ALBERT

Note: Contents Foreword xi OPENING ADDRESSES Professor G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, World Meteorological Organization Dr M.K. Tolba, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme Dr F. Mayor, Director General, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Professor M.G.K. Menon, President, International Council of Scientific Unions Dr H. de Haen, Assistant Director General, Food and Agriculture Organization SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SESSIONS HIGHLIGHTS OF THE IPCC ASSESSMENT The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) / B. Bolin Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: Summary of the IPCC Working Group I Report / J.T. Houghton Greenhouse Gases and Other Climate Forcing Agents / U. Siegenthaler and E. Sanhueza Climate Change Prediction / J. F. B. Mitchell and Zeng Qingcun Climate Trends and Variability / M. Coughian and B.S. Nyenzi Climate Change Impact Studies: The IPCC Working Group II Report / Yu. Izrael Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources / H.E. Lins, I.A. Shiklomanov and E.Z. Stakhiv Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture, A Critical Assessment / S.K. Sinha Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Human Settlements, the Energy, Transport and Industrial Sectors; Human Health and Air Quality / M. Hashimoto and S. Nishioka The Response Strategies Working Group of the IPCC / F. Bernthal The Greenhouse Marathon: Proposal for a Global Strategy / P. Vellinga and R.J. Swart Adaptation Measures / K.M. Sarma Limitation Strategies / K. Yokobori Report of the IPCC Special Committee on the Participation of Developing Countries / J. Ripert OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME The World Climate Programme: Achievements and Challenges / J.P, Bruce Modern Data and Applications: World Climate Data Programme, World Climate Applications Programme / V.G. Boldirev Overview of the World Climate Research Programme / P. Morel World Climate Impact Studies Programme / J.C.I. Dooge CLIMATE RESEARCH Global Climate, Energy and Water Cycle / G.A. McBean Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change: Water Cycle and Energy Budget / H. Grassl World Ocean Circulation and Climate Change: Research Programmes and a Global Observing System / D.J. Baker Short Term Climate Variability and Predictions / J. Shukia Paleodata, Paleoclimates and the Greenhouse Effect / H. Oeschger Climate Prediction Based on Past and Current Analogues / M.I. Budyko Detection of the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect on Climate / T.M.L. Wigley and S.C.B. Raper CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Water Climate, Water and Development / J. Sircoulon Drought Issues for the 1990s / M.H. Glantz and W. Degefu Agriculture and Food Agriculture and Food Systems / M.S. Swaminathan The Potential Effect of Climate Changes on Agriculture / M. Parry and Zhang Jiachen Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Effects of Global Climatic Change on Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries / T. Kawasaki Sea Level Rise and Coastal Zone Management / E.M. Eid and C.H. Huisbergen Energy Beginning to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions need not be Expensive: Examples from the Energy Sector / E. Mills, D. Wilson and TB. Johansson Land Use and Urban Planning Climate and Land Use in North Africa / M. Kassas Climate and Urban Planning / R. Taesler Human Dimensions Human Well-being, Diseases and Climate / W.H. Weihe and R. Mertens Population and Global Climate Change / D. Norse Public Information and Attitudes / R. Lamb Environment and Development Climate, Environment and Ecology / W.H. Schlesinger Climate, Tropical Ecosystems and the Survivability of Species / P. Olindo Some Possible Impacts of Climate Change on African Ecosystems / C.H.D. Magadza Forests Forests: Their Role in Global Change, with Special Reference to the Brazilian Amazon / E. Salati, R.L. Victoria, L.A. Martinelli and J. E. Richey Integrated Studies Climate Change and Risk Management / K. Turner, T. ORiordan and R. Kemp Climate, Climate Change, and the Economy / N.S. Jodha and W.J. Maunder Assessing the Regional Implications of Climate Variability and Change / W.E. Riebsame and A. Magalhaes SPECIAL PRESENTATION Climate Change and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development / M.F. Strong TASK GROUPS AND CONSULTATION GROUP REPORTS Task Group I Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources Task Group 2 Agriculture and Food Task Group 3 Oceans, Fisheries and Coastal Zones Task Group 4 Energy Task Group 5 Land Use and Urban Planning Task Group 6 Human Dimensions of Climate Change Task Group 7 Environment and Development Task Group 8 Forests Task Group 9 WCP Overview Task Group 10 The World Climate Programme: Overview and Future Task Group 11 Scientific Components of International Agreements Task Group 12 Synthesis Consultation Group on the Special Needs of Developing Countries SUMMARIES OF PANEL DISCUSSIONS Global Climate Analogues and Global Climate Models Climate and Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development Industry's Response Co-operation in International Research Programmes CONFERENCE STATEMENT MINISTERIAL SESSIONS OPENING CEREMONY Introduction by Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, Secretary General, WMO H.E. Mr. Arnold Koller, President of the Swiss Confederation His Majesty King Hussein Bin Talal, of the Royal Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Rt. Hon. Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland H.E. Mr. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France The Rt. Hon. Edward Fenech-Adami, Prime Minister of Malta The Rt. Hon. Bikenibeu Paeniu, Prime Minister of Tuvalu Statement by Dr. E. Saouma, Director General, FAO CLOSING CEREMONY Statement by Dr. F. Mayor, Director General, UNESCO MINISTERIAL DECLARATION Appendix 1 SWCC Inter-Agency Committees Appendix 2 Poster Session Papers Appendix 3 Statement by Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 4 Participants at the Scientific/Technical Sessions Appendix 5 Countries and Organizations Represented at the Ministerial Sessions Appendix 6 Participating Non-Governmental Organizations Appendix 7 Acronyms Appendix 8 Units

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Legal Matters. - Computer Programs by Chapter and Section. - 1 Preliminaries. - 1.0 Introduction. - 1.1 Program Organization and Control Structures. - 1.2 Error, Accuracy, and Stability. - 2 Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations. - 2.0 Introduction. - 2.1 Gauss-Jordan Elimination. - 2.2 Gaussian Elimination with Backsubstitution. - 2.3 LU Decomposition and Its Applications. - 2.4 Tridiagonal and Band Diagonal Systems of Equations. - 2.5 Iterative Improvement of a Solution to Linear Equations. - 2.6 Singular Value Decomposition. - 2.7 Sparse Linear Systems. - 2.8 Vandermonde Matrices and Toeplitz Matrices. - 2.9 Cholesky Decomposition. - 2.10 QR Decomposition. - 2.11 Is Matrix Inversion an N3 Process?. - 3 Interpolation and Extrapolation. - 3.0 Introduction. - 3.1 Polynomial Interpolation and Extrapolation. - 3.2 Rational Function Interpolation and Extrapolation. - 3.3 Cubic Spline Interpolation. - 3.4 How to Search an Ordered Table. - 3.5 Coefficients of the Interpolating Polynomial. - 3.6 Interpolation in Two or More Dimensions. - 4 Integration of Functions. - 4.0 Introduction. - 4.1 Classical Formulas for Equally Spaced Abscissas. - 4.2 Elementary Algorithms. - 4.3 Romberg Integration. - 4.4 Improper Integrals. - 4.5 Gaussian Quadratures and Orthogonal Polynomials. - 4.6 Multidimensional Integrals. - 5 Evaluation of Functions. - 5.0 Introduction. - 5.1 Series and Their Convergence. - 5.2 Evaluation of Continued Fractions. - 5.3 Polynomials and Rational Functions. - 5.4 Complex Arithmetic. - 5.5 Recurrence Relations and Clenshaw's Recurrence Formula. - 5.6 Quadratic and Cubic Equations. - 5.7 Numerical Derivatives. - 5.8 Chebyshev Approximation. - 5.9 Derivatives or Integrals of a Chebyshev-approximated Function. - 5.10 Polynomial Approximation from Chebyshev Coefficients. - 5.11 Economization of Power Series. - 5.12 Pade Approximants. - 5.13 Rational Chebyshev Approximation. - 5.14 Evaluation of Functions by Path Integration. - 6 Special Functions. - 6.0 Introduction. - 6.1 Gamma Function, Beta Function, Factorials, Binomial Coefficients. - 6.2 Incomplete Gamma Function, Error Function, Chi-Square Probability Function, Cumulative Poisson Function. - 6.3 Exponential Integrals. - 6.4 Incomplete Beta Function, Student's Distribution, F-Distribution, Cumulative Binomial Distribution. - 6.5 Bessel Functions of Integer Order. - 6.6 Modified Bessel Functions of Integer Order. - 6.7 Bessel Functions of Fractional Order, Airy Functions, Spherical Bessel Functions. - 6.8 Spherical Harmonics. - 6.9 Fresnel Integrals, Cosine and Sine Integrals. - 6.10 Dawson's Integral. - 6.11 Elliptic Integrals and Jacobian Elliptic Functions. - 6.12 Hypergeometric Functions. - 7 Random Numbers. - 7.0 Introduction. - 7.1 Uniform Deviates. - 7.2 Transformation Method: Exponential and Normal Deviates. - 7.3 Rejection Method: Gamma, Poisson, Binomial Deviates. - 7.4 Generation of Random Bits. - 7.5 Random Sequences Based on Data Encryption. - 7.6 Simple Monte Carlo Integration. - 7.7 Quasi- (that is, Sub-) Random Sequences. - 7.8 Adaptive and Recursive Monte Carlo Methods. - 8 Sorting. - 8.0 Introduction. - 8.1 Straight Insertion and Shell's Method. - 8.2 Quicksort. - 8.3 Heapsort. - 8.4 Indexing and Ranking. - 8.5 Selecting the Mth Largest. - 8.6 Determination of Equivalence Classes. - 9 Root Finding and Nonlinear Sets of Equations. - 9.0 Introduction. - 9.1 Bracketing and Bisection. - 9.2 Secant Method, False Position Method, and Ridders' Method. - 9.3 Van Wijngaarden-Dekker-Brent Method. - 9.4 Newton-Raphson Method Using Derivative. - 9.5 Roots of Polynomials. - 9.6 Newton-Raphson Method for Nonlinear Systems of Equations. - 9.7 Globally Convergent Methods for Nonlinear Systems of Equations. - 10 Minimization or Maximization of Functions. - 10.0 Introduction. - 10.1 Golden Section Search in One Dimension. - 10.2 Parabolic Interpolation and Brent's Method in One Dimension. - 10.3 One-Dimensional Search with First Derivatives. - 10.4 Downhill Simplex Method in Multidimensions. - 10.5 Direction Set (Powell's) Methods in Multidimensions. - 10.6 Conjugate Gradient Methods in Multidimensions. - 10.7 Variable Metric Methods in Multidimensions. - 10.8 Linear Programming and the Simplex Method. - 10.9 Simulated Annealing Methods. - 11 Eigensystems. - 11.0 Introduction. - 11.1 Jacobi Transformations of a Symmetric Matrix. - 11.2 Reduction of a Symmetric Matrix to Tridiagonal Form: Givens and Householder Reductions. - 11.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Tridiagonal Matrix. - 11.4 Hermitian Matrices. - 11.5 Reduction of a General Matrix to Hessenberg Form. - 11.6 The QR Algorithm for Real Hessenberg Matrices. - 11.7 Improving Eigenvalues and/or Finding Eigenvectors by Inverse Iteration. - 12 Fast Fourier Transform. - 12.0 Introduction. - 12.1 Fourier Transform of Discretely Sampled Data. - 12.2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). - 12.3 FFT of Real Functions, Sine and Cosine Transforms. - 12.4 FFT in Two or More Dimensions. - 12.5 Fourier Transforms of Real Data in Two and Three Dimensions. - 12.6 External Storage or Memory-Local FFTs. - 13 Fourier and Spectral Applications. - 13.0 Introduction. - 13.1 Convolution and Deconvolution Using the FFT. - 13.2 Correlation and Autocorrelation Using the FFT. - 13.3 Optimal (Wiener) Filtering with the FFT. - 13.4 Power Spectrum Estimation Using the FFT. - 13.5 Digital Filtering in the Time Domain. - 13.6 Linear Prediction and Linear Predictive Coding. - 13.7 Power Spectrum Estimation by the Maximum Entropy (All Poles) Method. - 13.8 Spectral Analysis of Unevenly Sampled Data. - 13.9 Computing Fourier Integrals Using the FFT. - 13.10 Wavelet Transforms. - 13.11 Numerical Use of the Sampling Theorem. - 14 Statistical Description of Data. - 14.0 Introduction. - 14.1 Moments of a Distribution: Mean, Variance, Skewness, and So Forth. - 14.2 Do Two Distributions Have the Same Means or Variances?. - 14.3 Are Two Distributions Different?. - 14.4 Contingency Table Analysis of Two Distributions. - 14.5 Linear Correlation. - 14.6 Nonparametric or Rank Correlation. - 14.7 Do Two-Dimensional Distributions Differ?. - 14.8 Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters. - 15 Modeling of Data. - 15.0 Introduction. - 15.1 Least Squares as a Maximum Likelihood Estimator. - 15.2 Fitting Data to a Straight Line. - 15.3 Straight-Line Data with Errors in Both Coordinates. - 15.4 General Linear Least Squares. - 15.5 Nonlinear Models. - 15.6 Confidence Limits on Estimated Model Parameters. - 15.7 Robust Estimation. - 16 Integration of Ordinary Differential Equations. - 16.0 Introduction. - 16.1 Runge-Kutta Method. - 16.2 Adaptive Stepsize Control for Runge-Kutta. - 16.3 Modified Midpoint Method. - 16.4 Richardson Extrapolation and the Bulirsch-Stoer Method. - 16.5 Second-Order Conservative Equations. - 16.6 Stiff Sets of Equations. - 16.7 Multistep, Multivalue, and Predictor-Corrector Methods. - 17 Two Point Boundary Value Problems. - 17.0 Introduction. - 17.1 The Shooting Method. - 17.2 Shooting to a Fitting Point. - 17.3 Relaxation Methods. - 17.4 A Worked Example: Spheroidal Harmonics. - 17.5 Automated Allocation of Mesh Points. - 17.6 Handling Internal Boundary Conditions or Singular Points. - 18 Integral Equations and Inverse Theory. - 18.0 Introduction. - 18.1 Fredholm Equations of the Second Kind. - 18.2 Volterra Equations. - 18.3 Integral Equations with Singular Kernels. - 18.4 Inverse Problems and the Use of A Priori Information. - 18.5 Linear Regularization Methods. - 18.6 Backus-Gilbert Method. - 18.7 Maximum Entropy Image Restoration. - 19 Partial Differential Equations. - 19.0 Introduction. - 19.1 Flux-Conservative Initial Value Problems. - 19.2 Diffusive Initial Value Problems. - 19.3 Initial Value Problems in Multidi

Note: Preface ; Acknowledgements ; List of contributors ; Part I. Diagnostics and Prediction of High-Impact Weather: 1. Global prediction of high-impact weather: diagnosis and performance Mark Rodwell and Alan Thorpe ; 2. Severe weather diagnosis from the perspective of generalized slantwise vorticity development Guoxiong Wu, Yongjun Zheng and Yimin Liu ; 3. Probabilistic extreme event attribution Pardeep Pall, Michael Wehner and Dáithí Stone ; 4. Observed and projected changes in temperature and precipitation extremes Xuebin Zhang and Francis Zwiers ; Part II. High-Impact Weather in Mid-Latitudes: 5. Rossby wave breaking: climatology, interaction with low-frequency climate variability, and links to extreme weather events Olivia Martius and Gwendal Rivière ; 6. The influence of jet stream regime on extreme weather events Nili Harnik, Chaim Garfinkel and Orli Lachmy ; 7. Forecasting high-impact weather using ensemble prediction systems Richard Swinbank, Petra Friederichs and Sabrina Wahl ; 8. Storm tracks, blocking and climate change: a review Tim Woollings ; 9. The North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations: climate variability, extremes and stratosphere troposphere interaction Adam A. Scaife ; Part III. Tropical Cyclones: 10. Opportunities and challenges in dynamical and predictability studies of tropical cyclone events Russell L. Elsberry and Hsiao-Chung Tsai ; 11. Predictability of severe weather and tropical cyclones at the mesoscales Fuqing Zhang, Christopher Melhauser, Dandan Tao, Y. Qiang Sun, Erin B. Munsell, Yonghui Weng and Jason A. Sippel ; 12. Dynamics, predictability, and high-impact weather associated with the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones Patrick Harr and Heather M. Archambault ; 13. Secondary eyewall formation in tropical cyclones Chun-Chieh Wu, Yi-Hsuan Huang and Zhe-Min Tan ; 14. Seasonal forecasting of floods and tropical cyclones Tom Beer and Oscar Alves ; Part IV. Heat-Waves and Cold-Air Outbreaks: 15. European heat waves: the effect of soil moisture, vegetation and land use Fabio D'Andrea, Philippe Drobinski and Marc Stéfanon ; 16. Western North American extreme heat, associated large scale synoptic-dynamics, and performance by a climate model Richard Grotjahn ; 17. Decadel to interdecadel variations of Northern China heatwave frequency: impact of the Tibetan Plateau snow cover Zhiwei Wu and Jianping Li ; 18. Global warming targets and heatwave risk Robin Clark ; 19. Cold-air outbreaks over East Asia associated with blocking highs: mechanisms and their interaction with the polar stratosphere Hisashi Nakamura, Kazuaki Nishii, Lin Wang, Yvan J. Orsolini and Koutarou Takaya ; Part V. Ocean Connections: 20. Response of the Atlantic Ocean circulation to North Atlantic freshwater perturbations Henk A. Dijkstra ; 21. Key role of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in twentieth-century drought and wet periods over the US Great Plains and the Sahel Sumant Nigam and Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas ; 22. Floods and droughts along the Guinea Coast in connection with the South Atlantic Dipole Hyacinth C. Nnamchi and Jianping Li ; 23. The effect of global dynamical factors on the interannual variability of land-based rainfall Peter G. Baines and Benjamin J. Henley ; 24. MJO and extreme weather and climate events Chidong Zhang ; Part VI. Asian Monsoons: 25. Extreme weather and seasonal events during the Indian summer monsoon and prospects of improvement in their prediction skill under India's monsoon mission D. R. Sikka ; 26. Interannual variability and predictability of summer climate over the Northwest Pacific and East Asia Shang-Ping Xie and Yu Kosaka ; 27. Impacts of Annular Modes on extreme climate events over the East Asian monsoon region Jianping Li ; Index.

Note: Contents: 1. Global politics and the environment ; Part I. Why Do Environmental Problems Occur?: 2. The tragedy of the commons ; 3. Population and poverty ; 4. Capitalism ; Part II. Responding to Global Environmental Problems: 5. Conflict and securitisation - water ; 6. Multilateral diplomacy - sustainable development ; 7. Transnational governance experiments - climate change ; 8. Aid and finance - deforestation ; 9. Individualising responsibility - unsustainable consumption ; 10. Problem displacement - hazardous substances ; 11. Resistance and localisation - unsustainable agriculture ; 12. Appraising global environmental governance

Note: Contents: Part I. Getting Started: 1. What is 'Markets and Strategies'? ; 2. Firms, consumers and the market ; Part II. Market Power: 3. Static imperfect competition ; 4. Dynamic aspects of imperfect competition ; Part III. Sources of Market Power: 5. Product differentiation ; 6. Advertising and related market strategies ; 7. Consumer inertia ; Part IV. Pricing Strategies and Market Segmentation: 8. Group pricing and personalized pricing ; 9. Menu pricing ; 10. Intertemporal price discrimination ; 11. Bundling ; Part V. Product Quality and Information: 12. Asymmetric information, price and advertising signals ; 13. Marketing tools for experience goods ; Part VI. Theory of Competition Policy: 14. Cartels and tacit collusion ; 15. Horizontal mergers ; 16. Strategic incumbents and entry ; 17. Vertically related markets ; Part VII. R&D and Intellectual Property: 18. Innovation and R&D ; 19. Intellectual property ; Part VIII. Networks, Standards and Systems: 20. Markets with network goods ; 21. Strategies for network goods ; Part IX. Market Intermediation: 22. Markets with intermediated goods ; 23. Information and reputation in intermediated product markets ; Appendix A. Game theory ; Appendix B. Competition policy

Note: Contents: Foreword -- Preface: It All Depends -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Karibuni!: Welcome to You All -- 2 The World of Tea: A Geriatric Problem -- 3 A Changing Climate: Stay Cool! -- 4 Taxonomic Delight: Only Plant the Best! -- 5 The Well-Bred Tea Bush: Developing High-Yielding Clones -- 6 Planting and Replanting: Who Ever Said This Was Simple? -- 7 Understanding the Growth Processes: Creating a Framework -- 8 Roots Exposed: Life Underground -- 9 We Are Only Growing Leaves: Source or Sink? -- 10 Plucks Shoots, and Leaves: Looking After the Children -- 11 Machine-Assisted Harvesting: The Need of the Hour -- Plates -- 12 Hidden Hunger and Intelligent Guesswork: We Can Only Build on What Has Gone Before -- 13 Pores for Thought: Gaseous Exchange -- 14 More Pores for Thought: The Answer Lies in the Soil -- 15 Water Productivity: More Crop per Drop -- 16 A Shady Business: Teas Need Trees -- 17 A Nice Cup of Tea: Is It Made in the Field or in the Factory? -- 18 Fair Trade?: Smallholders Are Beautiful -- 19 The Agronomist's Report: A Synthesis -- 20 Support Services: How Sustainable Is Sustainability? -- Glossary

Note: Contents: Introduction to Volume 1 ; 1. Social trends and new geographies ; 2. Social progress: a compass ; 3. Economic inequality and social progress ; 4. Economic growth, human development and welfare ; 5. Cities and social progress ; 6. Markets, finance, and corporations: does capitalism have a future? ; 7. The future of work – good jobs for all ; 8. Social justice, well-being, and economic organization

Note: Contents: Introduction to Volume 2 ; 9. The paradoxes of democracy and the rule of law ; 10. Violence, wars, peace, security ; 11. International organizations and the technologies of governance ; 12. Governing capital, labor and nature in a changing world ; 13. Media and communications ; 14. Challenges of inequality to democracy

Note: Contents: Introduction to Volume 3 ; 15. Social progress and cultural change ; 16. Religions and social progress: critical assessments and creative partnerships ; 17. Pluralization of families ; 18. Global health and the changing contours of human life ; 19. The contribution of education to social progress ; 20. Belonging ; 21. The Multiple directions of social progress: ways forward ; 22. The contribution of the social sciences to policy and institutional change

Note: Machine generated contents note: 1. The foundations of EU environmental law: history, aims and context; 2. Actors and instruments; 3. Principles in EU environmental law; 4. Techniques of regulating the environment; 5. Environmental rights in Europe; 6. Public enforcement of EU environmental law; 7. Private enforcement of EU environmental law; 8. Climate change; 9. Air pollution and industrial emissions; 10. EU water law; 11. Impact assessment; 12. Nature and biodiversity protection; 13. Technological risk regulation: chemicals, genetically modified organisms and nanotechnology; 14. Waste

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction and examples ; 2. Mechanism design basics ; 3. Myerson's Lemma ; 4. Algorithmic mechanism design 34 ; 5. Revenue-maximizing auctions ; 6. Simple near-optimal auctions ; 7. Multi-parameter mechanism design ; 8. Spectrum auctions ; 9. Mechanism design with payment constraints ; 10. Kidney exchange and stable matching ; 11. Selfish routing and the price of anarchy ; 12. Network over-provisioning and atomic selfish routing ; 13. Equilibria: definitions, examples, and existence ; 14. Robust price-of-anarchy bounds in smooth games ; 15. Best-case and strong Nash equilibria ; 16. Best-response dynamics ; 17. No-regret dynamics ; 18. Swap regret and the Minimax theorem ; 19. Pure Nash equilibria and PLS-completeness ; 20. Mixed Nash equilibria and PPAD-completeness.

Note: 1. Geomaterials and crustal geomechanics -- 2. Elements of rheology -- 3. Forces and stresses -- 4. Elements of kinematics -- 5. Elements of linear elasticity -- 6. From continuum mechanics to fluid mechanics -- 7. Elements of linear fracture mechanics -- 8. Laboratory investigations on geomaterials under compression -- 9. Homogenized geomaterials -- 10. Fractures and faults -- 11. Elements of seismology -- 12. Elements of solid-fluid interactions -- 13. Methods for stress fields evaluation from in situ observations -- 14. Elements of stress fields and crustal rheology -- References -- Appendix A. Elements of tensors in rectangular coordinates -- Index..

Note: Introduction: human-environment dynamics in the high-mountain cryosphere; References; Part I Global drivers; 2 Influence of climate variability and large-scale circulation on the mountain cryosphere; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 European mountains; 2.3 North American Cordillera; 2.4 Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding high-mountain ranges; 2.5 The tropical Andes; 2.6 Mt. Kilimanjaro: a case study from East Africa; 2.7 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References. 3 Temperature, precipitation and related extremes in mountain areas3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Basic characteristics of near surface temperature in mountain topography; 3.2.1 Altitude dependence of 2m temperature; 3.2.2 Altitude dependence of daily temperature anomalies; 3.2.3 The relation between surface air pressure and 2m temperature; 3.3 Temperature extremes; 3.4 Precipitation patterns in mountain areas; 3.4.1 Measuring and monitoring precipitation; 3.5 Precipitation extremes; 3.5.1 Selected gridded data products; 3.5.1.1 Reanalyses; 3.5.1.2 Combined observations. 3.5.1.3 Interpolated rain-gauge station data3.5.2 Comparison and discussion of the gridded data products; 3.6 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; 4 Snow and avalanches; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 Snow cover; 4.1.2 Snow avalanche hazard and risk; 4.2 Environmental change; 4.2.1 Climate change and mountain snow cover; 4.2.2 Effects on snow avalanches; 4.3 Socio-economic change; 4.3.1 Drivers of socio-economic change; 4.3.2 Effects on snow avalanche risk; 4.3.2.1 Temporal dynamics of socio-economic changes; 4.3.2.2 Spatial dynamics of socio-economic changes; 4.4 Conclusions; References. 5 The frozen frontier: the extractives super cycle in a time of glacier recession5.1 Introduction; 5.2 The icy edge of climate change; 5.3 The icy edge of the global extractives super cycle; 5.4 New mountains of mines and the frozen north; 5.5 Extending the extractives complex into the cryosphere; 5.6 Liquid relations and stratified societies; 5.7 The frigid fringe: extractive bio-futures and the freezing depths; 5.8 Conclusion; References; 6 Cultural values of glaciers; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Three cases in the Alps, the Andes, and the North Cascades. 6.3 Understanding the cultural values of glaciers6.4 Case study 1: Stilfs, South Tirol, Italian Alps; 6.4.1 The role of glaciers for community, identity, and self-reliance in Stilfs; 6.5 Case study 2: Siete Imperios, Cordillera Blanca, Peru; 6.5.1 The role of glaciers and mountains for community, identity, and self-reliance in Siete Imperios; 6.6 Case study 3: Glacier and Concrete, North Cascades, USA; 6.6.1 The role of glaciers and mountains for community, identity, and self-reliance in Glacier and Concrete; 6.7 Discussion and conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Part II Processes. 7 Implications for hazard and risk of seismic and volcanic responses to climate change in the high-mountain cryosphere.

Note: Contents: Part 1: The legal and institutional framework -- The environment and international society: issues, concepts and definitions -- History -- Governance: states, international organisations and non-state actors -- International law-making and regulation -- Compliance: implementation, enforcement, dispute settlement -- Part 2: Principles and rules establishing standards -- General principles and rules -- Atmospheric protection -- Climate change -- Freshwater resources -- Biological diversity -- Oceans, seas and marine living resources -- Hazardous substances and activities, and waste -- The polar regions: antarctica and the arctic -- Part 3: Techniques for implementing international principles and rules -- Environmental impact assessment -- Environmental information and technology transfer -- Liability for environmental damage -- Part 4: Linkage of international environmental law and other areas of international law -- Human rights and international humanitarian law -- International economic law: trade, investment and intellectual property -- Future developments

Note: Contents: Introduction; Part I. Foundations: 1. Emergence and development of international environmental law; 2. Main features of international environmental law; 3. The principles of international environmental law; Part II. Substantive Regulation: 4. Oceans, seas and freshwater; 5. Atmosphere; 6. Biological diversity; 7. Dangerous substances and activities; Part III. Implementation: 8. Traditional approaches: responsibility/liability/adjudication; 9. Alternative approaches - facilitation and management of 'noncompliance'; Part IV. Interactions with Other Branches: 10. Interactions with human rights law; 11. Interactions with the law of armed conflict; 12. Interactions with international economic law

Note: Contents: Preface; Acknowledgements; 1. Urban systems; 2. Models and methods; 3. The spatial organization of cities; 4. Infrastructure networks; 5. Mobility patterns; 6. Multimodality in cities; 7. Socio-economical aspects; 8. Systems of cities; 9. Towards a new science of cities; References; Index

Note: Contents: Part I. Economics and the Environment: 1. Environmental economics and the theory of externalities ; 2. Environmental problems and policy issues ; 3. Introduction to the theory of environmental policy ; Part II. The Design of Environmental Policy: 4. Imperfect information ; 5. Competitive output markets ; 6. Non-competitive output markets ; 7. Environmental policy with pre-existing distortions ; 8. Institutional topics in cap and trade programs ; 9. Ambient pollution control ; 10. Liability ; 11. Innovation and adoption of new technology ; 12. International environmental problems ; 13. Accumulating pollutants ; Part III. Valuing the Environment: 14. Theory of applied welfare analysis ; 15. Revealed preference models ; 16. Discrete choice models ; 17. Recreation ; 18. Property value models ; 19. Stated preference methods ; 20. Health valuation ; Part IV. The Practice of Environmental Economics: 21. Cost-benefit analysis: modeling ; 22. Cost-benefit analysis: empirical ; 23. Final thoughts.

Note: Contents: Introduction Partha Dasgupta and Peter Raven ; Prologue. Extinction: what it means to us Martin Rees ; 1. Extinction in deep time: lessons from the past? Neil Shubin ; 2. Biodiversity and global change: from creator to victim Timothy Lenton ; 3. The state of the world's biodiversity Stuart Pimm and Peter Raven ; 4. Extinction threats to life in the ocean and opportunities for their amelioration Jenna Sullivan, Vanessa Constant and Jane Lubchenco ; 5. Out of the soil: soil (dark matter biodiversity) and societal 'collapses' from Mesoamerica to the Mesopotamia and beyond Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach and Nicholas Dunning ; 6. The Green Revolution and crop biodiversity Prabhu Pingali ; 7. Population: the current state and future prospects John Bongaarts ; 8. Game over? Drivers of biological extinction in Africa Calestous Juma ; 9. Why we're in the sixth great extinction and what it means to humanity Partha Dasgupta and Paul Ehrlich ; 10. The consequences of biodiversity loss for human well-being Charles Perrings and Ann Kinzig ; 11. Terra incognita: in search of the disconnect Mathis Wackernagel ; 12. How do we stem biodiversity loss? Gretchen Daily and Stephen Polasky ; 13. Can smart villages help to stem biodiversity loss? Brian Heap, John Holmes and Bernie Jones ; 14. The new design condition: planetary urbanism + resource scarcity + climate change John Hoal.

Note: Contents: 1. Why climate change litigation matters; 2. Model for understanding litigation's regulatory impact; 3. Litigation as a mitigation tool; 4. Litigation as an adaptation tool; 5. Corporate responses to litigation; 6. Litigation's role in shaping social norms; 7. Barriers to progress; 8. The future of climate change litigation..

Note: Contents: Introduction: The Future is in Our Hands ; PART I SOURCES OF WORRY, REASONS FOR HOPE ; 1 Global Successes and Looming Catastrophes ; 2 Globalization and Technology: Choices and Contingencies ; 3 The Expanding Circle of Respect and Dignity ; 4 The Big Challenge ; PART II ACTING FOR SOCIAL PROGRESS ; 5 In Search of a New “Third Way” , 6 Reforming Capitalism , 7 From the Welfare State to the Emancipating State , 8 From Polaritics to Politics , Conclusion: Mobilizing Change- Makers

Note: Contents Preface Notation The governing physical laws 1.1 The first law of thermodynamics 1.2 Conservation of matter 1.3 Newton's second law of motion 1.4 Coordinate systems 1.5 Hydrostatic balance and its implications 1.6 Vorticity 1.7 The quasi-geostrophic approximation 1.8 Potential vorticity and the omega equation 1.9 Ertel's potential vorticity 1.10 Problems 2 Observing and modelling global circulations 2.1 Averaging the atmosphere 2.2 The global observing network 2.3 Numerical weather prediction models 2.4 The analysis-forecast cycle 2.5 Global circulation models 2.6 Problems 3 The atmospheric heat engine 3.1 Global energy balance 3.2 Local radiative balance 3.3 Thermodynamics of fluid motion 3.4 Observed atmospheric heating 3.5 Problems 4 The zonal mean meridional circulation 4.1 Observational basis 4.2 The Held-Hou model of the Hadley circulation 4.3 More realistic models of the Hadley circulation 4.4 Zonal mean circulation in midlatitudes 4.5 A Lagrangian view of the meridional circulation 4.6 Problems 5 Transient disturbances in the midlatitudes 5.1 Timescales of atmospheric motion 5.2 The structure of transient eddies 5.3 Atmospheric energetics 5.4 Theories of baroclinic instability 5.5 Baroclinic lifecycles and high frequency transients 5.6 Problems 6 Wave propagation and steady eddies 6.1 Observations of steady eddies 6.2 Barotropic model 6.3 Application to observed steady eddies 6.4 Vertical propagation of Rossby waves 6.5 The Eliassen-Palm flux 6.6 Eliassen-Palm fluxes and baroclinic lifecycles 6.7 Problems 7 Three-dimensional aspects of the global circulation 7.1 Zonal variations in the tropics 7.2 Monsoon circulations 7.3 Midlatitude storm zones and jets 7.4 Interactions between transient and steady eddies 7.5 The global transport of water vapour 7.6 Problems 8 Low frequency variability of the circulation 8.1 Low frequency transients 8.2 Teleconnection-patterns 8.3 Stratospheric oscillations 8.4 Intraseasonal oscillation 8.5 The Southern Oscillation 8.6 Blocking of the midlatitude flow 8.7 Chaos and ultra low frequency variability 8.8 Problems 9 The stratosphere 9.1 The seasonal cycle of the stratospheric circulation 9.2 Wave propagation and mean flow interactions 9.3 The production and transport of ozone 9.4 Exchange of matter across the tropopause 9.5 Problems 10 Planetary atmospheres and other fluid systems 10.1 Major influences on planetary circulations 10.2 Terrestrial circulations 10.3 Slowly rotating atmospheres 10.4 The atmospheric circulation of the giant planets 10.5 Large scale ocean circulation 10.6 Laboratory systems 10.7 Problems Appendix Solutions to Problems Bibliography References Index

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 Glacier forelands and simplicity 1.2 Ecology and primary succession 1.3 Space-for-time substitution (chronosequences) 1.4 Geoecology (landscape ecology) 2 The nature of the timescale 2.1 Glacier variations 2.2 Dating techniques 2.2.1 Historical sources 2.2.2 Biological dating 2.2.3 Physico-chemical dating 2.3 Terrain age sequences and areal chronologies 3 The physical landscape 3.1 The legacy of glaciation 3.1.1 Glacial erosion 3.1.2 Glacial sediments 3.1.3 Depositional landforms and landsystems 3.2 Proglacial landscape modification 3.2.1 Glacio-fluvial activity 3.2.2 Consolidation and slope stabilization 3.2.3 Pervection 3.2.4 Cryogenic processes: frost weathering 3.2.5 Frost-heave and frost-sorting 3.2.6 Solifluction and other periglacial slope processes 3.2.7 Nivation 3.2.8 Aeolian processes 3.3 The climatic environment 3.3.1 Regional climate 3.3.2 Meso-scale climatic gradients 3.3.3 Microclimate 3.3.4 Climatic change 3.4 Spatial variation and change in the physical landscape 3.4.1 Spatial patterns at various scales 3.4.2 Physical processes and landscape change 4 Soil development 4.1 Soil chronosequences and chronofunctions 4.1.1 Conceptual framework 4.1.2 An example: Glacier Bay, Alaska 4.2 Soil properties and pedogenic processes 4.2.1 Texture 4.2.2 Micromorphology 4.2.3 Organic content 4.2.4 pH and base status 4.2.5 Iron and aluminium 4.2.6 Chemical weathering processes 4.2.7 Nitrogen 4.2.8 Phosphorus 4.3 Environmental controls on pedogenesis 4.3.1 Parent material 4.3.2 Topography 4.3.3 Biota 4.3.4 Climatic controls 4.4 Soil formation in time and space 4.4.1 Soil development and equilibrium concepts 4.4.2 Spatial variation and soil chronosequences 5 Plant succession: patterns and environmental factors 5.1 Vegetational chronosequences: methodological considerations 5.1.1 Concept and limitations 5.1.2 Tests of chronoseauences: observed successions 5.1.3 Tests of chronosequences: retrospective analysis 5.2 Inferred successional trends 5.2.1 Cover 5.2.2 Spatial organization 5.2.3 Stratification and physiognomy 5.2.4 Biomass 5.2.5 Species diversity 5.2.6 Species composition and successional stages 5.2.7 Population attributes and physiological traits 5.3 Spatial variation and successional pathways 5.3.1 Within-foreland patterns: mapping 5.3.2 Quantitative community analysis at Storbreen, Jotunheimen 5.3.3 Inferred successional pathways elsewhere 5.3.4 Between-foreland patterns: a comparative approach 5.4 Environmental controls on successional sequences 5.4.1 Initial site conditions 5.4.2 Environmental factors as influx variables 5.4.3 Environmental factor complexes 6 Plant succession: processes and models 6.1 Biological processes of colonization and succession 6.1 Migration 6.2 Ecesis 6.3 Reaction 6.4 Facilitation 6.5 Competition 6.6 Allelopathy, herbivory and pathogens 6.7 Stabilization 6.2 Models 6.2.1 Monoclimax and polyclimax 6.2.2 Climax pattern and site climax 6.2.3 Relay floristics and IFC 6.2.4 Non-selective and selective autosuccession 6.2.5 Facilitation, tolerance and inhibition 6.2.6 Chronic disturbance, competitive hierarchy and resource ratio 6.2.7 Evolutionary strategies 6.2.8 Vital attributes, process interactions and a causal hierarchy 6.3 A geoecological model 6.3.1 Coupling of physical and biological processes 6.3.2 Spatio-temporal dynamics 7 The ecological significance of recently-deglaciated terrain 7.1 Chronosequences 7.2 The geoecological approach 7.3 Some broader implications References Index

Note: Contents Contributors page Preface Plates Part One: Fundamentals of Large Eddy Simulation 1 Some Historical Remarks on the Use of Nonlinear Viscosities / Joseph Smagorinsky 2 Subgrid-Scale Modeling / Joel H. Ferziger 3 Some Basic Challenges for Large Eddy Simulation Research / Steven A. Orszag, Ilya Staroselsky, and Victor Yakhot 4 Some Contributions of Two-Point Closure to Large Eddy Simulations / Jackson R. Herring and Robert M. Kerr 5 Stochastic Backscatter Formulation for three-Dimensional Compressible Flows / Cecil E. Leith Part Two: Large Eddy Simulation in Engineering 6 Applications of Large Eddy Simulations in Engineering: An Overview / Ugo Piomelli Incompressible Flows 7 Large Eddy Simulation of Scalar Transport with the Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Model / William Cabot and Parviz Moin 8 Renormalization Group Theory Simulation of Transitional and Turbulent Flow over a Backward-Facing Step / George E. Karniadakis, Steven A. Orszag, and Victor Yakhot 9 Spectral Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Shear Flows / Marcel Lesieur, Olivier Métais , Xavier Normand, and Aristeu Silveira-Neto 10 Anisotropic Representation of Subgrid-Scale Reynolds Stress in Large Eddy Simulation / Kiyosi Horiuti 11 Large Eddy Simulation of Transitional Flow / Thomas A. Zang and Ugo Piomelli Compressible and Reacting Flows 12 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Compressible Turbulence / Gordon Erlebacher and Mohammed Y. Hussaini 13 Large Eddy Simulation of Mixing Layers / Saad A. Ragab and Shaw-Ching Sheen 14 A Linear-Eddy Mixing Model for Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion / Suresh Menon, Patrick A. McMurtry, and Alan R. Kerstein 15 Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation of Reacting Homogeneous Turbulence / Cyrus K. Madnia and Peyman Givi Part Three: Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysics 16 Large Eddy Simulation in Geophysical Turbulence Parameterization: An Overview / John C. Wyngaard and Chin-Hoh Moeng Atmospheric Sciences 17 Using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System in the Large Eddy Simulation Mode: From inhomogeneous Surfaces to Cirrus Clouds / William R. Cotton, Robert L. Walko, Keeley R. Costigan, Piotr J. Flatau, and Roger A. Pielke 18 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Convection over Flat and Wavy Surfaces / Ulrich Schumann Physical Oceanography 19 The Role of Oceans in Climate Change: A Challenge to Large Eddy Simulation / Greg Holloway 20 Modeling the Oceanic Planetary Boundary Layer / James C. McWilliams, Patrick C. Gallacher, Chin-Hoh Moeng, and John C. Wyngaard 21 Diapycnal Mixing in the Ocean: A Review / Peter Müller 22 Near-Surface Mixing and the Ocean's Role in Climate / Mark A. Cane Environmental Flows 23 Conjunctive Filtering Procedures in Surface Water Flow and Transport / Keith W. Bedford and Woon K. Yeo 24 Leonard and Cross-Term Approximations in the Anisotropically Filtered Equations of Motion / Alvaro A. Aldama 25 Large Eddy Simulation as a Tool in Engineering and Geophysics: Panel Discussion / Thomas A. Zang Part Four: Large Eddy Simulation and Massively Parallel Computing 26 Parallel Computing for Large Eddy Simulation / Cecil E. Leith 27 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Large Eddy Simulation, and Massively Parallel Computing / William P. Dannevik Index

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Crustal development: the craton Uplift history of the East Antarctic shield: constraints imposed by high-pressure experimental studies of Proterozoic mafic dykes / S.M. KUEHNER & D.H. GREEN The crustal evolution of some East Antarctic granulites / S.L. HARLEY Structural evolution of the Bunger Hills area of East Antarctica / P. DING & P.R. JAMES Structural geology of the early Precambrian gneisses of northern Fold Island, Mawson Coast, East Antarctica / P.R. JAMES, P. DING & L. RANKIN The intrusive Mawson charnockites: evidence for a compressional plate margin selling of the Proterozoic mobile belt of East Antarctica / D.N. YOUNG & D.J. ELLIS A review of the field relations, petrology and geochemistry of the Borgmassivet intrusions in the Grunehogna province, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / J.R. KRYNAUW, B.R. WATTERS, D.R. HUNTER & A.H. WILSON Volcanic rocks of the Proterozoic Jutulstraumen Group in western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / B.R. WATTERS, J.R. KRYNAUW & D.R. HUNTER The timing and nature of faulting and jointing adjacent to the Pencksokket, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / G.H. GRANTHAM & D.R. HUNTER The tectonic and metamorphic evolution of H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica / A.R. ALLEN Granulites of northern H.U. Sverdrupfjella, western Dronning Maud Land: metamorphic history from garnet-pyroxene assemblages, coronas and hydration reactions / P.B. GROENEWALD & D.R. HUNTER A structural survey of Precambrian rocks, Heimefrontfjella, western Neuschwabenland, with special reference to the basic dykes / W. FIELITZ & G. SPAETH Reflection seismic measurements in western Neuschwabenland / A. HUNGELJNG & F. THYSSEN Geology and metamorphism of the Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica / K. SHIRAISHI, M. ASAMI, H. ISHIZUKA, H. KOJIMA. S. KOJIMA, Y. OSANAI, T. SAKIYAMA, Y. TAKAHASHI, M. YAMAZAKI & S. YOSHIKURA Late Proterozoic paired metamorphic complexes in East Antarctica, with special reference to the tectonic significance of ultramafic rocks / Y. HIROI, K. SHIRAISHI & Y. MOTOYOSHI Petrographic and structural characteristics of a part of the East Antarctic craton, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica / M.K. KAUL, R.K. SINGH, D. SRIVASTAVA, S. JAYARAM & S. MUKERJI Structural and petrological evolution of basement rocks in the Schirmacher Hills, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica (Extended abstract) / S. SENGUPTA Metamorphic evolution of granulites from the Rauer Group, East Antarctica: evidence for decompression following Proterozoic collision / S.L. HARLEY Fault tectonics and magmatic ages in the Jelly Oasis area, Mac. Robertson Land: a contribution to the Lambert Rift development / J. HOFMANN Major fracture trends near the western margin of East Antarctica / P.D. MARSH Mesozoic magmatism in Greater Antarctica: implications for Precambrian plate tectonics / T.S. BREWER & P.D. CLARKSON Crustal development: the Transantarctic Mountains Sedimentary palaeoenvironments of_the Riphaean Turnpike Bluff Group, Shackleton Range / H.-J. PAECH, K. HAHNE & P. VOGLER Precambrian ancestry of the Asgard Formation (Skelton Group): Rb-Sr age of basement metamorphic rocks in the Dry Valley region, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & P.F. WHITLA The Priestley Formation, Terra Nova Bay, and its regional significance / D.N.B. SKINNER The myth of the Nimrod and Beardmore orogenies / E. STUMP, R.J. KORSCH & D.G. EDGERTON Age of the metamorphic basement of the Salamander and Lanterman ranges, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / C.J. ADAMS & A. HOHNDORF Recovery and recrystallization of quartz and 'crystallinity' of illite in the Bowers and Robertson Bay terranes, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica / W. BUGGISCH & G. KLEINSCHMIDT The boundary of the East Antarctic craton on the Pacific margin / N.W. ROLAND Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica: hybrid geological, aeromagnetic and Landsat-physiographic maps / B.K. LUCCHITTA, J.A. BOWELL, F. TESSENSOHN & J.C. BEHRENDT Setting and significance of the Shackleton Limestone, central Transantarctic Mountains / A.J. ROWELL & M.N. REES Lower-mid-Palaeozoic sedimentation and tectonic patterns on the palaeo-Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.G. LAIRD The pre-Devonian Palaeozoic elastics of the central Transantarctic Mountains: stratigraphy and depositional settings / M.N. REES & A.J. ROWELL The Devonian Pacific margin of Antarctica / M.A. BRADSHAW The palaeo-Pacific margin as seen from East Antarctica / J.W. COLLINSON Permo-Carboniferous glacial sedimentation in the central Transantarctic Mountains and its palaeotectonic implications (Extended abstract) / J.M.G. MILLER & B.J. WAUGH Clay mineralogy and provenance of fine-grained Permian elastics, central Transantarctic Mountains / L.A. KRISSEK & T.C. HORNER Evidence for a low-gradient alluvial fan from the palaeo-Pacific margin in the Upper Permian Buckley Formation, Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica / J.L. ISBELL Provenance and tectonic implications of sandstones within the Permian Mackellar Formation, Beacon Supergroup of East Antarctica / R.S. FRISCH & M.F. MILLER Crustal development: Weddell Sea-Ross Sea region Evolution of the Gondwana plate boundary in the Weddell Sea area / Y. KRISTOFFERSEN & K. HINZ Petrology and palynology of Weddell Sea glacial sediments: implications for subglacial geology / J.B. ANDERSON, B.A. ANDREWS, L.R. BARTEK & E.M. TRUSWELL A multichannel seismic profile across the Weddell Sea margin of the Antarctic Peninsula: regional tectonic implications / P.F. BARKER & M.J. LONSDALE Verification of crustal sources for satellite elevation magnetic anomalies in West Antarctica and the Weddell Sea and their regional tectonic implications / M.E. GHIDELLA, C.A. RAYMOND & J.L. LABRECQUE Aeromagnetic studies of crustal blocks and basins in West Antarctica: a review / S.W. GARRETT Palaeomagnetic studies of Palaeozoic rocks from the Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica / M. FUNAKI. M. YOSHIDA & H. MATSUEDA Seismic reflection profiling of a sediment-filled graben beneath ice stream B, West Antarctica / S.T. ROONEY. D.D. BLANKENSHIP, R.B. ALLEY & C.R. BENTLEY The aeromagnetic survey of northern Victoria Land and the western Ross Sea during GANOVEX IV and a geophysical-geological interpretation / W. BOSUM, D. DAMASKE, J.C. BEHRENDT & R. SALTUS The Ross Sea rift system, Antarctica: structure, evolution and analogues / F. TESSENSOHN & G. WORNER Structural and depositional controls on Cenozoic and (?)Mesozoic strata beneath the western Ross Sea / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & J.C. BEHRENDT Crustal extension and origin of sedimentary basins beneath the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica / A.K. COOPER, F.J. DAVEY & K. HINZ Chemical characteristics of greywacke and palaeosol of early Oligocene or older sedimentary breccia, Ross Sea DSDP Site 270 / A.B. FORD Extensive volcanism and related tectonism beneath the western Ross Sea continental shelf, Antarctica: interpretation of an aeromagnetic survey / J.C. BEHRENDT, H.J. DUERBAUM, D. DAMASKE, R. SALTUS, W. BOSUM & A.K. COOPER Geochemistry and tectonic implications of lower-crustal granulites included in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / R.l. KALAMARIDES & J.H. BERG Geology, petrology and tectonic implications of crustal xenoliths in Cenozoic volcanic rocks of southern Victoria Land / J.H. BERG Geochemistry and petrology of ultramafic xenoliths of the Erebus volcanic province / F.M. MCGIBBON Lithospheric flexure induced by the load of Ross Archipelago, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / T.A. STERN, F.J. DAVEY & G. DELISLE The structure and seismic activity of Mount Erebus, Ross Island / K. KAMINUMA & K. SHIBUYA Crustal development: the Pacific margin Mid-Palaeozoic basement in eastern Graham Land and its relation to the Pacific margin of Gondwana / A.J. MILNE & l.L. MILLAR Basement gneisses in north-western Palmer Land: further evidence for pre-Mesozoic rocks in Lesser Antarctica / S.M. HARRISON & B.A. PIERCY Granitoids of the Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Lan

Note: Contents: Symbols. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 PERIGLACIAL CONDITIONS. - 1.1 The significance of freezing in soils and rocks. - 1.2 Freezing and thawing in porous materials. - 1.3 Climate and ground freezing. - 1.3.1 Permafrost. - 1.3.2 Ephemeral freezing. - 1.4 Characteristics of permafrost. - 1.5 Manifestations of freezing and thawing of the ground. - 2 MORPHOLOGY OF PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND. - 2.1 Frozen ground as a geological material. - 2.2 Ice in the ground. - 2.2.1 Excess ice. - 2.2.2 Frost-heave ice: segregation ice. - 2.2.3 Intrusive ice; ice wedge ice, and other forms. - 2.2.4 Ice of external origin: buried glacier, snow, lake and river ice; icings. - 2.2.5 Age of ice in permafrost. - 2.2.6 Distribution of ground ice. - 2.2.7 Submarine frozen ground. - 2.2.8 Micromorphology of freezing soils. - 2.2.9 Pedology and soil freezing. - 2.3 Gas hydrates (clathrates). - 2.4 World distribution of permafrost. - 2.4.1 Land permafrost. - 2.4.2 Submarine distribution. - 2.5 Seasonal freezing. - 3 CLIMATE AND FROZEN GROUND. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Seasonal frost and permafrost. - 3.3 Climate and permafrost distribution. - 3.4 The importance of microclimates. - 3.5 The surface energy balance. - 3.5.1 The nature of surface interactions. - 3.5.2 A buffer layer model. - 3.5.3 Effects of surface changes. - 3.6 Possible effects of climatic change. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 THE GROUND THERMAL REGIME. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Heat flow in the ground. - 4.2.1 The heat conduction equation. - 4.3 Thermal properties. - 4.3.1 Thermal conductivity. - 4.3.2 Heat capacity. - 4.3.3 Thermal diffusivity. - 4.4 Ground thermal conditions. - 4.4.1 Geothermal heat flow and permafrost thickness. - 4.4.2 Effects of climatic change. - 4.4.3 Seasonal temperature variations. - 4.5 Lateral variations in ground temperatures. - 4.5.1 Influence of water bodies. - 4.6 Summary. - 5 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 1: SLOPES AND SUBSIDENCES. - 5.1 Freezing and thawing and displacements of the ground. - 5.2 Instability of soil on slopes: overview. - 5.3 The mystery of solifluction. - 5.3.1 Origin of small movements. - 5.3.2 Creep in the frozen state. - 5.4 Rock glaciers. - 5.5 Effects of thawing: landslides and slumps. - 5.5.1 Loss of cohesive strength. - 5.5.2 Soil consolation and strength during thaw. - 5.5.3 Thermokarst. - 5.6 The extent and variety of movements on slopes. - 6 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 2: STRUCTURES AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF LEVEL GROUND. - 6.1 Surface characteristics. - 6.2 Features characterised by accumulation of ice. - 6.2.1 Pingos. - 6.2.2 Palsa. - 6.2.3 Hydrolaccoliths. - 6.3 Differential freeze-thaw effects. - 6.3.1 Uplift of stones. - 6.3.2 Soil hummocks. - 6.3.3 Earth circles. - 6.3.4 Stone polygons and rings. - 6.4 Thermal contraction and cracking. - 6.4.1 Soil and ice wedges. - 7 THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS. - 7.1 Soil: A porous system. - 7.1.1 'Freezing points' and latent heat. - 7.1.2 Proportions of ice and water. - 7.1.3 Water contents and thermal properties. - 7.2 Energy status, or potential, of soil water. - 7.2.1 Freezing point depression, potential, and free energy. - 7.2.2 Potential of water in freezing soils. - 7.3 Pressure and temperature relations. - 7.4 Origin of frost heave and frost heave pressures. - 7.5 Permeability of frozen soils. - 7.6 Frost heave as a thermodynamic-rheologic process. - 8 HYDROLOGY OF FROZEN GROUND. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Surface hydrology. - 8.2.1 Bank stability in permafrost regions. - 8.3 Groundwater. - 8.3.1 Icings and frost blisters. - 8.3.2 Water supply. - 8.4 Hydrodynamics of frozen ground. - 8.4.1 Unfrozen water content. - 8.4.2 Gradients of water potential due to freezing temperatures. - 8.4.3 Moisture transfer mechanisms. - 8.4.4 Moisture transport in saturated soils. - 8.4.5 Moisture transport in unsaturated soils. - 8.5 Ice segregation and frost heaving. - 8.5.1 Coupled heat and moisture flow at freezing temperatures. - 8.5.2 The hydrodynamic model. - 8.5.3 The rigid ice model. - 8.5.4 Extreme forms of ice segregation. - 8.6 Seasonal hydrodynamics in permafrost. - 8.6.1 Water migration beyond the fringe. - 8.6.2 Development of aggradational ice. - 9 THE MECHANICS OF FROZEN GROUND. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 The frozen soil system. - 9.2.1 Properties of the ice. - 9.2.2 The strength of soils. - 9.3 Deformation of frozen ground. - 9.3.1 Characteristics of creep. - 9.3.2 The origins of creep. - 9.4 Strength characteristics of frozen soils. - 9.4.1 Rates of strain and processes of deformation. - 9.5 Temperature dependence of creep rate and strength. - 9.6 Effect of soil composition. - 9.6.1 Size of soil particles. - 9.6.2 Ice content. - 9.6.3 Pore water salinity. - 9.7 Effect of normal and confining stresses on strength and deformation. - 9.7.1 Internal, thermodynamically controlled stresses. - 9.8 Field situations. - 9.8.1 Role of temperature and pressure variations. - 10 GEOCRYOLOGY PAST AND FUTURE. - 10.1 Geocryology and geotechnique. - 10.2 Energy exchange and climate instability. - 10.3 Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of frozen ground. - 10.4 Submarine and other extreme conditions for permafrost. - References. - Index.