ALBERT

Note: Zugl.: Greifswald, Univ., Diss., 2005

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. RC Filter. 3. General linear time invariant systems. 4. The seismometer. 5. The sampling process. 6. Analog-to-digital conversion. 7. From infinitely continuous to finite discrete. 8. The digital anti-alias filter. 9. Inverse and simulation filtering of digital seismograms. 10. The measurement of wavelet parameters from digital seismograms. References. Appendix: Solution to problems.

Note: Contents: List of contributors. - Preface. - 1 An Overview of Rates of Chemical Weathering / S. M. Colman and D. P. Dethier. - PART I KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF WEATHERING REACTIONS. - 2 The Relations between Crystal Structure and Silicate Weathering Rates / R. A. Eggleton. - 3 The Dissolution Rate of Forsteritic Olivine from Hawaiian Beach Sand / D. E. Grandstaff. - 4 Stoichiometry of Alkali Feldspar Dissolution at Room Temperature and Various pH Values / G. R. Holdren, Jr. and P. M. Speyer. - 5 Rate Limitation and Dissolution of Highly Soluble Minerals / J. B. Laronne. - PART II RATES OF MINERAL ALTERATION IN SOIL ENVIRONMENTS. - 6 The Etching of Hornblende Grains in the Matrix of Alpine Tills and Periglacial Deposits / R .D. Hall and R. E. Martin. - 7 Rates of Hornblende Etching in Soils on Glacial Deposits, Baffin Island, Canada / W. W. Locke. - 8 Rates of Mineral Weathering in the Wind River Mountains, Western Wyoming / W. C. Mahaney and D. L. Halvorson. - 9 Evolution of Iron Crusts in Tropical Landscapes / D.B. Nahon. - 10 Processes and Rates of Weathering in Cold and Polar Desert Environments / F. C. Ugolini. - PART III WEATHERING OF VOLCANIC ASHES AND DEPOSITS. - 11 Weathering of Holocene Airfall Tephras in the Southern Canadian Rockies / R. H. King. - 12 Controls on the Rates of Weathering and Clay Mineral Genesis in Airfall Tephras: A Review and New Zealand Case Study / D. J. Lowe. - 13 Rates of Weathering of 14C-Dated Late Quaternary Volcaniclastic Deposits in the Western United States / V. E. Neall and I. K. Paintin. - 14 Chemical Weathering of the May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Ash Fall and the Effect on the Iron Creek Watershed, Washington / A. F. White and L. V. Benson and A. Yee. - PART IV RATES OF FORMATION OF ROCK-WEATHERING FEATURES. - 15 Levels of Time Information in Weathering Measurements, with Examples from Weathering Rinds on Volcanic Clasts in the Western United States / S. M. Colman. - 16 Weathering Rates in Granitic Boulders Measured by P-Wave Speeds / R. Crook, Jr. and A. R. Gillespie. - 17 Growth of Weathering Rinds on Torlesse Sandstone, Southern Alps, New Zealand / I. E. Whitehouse and M. J. McSaveney and P. L. K. Knuepfer and T. J. H. Chinn. - PART V HYDROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF RATES OF WEATHERING. - 18 The Mathematical Basis for Determining Rates of Geochemical and Geomorphic Processes in Small Forested Watersheds by Mass Balance: Examples and Implications / M. A. Velbel. - 19 An Estimate of Plagioclase Weathering Rate in the Idaho Batholith Based upon Geochemical Transport Rates / J. L. Clayton. - 20 The Use of Catchment Studies for Assessing Chemical Weathering Rates in Two Contrasting Upland Areas in Northeast Scotland / J. Creasey and A. C. Edwards and J. M. Reid and D. A. MacLeod and M. S. Cresser. - 21 Weathering Rates and the Chemical Flux from Catchments in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. / D. P. Dethier. - 22 Rates of Weathering and Erosion Derived from Mass Balance in Small Drainage Basins / T. Paces. - 23 Processes and Rates of Saprolite Production and Erosion on a Foliated Granitic Rock of the Virginia Piedmont / M. J. Pavich. - Index.

Note: J. B. Dawson, D. A. Carswell, J. Hall, and K.H. Wedepohl: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.01 --- R. Meissner: Twenty years of deep seismic reflection profiling in Germany—a contribution to our knowledge of the nature of the lower Variscan crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:1-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.02 --- D. H. Matthews: Seismic reflections from the lower crust around Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:11-21, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.03 --- S. B. Smithson: A physical model of the lower crust from North America based on seismic reflection data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:23-34, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.04 --- V. Haak and R. Hutton: Electrical resistivity in continental lower crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:35-49, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.05 --- J. Hall: The physical properties of layered rocks in deep continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:51-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.06 --- D. S. Chapman: Thermal gradients in the continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.07 --- J. F. Dewey: Diversity in the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:71-78, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.08 --- N. J. Kusznir and R. G. Park: Continental lithosphere strength: the critical role of lower crustal deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:79-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.09 --- K. Weber: Metamorphism and crustal rheology—implications for the structural development of the continental crust during prograde metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:95-106, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.10 --- S. A. F. Murrell: The role of deformation, heat, and thermal processes in the formation of the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:107-117, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.11 --- K. Fuchs: Intraplate seismicity induced by stress concentration at crustal heterogeneities—the Hohenzollern Graben, a case history / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:119-132, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.12 --- K. Lambeck: Crustal structure and evolution of the central Australian basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:133-145, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.13 --- R. W. Kay and S. M. Kay: Petrology and geochemistry of the lower continental crust: an overview / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:147-159, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.14 --- J. Touret: Fluid inclusions in rocks from the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:161-172, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.15 --- S. R. Taylor and S.M. McLennan: The chemical composition of the Archaean crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:173-178, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.16 --- R. L. Rudnick and S. R. Taylor: Geochemical constraints on the origin of Archaean tonalitic-trondhjemitic rocks and implications for lower crustal composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:179-191, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.17 --- D. A. Carswell and S.J. Cuthbert: Eclogite facies metamorphism in the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:193-209, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.18 --- S. Moorbath and P.N. Taylor: Geochronology and related isotope geochemistry of high-grade metamorphic rocks from the lower continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:211-220, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.19 --- B. F. Windley and J. Tarney: The structural evolution of the lower crust of orogenic belts, present and past / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:221-230, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.20 --- C. Pin and J. D. Sills: Petrogenesis of layered gabbros and ultramafic rocks from Val Sesia, the Ivrea Zone, NW Italy: trace element and isotope geochemistry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:231-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.21 --- S. Robertson: Evolution of the late Archaean lower continental crust in southern West Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:251-260, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.22 --- L. Schiøtte, D. Bridgwater, K.D. Collerson, A.P. Nutman, and A.B. Ryan: Chemical and isotopic effects of late Archaean high-grade metamorphism and granite injection on early Archaean gneisses, Saglek-Hebron, northern Labrador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:261-273, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.23 --- D. M. Shaw, J. J. Cramer, M. D. Higgins, and M. G. Truscott: Composition of the Canadian Precambrian shield and the continental crust of the earth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:275-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.24 --- M. Raith and P. Raase: High grade metamorphism in the granulite belt of Finnish Lapland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:283-295, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.25 --- R. C. Newton and E.C. Hansen: The South India-Sri Lanka high-grade terrain as a possible deep-crust section / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:297-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.26 --- H.-G. Stosch, G. W. Lugmair, and H.A. Seck: Geochemistry of granulite-facies lower crustal xenoliths: implications for the geological history of the lower continental crust below the Eifel, West Germany / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:309-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.27 --- H. Downes and A. Leyreloup: Granulitic xenoliths from the French Massif Central—petrology, Sr and Nd isotope systematics and model age estimates / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:319-330, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.28 --- J. R. Broadhurst: Mineral reactions in xenoliths from the Colorado Plateau; implications for lower crustal conditions and fluid composition / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:331-349, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.29 --- P. W. C. van Calsteren, N. B. W. Harris, C. J. Hawkesworth, M. A. Menzies, and N. W. Rogers: Xenoliths from southern Africa: a perspective on the lower crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:351-362, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.30 --- W. L. Griffin and S. Y. O’Reilly: The lower crust in eastern Australia: xenolith evidence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 24:363-374, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.024.01.31

Note: Contents Preface Part I Anatomy of a cyclone 1 Anatomy of a cyclone 1.1 A 'typical' extra-tropical cyclone 1.2 Describing the atmosphere 1.3 Air masses and fronts 1.4 The structure of a typical extra-tropical cyclone Review questions 2 Mathematical methods in fluid dynamics 2.1 Scalars and vectors 2.2 The algebra of vectors 2.3 Scalar and vector fields 2.4 Coordinate systems on the Earth 2.5 Gradients of vectors 2.6 Line and surface integrals 2.7 Eulerian and Lagrangian frames of reference 2.8 Advection Review questions 3 Properties of fluids 3.1 Solids, liquids, and gases 3.2 Thermodynamic properties of air 3.3 Composition of the atmosphere 3.4 Static stability 3.5 The continuum hypothesis 3.6 Practical assumptions 3.7 Continuity equation Review questions 4 Fundamental forces 4.1 Newton's second law: F=ma 4.2 Body, surface, and line forces 4.3 Forces in an inertial reference frame 4.4 Forces in a rotating reference frame 4.5 The Navier-Stokes equations Review questions 5 Scale analysis 5.1 Dimensional homogeneity 5.2 Scales 5.3 Non-dimensional parameters 5.4 Scale analysis 5.5 The geostrophic approximation Review questions 6 Simple steady motion 6.1 Natural coordinate system 6.2 Balanced flow 6.3 The Boussinesq approximation 6.4 The thermal wind 6.5 Departures from balance Review questions 7 Circulation and vorticity 7.1 Circulation 7.2 Vorticity 7.3 Conservation of potential vorticity 7.4 An introduction to the vorticity equation Review questions 8 Simple wave motions 8.1 Properties of waves 8.2 Perturbation analysis 8.3 Planetary waves Review questions 9 Extra-tropical weather systems 9.1 Fronts 9.2 Frontal cyclones 9.3 Baroclinic instability Review questions Part II Atmospheric phenomena 10 Boundary layers 10.1 Turbulence 10.2 Reynolds decomposition 10.3 Generation of turbulence 10.4 Closure assumptions Review questions 11 Clouds and severe weather 11.1 Moist processes in the atmosphere 11.2 Air mass thunderstorms 11.3 Multi-cell thunderstorms 11.4 Supercell thunderstorms and tornadoes 11.5 Mesoscale convective systems Review questions 12 Tropical weather 12.1 Scales of motion 12.2 Atmospheric oscillations 12.3 Tropical cyclones Review questions 13 Mountain weather 13.1 Internal gravity waves 13.2 Flow over mountains 13.3 Downslope windstorms Review questions 14 Polar weather 14.1 Katabatic winds 14.2 Barrier winds 14.3 Polar lows Review questions 15 Epilogue: the general circulation 15.1 Fueled by the Sun 15.2 Radiative-convective equilibrium 15.3 The zonal mean circulation 15.4 The angular momentum budget 15.5 The energy cycle Appendix A - symbols Appendix Β - constants and units Bibliography Index

Note: Contents: Preface to First Edition. - Preface to Second Edition. - Preface to Third Edition. - Acknowledgments. - Part I The Periglacial Domain. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Periglacial Concept. - 1.2 Disciplinary Considerations. - 1.2.1 The Growth of Geocryology. - 1.2.2 The Changing Nature of Quaternary Science. - 1.2.3 Modern Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.3 The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge. - 1.4 The Periglacial Domain. - 1.5 The Scope of Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.5.1 Permafrost-Related Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.2 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.3 Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction. - 1.5.4 Applied Periglacial Geomorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 2 Periglacial Landscapes?. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Proglacial, Paraglacial or Periglacial?. - 2.3 Unglaciated Periglacial Terrain. - 2.3.1 Beaufort Plain, Northwest Banks Island, Arctic Canada. - 2.3.2 Barn Mountains, Northern Interior Yukon Territory, Canada. - 2.4 Relict Periglacial Landscapes. - 2.4.1 Chalk Uplands, Southern England and Northern France. - 2.4.2 Pine Barrens, Southern New Jersey, Eastern USA. - 2.5 Conclusions. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 3 Periglacial Climates. - 3.1 Boundary Conditions. - 3.2 Periglacial Climates. - 3.2.1 High Arctic Climates. - 3.2.2 Continental Climates. - 3.2.3 Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. - 3.2.4 Alpine Climates. - 3.2.5 Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range. - 3.2.6 Antarctica: A Special Case. - 3.3 Ground Climates. - 3.3.1 The n-Factor. - 3.3.2 The Thermal Offset. - 3.4 Periglacial Climates and the Cryosphere. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - Part II Present-Day Periglacial Environments. - 4 Cold-Climate Weathering. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Ground Freezing. - 4.2.1 The Freezing Process. - 4.2.2 Ice Segregation. - 4.2.3 The Frozen Fringe. - 4.2.4 Frost Heave. - 4.3 Freezing and Thawing. - 4.4 The Ground-Temperature Regime. - 4.4.1 The Seasonal Regime. - 4.4.2 Short-Term Fluctuations. - 4.5 Rock (Frost?) Shattering. - 4.5.1 Frost Action and Ice Segregation. - 4.5.2 Frost Weathering Models. - 4.5.3 Insolation Weathering and Thermal Shock. - 4.5.4 Discussion and Perspective. - 4.6 Chemical Weathering. - 4.6.1 General. - 4.6.2 Solution and Karstification. - 4.6.3 Salt Weathering. - 4.7 Cryogenic Weathering. - 4.8 Cryobiological Weathering. - 4.9 Cryopedology. - 4.9.1 Cryosols. - 4.9.2 Soil Micromorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 5 Permafrost. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.1.1 Definition. - 5.1.2 Moisture and Ice within Permafrost. - 5.2 Thermal and Physical Properties. - 5.2.1 The Geothermal Regime. - 5.2.2 Physical Properties. - 5.2.3 Thermal Properties. - 5.3 How Does Permafrost Aggrade?. - 5.3.1 General Principles. - 5.3.2 The Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment. - 5.4 Distribution of Permafrost. - 5.4.1 Latitudinal Permafrost. - 5.4.2 Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost. - 5.4.3 Montane Permafrost of Central Asia and China. - 5.5 Relict Permafrost. - 5.5.1 Sub-Sea Permafrost. - 5.5.2 Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost. - 5.6 Permafrost Hydrology. - 5.6.1 Aquifers. - 5.6.2 Hydrochemistry. - 5.6.3 Groundwater Icings. - 5.7 Permafrost and Terrain Conditions. - 5.7.1 Relief and Aspect. - 5.7.2 Rock Type. - 5.7.3 Vegetation. - 5.7.4 Snow Cover. - 5.7.5 Fire. - 5.7.6 Lakes and Surface Water Bodies. - 5.8 The Active Layer. - 5.8.1 The Transient Layer. - 5.8.2 The Stefan Equation. - 5.8.3 Active-Layer Thermal Regime. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 6 Surface Features of Permafrost. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons. - 6.2.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Contraction. - 6.2.2 Ice, Sand, and Soil Wedges. - 6.2.3 Development of the Polygon Net. - 6.2.4 Polygon Morphology. - 6.2.5 Controls Over Cracking. - 6.2.6 Climatic Significance. - 6.3 Organic Terrain. - 6.3.1 Palsas. - 6.3.2 Peat Plateaus. - 6.4 Rock Glaciers. - 6.4.1 Creeping Permafrost. - 6.4.2 Types and Distribution. - 6.4.3 Origin. - 6.5 Frost Mounds. - 6.5.1 Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.2 Hydraulic (Open) System Pingos. - 6.5.3 Hydrostatic (Closed) System Pingos. - 6.5.4 Other Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.5 Seasonal-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.6 Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds. - 6.6 Active-Layer Phenomena. - 6.6.1 Bedrock Heave. - 6.6.2 Needle Ice. - 6.6.3 Cryoturbation and Frost Heave. - 6.6.4 Frost Sorting. - 6.6.5 Patterned Ground. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 7 Ground lce. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Classification. - 7.2.1 Pore Ice. - 7.2.2 Segregated Ice. - 7.2.3 Intrusive Ice. - 7.2.4 Vein Ice. - 7.2.5 Other Types of Ice. - 7.3 Ice Distribution. - 7.3.1 Amounts. - 7.3.2 Distribution with Depth. - 7.3.3 Ice in Bedrock. - 7.3.4 Ice in Unconsolidated Sediments. - 7.4 Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology. - 7.4.1 Cryostructures, Cryotextures, and Cryofacies. - 7.4.2 Epigenetic and Syngenetic Cryostructures. - 7.4.3 Thaw Unconformities. - 7.4.4 Ice Crystallography. - 7.4.5 Ice Geochemistry. - 7.4.6 Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments. - 7.5 Ice Wedges. - 7.5.1 Epigenetic Wedges. - 7.5.2 Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.5.3 Anti-Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.6 Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies. - 7.6.1 Nature and Extent. - 7.6.2 Intra-Sedimental Ice. - 7.6.3 Buried Glacier Ice. - 7.6.4 Other Mechanisms. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 8 Thermokarst. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Causes of Thermokarst. - 8.2.1 General. - 8.2.2 Specific. - 8.3 Thaw-Related Processes. - 8.3.1 Thermokarst Subsidence. - 8.3.2 Thermal Erosion. - 8.3.3 Other Processes. - 8.4 Thermokarst Sediments and Structures. - 8.4.1 Involuted Sediments. - 8.4.2 Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow Deposits. - 8.4.3 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge Casts. - 8.4.4 Ice, Silt, Sand, and Gravel Pseudomorphs. - 8.5 Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief. - 8.5.1 Low-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.2 High-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.3 Badland Thermokarst Relief. - 8.6 Thaw Lakes and Depressions. - 8.6.1 Morphology. - 8.6.2 Growth and Drainage. - 8.6.3 Oriented Thaw Lakes. - 8.7 Thermokarst-Affected Terrain. - 8.7.1 The Lowlands of Central and Northern Siberia. - 8.7.2 The Western North American Arctic. - 8.8 Human-Induced Thermokarst. - 8.8.1 Causes. - 8.8.2 Case Studies. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 9 Hillslope Processes and Slope Evolution. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Slope Morphology. - 9.2.1 The Free-Face Model. - 9.2.2 Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.3 Convexo-Concavo Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.4 Pediment-Like Slopes. - 9.2.5 Stepped Profiles. - 9.3 Mass Wasting. - 9.4 Slow Mass-Wasting Processes. - 9.4.1 Solifluction. - 9.4.2 Frost Creep. - 9.4.3 Gelifluction. - 9.4.4 Solifluction Deposits and Phenomena. - 9.5 Rapid Mass Wasting. - 9.5.1 Active-Layer-Detachment Slides. - 9.5.2 Debris Flows, Slushflows, and Avalanches. - 9.5.3 Rockfall. - 9.6 Slopewash. - 9.6.1 Snow-Bank Hydrology. - 9.6.2 Surface and Subsurface Wash. - 9.7 Frozen and Thawing Slopes. - 9.7.1 Permafrost Creep. - 9.7.2 Thermokarst and Thaw Consolidation. - 9.7.3 Stability of Thawing Slopes. - 9.8 Cold-Climate Slope Evolution. - 9.8.1 Cryoplanation. - 9.8.2 Slope Replacement and Richter Denudation Slopes. - 9.8.3 Rapidity of Profile Change. - 9.8.4 Summary. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 10 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Fluvial Processes and Landforms. - 10.2.1 Major Rivers. - 10.2.2 Freeze-Up and Break-Up. - 10.2.3 Basin Hydrology. - 10.2.4 Sediment Flow, Surface Transport, and Denudation. - 10.2.5 Fluvio-Thermal Erosion. - 10.2.6 Channel Morphology. - 10.2.7 Valley Asymmetry. - 10.3 Eolian Processes and Sediments. - 10.3.1 Wind Abrasion. - 10.3.2 Wind Deflation. - 10.3.3 Niveo-Eolian Sediments. - 10.3.4 Loess-Like Silt. - 10.3.5 Sand Dunes and San

Note: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2007

Note: Oslo, Univ., Diss., 2007

Note: Utrecht, Univ., Diss., 2008

Note: Contents Preface 1 Data Analysis in Earth Sciences 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Collecting Data 1.3 Types of Data 1.4 Methods of Data Analysis Recommended Reading 2 Introduction to MATLAB 2.1 MATLAB in Earth Sciences 2.2 Getting Started 2.3 The Syntax 2.4 Data Storage 2.5 Data Handling 2.6 Scripts and Functions 2.7 Basic Visualization Tools Recommended Reading 3 Univariate Statistics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Empirical Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion 3.3 Example of Empirical Distributions 3.4 Theoretical Distributions Uniform Distribution Binomial or Bernoulli Distribution Poisson Distribution Normal or Gaussian Distribution Logarithmic Normal or Log-Normal Distribution Student's t Distribution Fisher's F Distribution Χ2 or Chi-Squared Distribution 3.5 Example ofTheoretical Distributions 3.6 Thet-Test 3.7 TheF-Test 3.8 The Χ2-Test Recommended Reading 4 Bivariate Statistics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient 4.3 Classical Linear Regression Analysis and Prediction 4.4 Analyzing the Residuals 4.5 Bootstrap Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.6 Jackknife Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.7 Cross Validation 4.8 Reduced Major Axis Regression 4.9 Curvilinear Regression Recommended Reading 5 Time-Series Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generating Signals 5.3 Blackman-Tukey Autospectral Analysis 5.4 Blackman-Tukey Crossspectral Analysis 5.5 Interpolating and Analyzing Unevenly-Spaced Data 5.6 Evolutionary Blackman-Tukey Powerspectrum 5.7 Lomb-Scargle Powerspectrum 5.8 Wavelet Powerspectrum 5.9 Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis (by N. Marwarn) Phase Space Portrait Recurrence Plots Recommended Reading 6 Signal Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Generating Signals 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 6.4 Convolution and Filtering 6.5 Comparing Functions for Filtering Data Series 6.6 Recursive and Nonrecursive Filters 6.7 Impulse Response 6.8 Frequency Response 6.9 Filter Design 6.10 Adaptive Filtering Recommended Reading 7 Spatial Data 7.1 Types of Spatial Data 7.2 The GSHHS Shoreline Data Set 7.3 The 2-Minute Gridded Global Elevation Data ETOPO2 7.4 The 30-Arc Seconds Elevation Model GTOPO30 7.5 The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 7.6 Gridding and Contouring Background 7.7 Gridding Example 7.8 Comparison of Methods and Potential Artifacts 7.9 Statistics of Point Distributions Test for Uniform Distribution Test for Random Distribution Test for Clustering 7.10 Analysis of Digital Elevation Models (by R. Gebbers) 7.11 Geostatistics and Kriging (by R. Gebbers) Theorical Background Preceding Analysis Variography with the Classical Variogram Kriging Discussion of Kriging Recommended Reading 8 Image Processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Datastorage 8.3 Importing, Processing and Exporting Images 8.4 Importing, Processing and Exporting Satellite Images 8.5 Georeferencing Satellite Images 8.6 Digitizing from the Screen Recommended Reading 9 Multivariate Statistics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principal Component Analysis 9.3 Independent Component Analysis (by N. Marwan) 9.4 Cluster Analysis Recommended Reading 10 Statistics on Directional Data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Graphical Representation 10.3 Empirical Distributions 10.4 Theoretical Distributions 10.5 Test for Randomness of Directional Data 10.6 Test for the Significance of a Mean Direction 10.7 Test for the Difference of Two Sets of Directions Recommended Reading General Index

Note: Contents: 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles. - 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere. - 1.4 Energy Interactions with Earth Surface Features. - 1.5 Data Acquisition and Interpretation. - 1.6 Reference Data. - 1.7 The Global Positioning System. - 1.8 Characteristics of Remote Sensing System. - 1.9 Successful Application of Remote Sensing. - 1.10 Geographic Information Systems. - 1.11 Organization of the Book. - Works Cited. - 2 Elements of Photographic Systems. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography. - 2.3 Photographic Basics. - 2.4 Film Photography. - 2.5 Digital Photography. - 2.6 Aerial Cameras. - 2.7 Spatial Resolution of Camera Systems. - 2.8 Aerial Videography. - 2.9 Multiband Imaging. - 2.10 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs. - 3.3 Photographic Scale. - 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs. - 3.5 Area Measurement. - 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features. - 3.7 Image Parallax. - 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography. - 3.9 Production of Maps and Orthophotos. - 3.10 Flight Planning. - 3.11 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 4 Introduction to Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.3 Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment. - 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping. - 4.5 Geologic and Soil Mapping. - 4.6 Agricultural Applications. - 4.7 Forestry Applications. - 4.8 Rangeland Applications. - 4.9 Water Resource Applications. - 4.10 Urban and Regional Planning Applications. - 4.11 Wetland Mapping. - 4.12 Wildlife Ecology Applications. - 4.13 Archaeological Applications. - 4.14 Environmental Assessment. - 4.15 Natural Disaster Assessment. - 4.16 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation. - Works Cited. - 5 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Across-Track Scanning. - 5.3 Along-Track Scanning. - 5.4 Example Across-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery. - 5.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Imagery. - 5.6 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.7 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.8 Thermal Scanning. - 5.9 Thermal Radiation Principles. - 5.10 Interpreting Thermal Scanner Imagery. - 5.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Scanners. - 5.12 Temperature Mapping with Thermal Scanner Data. - 5.13 FLIR Systems. - 5.14 Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.15 Conclusion . - Works Cited. - 6 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Early History of Space Imaging. - 6.3 Landsat Satellite Program Overview. - 6.4 Landsat-1,-2, and-3. - 6.5 Landsat-4 and -5. - 6.6 Landsat-6 Planned Mission. - 6.7 Landsat-7. - 6.8 Landsat Image Examples. - 6.9 Landsat Data Continuity Mission. - 6.10 Long-Term Future of the Landsat Program and the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. - 6.11 SPOT Satellite Program. - 6.12 SPOT-1,-2, and-3. - 6.13 SPOT-4. - 6.14 SPOT-5. - 6.15 SPOT Image Examples. - 6.16 Other Earth Resource Satellites. - 6.17 Meteorological Satellites Frequently Applied to Earth Surface Feature Observation. - 6.18 Ocean Monitoring Satellites. - 6.19 Earth Observing System. - 6.20 Space Station Remote Sensing . - Works Cited. - 7 Digital Image Interpretation and Analysis. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Image Rectification and Restoration. - 7.3 Image Enhancement. - 7.4 Contrast Manipulation. - 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation. - 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation. - 7.7 Image Classification. - 7.8 Supervised Classification. - 7.9 The Classification Stage. - 7.10 The Training Stage. - 7.11 Unsupervised Classification. - 7.12 Hybrid Classification. - 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels. - 7.14 The Output Stage. - 7.15 Postclassification Smoothing. - 7.16 Object-Oriented Classification. - 7.17 Classification Accuracy Assessment. - 7.18 Data Merging and GIS Integration. - 7.19 Hyperspectral Image Analysis. - 7.20 Biophysical Modeling. - 7.21 Scale Effects. - 7.22 Image Transmission and Compression. - 7.23 Conclusion. - Works Cited. - 8 Microwave and Lidar Sensing. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Radar Development. - 8.3 Side-Looking Radar System Operation. - 8.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar. - 8.5 Geometric Characteristics of Radar Imagery. - 8.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals. - 8.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics. - 8.8 Radar Image Interpretation. - 8.9 Interferometric Radar. - 8.10 Radar Remote Sensing from Space. - 8.11 Seasat-1. - 8.12 Shuttle Imaging Radar. - 8.13 Almaz-1. - 8.14 ERS-1 and ERS-2. - 8.15 Envisat. - 8.16 JERS-1. - 8.17 ALOS. - 8.18 Radarsat. - 8.19 High Resolution Spaceborne Radar Systems. - 8.20 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. - 8.21 Spaceborne Radar System Summary. - 8.22 Passive Microwave Sensing. - 8.23 Lidar. - Works Cited. - Appendix A Radiometric Concepts,Terminology, and Units. - Geometric Characteristics of Radiation Measurement. - Radiometric Terminology and Units. - Appendix B Remote Sensing Data and Information Resources. - Sources of Remote Sensing Data and Information. - Remote Sensing Periodicals. - Remote Sensing Glossaries. - Online Remote Sensing Courses and Tutorials. - Appendix C Sample Coordinate Transformation and Resampling Procedures. - Two-Dimensional Affine Coordinate Transformation. - Resampling Procedures . - Appendix D Radar Signal Concepts, Terminology,and Units. - Signal Power and Radar Cross Section. - Complex Amplitude of Radar Signals. - Index

Note: J.S. Daly, R.A. Cliff, and B.W.D. Yardley: Preface / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:vii-viii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.01 --- E. J. Essene: The current status of thermobarometry in metamorphic rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:1-44, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.02 --- L. Ya. Aranovich and K. K. Podlesskii: Geothermobarometry of high-grade metapelites: simultaneously operating reactions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:45-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.03 --- Frank S. Spear: Relative thermobarometry and metamorphic P-T, paths / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:63-81, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.04 --- R. H. Vernon: Porphyroblast-matrix microstructural relationships: recent approaches and problems / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:83-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.05 --- John Ridley: Vertical movement in orogenic belts and the timing of metamorphism relative to deformation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:103-115, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.06 --- R. A. Jamieson and C. Beaumont: Deformation and metamorphism in convergent orogens: a model for uplift and exhumation of metamorphic terrains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:117-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.07 --- Peter K. Zeitler: The geochronology of metamorphic processes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:131-147, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.08 --- James J. Irwin, Charles Kirschbaum, Tek. H. Lim, Derek Powell, and William E. Glassley: A laser-microprobe study of argon isotopes in deformed pegmatites from the Northern Highlands of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:149-160, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.09 --- A. Reuter and R. D. Dallmeyer: K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dating of cleavage formed during very low-grade metamorphism: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:161-171, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.10 --- Hanan J. Kisch: Discordant relationship between degree of very low-grade metamorphism and the development of slaty cleavage / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:173-185, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.11 --- J. J. De Yoreo, D. R. Lux, and C. V. Guidotti: The role of crustal anatexis and magma migration in the thermal evolution of regions of thickened continental crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:187-202, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.12 --- C. P. Chamberlain and Douglas Rumble III: The influence of fluids on the thermal history of a metamorphic terrain: New Hampshire, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:203-213, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.13 --- Howard W. Day and C. Page Chamberlain: Implications of thermal and baric structure for controls on metamorphism: northern New England, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:215-222, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.14 --- L. Aguirre, B. Levi, and J. O. Nyström: The link between metamorphism, volcanism and geotectonic setting during the evolution of the Andes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:223-232, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.15 --- T. M. Gordon: Thermal evolution of the Kisseynew sedimentary gneiss belt, Manitoba: metamorphism at an early Proterozoic accretionary margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:233-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.16 --- Peter H. Thompson: An empirical model for metamorphic evolution of the Archaean Slave Province and adjacent Thelon Tectonic Zone, north-western Canadian Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:245-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.17 --- Amalbikash Mukherjee: P-T-time history and thermal modelling of an anorthosite-granulite interface, Eastern Ghats metamorphic belt, India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:265-274, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.18 --- Leonid L. Perchuk: P-T-fluid regimes of metamorphism and related magmatism with specific reference to the granulite-facies Sharyzhalgay complex of Lake Baikal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:275-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.19 --- D. Ackermand, B. F. Windley, and A. Razafiniparany: The Precambrian mobile belt of southern Madagascar / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:293-296, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.20 --- I. Cartwright and A. C. Barnicoat: Evolution of the Scourian complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:297-301, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.21 --- M. A. H. Maboko, I. McDougall, and P. K. Zeitler: Metamorphic P-T path of granulites in the Musgrave Ranges, central Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:303-307, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.22 --- Eileen McLellan, Daniel Linder, and Jenny Thomas: Multiple granulite-facies events in the southern Appalachians, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:309-314, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.23 --- James M. McLelland: Pre-granulite-facies metamorphism in the Adirondack Mountains, New York / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:315-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.24 --- F. Mengel and T. Rivers: Thermotectonic evolution of proterozoic and reworked Archaean terranes along the Nain-Churchill boundary in the Saglek Area, northern Labrador / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:319-324, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.25 --- Motoyoshi Yoichi, Satoshi Matsubara, and Hiroharu Matsueda: P-T evolution of the granulite-facies rocks of the Lützow-Holm Bay region, East Antarctica / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:325-329, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.26 --- H. R. Rollinson: Garnet—orthopyroxene thermobarometry of granulites from the north marginal zone of the Limpopo belt, Zimbabwe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:331-335, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.27 --- Volker Schenk: P-T-t path of the lower crust in The Hercynian fold belt of southern Calabria / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:337-342, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.28 --- Daniel Vielzeuf and Christian Pin: Geodynamic implications of granulitic rocks in the Hercynian belt / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:343-348, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.29 --- R. G. Warren and B. J. Hensen: The P-T evolution of the Proterozoic Arunta Block, central Australia, and Implications for tectonic evolution / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:349-355, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.30 --- D. J. Waters: Metamorphic evidence for the heating and cooling path of Namaqualand granulites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:357-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.31 --- I. S. Buick and T. J. B. Holland: The P-T-t path associated with crustal extension, Naxos, Cyclades, Greece / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:365-369, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.32 --- M. Franceschelli, I. Memmi, F. Pannuti, and C. A. Ricci: Diachronous metamorphic equilibria in the Hercynian basement of northern Sardinia, Italy / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:371-375, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.33 --- P. K. Verma: The Himalayan metamorphism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:377-383, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.34 --- A. J. Barker and M. W. Anderson: The Caledonian structural—metamorphic evolution of south Troms, Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:385-390, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.35 --- Kevin W. Burton, Alan P. Boyle, Wendy L. Kirk, and Roger Mason: Pressure, temperature and structural evolution of the Sulitjelma fold-nappe, central Scandinavian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 43:391-411, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.043.01.36 --- A. H. N. Rice, R.

Note: CONTENTS: PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 THE ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT AND THE GLOBAL SYSTEM 1.1 THE PHYSICAL SETTING 1.2 THE ANTARCTIC CRYOSPHERE 1.3 THE ROLE OF THE ANTARCTIC IN THE GLOBAL CLIMATE SYSTEM 1.4 OBSERVATIONS FOR STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE ANTARCTIC 1.5 THE CLIMATE OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ITS VARIABILITY 1.6 BIOTA OF THE ANTARCTIC 1.6.1 Terrestrial 1.6.2 Marine 2 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1 OBSERVATIONS, DATA ACCURACY AND TOOLS 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Meteorological and ozone observing in the Antarctic 2.1.3 In-situ ocean observations 2.1.4 Sea ice observations 2.1.5 Observations of the ice sheet and permafrost 2.1.6 Sea level 2.1.7 Marine biology 2.1.8 Terrestrial biology 2.1.9 Models 2.2 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS AND RESEARCH NEEDS 3 ANTARCTIC CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT HISTORY IN THE PREINSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 DEEP TIME 3.2.1 The Greenhouse world: from Gondwana breakup to 34 million years 3.2.2 Into the Icehouse world: the last 34 million years 3.3 THE LAST MILLION YEARS 3.3.1 Glacial interglacial cycles: the ice core record 3.3.2 The transition to Holocene interglacial conditions: the ice core record 3.3.3 Deglaciation of the continental shelf, coastal margin and continental interior 3.3.4 Antarctic deglaciation and its impact on global sea level 3.3.5 Sea ice and climate 3.4 THE HOLOCENE 3.4.1 Holocene climate change: regional to hemispheric perspectives 3.4.2 Changes in sea ice extent through the Holocene 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.5 BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE 3.5.1 The terrestrial environment 3.5.2 The marine environment 3.4.3 Regional patterns of Holocene climate change in Antarctica 3.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 4 THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 CHANGES OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION 4.2.1 Modes of variability ..? 4.2.2 Depression tracks 4.2.3 Teleconnections 4.3 TEMPERATURE 4.3.1 Surface temperature 4.3.2 Upper air temperature changes 4.3.3 Attribution 4.4 CHANGES IN ANTARCTIC SNOWFALL OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS 4.4.1 General spatial and temporal characteristics of Antarctic snowfall 4.4.2 Long-term Antarctic snowfall accumulation estimates 4.4.3 Recent trends in Antarctic snowfall 4.5 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 4.5.1 Antarctic stratospheric ozone in the instrumental period 4.5.2 Antarctic tropospheric chemistry 4.5.3 Aerosol, clouds and radiation 4.6 THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Australian sector 4.6.3 The Amundsen/Bellingshausen Seas 4.6.4 Variability and change in Ross Sea shelf waters 4.6.5 The Weddell Sea sector 4.6.6 Small-scale processes in the Southern Ocean 4.6.7 Dynamics of the circulation and water masses of the ACC and the polar gyres from model results 4.7 . ANTARCTIC SEA ICE COVER DURING THE INSTRUMENTAL PERIOD 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Sea ice cover in the pre-satellite era 4.7.3 Variability and trends in sea ice using satellite data 4.8 THE ICE SHEET AND PERMAFROST 4.8.1 Introduction 4.8.2 The Antarctic Peninsula 4.8.3 West Antarctica 4.8.4 East Antarctica 4.8.5 Calving 4.8.6 Sub-glacial water movement 4.8.7 Other changes in the ice sheet 4.8.8 Attribution of changes to the ice sheet 4.8.9 Conclusions regarding the ice sheet 4.8.10 Changes in Antarctic permafrost and active layer over the last 50 years 4.9 LONG TERM SEA LEVEL CHANGE 4.10 MARINE BIOLOGY 4.10.1 The open ocean system 4.10.2 Sea ice ecosystems 4.10.3 ENSO links and teleconnections to vertebrate life histories and population 4.10.4 Invertebrate physiology 4.10.5 Seasonality effect on the high Antarctic benthic shelf communities? 4.10.6 Macroalgal physiology and ecology 4.10.7 Marine/terrestrial pollution 4.11 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE RESPONSE TO HISTORICAL CLIMATE CHANGE 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean 4.11.3 Historical change - observed response 4.11.4 Historical change - simulated view 4.11.5 Changes in CO2 inventories 4.11.6 Concluding remarks 4.12 TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGY 5 THE NEXT 100 YEARS 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 CLIMATE CHANGE 5.2.1 IPCC scenarios 5.2.2 Climate models 5.2.3 Atmospheric circulation 5.2.4 Temperature change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.5 Precipitation change over the Twenty First Century 5.2.6 Antarctic stratospheric ozone over the next 100 years 5.3 OCEAN CIRCULATION AND WATER MASSES 5.3.1 Simulation of present-day conditions in the Southern Hemisphere 5.3.2 Projections for the Twenty First Century 5.3.3 Long-term evolution of the Southern Ocean 5.3.4 Conclusions 5.4 SEA ICE CHANGE OVER THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY 5.5 THE TERRESTRIAL CRYOSPHERE 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 East Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.3 West Antarctic ice sheet 5.5.4 Antarctic Peninsula 5.5.5 Conclusions 5.5.6 Summary and needs for future research 5.6 EVOLUTION OF ANTARCTIC PERMAFROST 5.7 PROJECTIONS OF SEA LEVEL IN ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN WATERS BY 2100 5.7.1 Regional projections of mean sea-level rise 5.8 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY - RESPONSE OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE TO FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE 5.8.1 Background 5.8.2 Future Southern Ocean carbon response 5.8.3 Response to increased CO2 uptake 5.8.4 Concluding remarks 5.9 BIOLOGY 5.9.1 Terrestrial Biology 5.9.2 Marine Biology 5.9.3 The Antarctic marine ecosystem in the year 2100 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 7 REFERENCES.

Note: Contents: Part 1: Data, Models, and Algorithms. - 1. Overture. - 2. Overview. - 3. Three-way and multiway data. - 4. Component models for fully-crossed designs. - 5. Algorithms for multiway models. - Part 2: Data Handling, Model Selection, and Interpertation. - 6. Preprocessing. - 7. Missing data in multiway analysis. - 8. Model and dimensionality selection. - 9. Interpreting component models. - 10. Improving interpretation through rotations. - 11. Graphical displays for components. - 12. Residuals, outliers, and robustness. - Part 3: Multiway Data and Their Analysis. - 13. Modeling multiway profile data. - 14. Modeling multiway rating scale data. - 15. Exploratory multivariate longitudinal analysis. - 16. Three-mode clustering. - 17. Multiway contingency tables. - 18. Three-way binary data. - 19. From three-way to four-way data and beyond. - Appendix A: Standard notation for mulitway analysis. - Appendix B: Biplots and their interpretation.

Note: Contents: Preface / Olav Orheim. - General report of the expedition / Olav Orheim. - Geodetic-topographic measurements in Dronning Maud Land and Bouvetøya / Trond Eiken & Knut Svendsen. - Ornithological investigations in Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Fridtjof Mehlum, Claus Bech & Svein Haftorn. - Geology of Gjelsvikfjella and Western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Yoshihide Ohta & Bjørn Tørudbakken. - Botany of Gjelsvikfjella and Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Torstein Engelskjøn. - Terrestrial invertebrates of Mühlig-Hofmannfjella / Lauritz Sømme. - Meteorological and glaciological studies in Dronning Maud Land / Yngvar Gjessing. - Geological and paleomagnetic research in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Harald Furnes & Reidar Løvlie. - Sedimentological research in northwestern part of Dronning Maud Land / Snorre Olaussen. - Geomorphological and glaciological observations in Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land / Stig Jonsson. - Geophysical studies in the southern Weddell Sea / Kristen Haugland & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Marine geological studies on the Weddell Sea shelf / Anders Solheim & Yngve Kristoffersen. - Radiolaria in surface plankton collected on trans-Atlantic crossing of NARE 1984/85 / Kjell R. Bjørklund. - Hydrographic observations on the southern Weddell Sea shelf break / Arne Foldvik & Tor Gammelsrød. - Iceberg research and other glaciological studies from K/V "Andenes" / Monica Kristensen & Olav Orheim.

Note: CONTENTS: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1 The Atmosphere. - 1.1 History and Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere. - 1.2 Climate. - 1.3 The Layers of the Atmosphere. - 1.4 Pressure in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.1 Units of Pressure. - 1.4.2 Variation of Pressure with Height in the Atmosphere. - 1.5 Temperature in the Atmosphere. - 1.6 Expressing the Amount of a Substance in the Atmosphere. - 1.7 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Atmospheric Processes. - Problems. - References. - 2 Atmospheric Trace Constituents. - 2.1 Atmospheric Lifetime. - 2.2 Sulfur-Containing Compounds. - 2.2.1 Dimethyl Sulfide (CH3SCH3). - 2.2.2 Carbonyl Sulfide (OCS). - 2.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). - 2.3 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds. - 2.3.1 Nitrous Oxide (N2O). - 2.3.2 Nitrogen Oxides (NO* = NO + NO2). - 2.3.3 Reactive Odd Nitrogen (NOy). - 2.3.4 Ammonia (NH3). - 2.4 Carbon-Containing Compounds. - 2.4.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons. - 2.4.2 Methane. - 2.4.3 Volatile Organic Compounds. - 2.4.4 Biogenic Hydrocarbons. - 2.4.5 Carbon Monoxide. - 2.4.6 Carbon Dioxide. - 2.5 Halogen-Containing Compounds. - 2.5.1 Methyl Chloride (CH3C1). - 2.5.2 Methyl Bromide (CH3Br). - 2.6 Atmospheric Ozone. - 2.7 Particulate Matter (Aerosols). - 2.7.1 Stratospheric Aerosol. - 2.7.2 Chemical Components of Tropospheric Aerosol. - 2.7.3 Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN). - 2.7.4 Sizes of Atmospheric Particles. - 2.7.5 Sources of Atmospheric Paniculate. - 2.7.6 Carbonaceous Particles. - 2.7.7 Mineral Dust. - 2.8 Emission Inventories. - 2.9 Biomass Burning. - Appendix 2.1 Air Pollution Legislation. - Appendix 2.2 Hazardous Air Pollutants (Air Toxics). - Problems. - References. - 3 Chemical Kinetics. - 3.1 Order of Reaction. - 3.2 Theories of Chemical Kinetics. - 3.2.1 Collision Theory. - 3.2.2 Transition State Theory. - 3.2.3 Potential Energy Surface for a Bimolecular Reaction. - 3.3 The Pseudo-Steady-State Approximation. - 3.4 Reactions of Excited Species. - 3.5 Termolecular Reactions. - 3.6 Chemical Families. - 3.7 Gas-Surface Reactions. - Appendix 3 Free Radicals. - Problems. - References. - 4 Atmospheric Radiation and Photochemistry. - 4.1 Radiation. - 4.1.1 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation. - 4.1.2 Energy Balance for Earth and Atmosphere. - 4.1.3 Solar Variability. - 4.2 Radiative Flux in the Atmosphere. - 4.3 Beer-Lambert Law and Optical Depth. - 4.4 Actinic Flux. - 4.5 Atmospheric Photochemistry. - 4.6 Absorption of Radiation by Atmospheric Gases. - 4.7 Absorption by O2 and O3 122. - 4.8 Photolysis Rate as a Function of Altitude. - 4.9 Photodissociation of O3 to Produce O and O(1D). - 4.10 Photodissociation of NO2. - Problems. - References. - 5 Chemistry of the Stratosphere. - 5.1 Overview of Stratospheric Chemistry. - 5.2 Chapman Mechanism. - 5.3 Nitrogen Oxide Cycles. - 5.3.1 Stratospheric Source of NO* from N2O. - 5.3.2 NO* Cycles. - 5.4 HO* Cycles. - 5.5 Halogen Cycles. - 5.5.1 Chlorine Cycles. - 5.5.2 Bromine Cycles. - 5.6 Reservoir Species and Coupling of the Cycles. - 5.7 Ozone Hole. - 5.7.1 Polar Stratospheric Clouds. - 5.7.2 PSCs and the Ozone Hole. - 5.7.3 Arctic Ozone Hole. - 5.8 Heterogeneous (Nonpolar) Stratospheric Chemistry. - 5.8.1 The Stratospheric Aerosol Layer. - 5.8.2 Heterogeneous Hydrolysis of N2O5. - 5.8.3 Effect of Volcanoes on Stratospheric Ozone. - 5.9 Summary of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion. - 5.10 Transport and Mixing in the Stratosphere. - 5.11 Ozone Depletion Potential. - Problems. - References. - 6 Chemistry of the Troposphere. - 6.1 Production of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Troposphere. - 6.2 Basic Photochemical Cycle of NO2, NO, and O3. - 6.3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Carbon Monoxide. - 6.3.1 Low NO* Limit. - 6.3.2 High NO* Limit. - 6.3.3 Ozone Production Efficiency. - 6.3.4 Theoretical Maximum Yield of Ozone from CO Oxidation. - 6.4 Atmospheric Chemistry of Methane. - 6.5 The NO* and NOy, Families. - 6.5.1 Daytime Behavior. - 6.5.2 Nighttime Behavior. - 6.6 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere and Role of NO*. - 6.6.1 Ozone Budget of the Troposphere. - 6.6.2 Role of NO*. - 6.7 Tropospheric Reservoir Molecules. - 6.7.1 H2O2, CH3OOH, and HONO. - 6.7.2 Peroxyacyl Nitrates (PANs). - 6.8 Relative Roles of VOC and NOx in Ozone Formation. - 6.8.1 Importance of the VOC/NOx Ratio. - 6.8.2 Ozone Isopleth Plot. - 6.9 Simplified Organic/NOx Chemistry. - 6.10 Chemistry of Nonmethane Organic Compounds in the Troposphere. - 6.10.1 Alkanes. - 6.10.2 Alkenes. - 6.10.3 Aromatics. - 6.10.4 Aldehydes. - 6.10.5 Ketones. - 6.10.6 α, β-Unsaturated Carbonyls. - 6.10.7 Ethers. - 6.10.8 Alcohols. - 6.11 Atmospheric Chemistry of Biogenic Hydrocarbons. - 6.12 Atmospheric Chemistry of Reduced Nitrogen Compounds. - 6.12.1 Amines. - 6.12.2 Nitriles. - 6.12.3 Nitrites. - 6.13 Atmospheric Chemistry (Gas Phase) of Sulfur Compounds. - 6.13.1 Sulfur Oxides. - 6.13.2 Reduced Sulfur Compounds (Dimethyl Sulfide). - 6.14 Tropospheric Chemistry of Halogen Compounds. - 6.14.1 Chemical Cycles of Halogen Species. - 6.14.2 Tropospheric Chemistry of CFC Replacements: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). - Problems. - References. - 7 Chemistry of the Atmospheric Aqueous Phase. - 7.1 Liquid Water in the Atmosphere. - 7.2 Absorption Equilibria and Henry's Law. - 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Chemical Equilibria. - 7.3.1 Water. - 7.3.2 Carbon Dioxide-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.3 Sulfur Dioxide-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.4 Ammonia-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.5 Nitric Acid-Water Equilibrium. - 7.3.6 Equilibria of Other Important Atmospheric Gases. - 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Reaction Rates. - 7.5 S(IV)-S(VI) Transformation and Sulfur Chemistry. - 7.5.1 Oxidation of S(IV) by Dissolved O3. - 7.5.2 Oxidation of S(IV) by Hydrogen Peroxide. - 7.5.3 Oxidation of S(IV) by Organic Peroxides. - 7.5.4 Uncatalyzed Oxidation of S(IV) by O2. - 7.5.5 Oxidation of S(IV) by O2 Catalyzed by Iron and Manganese. - 7.5.6 Comparison of Aqueous-Phase S(IV) Oxidation Paths. - 7.6 Dynamic Behavior of Solutions with Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions. - 7.6.1 Closed System. - 7.6.2 Calculation of Concentration Changes in a Droplet with Aqueous-Phase Reactions. - Appendix 7.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data. - Appendix 7.2 Additional Aqueous-Phase Sulfur Chemistry. - 7.A.1 S(IV) Oxidation by the OH Radical. - 7.A.2 Oxidation of S(IV) by Oxides of Nitrogen. - 7.A.3 Reaction of Dissolved SO2 with HCHO. - Appendix 7.3 Aqueous-Phase Nitrite and Nitrate Chemistry. - 7.A.4 NOx Oxidation. - 7.A.5 Nitrogen Radicals. - Appendix 7.4 Aqueous-Phase Organic Chemistry. - Appendix 7.5 Oxygen and Hydrogen Chemistry. - Problems. - References. - 8 Properties of the Atmospheric Aerosol. - 8.1 The Size Distribution Function. - 8.1.1 The Number Distribution nN(Dp). - 8.1.2 The Surface Area, Volume, and Mass Distributions. - 8.1.3 Distributions Based on In Dp and log Dp. - 8.1.4 Relating Size Distributions Based on Different Independent Variables. - 8.1.5 Properties of Size Distributions. - 8.1.6 The Lognormal Distribution. - 8.1.7 Plotting the Lognormal Distribution. - 8.1.8 Properties of the Lognormal Distribution. - 8.2 Ambient Aerosol Size Distributions. - 8.2.1 Urban Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Marine Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Rural Continental Aerosols. - 8.2.4 Remote Continental Aerosols. - 8.2.5 Free Tropospheric Aerosols. - 8.2.6 Polar Aerosols. - 8.2.7 Desert Aerosols. - 8.3 Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 8.4 Spatial and Temporal Variation. - 8.5 Vertical Variation. - Problems. - References. - 9 Dynamics of Single Aerosol Particles. - 9.1 Continuum and Noncontinuum Dynamics: The Mean Free Path. - 9.2 The Drag on a Single Particle: Stokes' Law. - 9.2.1 Corrections to Stokes' Law: The Drag Coefficient. - 9.2.2 Stokes' Law and Noncontinuum Effects: Slip Correction Factor. - 9.3 Gravitational Settling of an Aerosol Particle. - 9.4 Motion of an Aerosol Particle in an External Force Field. - 9.5 Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles. - 9.5.1 Particle Diffusion. - 9.5.2 Aerosol Mobility and Drift Velocity. - 9.5.3 Mean Free Path of an Aerosol Particle. - 9.6 Aer

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Note: Text. engl. und russ. - Teilw. in kyrill. Schr.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction Terms and abbreviations 2 The biogeographlcal setting Geology, physiography, and surface materials The structural framework Pleistocene geology Bioclimates Arctic and its three subzones Subarctic zone Boreal zone Eastern temperate zone Grassland zone Pacific and Cordilleran zones 3 Autecology and pollen representation Introduction Transcontinental, primarily boreal taxa Eastern, primarily temperate taxa Pacific-Cordilleran taxa Arctic taxa Modern regional pollen spectra The Western Interior The eastern plains transect The Pacific-Cordilleran transect General comments on the modern pollen spectra 4 Full-glacial refugla The southern refugia Pacific-Cordilleran refugia Interior plains and eastern region The Beringian refugia 5 Eastern Canada-fossil record and reconstruction Introduction The late glacial - 12,700 to 10,000 yr BP Southern Quebec and New Brunswick Maritime Canada The Great Lakes Basin Vegetation reconstruction The Holocene - 10,000 yr BP to the present Southern Quebec and New Brunswick The Maritimes, Labrador, and Northern Quebec The Great Lakes Vegetation reconstruction Boreal region 6 The Western Interior Sites near the forest-grassland transition Sites within the modern boreal forest Sites near the modern forest-tundra boundary 7 Pacific-Cordilleran region Southern Pacific zone Southern Cordilleran zone Northern Pacific zone Northern Cordilleran zone 8 Vegetation reconstruction and palaeoenvironments Introduction Origins and history Eastern temperate forests Boreal forest Grasslands and parklands Pacific-Cordilleran complex Tundra (arctic) Palaeoenvironmental controls Climate The Milankovitch model Full-glacial conditions Late-glacial and Holocene Fire Pathogens Paludification Problems for the future Climate disequilibrium Spatial resolution Pollen source area Concluding comments Appendix References Index

Note: Introduction to performance tuningProfiling MATLAB® performance -- Standard performance-tuning techniques -- MATLAB®-specific techniques -- Implicit parallelization (vectorization and indexing) -- Explicit parallelization using MathWorks toolboxes -- Explicit parallelization by other means -- Using compiled code -- Memory-related techniques -- Graphics and GUI -- I/O techniques..

Note: ""Cover""; ""Copyright""; ""Contents""; ""Preface""; ""Conventions""; ""Abbreviations""; ""1. Introduction""; ""PART I The Early Years""; ""2. Early attempts at monetary union and the Hague Summit""; ""3. The Werner Report and the collapse of Bretton Woods""; ""4. The 'snake in the tunnel' reappears""; ""5. Monetarism arrives amidst currency turmoil""; ""6. The Delors Report""; ""7. Onward to Maastricht""; ""8. The Maastricht Treaty""; ""9. Converging to crisis and austerity""; ""10. The ideological straitjacket""; ""11. The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)"". , ""12. The convergence farce: smokescreens and denial""""PART II The Path to Crisis""; ""13. The first few years: smug self-congratulation and mass delusion""; ""14. The 2003 fiscal crisis""; ""15. The German 'jobwunder'""; ""16. European Groupthink: denial on a grand scale""; ""PART III The Options for Europe""; ""17. A monetary framework for fiscal policy activism""; ""18. Framing the debate: two alternative visions of the economy""; ""19. The basic principles of functional finance""; ""20. The federal solution""; ""21. Overt Monetary Financing""; ""22. Abandoning the euro"". , ""23. Employment guarantees""""References""; ""Index"".