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  • 1
    Call number: 9/M 07.0421(519)
    In: Geological Society special publication, 519
    Description / Table of Contents: Volcanic islands have a highly characteristic geological context that poses specific issues related to thereconstruction of volcanic activity, hazard assessment, risk management, implementation of monitoringnetworks, and non-eruptive geohazards as landslides. This special publication intends to address theseissues from a multidisciplinary point of view.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 170 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 9781786205650 , 978-1-78620-565-0
    ISSN: 03058719 , 0305-8719
    Series Statement: Geological Society special publication 519
    Language: English
    Note: Griffiths, J. S. and Law, R. D. Introduction to SP519 – volcanic islands: from hazard assessment to risk mitigation Multidisciplinary approaches to understanding volcanic islands Della Seta, M., Esposito, C., Fiorucci, M., Marmoni, G. M., Martino, S., Sottili, G., Belviso, P., Carandente, A., de Vita, S., Marotta, E. and Peluso, R. Thermal monitoring to infer possible interactions between shallow hydrothermal system and slope-scale gravitational deformation of Mt Epomeo (Ischia Island, Italy) Marotta, E., Berrino, G., de Vita, S., Di Vito, M. and Camacho, A. G. Structural setting of the Ischia resurgent caldera (southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) by integrated 3D gravity inversion and geological models Tramelli, A., Orazi, M., Nardone, L., Bobbio, A., Benincasa, A., Buonocunto, C., Capello, M., Caputo, A., Castellano, M., D’Auria, L., De Cesare, W., Di Filippo, A., Galluzzo, D., Gaudiosi, G., Giudicepietro, F., Liguoro, F., Lo Bascio, D., Martini, M., Martino, C., Peluso, R., Ricciolino, P., Scarpato, G., Torello, V. and Bianco, F. The seismic network of Ischia island from 1993 to 2021 Longo, M., Lazzaro, G., Caruso, C. G., Corbo, A., Sciré Scappuzzo, S., Italiano, F., Gattuso, A. and Romano, D. Hydro-acoustic signals from the Panarea shallow hydrothermal field: new inferences of a direct link with Stromboli Musacchio, M., Silvestri, M., Rabuffi, F., Buongiorno, M. F. and Falcone, S. Kılauea ̄ –Leilani 2018 lava flow delineation using Sentinel2 and Landsat8 images Tsunamis from volcanic environments Zaniboni, F., Pagnoni, G., Gallotti, G., Tinti, S. and Armigliato, A. Landslide-tsunamis along the flanks of Mount Epomeo, Ischia: propagation patterns and coastal hazard for the Campania Coasts, Italy Fornaciai, A., Favalli, M. and Nannipieri, L. Reconstruction of the 2002 tsunami at Stromboli using the non-hydrostatic WAVE model (NHWAVE) Volcanoes and society Lotteri, A., Speake, J., Kennedy, V., Wallenstein, N., Coutinho, R., Chester, D., Duncan, A., Dibben, C. and Ferreira, F. Changing hazard awareness over two decades: the case of Furnas, São Miguel (Azores) Tomasone, M., Avvisati, G., Cirillo, F., Colucci, O., Marotta, E., Fiorenza, E., Vertechi, E. and Simonetti, B. Risk management planning on a volcanic island: fear and loathing in Ischia (Italy) Index
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Call number: im Bestellvorgang
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Neuausgabe des zuletzt in 7. Auflage 2014 erschienenen Bestimmungsbuch für Käfer ist "mit seinen exzellenten Farbzeichnungen immer noch erste Wahl" (O. Kaptein zur o.g. Auflage). Der Aufbau des Buches hat sich nicht geändert. Die 80 Seiten der einführenden Kapitel zu Biologie und Ökologie sind nur beim Thema Naturschutz (neue Gesetze) und Sammeln von Insekten aktualisiert, ausserdem wurden an vielen Stellen nach neuem Stand der Wissenschaft Änderungen bei der Einteilung der Käferfamilien oder der Namen durchgeführt. Im nach Familien (lateinische Namen) geordneten Bestimmungsteil wurden alle Bilder neu gezeichnet, die Unterschiede zur alten Auflage aber für Laien kaum erkennbar. Circa 50 neue Arten kamen hinzu, Gründe sind z.B. Einwanderung aus Südeuropa (Klimaänderung) oder häufigeres Vorkommen. Einzige negative Veränderung ist die kleinere Schrifttype und das schlechter gegliederte Schriftbild im Einführungsteil. Eine gute Ergänzung ist weiterhin "Taschenlexikon der Käfer Mitteleuropas" (2013, mit Farbfotos)
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 365 Seiten , Illustrationen , 19.3 cm x 13.2 cm
    Edition: [8. Auflage], vollständig überarbeitet und erweitert von Matthias Helb
    ISBN: 9783440167595 , 3440167593
    Series Statement: Kosmos-Naturführer
    Language: German
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 3
    Call number: 6/M 24.95762
    In: International Association of Geodesy Symposia, 155
    Description / Table of Contents: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Gravity Field Modelling and Height Systems -- Remarks on the Terrain Correction and the Geoid Bias -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Terrain Correction for Masses Located in the Remote Zone of the Bouguer Shell -- 3 The Terrain Correction for Masses Located Outside the Bouguer Plate -- 4 The Terrain Correction Due to Masses in the Near-Zone Inside the Bouguer Plate -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Why a Height Theory Must Be Rigorous and Physically Correct -- 1 Review -- 2 Problems with Molodensky's Approach -- 3 Arrival of Satellites and the Problem of Height Congruency -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Geodetic Heights and Holonomity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What Is a Geodetic Heigh? -- 2.1 A New Definition of a General Geodetic Height HG -- 3 The Four Height Systems Are Geodetic Heights -- 4 Holonomity of the Geodetic Heights -- 5 Comparisons and Conclusions -- References -- Physical Heights of Inland Lakes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Orthometric Height -- 3 Orthometric Height Variation at Lake Surface -- 4 Quantification: Case Studies -- 4.1 Lake Vänern, Sweden -- 4.2 Lake Michigan, USA -- 4.3 Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan -- 4.4 Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- Appendix 1: Approximation -- Appendix 2: Normal Height Variation -- References -- The Uncertainties of the Topographical Density Variations in View of a Sub-Centimetre Geoid -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory -- 3 Numerical Results -- 4 Conclusion and Remarks -- References -- Estimation of Height Anomalies from Gradients of the Gravitational Potential Using a Spectral Combination Method -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spectral Combination -- 3 Numerical Experiments -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Evaluation of the Recent African Gravity Databases V2.x -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Used for Establishing the AFRGDB_V2.x Gravity Databases.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 189 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783031553592
    Series Statement: International Association of Geodesy Symposia Series 155
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
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  • 4
    Call number: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55360-8
    In: International Association of Geodesy Symposia, 155
    Description / Table of Contents: Part I: Gravity Field Modelling and Height Systems -- Remarks on the Terrain Correction and the Geoid Bias -- Why a Height Theory Must Be Rigorous and Physically Correct -- Geodetic Heights and Holonomity -- Physical Heights of Inland Lakes -- The Uncertainties of the Topographical Density Variations in View of a Sub-Centimetre Geoid -- Estimation of Height Anomalies from Gradients of the Gravitational Potential Using a Spectral Combination Method -- Evaluation of the Recent African Gravity Databases V2.x -- Part II : Estimation Theory -- PDF Evaluation of Elliptically Contoured GNSS Integer Ambiguity Residuals -- Spatio-Spectral Assessment of Some Isotropic Polynomial Covariance Functions on the Sphere -- MDBs Versus MIBs in Case of Multiple Hypotheses: A Study in Context of Deformation Analysis -- A Simple TLS-Treatment of the Partial EIV-Model as One with Singular Cofactor Matrices I: The Case of a Kronecker Product for QA = Q0 ⊗ Qx -- Bayesian Robust Multivariate Time Series Analysis in Nonlinear Regression Models with Vector Autoregressive and t-Distributed Errors -- Part III: Geodetic Data Analysis -- An Estimate of the Effect of 3D Heterogeneous Density Distribution on Coseismic Deformation Using a Spectral Finite-Element Approach -- On the Estimation of Time Varying AR Processes -- Refinement of Spatio-Temporal Finite Element Spaces for Mean Sea Surface and Sea Level Anomaly Estimation -- On the Coestimation of Long-Term Spatio-Temporal Signals to Reduce the Aliasing Effect in Parametric Geodetic Mean Dynamic Topography Estimation -- A Flexible Family of Compactly Supported Covariance Functions Based on Cutoff Polynomials -- Modeling of Inhomogeneous Spatio-Temporal Signals by Least Squares Collocation -- A Multi-Epoch Processing Strategy for PPP-RTK Users -- Part IV: Geoid and Quasi-Geoid -- Geoid or Quasi-Geoid? A Short Comparison -- The Quasigeoid: Why Molodensky Heights Fail -- Molodensky’s and Helmert’s Theories: Two Equivalent Geodetic Approaches to the Determination of the Gravity Potential and the Earth Surface. .
    Description / Table of Contents: This open access volume contains the proceedings of the X Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Mathematical Geodesy which was held from 13 to 17 June 2022 at the Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. Since 2006 the series of the Hotine-Marussi Symposia has been under the responsibility of the Inter-Commission Committee on Theory (ICCT) within the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). The ICCT organized the last five Hotine-Marussi Symposia held in Wuhan (2006), Rome (2009, 2013 and 2018), and Milan (2022). The overall goal of the ICCT and Hotine-Marussi Symposia has always been to advance geodetic theory which is indeed documented by the 22 research articles published in these proceedings. The jubilee X Hotine-Marussi Symposium was organized in 10 topical sessions covering all parts of geodetic theory including reference frames, gravity field modelling, adjustment theory, height systems, time series analysis, or advanced numerical methods. In total, 60 participants attended the Symposium who delivered 62 oral and 18 poster presentations. During a special session, five invited speakers discussed two basic concepts of physical geodesy – geoid and quasigeoid.
    Type of Medium: 12
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(X, 165 p. 76 illus., 64 illus. in color.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2024.
    ISBN: 9783031553608
    Series Statement: International Association of Geodesy Symposia 155
    Language: English
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: This focus article traces the evolution of the voluntary carbon market (VCM), putting emphasis on the more recent developments following the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015. It focuses on the interplay between the privately governed VCM and the global climate regime under the United Nations (UN). For years, the VCM and the UN carbon market operated in parallel and mutually influenced each other. The adoption of the Paris Agreement, however, marked a turning point for the VCM. It triggered the proliferation of net zero targets, sparking the interest in the VCM as a supplier of carbon credits to offset companies' remaining emissions. At the same time, the global scope and ambitious targets set by the agreement have put the future of the VCM in limbo, raising concerns about double claiming and more generally, questioning the adequacy of offsetting. Considering these challenges, numerous stakeholders have started a process to redefine the rules of the market to ensure its credibility and legitimacy. While some areas of convergence were identified, the VCM's private governance has long been unable to address the question of how to deal with double claiming and the claims companies should be allowed to make. In this situation, signals from international policy and regulation under national policy point the way forward for the VCM. By moving from offsetting toward a contribution claim model, the VCM may overcome its "identity crisis" and find a new place within the broader climate change regime.
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Keywords: ddc:320
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung stellt Unternehmen vor immer neue Herausforderungen und birgt gleichzeitig wichtige Potenziale, unter anderem zur Stärkung des Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements. Hierfür sind jedoch eine gemeinsame Vision und ein Nachhaltigkeitsverständnis grundlegende Voraussetzungen. Dieser Beitrag zeigt am Beispiel des EcoHub-Projekts, wie eine Visionsentwicklung mithilfe des Living-Lab-Ansatzes und der Backcasting-Methode zur erfolgreichen digitalen Veränderung in Unternehmen beitragen und das Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement fördern kann.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: In this perspective paper, we propose to integrate the concepts of Mobility-as-a-Feature (MaaF, an extension of MaaS) and the 15-minute city (15mC). The 15mC concept maintains that daily necessities and services, such as shopping, healthcare, and leisure should be accessible without private cars within 15 minute. In line with MaaF, these services could be integrated with a variety of mobility options into a single app. This novel approach is poised to offer a seamless customer experience, better resource utilization, enhanced urban mobility, improved and more inclusive access to services, and greater community connectivity. We call them local super apps: a new model to drive equitable and sustainable urban transitions. We substantiate this preliminary idea with evidence from literature, practical applications, and a user survey (N = 1,019), while also discussing future research avenues to further develop the concept of local super apps.
    Keywords: ddc:380
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: The implementation of the circular economy is crucial to combat climate change especially in energy- and carbon-intensive sectors like the steel industry. It requires the environmental assessment of circular interventions to steel products to ensure that they are in line with targets of the circular economy - increase of resource efficiency and sustainability. Based on previous case studies and established methodologies, an environmental assessment framework is suggested and applied. It comprises a Material Flow Analysis to quantify selected mass-based indicators to evaluate the parameters of circular economy, as well as a Life Cycle Assessment to quantify the difference of the environmental impact. The application to a case study in the metalworking industries shows that the implementation of repurposing to a machining knife and hand tools contributes to all circular economy strategies - narrowing, slowing, and closing. At first, however, the circular intervention did not lead to a reduction of the environmental impact. It was found that the optimization of share of secondary material, energy mix, grinding, and transportation can lower the environmental impact of the circular compared to the conventional product system. Considering the increased product functionality, the environmental performance of the circular product system is superior. The study shows the importance of integrating assessment methods covering the resource level and environmental sustainability since focusing only on the resource efficiency can be misleading. At the same time, it stresses the need to apply environmental assessments in the product development stage to design environmentally sustainable and resource-efficient product systems.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:4538; KART H 140:Dieskau
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen. Koordinaten Vorlage: Nullmeridian Ferro E 029 40 - 029 50 / N 051 30 - 051 24.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:554.3 ; ddc:912 ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:carthographicMaterial
    Format: 82
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  • 17
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    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:4736; KART H 140: Freiburg
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen. Koordinaten Vorlage: Nullmeridian Ferro E 029 20 - 029 30 / N 051 18 - 051 12.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:554.3 ; ddc:912 ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:carthographicMaterial
    Format: 20
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Bei der Auswertung von' Fernerkundungsdaten wurde bisher davon ausgegangen, daß die untersuchten Objekte angenähert LAMBERT'sch reflektieren. Daß diese Annahme für Pflanzen falsch ist, wurde schon vor über 10 Jahren erkannt und seitdem mehrfach systematisch untersucht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde in grundlegender Weise das Reflexions verhalten von natürlichen Gesteinsoberflächen untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde dabei auf die Richtungsverteilung der reflektierten Strahlung unter verschiedenen geometrischen Bedingungen gerichtet. So wurde als Simulation der natürlichen Geländebedingungen, wie sie etwa in den Alpen vorliegen, der Beleuchtungswinkel, die Probenneigung und der Detektorstand systematisch variiert und der Einfluß dieser Veränderungen auf das Reflexionsverhalten der Gesteine registriert. Die meisten Messungen erfolgten im Labor mit Hilfe eines speziell für diesen Zweck konstruierten Meßtisches, Als Proben dienten natürliche Gesteinsproben, die vorher unter Geländebedingungen gemessen worden waren. Bei den meisten Proben handelte es sich um Karbonatgesteine; wenige Ausnahmen, wie z,B. Sandsteine, wurden als Sonderfälle studiert. Bei zahlreichen Vergleichs- und Kontrollmessungen wurde versucht, den Zusammenhang zwischen Labor- und Geländemessungen herzustellen, Als wichtigstes Ergebnis wurde nachgewiesen, daß die Reflexion bei keiner der untersuchten Proben dem LAMBERT‘schen Reflexionsgesetz folgt: Der Reflexionsfaktor hängt also von den geometrischen Bedingungen ab, bei denen die Messung erfolgte, Sonnenstand, Hangneigung und Detektorstand sind als zusätzliche Parameter zu berücksichtigen. Die Ursachen für diese Richtungsabhängigkeit der Reflexion sind einerseits die innere Struktur − also die Ausbildung von primären Reflexionsflächen, die sich auf die Gesteinsoberfläche durchprägen − und andererseits die Rauhigkeit oder Relieftiefe der Oberfläche. Die größten Abweichungen vom LAMBERT'schen Reflexionsverhalten wurden bei größeren Zenitdistanzen, besonders bei schrägem bis streifendem Lichteinfall beobachtet. Die Konsequenzen für die Bildverarbeitung sind eindeutig: Bei der Klassifizierung und Identifizierung von Gesteinen aus Fernerkundungsdaten muß das Geländerelief und die Beleuchtungssituation mit berücksichtigt werden. Schon die unterschiedliche Beleuchtung auf verschieden geneigte Flächen gleicher Oberfläche erzeugt unterschiedliche Grauwerte für die einzelnen Flächen. Das gilt für jede Oberfläche, unabhängig von ihrem Reflexionsverhalten. Das richtungsabhängige oberflächenspezifische Reflexionsverhalten bewirkt (je nach der Winkel Konfiguration) eine weitere Veränderung der Grauwerte. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, wie die Korrektur der Beleuchtungsverhältnisse mit Hilfe eines digitalen Geländemodells erfolgen könnte. Die aus einer topographischen Karte entnommenen Höhendaten bilden die Grundlage für eine radiometrische Reliefkorrektur, bei der die durch schräge Beleuchtung verfälschten Grauwerte so korrigiert werden, daß die Ergebnisse einer Aufnahme ohne Relief entsprechen. Somit sind alle korrigierten Aufnahmen, unabhängig vom Sonnenstand, untereinander vergleichbar. Die Wirkung der Korrektur wurde an einem Modellgelände demonstriert. Eine Korrektur von vollständigen Aufnahmen, wie z.B, ganzen LANDSAT-Szenen, war bis zur Fertigstellung der Arbeit wegen der begrenzten Rechnerkapazität noch nicht möglich. Mit einer erweiterten Rechenanlage wird es aber in Zukunft möglich sein, eine ganze Szene in Hinblick auf ihre Beleuchtungsverhältnisse zu korrigieren. Der nächste Schritt, die gesteinsspezifische Korrektur mit Hilfe der ermittelten Labordaten, kann dann ebenfalls mit Hilfe des digitalen Geländemodells erfolgen.
    Description: During the evaluation of Remote Sensing Data it has been assumed up to now that the examined objects reflect approximately with LAMBERT'S law. In the case of plants it has been recognized over ten years ago that this assumption is wrong and this has led to numerous systematic examinations. In the present thesis the basics of the reflective behavior of natural rock surfaces was studied. Special emphasis was placed on the directional distribution of the reflected radiation under various geometric conditions, Natural terrain conditions, as found for instance in the Alps, were simulated by systematic variation of the angle of illumination, the sample inclination and the position of the detector. The influence of these variations on the reflective behavior of rocks was registered. Most of the measurements were done in the laboratory with the help of an apparatus which was constructed for this specific purpose. Samples of natural rocks were used; these were measured previously in the terrain. Most of these samples were carbonates; a few exceptions, such as sandstone, were also studied. During numerous comparitive and verifying measurements it was attempted to establish the correlation between laboratory and terrain measurements. As prime result, it was shown that none of the examined samples followed LAMBERT’S law of reflection. The reflection factor, therefore, depends on the geometric conditions at the time of measurement. Additional parameters that have to be accounted for are: position of the sun, terrain inclination and position of the detector. The reasons for this directional dependency of the reflection are on one hand the inner structure, i.e. the formation of primary reflection surfaces, which are imprinted on the rock surface, and on the other hand the roughness or depth of relief of the surface. The largest deviations from LAMBERT'S reflective law were noticed at larger zenith angles, particularly for sloping to glancing illumination. The consequences for the image analysis are clear-cut: during the classification and identification of rocks using remote sensing data the terrain relief and the illumination conditions have to be taken into account. Even a varying illumination of tilted areas of identical surfaces results in different gray values for the individual areas. This is true for any surface, regardless of its reflective behavior. The surface-specific directional reflectance gives rise to a further change in the gray values (depending on the angle configuration). In this thesis it has been shown how a correction of the illumination can be achieved with the help of a digital terrain model. The elevation data extracted from a topographic map give the basis for a radiometric relief correction. The gray values falsified by sloping illumination are corrected, such that the result is an image without relief. Therefore all corrected images, independent of the position of the sun, are comparable. The effect of this correction was demonstrated using a terrain model. Complete images such as LANDSAT scenes could not be corrected in this manner at the time of completing this thesis due to limited computer capacity. With a larger computer it will be possible in future to correct complete scenes in regard to the illumination conditions. The next step, a rock-specific correction with the help of data established in the laboratory, can also be achieved with the help of the digital terrain model.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Gesteinsoberfläche ; Reflektometrie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 94
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  • 19
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    In:  Rock Mechanics for Natural Resources and Infrastructure Development - Full Papers : Proceedings of the 14th International Congress on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering (ISRM 2019), September 13-18, 2019, Foz Do Iguassu, Brazil | Proceedings in Earth and geosciences ; 6
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) sees increased utilization in the seismological community in recent years and various applications are investigated for the usage of DAS in different branches of seismology. Strong-motion seismology uses records of earthquakes of engineering concern (MW〉4.5) with hypocentral distances within few hundreds of kilometers. This demands dense networks over a wide area and installation of typical strong-motion instruments (accelerometers) can be achieved quickly and at a reasonable budget, compared to other network types. For DAS, installation and operation are more involved, and deployment is very still limited. Consequently, DAS recordings of nearby large events are still very unlikely and rare compared to accelerometers. On September 18, 2022, a shallow earthquake sequence with a M〈sub〉W〈/sub〉 6.9 mainshock struck near Chishang (Taiwan) and was recorded by DAS in Hualien city, appr. 100 km north. Shaking of the mainshock and several aftershocks were noticeable in Hualien, though not damaging with PGA recorded at 0.28 m/s^2 nearby the DAS site. The DAS campaign was originally conceptualized as a test suite with different fiber installations: including buried, within a gutter (as in commercial fiber installation) and loose within a basement. The test site is in an urban area affected by surface rupturing during the 2018 Hualien earthquake. The presented recordings provide not only an unprecedented insight how strong-motion appears on DAS but also how effective different installation techniques are for this kind of event. The waveforms are also compared to records of a collocated broadband seismometer and an accelerometer 1 km away.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is used to record high-spatial resolution strain-rate data. For ground motion observation, the DAS data can be converted from strain rate to acceleration or velocity by array-based measurements with coherent plane waves. DAS provides an opportunity to map high-resolution shaking patterns near faults. We installed collocated geophones and optical fiber in Hualien City (a very seismically active area in Taiwan) from the end of January to the end of February in 2022. Earthquakes with magnitudes (Mw) between 3.2 and 5.4 have been recorded. These records illustrate the typical magnitude-distance dependence of ground-motion but also show saturation for higher magnitudes and/or at shorter distances (e.g for an earthquake of Mw 5.2 earthquake recorded at 100 km). For frequency-based analyses, clipped signals on DAS result in challenges not present in classical instruments (seismometers). The upper limit in dynamic range of seismometers results in easily identifiable trapezoidal signals. The dynamic range of DAS interrogators is limited by gauge length, sampling frequency, and wrapped phase in the interferometric phase demodulation. We observe that clipped DAS signals not only affect time series but also contaminate their spectra on all frequencies, due to the random nature of clipping in DAS—contrasting to the flat plateaus in clipped time series on seismometers. Therefore, the identification of the start and end points of clipped DAS records poses a major challenge, which we aim to resolve with a neural network. This approach enhances the efficiency for quality control of massive DAS datasets.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Rapid assessment of an earthquake’s impact on the affected society is a crucial first step of disaster management, determining further emergency measures. We demonstrate that macroseismic observations, collected as felt reports via the LastQuake service of the European Mediterranean Seismological Center, can be utilized to estimate the probability of a felt earthquake to have a “high impact” rather than a “low impact” on the affected population on a global scale. In our fully data-driven, transparent, and reproducible approach we compare the distribution of felt reports to documented earthquake impact in terms of economic losses, number of fatalities, and number of damaged or destroyed buildings. Using the distribution of felt-reports as predictive parameters and an impact measure as the target parameter, we infer a probabilistic model utilizing Bayes’ theorem and Kernel Density Estimation, that provides the probability of an earthquake to be “high impact”. For 393 felt events in 2021, a sufficient number of felt reports to run the model is collected within 10 minutes after the earthquake. While a clean separation of “high-impact” and “low-impact” events remains a challenging task, unambiguous identification of many “low-impact” events in our dataset is identified as a key strength of our approach. We consider our method a complementary and inexpensive impact assessment tools, that can be utilized instantly in all populated areas on the planet, with the necessary technological infrastructure. Being fully independent of seismic data, our framework poses an affordable option to support disaster management in regions that currently lack expensive seismic instrumentation.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: The Taiwan Milun fault zone located at the boundary between the Eurasian and Philippine Sea plates. This fault slips frequently and produced large earthquakes, as for example the Mw6.4 Hualien earthquake (6 February 2018). We map and observe the fault zone and its behavior at depth by high spatial resolution dynamic strain sensing with optical fiber. In 2021-2022, we drilled and cored the fault, and deployed a 3D multi-cross-fault fiber array comprising a borehole loop with a depth of 700 m (Hole-A, Hanging wall site, crossing the fault at depth), a surface array crossing the fault rupture zone using commercial fiber, and a second borehole loop of 500m fiber (Hole-B, Footwall site). The high spatial resolution from distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and the retrieved core combined with geophysical logs allow us to characterize the structure on meter-scale. Within the Milun fault zone, we identified a 20-m wide fault core comprised of gray and black gouge in the core sample. DAS strain-rate records associated with the same depth as the fault core show a distinct amplification. The amplification ratio of 2.5-3 is constant as for all types of events (local, teleseismic ), when compared to DAS channels at larger depth, related to a consolidated rock material. Although the fault gouge is narrow, the nature of the amplification in strain is due to its strong material contrast from fault gouge. This result may shed the light on the understanding of fault-zone dynamics in terms of remote earthquake triggering and near-fault ground motion.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: As a population parameter, reliable estimation of the b-value is intrinsically complicated, particularly when spatial variability is considered. We approach this issue by treating the spatial b-value distribution as a non-stationary Gaussian process for the underlying earthquake-realizing Poisson process. For Gaussian process inference the covariance—which describes here the spatial correlation of the b-value—must be specified a priori. We base the covariance on the local fault structure, i.e. the covariance is anisotropic: elongated along the dominant fault strike and shortened when normal to the fault trace. This adaptive feature captures the geological structure better than an isotropic covariance or similarly defined and commonly used running-window estimates of the b-value. We demonstrate the Bayesian inference of the Gaussian process b-value estimation for two regions: California based on SCEDC earthquake and Turkey based on the AFAD earthquake catalog. The covariances in the inferences are calibrated with the SCEC community fault model the GEM fault model for California and Turkey, respectively. Our model provides a continuous b-value estimate (including its uncertainties) which reflects the local fault structure to a very high degree. We are able to associate the b-value with the local seismicity distribution and link it to major faults. In light of the recent Turkish earthquake sequence, we also assess the temporal evolution of the b-value of recent seismicity before and after major events.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Stress maps show the orientation of the current maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) in the earth's crust. Assuming that the vertical stress (SV) is a principal stress, SHmax defines the orientation of the 3D stress tensor; the minimum horizontal stress Shmin is than perpendicular to SHmax. In stress maps SHmax orientations are represented as lines of different lengths. The length of the line is a measure of the quality of data and the symbol shows the stress indicator and the color the stress regime. The stress data are freely available and part of the World Stress Map (WSM) project. For more information about the data and criteria of data analysis and quality mapping are plotted along the WSM website at http://www.world-stress-map.org. The stress map of Taiwan 2022 is based on the WSM database release 2016. However, all data records have been checked and we added a large number of new data from earthquake focal mechanisms from the national earthquake catalog and from publications. The total number of data records has increased from n=401 in the WSM 2016 to n=6,498 (4,234 with A-C quality) in the stress map of Taiwan 2022 The update with earthquake focal mechanims is even larger since another 1313 earthquake focal mechanism data records beyond the scale of this map have been added to the WSM database. The digital version of the stress map is a layered pdf file generated with GMT (Wessel et al., 2019). It also provide estimates of the mean SHmax orientation on a regular 0.1° grid using the tool stress2grid (Ziegler and Heidbach, 2019). Two mean SHmax orientations are estimated with search radii of r=25 and 50 km, respectively, and with weights according to distance and data quality. The stress map and data are available on the landing page at https://doi.org/10.5880/WSM.Taiwan2022 where further information is provided. The earthquake focal mechanism that are used for this stress map are provided by the Taiwan Earthquake Research Center (TEC) available at the TEC Data Center (https://tec.earth.sinica.edu.tw).
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: This data set contains measurements of an underground hydraulic fracture experiment at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in May and June 2015. The experiment tested various injection schemes for rock fracture stimulation and monitored the resulting seismicity. The primary purpose of the experiment is to identify injection schemes that provide rock fracturing while reducing seismicity or at least mitigate larger seismic events. In total, six tests with three different injection schemes were performed in various igneous rock types. Both the injection process and the accompanied seismicity were monitored. For injection monitoring, the water flow and pressure are provided and additional tests for rock permeability. The seismicity was monitored in both triggered and continuous mode during the tests by high-resolution acoustic emission sensors, accelerometers and broadband seismometers. Both waveform data and seismicity catalogs are provided.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: In this article, a high-resolution acoustic emission sensor, accelerometer, and broadband seismometer array data set is made available and described in detail from in situ experiments performed at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in May and June 2015. The main goal of the hydraulic stimulation tests in a horizontal borehole at 410m depth in naturally fractured granitic rock mass is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of generating multi-stage heat exchangers in a controlled way superiorly to former massive stimulations applied in enhanced geothermal projects. A set of six, sub-parallel hydraulic fractures is propagated from an injection borehole drilled parallel to minimum horizontal in situ stress and is monitored by an extensive complementary sensor array implemented in three inclined monitoring boreholes and the nearby tunnel system. Three different fluid injection protocols are tested: constant water injection, progressive cyclic injection, and cyclic injection with a hydraulic hammer operating at 5 Hz frequency to stimulate a crystalline rock volume of size 30m30m30m at depth. We collected geological data from core and borehole logs, fracture inspection data from an impression packer, and acoustic emission hypocenter tracking and tilt data, as well as quantified the permeability enhancement process. The data and interpretation provided through this publication are important steps in both upscaling laboratory tests and downscaling field tests in granitic rock in the framework of enhanced geothermal system research. Data described in this paper can be accessed at GFZ Data Services under https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.6.2023.004 (Zang et al., 2023).
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: We construct and examine the prototype of a deep learning-based ground-motion model (GMM) that is both fully data driven and nonergodic. We formulate ground-motion modeling as an image processing task, in which a specific type of neural network, the U-Net, relates continuous, horizontal maps of earthquake predictive parameters to sparse observations of a ground-motion intensity measure (IM). The processing of map-shaped data allows the natural incorporation of absolute earthquake source and observation site coordinates, and is, therefore, well suited to include site-, source-, and path-specific amplification effects in a nonergodic GMM. Data-driven interpolation of the IM between observation points is an inherent feature of the U-Net and requires no a priori assumptions. We evaluate our model using both a synthetic dataset and a subset of observations from the KiK-net strong motion network in the Kanto basin in Japan. We find that the U-Net model is capable of learning the magnitude–distance scaling, as well as site-, source-, and path-specific amplification effects from a strong motion dataset. The interpolation scheme is evaluated using a fivefold cross validation and is found to provide on average unbiased predictions. The magnitude–distance scaling as well as the site amplification of response spectral acceleration at a period of 1 s obtained for the Kanto basin are comparable to previous regional studies.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Understanding fracturing processes and the hydromechanical relation to induced seismicity is a key question for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Commonly massive fluid injection, predominately causing hydroshearing, are used in large-scale EGS but also hydraulic fracturing approaches were discussed. To evaluate the applicability of hydraulic fracturing techniques in EGS, six in situ, multistage hydraulic fracturing experiments with three different injection schemes were performed under controlled conditions in crystalline rock at the A¨ spo¨ Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden). During the experiments the near-field ground motion was continuously recorded by 11 piezoelectric borehole sensors with a sampling rate of 1 MHz. The sensor network covered a volume of 30×30×30 m around a horizontal, 28-m-long injection borehole at a depth of 410 m. To extract and characterize massive, induced, high-frequency acoustic emission (AE) activity from continuous recordings, a semi-automated workflow was developed relying on full waveform based detection, classification and location procedures. The approach extended the AE catalogue from 196 triggered events in previous studies to more than 19 600 located AEs. The enhanced catalogue, for the first time, allows a detailed analysis of induced seismicity during single hydraulic fracturing experiments, including the individual fracturing stages and the comparison between injection schemes. Beside the detailed study of the spatio-temporal patterns, event clusters and the growth of seismic clouds, we estimate relative magnitudes and b-values of AEs for conventional, cyclic progressive and dynamic pulse injection schemes, the latter two being fatigue hydraulic fracturing techniques. While the conventional fracturing leads to AE patterns clustered in planar regions, indicating the generation of a single main fracture plane, the cyclic progressive injection scheme results in a more diffuse, cloud-like AE distribution, indicating the activation of a more complex fracture network. For a given amount of hydraulic energy (pressure multiplied by injected volume) pumped into the system, the cyclic progressive scheme is characterized by a lower rate of seismicity, lower maximum magnitudes and significantly larger b-values, implying an increased number of small events relative to the large ones. To our knowledge, this is the first direct comparison of high resolution seismicity in a mine-scale experiment induced by different hydraulic fracturing schemes.
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  • 33
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    Unknown
    Universität Potsdam
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: The branch of seismology that deals with strong motion refers to seismic events that are hazardous to society in general.Two aspects drive the development in strong-motion seismology: First comes the societal need to understand the earth-quake hazard and to mitigate the associated risk. While the hazard changed little during human history, the risk in-creases steadily. A growing population—also in the most earthquake-prone regions of the world—and a more and morevulnerable infrastructure contribute to higher exposure to seismic events and higher vulnerability in case an earthquakestruck. The second driver in strong-motion seismology is shared with many other fields: the technological advancement.The available options for processing more and more data is unprecedented in human history and are still not exhausted.Both drivers also pose new challenges as in how to interpret and make use of the data.The scientific question, on the other hand, is clear: What can we learn from the rupture process (the source of earth-quakes), Earth’s structure (the medium through which seismic wave travels), and their interactions (how does an earth-quake affect its surrounding medium)? The question is broad and this thesis can focus only for specific aspects of thisquestion and provide answers for them. To reach the answers, I developed several new algorithms and models, all rootedin the concept of the likelihood function.Seismicity (and population alike) is concentrated along the tectonic plate boundaries. Different earthquake typesoccur at these boundaries and their characteristics in terms of ground shaking are considerably different. It is thereforeimportant to classify earthquakes according to their style of faulting. This classification is the objective of ACE (angularclusterization with expectation-maximization). Founded on the geomechanical principles, ACE provides earthquakeclassifications which can be applied not only for ground-motion related topics but also to study the Earth’s stress field.The development of reliable ground-motion models requires waveform data of high quality. Instrument related errorscan compromise the data quality, however, with large archives of waveform data, the correction for spurious s cannot behandled manually anymore. To alleviate the effect of instrument related data shifts, I developed the integrated combinedbaseline modification (ICBM). This routine is implemented during the data pre-processing and is particularly necessarywhen determining integrated quantities from acceleration records, such as coseismic displacement and radiated seismicenergy.Radiated seismic energy plays a major role in the development of a new type of ground-motion model that uses thesite-dependent energy estimates to model the seismic radiation pattern at lower frequencies of the earthquake amplitudespectrum. This kind of ground-motion model performs better when relating ground motion to earthquake triggeredlandslides, which is demonstrated with the landslides triggered by the 2016MW7.1 Kumamoto earthquake which struckcentral Kyushu (Japan). In this case study, it is also shown that the landslide movement direction is to some extent linkedto the seismic wave polarization.The preferred mathematical model in ground-motion model development is the mixed-effect model. However, themost widely used formalism does not allow data weighting beyond directly related measurement errors and weightsderived from ACE would inadvertently bias the model. To overcome this problem, I derived the model estimators onthe basis of the weighted likelihood. The derivation is exhaustive to allow for any of the currently used model types onthe basis of mixed effects to be augmented with data weighting. This formalism in connection with ACE allows for atransparent model development and also avoids model choices on subjective expert judgment
    Description: Der Teil der Seismologie, der sich mit starker Bodenbewegung beschäftigt, bezieht sich auf seismische Ereignisse, dieallgemein ein Gefahrenpotenzial für die Gesellschaft darstellen. Die Seismologie der starken Bodenbewegung wird vonzwei Aspekten angetrieben: An erster Stelle kommt die gesellschaftliche Notwendigkeit, die Erdbebengefährdung zuverstehen und das damit verbundene Risiko zu vermeiden. Während die Gefährdung durch Erdbeben kaum Änderun-gen in der Geschichte der Menschheit unterlag, so wächst das Risiko andererseits kontinuierlich an. Eine wachsendeBevölkerung, insbesondere in den am stärksten von Erdbeben geprägten Regionen der Welt, und eine mehr und mehrstörungsanfällige Infrastruktur, tragen dazu bei, seismische Ereignissen vermehrt ausgesetzt zu sein, bei gleichzeitighöherem Schadenspotenzial. Der zweite Antrieb in der Seismologie wird mit vielen anderen Forschungsfeldern geteilt:der technische Fortschritt. Die verfügbaren Möglichkeiten beim Verarbeiten immer größerer Datenmengen sindbeispiellos in der Geschichte und sind bisher noch nicht erschöpft. Beide Triebfedern stellen aber auch neue Heraus-forderungen dar, inwiefern die Daten zu interpretieren sind und wie man sie nutzbar macht.Andererseits ist die wissenschaftliche Frage klar: Was können wir aus Bruchprozessen (als Erdbebenursachen), demAuf bau der Erde (als Medium, durch welches sich die seismischen Wellen ausbreiten), sowie deren Interaktion (inwiefernbeeinflusst das Beben das umgebende Gesteinsmedium)? Diese Frage ist breit gestellt und diese Abhandlung kann sichletztlich nur auf einige Punkte beziehen und Antworten dazu liefern. Um Antworten zu finden, habe ich mehrere neueAlgorithmen und Modelle entwickelt, die allesamt auf dem Konzept der Likelihood-Funktion beruhen.Seismizität (sowie auch die Bevölkerung) ist stark an den Rändern der tektonischen Platten konzentriert. An denPlattenrändern treten verschiedene Erdbebentypen mit teils erheblich abweichenden Eigenschaften auf. Daher ist esvon Wichtigkeit, Erdbeben nach ihrem Verwerfungstyp zu klassifizieren. Das Ziel von ACE (angular clusterization withexpectation-maximization, zu dt. ungefähr Winkelgruppenbestimmung mit Erwartungswertmaximierung) ist genaudiese Klassifizierung. Auf geomechanischen Prinzipien basierend, können die Erdbebenklassifizierungen mittels ACEnicht nur auf Themen der Bodenbewegungen angewandt werden, sondern auch zur Untersuchung des Spannungsfeldesder Erde herangezogen werden.Der Entwicklung von verlässlichen Bodenbewegungsmodellen bedarf es Wellenformdaten hoher Güte. Instrumentenbezogene Fehler können die Qualität beeinträchtigen, jedoch ist eine manuelle Korrektur großer Datenmengen nichtmehr umsetzbar. Um Instrumentenfehler, die sich in Verschiebungen in den Daten zeigen, zu reduzieren, habe icheine Nulllinienkorrektur entwickelt (ICBM, integrated combined baseline modification, zu dt. integriert kombinierteNulllinienmodifikation). Dieser Algorithmus wird in der Datenvorbereitung eingesetzt und ist insbesondere dannnotwendig, wenn integrierte Größen auf Grundlage von Beschleunigungsdaten bestimmt werden, wie statischer Ver-satz eines Erdbebens als auch abgestrahlte seismische Energie.Abgestrahlte seismische Energie spielt eine herausragende Rolle in der Entwicklung einer neuen Art von Bodenbewe-gungsmodell, welches anstellen von Magnituden stationsabhängige Energieabschätzungen nutzt, um die Erdbebenab-strahlcharakteristik auf tieferen Frequenzen des Erdbebenspektrums zu beschreiben. Diese Art Bodenbewegungsmodellist besser geeignet, wenn Bodenbewegungen in Bezug zu Hangrutschungen, welche durch Erdbeben verursacht wur-den, gesetzt werden. Als Beispiel dienen hier die Hangrutschungen, die 2016 durch das Erdbeben in Zentralkyuschu(Japan) mit einer Momentenmagnitude von 7.1 verursacht wurden. In dieser Fallstudie wird auch aufgezeigt, wie dieBewegungsrichtung der Hangrutschungen zu einem gewissen Grad durch die Ausrichtung des seismischen Wellenfeldesbeeinflusst werden.Das bevorzugte mathematische Modell in der Seismologie zur Beschreibung starker Bodenbewegungen ist das gemis-chte Modell. Jedoch lässt der weitläufig angewendete Formalismus nur die Einbettung von Gewichten in Form vonMessunsicherheiten zu. Gewichte wie sie von ACE erzeugt werden, die in keinem direkten Bezug zur Messgröße stehen,liefern zwangsläufig verzerrte Ergebnisse. Um dieses Problem zu umgehen, habe ich Parameterschätzer auf Basis einergewichteten Likelihood hergeleitet. Die rigorose Herleitung erlaubt sämtliche Arten des gemischten Modells, wie siezur Beschreibung von Bodenbewegungen genutzt werde, mit Datengewichtungen zu kombinieren. Dieser Formalis-mus in Verbindung mit ACE erlaubt die Entwicklung nachvollziehbarer Modelle und vermeidet Entscheidungen aufsubjektiver Expertenmeinung.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: We investigate the relation between frictional heating on a fault and the resulting conductive surface heat flow anomaly using the fault's long-term energy budget. Analysis of the surface heat flow surrounding the fault trace leads to a constraint on the frictional power generated on the fault—the mechanism behind the San Andreas fault (SAF) heat flow paradox. We revisit this paradox from a new perspective using an estimate of the long-term accumulating elastic power in the region surrounding the fault, and analyze the paradox using two parameters: the seismic efficiency and the elastic power. The results show that the constraint on frictional power from the classic interpretation is incompatible with the accumulating elastic power and the radiated power from earthquake catalogs. We then explore four mechanisms that can resolve this extended paradox. First, stochastic fluctuations of surface heat flow could mask the fault-generated anomaly (we estimate 21% probability). Second, the elastic power accumulating in the region could be overestimated (≥550 MW required). Third, the seismic efficiency—ratio of radiated energy to elastic work—of the SAF could be higher than that of the remaining faults in the region (≥5.8% required). Fourth, the scaled energy—ratio of radiated energy to seismic moment—on the SAF could be lower than on the remaining faults in the region (a factor 5 difference required). In the last three hypotheses, we analyze the interplay of the energy budget on a single fault with the total energy budget of the region.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: The selection of earthquake focal mechanisms (FMs) for stress tensor inversion (STI) is commonly done on a spatial basis, that is, hypocentres. However, this selection approach may include data that are undesired, for example, by mixing events that are caused by different stress tensors when for the STI a single stress tensor is assumed. Due to the significant increase of FM data in the past decades, objective data-driven data selection is feasible, allowing more refined FM catalogues that avoid these issues and provide data weights for the STI routines. We present the application of angular classification with expectation-maximization (ACE) as a tool for data selection. ACE identifies clusters of FM without a priori information. The identified clusters can be used for the classification of the style-of-faulting and as weights of the FM data. We demonstrate that ACE effectively selects data that can be associated with a single stress tensor. Two application examples are given for weighted STI from South America. We use the resulting clusters and weights as a priori information for an STI for these regions and show that uncertainties of the stress tensor estimates are reduced significantly.
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  • 36
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    Unknown
    In:  Elgar Encyclopedia of Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: The IRGC risk governance framework refers to an integrated concept on how to deal with a variety of physical, environmental and social risks characterized by complex, uncertain and ambiguous impacts. The framework has been informed by interdisciplinary research drawing from sociological and psychological research, including investigations about regulatory styles, institutional regimes and public participation. The notion of governance pertains to the many ways in which all relevant actors, individuals and institutions, public and private, deal with interventions that impact nature and human societies. It includes formal institutions and regimes as well as informal arrangements for including stakeholders and the public at large.
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  • 37
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Journal of risk research
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Risk and uncertainty communication of often directed towards addressing the relevance and meaning of probability distributions over negative outcomes and statistical confidence intervals. As much as a professional handling of complex mathematical operations is needed, this will cover only a fraction of what uncertainty communication needs to addres. In those cases where estimates of uncertainty come close to educated guesses, simple beliefs or even total ignorance, other important cues may be more important than formal expertise in risk assessments. These include trust in the risk management agencies or other influential actors, personal experience, indigenous or community-based knowledge, common sense and argumentative or persuasive power. Once the full range of uncertainty is in the focus of risk managemem and communication institutions, an interdisciplinary, inclusive and demand-driven communication strategy needs to be developed. As recommended in the paper by Lofstedt and Bouder, such a targeted approach to risk and uncertainty communication requires interdisciplinary expertise, competence in the social and natural sciences, and practical experience in designing public discourses.
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: In recent years, bottom–up civil society initiatives have advanced urban transformation processes in Berlin. Following previous research suggesting that bottom–up participation could have a positive impact on community resilience (CR), we analyse the impact of engagement on Berlin–based civil society initiatives. Whilst a positive effect on resilience can be found, we identify governance processes that would be necessary to enable the full potential of bottom–up participation for CR. Resilience, understood as the capacity of a community to thrive in times of change and uncertainty, is becoming increasingly important for the functioning of (urban) communities; hence, finding ways of strengthening it is deemed necessary.
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  • 39
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Elgar Encyclopedia of Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: In the light of the major global crises such as pandemics, war, climate change and inequality, scientific research faces new challenges and targets. Scientific studies are supposed to provide background knowledge, to facilitate the desired transformation towards a sustainable future and to offer assistance for resolving complex problems that accompany societies in transition. Concepts such as transformative, transdisciplinary or co-creative research elucidate the direction in which scientific research finds its new role(s). Based on the discussion of these concepts and their different roots, the entry analyzes a new modular concept for a transdisciplinary scientific approach combining and integrating classic curiosity-driven research with goal oriented (advocacy) knowledge and catalytic, process-oriented expertise. In particular it emphasizes the role and function of curiosity-driven research for a comprehensive design of transdisciplinarity and transformative research. There is no doubt that society needs better transformative knowledge to facilitate actions towards sustainability but such knowledge rests on evidence-based insights from disciplinary and interdisciplinary research efforts. The entry provides an orientation of how this classic research outcomes can effectively be integrated into a transdisciplinary context.
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Cities and other human settlements are major contributors to climate change and are highly vulnerable to its impacts. They are also uniquely positioned to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and lead adaptation efforts. These compound challenges and opportunities require a comprehensive perspective on the public policy of human settlements. Drawing on core literature that has driven debate around cities and climate over recent decades, we put forward a set of boundary objects that can be applied to connect the knowledge of epistemic communities and support an integrated urbanism. We then use these boundary objects to develop the Goals-Intervention-Stakeholder-Enablers (GISE) framework for a public policy of human settlements that is both place-specific and provides insights and tools useful for climate action in cities and other human settlements worldwide. Using examples from Berlin, we apply this framework to show that climate mitigation and adaptation, public health, and well-being goals are closely linked and mutually supportive when a comprehensive approach to urban public policy is applied. © The Author(s) 2024.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 41
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    [Dordrecht [u.a.]] : Springer
    Call number: M 24.95741
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVIII, 831 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 193 x 260 mm
    Edition: Second edition 2. rev. and enl. ed. of the 1. ed. publ. by Chapman and Hall, 1994
    ISBN: 9789402404470 , 9402404473
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 42
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Über den paläozoischen Sedimenten im Dakhla-Becken folgen überwiegend fluvio-kontinentale Sedimente des Mesozoikums, die sich aufgrund ihrer gleichartigen Ausbildung innerhalb des Beckens in Ost-West-Erstreckung verfolgen lassen. Die pauschal als "Nubischer Sandstein" bezeichneten klastischen Sedimente konnten in sechs Formationen gegliedert und ihre strati graphische Stellung weitgehend gesichert werden. Die Einheiten der Nubischen Gruppe heißen von unten nach oben: Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastics), Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale), Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Beds), Maghrabi Formation (Plant Beds), Taref Formation (Taref Sandstein) und Mut Formation (Variegated Shales). Sie sind fast ausschließlich der Kreide bis zum Maastricht zugehörig. Der Sedimentationsraum gehört zu einem sich nach Nordwesten vertiefenden Becken zwischen der Calanscio-Uweinat-Schwelle im Westen und dem Kharga-Upl ift im Osten. Die Sandstein-Formationen bestehen in der Körnerfraktion ausschließlich aus Quarz, Zirkon, Turmalin, Rutil und Leukoxen und zeigen bei den Tonmineralen eine absolute Kaolinitvormacht. Die überwiegend tonigen Formationen, mit unterschiedlichen Tonmineral-Vergesellschaffungen, deuten auf eine Sedimentation in einem flachen Epikontinentalmeer hin. Die Sedimente der Nubischen Gruppe entstammen Gebieten mit lateritischer Verwitterung. Die Resedimentation erfolgte unter gleichen Klimabedingungen, wie synsedimentäre Bodenbildung und Sesquioxid-Krusten zeigen. Die Faktoren-Analyse ergab folgende Elementgruppen: Ti, Nb, Zr und Cr: Elemente, die überwiegend in Schwermineralen auftreten ; Mn, Co, Ni und Cu: adsorptiv an Mn gebunden und in manganreichen Krusten angereichert ; Y, SE; an Tonminerale angelagerte Elemente ; Ca, Sr, Rb und Pb: an Tonminerale gebundene Elemente. Eisen konnte keiner dieser Gruppen zugeordnet werden. Da die fünf Elementgruppen in den Formationen der Nubischen Gruppe charakteristisch verteilt sind, ist eine Unterscheidung der Formationen aufgrund der Elementverteilung möglich.
    Description: The Paleozoic sediments within the Dakhla Basin are overlain by fluvio-continental sediments of Mesozoic age which can be traced in the. basin in east-west extension caused by their similar development. The clastic sediments, generally called "Nubian Sandstone", could be subdivided into six formations and their: stratigraphic position could be more or less assured. The units of the Nubia Group are named from the bottom towards the top as follows: Six Hills Formation (Basal Clastic Unit), Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale Unit), Sabaya Formation (Desert Rose Unit), Maghrabi Formation (Plant Bed Unit), Taref Formation (Taref Sandstone Unit), and Mut Formation (Variegated Shale Unit). Stratigraphically they are nearly exclusively of Cretaceous up to Maastrichtian age. The area of sedimentation is a basin between the Calanscio-Uweinat Uplift in the west and the Kharga Uplift in the east. The bottom of the basin dips towards the northwest. The more sandy units contain as grains exclusively quartz, zircone, turmaline, rutile and leocoxene. The same units show as a clay-mineral an absolute predominance of kaolinite. The chiefly clayey units with a different association of clayminerals point at a sedimentation in a shallow epicontinental sea. The sediments of the Nubia Group are descended from regions with a lateritic weathering. The resedimentation took place under the same climatic conditions as it is shown by syn sedimentary development of soil horizons and sesquioxide crusts. The factor analysis caused the following groups of elements: Ti, Nb, Zr and Cr: elements which occur mainly in heavy minerals ; Mn, Co, Ni and Cu: elements which are bound adsorptively at Mn and are concentrated in crusts with a high content of manganese ; Y and R.E.E.: elements which are attached to clayminerals ; Ca, Sr, Rb and Pb: elements which are bound at clayminerals. Iron could not be associated with one of these groups. As the five groups of elements are distributed characteristically in the units of the Nubia Group, a differentiation of the units is possible based on the dissamination of the elements.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Nubischer Sandstein ; Stratigraphie ; Geochemie ; Sedimentologie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 93
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  • 43
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Das Sebkha-Gourine-System am Golf von Gabes in Süd-Tunesien wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit sedimentologisch, hydrogeologisch und geobotanisch beschrieben. Der für das Mittelmeer ungewöhnlich hohe Tidenhub bewirkt hier die Ausbildung eines sehr breiten Gezeitenbereiches. Das gemäßigt-aride Klima des Hinterlandes führt zur Bildung evaporitischer Minerale: in dem Sebkha-Bereich kommt es zur Ausscheidung von Gips-Lagen oberhalb des Grundwasserspiegels und zur Entstehung von temporären Halit- und Gipskrusten an der Sedimentoberf lache. Die gleichmäßig feinkörnigen, karbonatischen und silikatischen Sedimente sind marinen, fluviatilen und äolischen Ursprungs. Mit Hilfe der halophytischen Vegetationszonierung war eine flächenhafte Kartierung der Grundwasser-Salinitäten möglich. Anhand der Kalium-Gehalte konnten bei der chemischen Analyse der Sebkha-Grundwässer Lösungen marinen und kontinentalen Ursprungs voneinander unterschieden werden. Mit dem Trockenfallen während der grimaldischen Regression vor ca. 8000 Jahren entstand in einem ehemaligen Ästuar ein breiter Gezeitenbereich, dessen Faziesräume sich mit der zurückweichenden Küstenlinie stetig meerwärts verlagerten. Die in pleistozäne und mio-pliozäne Sedimente erodierte Hohlform wurde vom Kontinent her mit feinkörnigen Wadi-Sedimenten und vom Meer her mit Strandsand karbonatischer und silikatischer Zusammensetzung aufgefüllt. In Lagunen und im Oberen Gezeitenbereich kam es immer wieder zum Absatz feinkörniger Sedimente (Verlandung). Der heutige Zustand wird charakterisiert durch eine flache Küstenlagune, die insgesamt noch im Gezeitenbereich liegt und täglich trocken fällt. Dadurch ist eine Voranreicherung des Meerwassers durch Eindunstung und reduzierte Zirkulation (wie z. B. in der Laguna Madre, Texas) nicht möglich. Das max. 1000 m breite Intertidal ist durch massenhaftes Pflanzenwachstum ( Salicovnla fruticosa und Halocnenwn strobilaeeum ), dichte, lederartige Grünalgen -Matten und sil tig-tonige Sedimente gekennzeichnet. Die Salinität liegt im Bereich der Meerwasser-Konzentration. Der eigentliche Sebkha-Bereich mit nur gelegentlichen Überflutungen bei Sturmfluten reicht noch etwa 3000 m weit ins Landesinnere. Die Sedimente bestehen aus einer Wechsellagerung von dünnen Ton- und Algenschichten und Feinsand-Lagen aus umgelagertem Flugsand. Überflutungsdauer und -häufigkeiten reichen für eine effektive Infiltration des eindringenden Meerwassers in die porösen Sedimente. Die hohen sommerlichen Temperaturen und die starken, trockenen Winde erzeugen eine Verdunstungsrate von ca. 2000 mm/ Jahr, die einen überwiegend aufwärts gerichteten Grundwasserstrom bedingt. Durch die Evaporation werden im Grundwasser Salinitäten bis zu 30 % erreicht, so daß oberhalb des Grundwasserspiegels eine lagenweise Kristallisation von Gips ("Wüstenrosen") zu beobachten ist. Bei dem weiteren kapillaren Aufstieg entsteht eine oberflächennahe Mineralisation der unverfestigten, sandigen Sedimente in Form von feinen, unverwachsenen Gips-Plättchen ("disks"), die auf organische Substanzen und alkalische Verhältnisse hinweisen. An der Oberfläche kommt es zu dünnen Halit-Krusten und -Imprägnationen. Bei den meist im Winter auftretenden Sturmfluten und verstärkt durch die oberirdisch ablaufenden Niederschläge werden nur die Halit-Krusten wieder quantitativ aufgelöst und in das Meer zurücktransportiert. So kommt es ohne unterirdischen Abfluß einer angereicherten Lauge ("reflux") zur Entstehung einer geringmächtigen Gips-Lage in karbonatischen und silikatischen Sanden. Eine Dolomitisierung ist nicht zu beobachten. Die im Sebkha-Gourine-System beobachteten Sebkha-Prozesse folgen weitgehend dem von BUTLER (1969) für die Sebkhas am Persischen Golf aufgestellten "flood water recharge"-Modell , in dem die Salz-Bilanz durch die winterlichen Überflutungen geprägt wird. Das "evaporative pumping"-Modell nach HSÜ & SIEGENTHALER (1969) kann für das Untersuchungebiet ausgeschlossen werden.
    Description: This study describes the sedimentological, hydrogeological and geobotanical features of the Sebkha Gourine in the Gulf of Gabes, Southern Tunisia. The tidal spring range is exceptionally high for Mediterranean conditions and creates a very wide intertidal zone. Formation of evaporite minerals like gypsum and halite is due to the attenuated arid climate. Gypsum cristals are found in layers above the groundwater table. Crusts of halite and gypsum occur temporarily on the sebkha surface. The fine-grained carbonate and quartzose sediments are of marine, fluviatile and eolian origin. Zonation of halophytic vegetation was used as a tool for mapping groundwater salinities. Sebkha groundwaters of marine and continental origin were distinguished by their potassium content. An ancient estuary, carved into Pleistocene and Mio-Pliocene sediments, was filled after the "Grimaldic" regression (8000 BP). Continental fine-grained wadi sediments interlock with carbonate and quartzose beach sands. Minor lagoons and the upper intertidal zone were constantly being silted up. Even today a shallow coastal lagoon is still flooded daily. Therefore the effects of evaporation within the lagoon cannot be accumulated and only a slight increase can be observed in the salinity of sea water entering the sebkha. The intertidal zone extends well over 1000 m and is occupied by a living algal mat and in its upper parts by a dense halophytic vegetation (mainly Salicornia fruticosa and Haloenemum strobilaceun ). The salinities are within the range of sea water concentration. The sebkha itself extends well over 3000 m and is flooded only during spring tides. Sediments consist of gray and brown carbonate sands interlaminated with fine algal mats. These sediments are sufficiently porous to allow for effective infiltration of flood waters. Evaporation is high due to high summer temperatures and strong dry winds and creates an upward groundwater flow. Salinities rise to 30 % leading to massive gypsum cristallization ("desert roses"). Gypsum "disks" are found in unconsolidated surface sediments at shallow depths. Their untwinned habit is related to the presence of organic matter and alcaline conditions. The sediment surface is temporarily impregnated by a thin halite crust, which is removed by winter storm flooding and transported back into the sea. No underground backflow of enriched brine ("reflux") and associated dolomitization could be observed. The "flood water recharge "-model by BUTLER (1969) thus is applicable to the Sebkha Gourine area. The salinity balance is controlled by winter flooding and summer evaporation. The "evaporative pumping" -model by HSÜ & SIEGENTHALER (1969) on the other hand can be rejected for the area in consideration.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; ddc:580 ; ddc:551.48 ; Sedimentologie ; Hydrologie ; Geobotanik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 114
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  • 44
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Die Arbeit behandelt die in vielen Küstengebieten auf tretende Erscheinung des Eindringens von Meerwasser in den Untergrund des Binnenlandes und die daraus resultierende Grundwasserversalzung (Küstenversalzung). Zur Klärung dieser Frage wurden im ostfriesischen Küstengebiet seewärts und landwärts der Süßwasser-/Salzwassergrenze mittels spezieller Bohrungen aus Tiefen zwischen 5 und 300 m u.G. insgesamt 46 Grundwasserproben entnommen, der Stoffbestand analysiert, die Sauerstoff- und Schwefel -Isotopenverhältnisse ermittelt und die Radiokohlenstoffkonzentration bestimmt. Ergänzende Untersuchungen betrafen die Dynamik der Versalzungsvorgänge. Ein hydrochemisches Profil durch die Versalzungsfront zeigt, daß im Untersuchungsgebiet eine durch intrudiertes Meerwasser verursachte Versalzung bis zu 16 km landeinwärts der heutigen Küstenlinie und bis in einer Tiefe von 250 m u.G. nachzuweisen ist. Unterhalb dieser Tiefe ist eine zunehmende GrundwasserVersalzung durch hochmineralisierte Tiefengrundwässer zu beobachten. Der intrudierte Meerwasserkörper ist sowohl hinsichtlich Art und Konzentration der gelösten Salze als auch altersmäßig heterogen. Die Versalzung erfaßt gutdurchlässige quartäre wie geringdurchlässige tertiäre Ablagerungen. Die Form der Süßwasser-/Salzwassergrenze ist keine mehr oder weniger flach einfallende Fläche, sondern eine Verzahnung zwischen süßwasser- und salzwassererfüllten Schichten, so daß hochversalzte Wässer von Süßwässern unterlagert werden können. Die Versalzung des Grundwassers im Untersuchungsgebiet ist nicht das Ergebnis eines einheitlichen Vorgangs; auf Grund der hydrochemischen Untersuchungen und Radiokohlenstoffdatierungen sind innerhalb des durch intrudierte Meerwässer versalzten Bereichs mindestens 3 Salzwasserkörper zu unterscheiden, die zu verschiedenen Zeiten in den Untergrund eingedrungen sind. Zwischen dem Altersaufbau der Versalzungsfront und dem großklimatischen Geschehen der letzten 7000 Jahre scheinen Zusammenhänge zu bestehen.
    Description: This work deals with the intrusion of sea water into the underground of binnen lands and with the resulting groundwater salinization, which is a common phenomenon of many coastal areas. For the solution of this problem in the coastal areas of East Frisia in all 46 groundwater samples have been taken from special boreholes (depth between 5 and 300 m below surface) located seaward and landward of the fresh water-/salt water boundary. The mineral contents of the ground-water samples have been analysed, the isotope relations of oxygen and sulphur have been determined and the concentrations of radiocarbon have been assessed. Further investigations dealt with the dynamics of salinization processes. A hydrochemical section crossing the salinization front shows, that within the area of investigation salinization caused by sea water intrusion can be demonstrated up to 16 km landwards from the recent coast line and down to a depth of 250 m below surface. Below this depth an increasing salinization of highly mineralized deep groundwater can be observed. The intruded sea water body is very heterogenous regarding the kind and concentration of soluted salts as well as regarding its age. The salinization incorporates both the well permeable Quaternary layers and the less permeable Tertiary sediments. The form of the fresh-water/salt-water interface is no more or less slightly dipping plane, but an interfingering of layers with salt water and layers with fresh water; thus highly mineralized waters can be underlain by fresh waters. The salinization of the groundwater in the investigated area is not the result of a uniform process. On the base of the hydrochemical investigations and the radiocarbon datings within the area affected by sea-water intrusion at least three different salt water bodies can be distinguished which intruded at different times into the underground. Apparently a correlation exists between the age relations within the salinization front and the large scale climatic history of the last 7000 years.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Versalzung ; Hydrochemie ; Grundwasser ; Küste
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 94
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: Kernproben aus dem Bereich der Abu-Ballas-Formation (Lingula Shale, früher Teil des "Nubischen Sandsteins") in der Bohrung Mawhoub West 2 (Teufe 596 - 634 m) lieferten zwei praktisch ausschließlich kontinentale Palynomorphen-Assoziationen (vgl. Tab. 1). Beide Assoziationen sind charakterisiert durch einen hohen Anteil an Pollen von Ephedripites- (in der älteren Mikroflora ca. 22 %, in der jüngeren ca. 24 %) und Retimonocolpites-Arten (in der älteren Mikroflora ca. 24 %, in der jüngeren ca. 17 %). Unter den Sporen ist die Deltoidospora/Cyathidites- ruppz mit ca. 8 % vom Gesamtbestand der Mikrofloren am häufigsten. Die verschiedenen Retimonocolpites-Arten repräsentieren die aus Ägypten noch kaum dokumentierte frühe monosulcate, reticulate Phase der Angiospermen-Pollen-Evolution. Nach einem Vergleich mit der palynologischen Zonierung für die algerisch/tunesische Sahara (REYRE 1973) sowie unter Berücksichtigung des ebenfalls vorhandenen "Reticulatasporites" jardinus, der in S-Amerika und in Afrika auf das Intervall Apt/Cenoman beschränkt ist, können die Mawhoub-West-Mikrofloren ins Apt (bis unteres Alb?) gestellt werden.
    Description: Core samples from the borehole Mawhoub West 2 (depth 596 - 634 m) probably belonging to the Abu Ballas Formation (Lingula Shale, a part of the former "Nubian Sandstone") have yielded two nearly exclusively continental associations of palynomorphs (see Table 1). Both associations are characterized by a high percentage of Ephedripites (ca. 22 % in the lower microflora, ca. 24 % in the upper microflora) and Retimonocolpites (ca. 24 % in the lower microflora, ca. 17 % in the upper microflora). The Deltoidospora/Cythidites group is most frequent among the spores. It represents ca. 8 % of all spore/pollen grains found. The different species of Retimonocolpites represent the early monosulcate, reticulate phase of angiosperm pollen evolution hitherto hardly recorded from Egypt. After a comparison with the palynological zonation of the Algerian/Tunesi an Sahara (REYRE 1973) and taking into consideration the also occurring "Reticulatasporites" jardinus, which is restricted in South America and in Africa to the Aptian/Cenomani an , the Mawhoub West pollen and spores may be placed in the Aptian (until Lower Albian?).
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:561.13 ; Sporomorphae ; Kreide ; Nubischer Sandstein ; Palynologie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 40
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Description: Ground motion with strong‐velocity pulses can cause significant damage to buildings and structures at certain periods; hence, knowing the period and velocity amplitude of such pulses is critical for earthquake structural engineering. However, the physical factors relating the scaling of pulse periods with magnitude are poorly understood. In this study, we investigate moderate but damaging earthquakes (⁠Mw 6–7) and characterize ground‐motion pulses using the method of Shahi and Baker (2014) while considering the potential static‐offset effects. We confirm that the within‐event variability of the pulses is large. The identified pulses in this study are mostly from strike‐slip‐like earthquakes. We further perform simulations using the frequency–wavenumber algorithm to investigate the causes of the variability of the pulse periods within and between events for moderate strike‐slip earthquakes. We test the effect of fault dips, and the impact of the asperity locations and sizes. The simulations reveal that the asperity properties have a high impact on the pulse periods and amplitudes at nearby stations. Our results emphasize the importance of asperity characteristics, in addition to earthquake magnitudes for the occurrence and properties of pulses produced by the forward directivity effect. We finally quantify and discuss within‐ and between‐event variabilities of pulse properties at short distances.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Description: The steady increase of ground-motion data not only allows new possibilities but also comes with new challenges in the development of ground-motion models (GMMs). Data classification techniques (e.g., cluster analysis) do not only produce deterministic classifications but also probabilistic classifications (e.g., probabilities for each datum to belong to a given class or cluster). One challenge is the integration of such continuous classification in regressions for GMM development such as the widely used mixed-effects model. We address this issue by introducing an extension of the mixed-effects model to incorporate data weighting. The parameter estimation of the mixed-effects model, that is, fixed-effects coefficients of the GMMs and the random-effects variances, are based on the weighted likelihood function, which also provides analytic uncertainty estimates. The data weighting permits for earthquake classification beyond the classical, expert-driven, binary classification based, for example, on event depth, distance to trench, style of faulting, and fault dip angle. We apply Angular Classification with Expectation–maximization, an algorithm to identify clusters of nodal planes from focal mechanisms to differentiate between, for example, interface- and intraslab-type events. Classification is continuous, that is, no event belongs completely to one class, which is taken into account in the ground-motionmodeling. The theoretical framework described in this article allows for a fully automatic calibration of ground-motionmodels using large databases with automated classification and processing of earthquake and ground-motion data. As an example, we developed a GMM on the basis of the GMM by Montalva et al. (2017) with data from the strong-motion flat file of Bastías and Montalva (2016) with ∼2400 records from 319 events in the Chilean subduction zone. Our GMMwith the data-driven classification is comparable to the expert-classification-based model. Furthermore, the model shows temporal variations of the between-event residuals before and after large earthquakes in the region.
    Language: English
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Description: Surface heat flow is a geophysical variable that is affected by a complex combination of various heat generation and transport processes. The processes act on different lengths scales, from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers. In general, it is not possible to resolve all processes due to a lack of data or modeling resources, and hence the heat flow data within a region is subject to residual fluctuations. We introduce the REgional HEAT-Flow Uncertainty and aNomaly Quantification (REHEATFUNQ) model, version 2.0.1. At its core, REHEATFUNQ uses a stochastic model for heat flow within a region, considering the aggregate heat flow to be generated by a gamma-distributed random variable. Based on this assumption, REHEATFUNQ uses Bayesian inference to (i) quantify the regional aggregate heat flow distribution (RAHFD) and (ii) estimate the strength of a given heat flow anomaly, for instance as generated by a tectonically active fault. The inference uses a prior distribution conjugate to the gamma distribution for the RAHFDs, and we compute parameters for a uninformed prior distribution from the global heat flow database by Lucazeau (2019). Through the Bayesian inference, our model is the first of its kind to consistently account for the variability in regional heat flow in the inference of spatial signals in heat flow data. Interpretation of these spatial signals and in particular their interpretation in terms of fault characteristics (particularly fault strength) form a long-standing debate within the geophysical community. We describe the components of REHEATFUNQ and perform a series of goodness-of-fit tests and synthetic resilience analyses of the model. While our analysis reveals to some degree a misfit of our idealized empirical model with real-world heat flow, it simultaneously confirms the robustness of REHEATFUNQ to these model simplifications. We conclude with an application of REHEATFUNQ to the San Andreas fault in California. Our analysis finds heat flow data in the Mojave section to be sufficient for an analysis and concludes that stochastic variability can allow for a surprisingly large fault-generated heat flow anomaly to be compatible with the data. This indicates that heat flow alone may not be a suitable quantity to address fault strength of the San Andreas fault.
    Language: English
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Description: Nach der Übernahme des Territoriums des Klosters Grünhain durch die Wettiner im Jahr 1536 und der Verwaltungsreform durch Kurfürst Moritz wurde für den Bergbau am Emmler eine neue Bergordnung notwendig. Diese erließ der Oberhauptmann des (erz)gebirgischen Kreises, Heinrich von Gersdorff, in seiner Amtszeit zwischen 1547 und 1554.
    Description: source
    Keywords: Kurfürst Moritz von Sachsen ; Heinrich von Gersdorf ; Kloster Grünhain ; Annaberg ; Eisenerzbergbau ; Bergordnung
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
    Format: 6
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Description: Die untersuchten, feinkörnig-konglomeratischen, mäßig gut sortierten, lithischen Arenite, bilden zusammen mit Siltsteinen und untergeordnet Tonschiefern die Sao Khua Formation, die als Speichergestein der Uran-Vererzung Phu Wiang I in einem fluviatil-beherrschten Deltakomplex mit deutlich marinen Einflüssen im Zeitraum Ober-Jura bis Unter-Kreide sedimentiert wurde. Die in den Areniten der Sao Khua Formation aufgearbeiteten Klasten und der detritische Mineral bestand deuten auf sauer bis intermediäre Plutonite und Vulkanite, Phyllite, Quarzite und Cherts als Liefergesteine. Erosionsgebiete dieser Gesteinsserien sind wegen der rekonstruierten, unimodalen, hauptsächlich NE/SW verlaufenden Paläoströmungsrichtung in pratriassischen Formationen, nordöstlich des Untersuchungsgebietes, zu suchen. Zusammen mit diesen sind möglicherweise äolisch nach E verfrachtete Vulkanite, des westlich von Si Chiang Mai gelegenen Vulkanitgürtels, umgelagert und im Deltabereich sedimentiert worden. Die linsenförmige, penekonkordante Uran-Mineralisation ist an mittel- bis grobkörnige, teilweise konglomeratische Bereiche, des als “channelsequenz" interpretierten Sandsteins gebunden, die feinverteiltes, inkohltes Pflanzenmaterial enthalten und im Hangenden einer für (perkolierende) Porenwässer impermeablen Barriere aus feinkörnigen Sandsteinen, Siltsteinen und Tonschiefern liegen.
    Description: Fine grained to conglomeratic, moderateley well-sorted, lithic arenites combine with siltstones and minor amounts of shale to make the Sao Khua formation. The latter was deposited during the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous in a delta donimated by fluvial distributary channels but with distinct marine features and is the host roch for the uranium mineralization. The clasts and the detritic minerals of the arenites of the Sao Khua Formation indicate that acid to intermediate plutonios and volcanics, phyllites, quarzites and cherts were the source rocks. Possibly volcanics from the volcanic arc, situated to the west of Si Chiang Mai, were aeolianly transported to the east and after their first deposition carried together with the above cited detrital mineral assemblage by fluvial action into the delta area. The lenticular, peneconcordant uranium mineralization is restricted to these medium to coarse grained, partly conglomeratic intervals of the sandstone which together have been interpreted as channel - sequences. These intervals contain finely distributed carbonaceous matter of plant origin and are situated above a barrier. The latter is made up of fine-grained sandstone, siltstone and shale, which connot be permeated by (percolating) pore-water-solutions.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Thailand ; Sedimentgestein ; Uranlagerstätten
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 92
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