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  • 1
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    Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Israel Public Policy Institute (IPPI), Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Tel Aviv
    In:  Policy Paper Series "Decarbonization Strategies in Germany and Israel"
    Publication Date: 2021-06-29
    Description: Increasingly abundant big data and artificial intelligence applications are restructuring economic activities and daily life. This is epitomized in the notion of the smart city, and especially visible on our streets, where e-scooters or pool-riding services are added every month and reshape our mobility. It’s a time of experimentation and that may be a good thing. Yet, there are also signs of discontent, raising the question of how big data can be managed and organized in a way that reduces congestion and improves the daily travel routines of millions of citizens, supports the wider public good while also leveraging Israel’s potential as a start-up nation. Here, we take the example of smart mobility in Israel to investigate how integrated data management can multiply the benefits of big data applications, while effectively managing risks. We find that integrated data platforms offer an opportunity to leverage benefits if three key design principles are followed: 1) open (but not necessarily free) data access; 2) maintaining the privacy, agency and participation of individuals, users, and the public; and 3) tailoring mobility services to meet well-defined goals of public policy.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-05-20
    Description: The aggregate potential for urban mitigation of global climate change is insufficiently understood. Our analysis, using a dataset of 274 cities representing all city sizes and regions worldwide, demonstrates that economic activity, transport costs, geographic factors, and urban form explain 37% of urban direct energy use and 88% of urban...
    Keywords: Industrial Ecology: The Role of Manufactured Capital for Sustainability Special Feature, Sustainability Science
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-10-14
    Description: Die Bekämpfung der Klimakrise kann mit Maßnahmen gegen Armut und soziale Ungleichheit Hand in Hand gehen. Für Deutschland zeigen viele gängige Konzepte, dass Klimaschutz und sozialer Ausgleich für Privathaushalte verbunden werden können, sodass gerade finanzschwache Haushalte in Summe netto finanziell profitieren können. Ein Beispiel ist die Bepreisung von CO2 und anderen Treibhausgasen, um eine Lenkungswirkung zu einer kohlenstoffarmen Wirtschaft zu entfalten. Diese belastet zwar die Verbraucher:innen, führt aber auch zu staatlichen Einnahmen. Werden die Einnahmen aus höheren CO2-Preisen benutzt, um eine Klimaprämie pro Kopf an alle Bürger:innen auszuzahlen, dann profitieren ärmere Menschen sogar, während die gewünschte Lenkungswirkung erhalten bleibt. Eine solche Pro-Kopf-Klimaprämie kann in mehreren Varianten umgesetzt werden. Ein Teil der Einnahmen oder die Umwidmung anderer politischer Maßnahmen könnte beispielsweise das Angebot klimaschonender Alternativen beschleunigen oder weitere soziale Flankierungen ermöglichen. Eine CO2-Bepreisung als Teil eines breiten Instrumentenmixes ist seit Langem intensiver Gegenstand der wissenschaftlichen Debatte, sozial ausgewogen gestaltbar und klimapolitisch überfällig.
    Description: Mitigation of the climate crisis can be married with social equity. Numerous and widely accepted concepts for a sound climate policy framework for Germany with a focus on private households combine climate protection and social cohesion, with net financial benefits for low-income households. Carbon pricing schemes give a striking example. They make carbon emissions more expensive and hence provide market-based steering effects towards a low-carbon economy. Although higher prices can burden consumers, the additional fiscal revenues generated through the carbon pricing can be used to pay a per-capita climate bonus to all citizens. This per-capita compensation would result in net benefits for the lower social strata, while preserving the envisioned ecological steering effects. Additionally, the government can reform other fiscal expenses, promote climate-friendly alternatives, and support supplementary social measures. Carbon pricing, as an element of a broad mix of instruments in climate policy, has been subject to intense scientific debate and is hence well-researched. A large body of scientific evidence suggests that carbon pricing can be socially balanced and is long overdue to tackle the climate crisis.
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 6
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    CESifo
    In:  Financing Public Capital through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem | CESifo Working Paper ; 4280
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: We assess the literature on innovation and upscaling for negative emissions technologies (NETs) using a systematic and reproducible literature coding procedure. To structure our review, we employ the framework of sequential stages in the innovation process, with which we code each NETs article in innovation space. We find that while there is a growing body of innovation literature on NETs, 59% of the articles are focused on the earliest stages of the innovation process, 'research and development' (R&D). The subsequent stages of innovation are also represented in the literature, but at much lower levels of activity than R&D. Distinguishing between innovation stages that are related to the supply of the technology (R&D, demonstrations, scale up) and demand for the technology (demand pull, niche markets, public acceptance), we find an overwhelming emphasis (83%) on the supply side. BECCS articles have an above average share of demand-side articles while direct air carbon capture and storage has a very low share. Innovation in NETs has much to learn from successfully diffused technologies; appealing to heterogeneous users, managing policy risk, as well as understanding and addressing public concerns are all crucial yet not well represented in the extant literature. Results from integrated assessment models show that while NETs play a key role in the second half of the 21st century for 1.5 °C and 2 °C scenarios, the major period of new NETs deployment is between 2030 and 2050. Given that the broader innovation literature consistently finds long time periods involved in scaling up and deploying novel technologies, there is an urgency to developing NETs that is largely unappreciated. This challenge is exacerbated by the thousands to millions of actors that potentially need to adopt these technologies for them to achieve planetary scale. This urgency is reflected neither in the Paris Agreement nor in most of the literature we review here. If NETs are to be deployed at the levels required to meet 1.5 °C and 2 °C targets, then important post-R&D issues will need to be addressed in the literature, including incentives for early deployment, niche markets, scale-up, demand, and—particularly if deployment is to be hastened—public acceptance.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
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    Department of Climate Change Economics, TU Berlin
    In:  Avoiding Carbon Lock-In: Policy Options for Advancing Structural Change | Climatecon working paper series ; 1-2012
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/report
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: The possibility of using bioenergy as a climate change mitigation measure has sparked a discussion of whether and how bioenergy production contributes to sustainable development. We undertook a systematic review of the scientific literature to illuminate this relationship and found a limited scientific basis for policymaking. Our results indicate that knowledge on the sustainable development impacts of bioenergy production is concentrated in a few well‐studied countries, focuses on environmental and economic impacts, and mostly relates to dedicated agricultural biomass plantations. The scope and methodological approaches in studies differ widely and only a small share of the studies sufficiently reports on context and/or baseline conditions, which makes it difficult to get a general understanding of the attribution of impacts. Nevertheless, we identified regional patterns of positive or negative impacts for all categories – environmental, economic, institutional, social and technological. In general, economic and technological impacts were more frequently reported as positive, while social and environmental impacts were more frequently reported as negative (with the exception of impacts on direct substitution of GHG emission from fossil fuel). More focused and transparent research is needed to validate these patterns and develop a strong science underpinning for establishing policies and governance agreements that prevent/mitigate negative and promote positive impacts from bioenergy production.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Description: With the Paris Agreement's ambition of limiting climate change to well below 2 °C, negative emission technologies (NETs) have moved into the limelight of discussions in climate science and policy. Despite several assessments, the current knowledge on NETs is still diffuse and incomplete, but also growing fast. Here, we synthesize a comprehensive body of NETs literature, using scientometric tools and performing an in-depth assessment of the quantitative and qualitative evidence therein. We clarify the role of NETs in climate change mitigation scenarios, their ethical implications, as well as the challenges involved in bringing the various NETs to the market and scaling them up in time. There are six major findings arising from our assessment: first, keeping warming below 1.5 °C requires the large-scale deployment of NETs, but this dependency can still be kept to a minimum for the 2 °C warming limit. Second, accounting for economic and biophysical limits, we identify relevant potentials for all NETs except ocean fertilization. Third, any single NET is unlikely to sustainably achieve the large NETs deployment observed in many 1.5 °C and 2 °C mitigation scenarios. Yet, portfolios of multiple NETs, each deployed at modest scales, could be invaluable for reaching the climate goals. Fourth, a substantial gap exists between the upscaling and rapid diffusion of NETs implied in scenarios and progress in actual innovation and deployment. If NETs are required at the scales currently discussed, the resulting urgency of implementation is currently neither reflected in science nor policy. Fifth, NETs face severe barriers to implementation and are only weakly incentivized so far. Finally, we identify distinct ethical discourses relevant for NETs, but highlight the need to root them firmly in the available evidence in order to render such discussions relevant in practice.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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