deposits.
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  • 197
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    Tectonism and Its Relation to Magmatism Around Santorini Volcano From Upper Crustal P Wave Velocity (2019)
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-11
    Description: At extensional volcanic arcs, faulting often acts to localize magmatism. Santorini is located on the extended continental crust of the Aegean microplate and is one of the most active volcanoes of the Hellenic arc, but the relationship between tectonism and magmatism remains poorly constrained. As part of the Plumbing Reservoirs Of The Earth Under Santorini experiment, seismic data were acquired across the Santorini caldera and the surrounding region using a dense amphibious array of 〉14,300 marine sound sources and 156 short‐period seismometers, covering an area 120 km by 45 km. Here a P wave velocity model of the shallow, upper‐crustal structure (〈3‐km depth), obtained using travel time tomography, is used to delineate fault zones, sedimentary basins, and tectono‐magmatic lineaments. Our interpretation of tectonic boundaries and regional faults are consistent with prior geophysical studies, including the location of basin margins and E‐W oriented basement faults within the Christiana Basin west of Santorini. Reduced seismic velocities within the basement east of Santorini, near the Anydros and Anafi Basins, are coincident with a region of extensive NE‐SW faulting and active seismicity. The structural differences between the eastern and western sides of Santorini are in agreement with previously proposed models of regional tectonic evolution. Additionally, we find that regional magmatism has been localized in NE‐SW trending basin‐like structures that connect the Christiana, Santorini, and Kolumbo volcanic centers. At Santorini itself, we find that magmatism has been localized along NE‐SW trending lineaments that are subparallel to dikes, active faults, and regional volcanic chains. These results show strong interaction between magmatism and active deformation.
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  • 198
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    Mixed Region Simulation on Subsurface Gas Storage of CO2 and CH4 in a Power-to-Gas System (2019)
    In:  Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics Volume 3 : Towards a Sustainable Geoenvironment | Environmental Science and Engineering | Environmental Engineering
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-14
    Description: Power-to-Gas (PtG) is a chemical energy storage technology that converts electrical energy into a high-energy density combustible gas. This technology alleviates the contradiction between power supply and demand due to the intermittent electricity production from environment-friendly renewable energy. Hydrogen (H2), produced by electrolysis, can be used to produce synthetic methane (CH4) by reacting with carbon dioxide (CO2) that is captured from carbon emission sources. Subsurface gas storage is one of the most important processes in a PtG system. However, nearly a half of the total stored gas is used as cushion gas to maintain a suitable reservoir pressure, indicating large amounts of CH4 might be wasted and trapped in geological formations. Based on a PtG system, CO2 can be a promising choice as a cushion gas due to its high effective compressibility near its critical conditions. In this paper, a numerical model is established based on the theory of the fluid flow and molecular diffusion to study the role of CO2 as a cushion gas in increasing the gas storage capacity. The accuracy of this model is verified by comparing with that of Curtis M. Oldenburg. However, because of the declining purity of recovered gas induced by the convection and diffusion of two kinds of gases in the same reservoir. The influences of reservoir thickness on the distribution of mixed region are discussed. The results show that thicker reservoir would be a better choice for the geological storage of CH4 with CO2 as a cushion gas.
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  • 199
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    Time series of monthly combined HLSST and SLR gravity field models to bridge the gap between GRACE and GRACE-FO : QuantumFrontiers_HLSST_SLR_COMB2019s (2019)
    GFZ Data Services
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-19
    Description: QuantumFrontiers_HLSST_SLR_COMB2019s is a series of monthly gravity field models based on high-low satellite-to-satellite (HLSST) tracking and satellite laser ranging (SLR) data up to degree and order 60. The combination of HLSST and SLR data is done on the normal equation level using Variance Component Estimation. The series spans from 2003 to 2018 and thus covers the entire period between GRACE and GRACE Follow-On. It is therefore a prime candidate to bridge the data gap between these two satellite mission considering long-wavelength features on a global scale. The model has been developed with data contributions from the Astronomical Institute, University Bern (AIUB), the Institute of Geodesy, Theoretical Geodesy and Satellite Geodesy, Graz University of Technology, the Institute for Geodesy, Leibniz University Hannover and the European Space Agency. More details on the processing can be found in "Time-Variable Gravity Signal in Greenland Revealed by High-Low Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking" (Weigelt et al, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50283) Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC-2123 QuantumFrontiers – 390837967.
    Language: English
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  • 200
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    Constraining the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution from proximal to distal settings by fluid inclusion and isotopic analyses of ore and gangue minerals and numerical modelling (2019)
    In:  Program and Abstracts | Terra Nostra - Schriften der GeoUnion Alfred-Wegener-Stiftung
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-19
    Description: Magmatic-hydrothermal systems form a variety of ore deposits at different proximities to upper-crustal hydrous magma chambers, ranging from greisenization in the roof zone of the intrusion, porphyry mineralization at intermediate depths to epithermal vein deposits near the surface. The physical transport processes and chemical precipitation mechanisms vary between deposit types and are often still debated. For this study, we investigate the fluid evolution from proximal to distal settings at the Pirquitas and Chinchillas Mines in NW Argentina and the Sweet Home Mine, Colorado. New results from fluid inclusion and isotopic analyses indicate a contribution of magmatic fluids in the formation of the SnAg Pirquitas Mine, even though no direct association to a magmatic intrusion is visible. Therefore, this deposit may represent a rather distal setting. In contrast, the Ag-Pb-Zn Chinchillas Mine is hosted in volcanic extrusive units and is directly associated to an underlying dacite diatreme. In that respect, this deposit is proximal to a volcanic complex, but due to its shallow emplacement is distal to an inferred magmatic intrusion at depth. The Ag-polymetallic Sweet Home Mine (currently mined for gemmy rhodochrosite) is related to an assumed hidden Mo porphyry, but may be located more proximal to a magmatic intrusion as compared to the other deposits. Performing fluid inclusion analysis, Raman spectroscopy, noble gas isotopic compositions and LA-ICPMS measurements as well as the analysis of stable (H, O, S) and radiogenic (Pb, Sr) isotopic compositions, we aim to reconstruct the evolution and P-T-x properties of the ore-forming fluids in the respective ore deposits. As all studied deposits are characterized by a distinct sulfide mineralization stage, we also investigate whether this stage has formed by mixing of magmatic fluids with variable amounts of externally derived fluids. Furthermore, numerical modelling of the transition from a porphyry to an epithermal environment, considering country rock permeability, fluid pressure distribution, fluid temperatures, and varying locations of the magmatic plume, is used to build a quantitative model for the formation of these types of epithermal deposits.
    Language: English
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