ALBERT

Note: Contents: Translator's foreword. - Preface to English edition. - Abstract. - Map showing major place names. - 1 Introduction. - 2 What is the tundra?. - 3 Temperature and humidity in the tundra. - 4 The diversity of tundra landscapes. - 5 Snow and its role in the life of the tundra. - 6 Adaptation of living organisms to conditions in the tundra zone. - 7 Distribution of animals and plants. - 8 Interrelationships between organisms. - 9 Man and the tundra. - Bibliography. - Index. , Aus dem Russ. übers.

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - Contributors. - 1. The Present Climate of the Arctic Ocean and Possible Past and Future States / R. G. Barry. - 2. Arctic Ice-Ocean Dynamics / W. D. Hibler III. - 3. Chemical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean / L. Anderson and D. Dyrssen. - 4. Polar Marine Ecosystem Evolution / M. J. Dunbar. - 5. Arctic Sea-Ice Biota / R. A. Horner. - 6. Primary Production, Chlorophyll, Light, and Nutrients Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice / O. G. N. Andersen. - 7. Arctic Ocean Phytoplankton / B. R. Heimdal. - 8. Foraminifera and Pteropoda Beneath the Arctic Sea Ice: New Distributions / Y. Herman and O. G. N. Andersen. - 9. Ecology of Arctic Ocean Cryopelagic Fauna / I. A. Mel'nikov. - 10. Evolution of Arctic Ecosystems During the Neogene Period / A. N. Golikov and O. A. Scarlato. - 11. Distributional Patterns of Echinoderms in the Eurasian Sector of the Arctic Ocean / N. A. Anisimova. - 12. Marine Bivalvia of the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Fedyakov and A. D. Naumov. - 13. Arctic Ocean Gastropod Prosobranchs / A. N. Golikov. - 14. Arctic Ocean Bryozoa / V. I. Gontar and N. V. Denisenko. - 15. Arctic Ocean Mysids (Crustacea, Mysidacea): Evolution, Composition, and Distribution / V. V. Petryashov. - 16. Hydrozoa of the Eurasian Arctic Seas / S. D. Stepanjants. - 17. Arctic Ocean Cumacea / S. V. Vassilenko. - 18. Quarternary Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy: The Eastern Arctic Ocean Record / C. Card. - 19. Arctic Ocean Radiolarians / S. B. Kruglikova. - 20. Diatoms in Arctic Shallow Seas Sediments / E. I. Polyakova. - 21. Ecology of Recent Foraminifera on the Canadian Continental Shelf of the Arctic Ocean / C. Vilks. - 22. Thorium and Uranium Isotopes in Arctic Sediments / B. L. K. Somayajulu, P. Sharma, and Y. Herman. - 23. Late Neogene Arctic Paleoceanography: Micropaleontology, Stable Isotopes, and Chronology / Y. Herman, F. K. Osmond, and B. L. K. Somayajulu. - 24. Sediment Composition and Sedimentary Processes in the Arctic Ocean / D. A. Darby, A. S. Naidu, T. C. Mowatt, and C. A. Jones. - 25. Late Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Paleoceanography of the Barents Sea / V. S. Zarkhidze and Yu. C. Samoilovich. - 26. The Last Glaciation of Eurasia / A. A. Velitchko, L. L. Isayeva, D. B. Oreshkin, and M. A. Faustova. - 27. Geological and Paleoclimatic Evolution of the Arctic During Late Cenozoic Time / I. D. Danilov. - 28. Organic Geochemistry of Barents Sea Sediments / A. N. Belyaeva, A. I. Daniushevskaya, and E. A. Romankevich. - 29. Physiography and Bathymetry of the Arctic Ocean Seafloor / J. R. Weber. - 30. Tectonic History of the Arctic Region from the Ordovician Through the Cretaceous / L. P. Zonenshain and L. M. Napatov. - Index.

Note: Contents PREFACE LIST OF SYMBOLS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Remarks 1.2 Historical Notes 2 EQUATIONS 2.1 The Continuity Equation 2.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations 2.3 The Equation of State 2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.5 Simplification of the Basic Equations 2.6 Averaging Procedures 2.7 Further Simplifications 3 STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE 3.1 Transition and Instabilities 3.2 Statistical Description of Turbulence 3.3 Scales of Turbulent Flow 3.4 Equations of Higher Moment 3.5 Budgets of Turbulent Fluxes and Variances 3.5.1 Balance of turbulent kinetic energy 3.5.2 Heat flux balance 3.5.3 Momentum flux balance 3.5.4 Temperature and humidity variance and covariance balances 4 SIMILARITY 4.1 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity 4.2 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 4.2.1 Free convection regime 4.2.2 Neutral regime 4.2.3 Very stable regime 4.2.4 Empirical verification 4.3 The Rossby Number Similarity Theory 4.4 Local Similarity Theory 4.4.1 Stable boundary layer 4.4.2 Convective boundary layer 5 SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 5.1 General Considerations 5.2 Energy Spectra 5.3 Cross Spectra 5.4 Spatial Spectra 5.5 Spectral Curve-Fitting 5.6 Spectra and Cospectra in the Surface Layer 5.7 Spectra and Cospectra in the Mixed Layer 5.8 Spectra and Cospectra in the Stable Outer Layer 6 MODELING 6.1 General Remarks 6.2 Integral Models 6.3 First-Order Closures 6.3.1 Flow in the surface layer 6.3.2 The Ekman model 6.3.3 Effects of baroclinicity 6.3.4 Effects of thermal stability 6.3.5 Effects of slightly inclined terrain 6.3.6 The effects of nonstationarity 6.4 Nonlocal Closures 6.5 Higher-Order Closures 6.5.1 The momentum flux equation 6.5.2 The heat flux equation 6.5.3 The temperature variance equation 6.5.4 The dissipation rate equation 6.6 Large Eddy Simulation Models 7 DIFFUSION 7.1 General Considerations 7.2 The Statistical Theory of Diffusion 7.3 K-Theory Models 7.4 Gaussian Models 7.5 Laboratory and Large Eddy Simulation Experiments 7.6 Higher-Order Closure Models 7.7 Monte Carlo Methods 8 MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sensors 8.2.1 Wind sensors 8.2.2 Temperature sensors 8.2.3 Measurements of humidity fluctuations 8.2.4 Measurements of concentration 8.2.5 Static and dynamic characteristics of sensors 8.3 Platforms 8.3.1 Aircraft measurements 8.3.2 Balloons 8.4 Remote Ground-Based Observing Systems 8.4.1 Radars 8.4.2 Lidars 8.4.3 Sodars 8.5 Averaging of Measured Quantities 8.6 Major Field Experiments 8.6.1 The 1953 Great Plains experiment 8.6.2 The 1967 Wangara experiment 8.6.3 The 1968 Kansas experiment 8.6.4 The 1973 Minnesota experiment Epilogue APPENDIX A.1 Fourier Analysis A.2 The Sweeping Method A.3 Vector Operators REFERENCES INDEX

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te

Note: Contents: Preface Contributors 1. Stable Isotopes: History, Units, and Instrumentation / J. R. Ehleringer and P. W. Rundel Section I Ecophysiological Studies in Plants 2.Carbon Isotope Fractionation and Plant Water-Use Efficiency / G. D. Farquhar, K. T. Hubick, A. G. Condon, and R. A. Richards 3. Carbon Isotope Ratios and Physiological Processes in Aridland Plants / J. R. Ehleringer 4. Stable Carbon Isotope Ratio as an Index of Water-Use Efficiency in C3 Halophytes - Possible Relationship to Strategies for Osmotic Adjustment / R. D. Guy, P. G. Warne, and D. M. Reid 5. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Vernal Pool Aquatics of Differing Photosynthetic Pathways / J. E. Keeley 6. Studies of Mechanisms Affecting the Fractionation of Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis / J. A. Berry 7. Intertree Variability of δ13C in Tree Rings / S. W. Leavitt, and A. Long 8. Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Plant Tissues / H. Ziegler 9. Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plant Cellulose: Mechanisms and Applications / L. Da Silveira Lobo Sternberg 10. Stable Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Plants: A Review of Current Theory and Some Potential Applications / J. W. C. White Section II Animal Food Webs and Feeding Ecology 11. Stable Carbon Isotopes in Terrestrial Ecosystem Research / L. L. Tieszen and T. W. Boutton 12. δ13C Measurements as Indicators of Carbon Flow in Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems / B. Fry and E. B. Sherr 13. Natural Carbon Isotope Tracers in Arctic Aquatic Food Webs / D. M. Schell and P. J. Ziemann 14. Some Problems and Potentials of Strontium Isotope Analysis for Human and Animal Ecology / J. E. Ericson 15. Natural Isotope Abundances in Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) Baleen: Markers of Aging and Habitat Usage / D. M. Schell, S. M. Saupe, and N. Haubenstock 16. Doubly-Labeled Water Studies of Vertebrate Physiological Ecology / K. A. NAGY 17. A δ13C and δ15N Tracer Study of Nutrition in Aquaculture: Penaeus vannamei in a Pond Growout System / P. L. Parker, R. K. Anderson, and A. Lawrence Section III Ecosystem Process Studies 18. Stable Isotope Ratios and the Dynamics of Caliche in Desert Soils / W. H. Schlesinger, G. M. Marion, and P. J. Fonteyn 19. The Use of Stable Isotopes in Assessing the Effect of Agriculture on Arid and Semi-Arid Soils / R. Amundson 20. Estimates of N2 Fixation in Ecosystems: The Need for and Basis of the 15N Natural Abundance Method / G. Shearer and D. H. Kohl 21. The Use of Variation in the Natural Abundance of 15N to Assess Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Woody Plants / R. A. Virginia, W. M. Jarrell, P. W. Rundel, G. Shearer, and D. H. Kohl 22. 13C/12C Ratios in Atmospheric Methane and Some of Its Sources / S. C. Tyler 23. Temperature-Dependent Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation in Cyanobacterial Sheaths: Applications to Studies of Modern and Precambrian Stromatolites / G. E. Strathearn 24. Sulfur Isotope Studies of the Pedosphere and Biosphere / H. R. Krouse 25. Sulfate Fertilization and Changes in Stable Sulfur Isotopic Compositions of Lake Sediments / B. Fry 26. The Use of Stable Sulfur and Nitrogen Isotopes in Studies of Plant Responses to Air Pollution / W. E. Winner, V. S. Berg, and P. J. Langston-Unkefer 27. The Use of Stable Sulfur Isotope Ratios in Air Pollution Studies: An Ecosystem Approach in South Florida / L. L. Jackson and L. P. Gough 28. 87Sr/86Sr Ratios Measure the Sources and Flow of Strontium in Terrestrial Ecosystems / W. C. Graustein Index

Note: L. M. Parson and A. C. Morton: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:ix-xii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.01: Volcanic and Tectonic Framework --- R. S. White: A hot-spot model for early Tertiary volcanism in the N Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:3-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.02 --- M. H. P. Bott: A new look at the causes and consequences of the Icelandic hot-spot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:15-23, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.03 --- J. F. Dewey and B. F. Windley: Palaeocene-Oligocene tectonics of NW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:25-31, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.04 --- Dipping Reflectors and NE Atlantic Evolution --- J. C. Mutter and C. M. Zehnder: Deep crustal structure and magmatic processes: the inception of seafloor spreading in the Norwegian-Greenland Sea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:35-48, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.05 --- J. Skogseid and O. Eldholm: Early Cainozoic evolution of the Norwegian volcanic passive margin and the formation of marginal highs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:49-56, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.06 --- L. M. Parson and the ODP Leg 104 Scientific Party: Dipping reflector styles in the NE Atlantic Ocean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:57-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.07 --- L. G. Viereck, P. N. Taylor, L. M. Parson, A. C. Morton, J. Hertogen, I. L. Gibson, and the ODP Leg 104 Scientific Party: Origin of the Palaeogene Vøring Plateau volcanic sequence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:69-83, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.08 --- S. T. Gudlaugsson, K. Gunnarsson, M. Sand, and J. Skogseid: Tectonic and volcanic events at the Jan Mayen Ridge microcontinent / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:85-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.09 --- H. C. Larsen and S. Jakobsdóttir: Distribution, crustal properties and significance of seawards-dipping sub-basement reflectors off E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:95-114, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.10 --- M. S. Andersen: Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary extension and volcanism around the Faeroe Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:115-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.11 --- R. J. Merriman, P. N. Taylor, and A. C. Morton: Petrochemistry and isotope geochemistry of early Palaeogene basalts forming the dipping reflector sequence SW of Rockall Plateau, NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:123-134, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.12 --- J. I. Faleide, A. M. Myhre, and O. Eldholm: Early Tertiary volcanism at the western Barents Sea margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:135-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.13 --- L. Kristjansson and J. Helgason: Some properties of basalt lava sequences and volcanic centres in a plate-boundary environment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:147-155, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.14 --- H. C. Larsen: A multiple and propagating rift model for the NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:157-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.15 --- E Greenland and the Faeroe Islands --- R. C. O. Gill, T. F. D. Nielsen, C. K. Brooks, and G. A. Ingram: Tertiary volcanism in the Kangerdlugssuaq region, E Greenland: trace-element geochemistry of the Lower Basalts and tholeiitic dyke swarms / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:161-179, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.16 --- P. M. Holm: Nd, Sr and Pb isotope geochemistry of the Lower Lavas, E Greenland Tertiary Igneous Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:181-195, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.17 --- A. J. C. Hogg, J. J. Fawcett, J. Gittins, and M. P. Gorton: Cyclical tholeiitic volcanism and associated magma chambers: eruptive mechanisms in E Greenland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:197-200, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.18 --- R. H. Noble, R. M. Macintyre, and P. E. Brown: Age constraints on Atlantic evolution: timing of magmatic activity along the E Greenland continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:201-214, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.19 --- D. H. Tarling, E. A. Hailwood, and R. Løvlie: A palaeomagnetic study of lower Tertiary lavas in E Greenland and comparison with other lower Tertiary observations in the northern Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:215-224, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.20 --- R. Waagstein: Structure, composition and age of the Faeroe basalt plateau / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:225-238, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.21 --- Volcanism in Basins to the N and W of the British Isles --- F. G. F. Gibb and R. Kanaris-Sotiriou: The geochemistry and origin of the Faeroe-Shetland sill complex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:241-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.22 --- F. J. Fitch, G. L. Heard, and J. A. Miller: Basaltic magmatism of late Cretaceous and Palaeogene age recorded in wells NNE of the Shetlands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:253-262, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.23 --- A. C. Morton, D. Evans, R. Harland, C. King, and D. K. Ritchie: Volcanic ash in a cored borehole W of the Shetland Islands: evidence for Selandian (late Palaeocene) volcanism in the Faeroes region / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:263-269, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.24 --- M. S. Stoker, A. C. Morton, D. Evans, M. J. Hughes, R. Harland, and D. K. Graham: Early Tertiary basalts and tuffaceous sandstones from the Hebrides Shelf and Wyville-Thomson Ridge, NE Atlantic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:271-282, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.25 --- M. V. Wood, J. Hall, and J. J. Doody: Distribution of early Tertiary lavas in the NE Rockall Trough / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:283-292, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.26 --- A. C. Morton, J. E. Dixon, J. G. Fitton, R. M. Macintyre, D. K. Smythe, and P. N. Taylor: Early Tertiary volcanic rocks in Well 163/6-1A, Rockall Trough / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:293-308, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.27 --- M. P. Tate and M. R. Dobson: Syn- and post-rift igneous activity in the Porcupine Seabight Basin and adjacent continental margin W of Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:309-334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.28 --- British Tertiary Igneous Province --- A. E. Mussett, P. Dagley, and R. R. Skelhorn: Time and duration of activity in the British Tertiary Igneous Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:337-348, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.29 --- I. G. Meighan, A. G. McCormick, D. Gibson, J. A. Gamble, and I. J. Graham: Rb-Sr isotopic determinations and the timing of Tertiary central complex magmatism in NE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:349-360, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.30 --- P. J. O’Connor: Strontium isotope geochemistry of Tertiary igneous rocks, NE Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:361-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.31 --- B. R. Bell and C. H. Emeleus: A review of silicic pyroclastic rocks of the British Tertiary Volcanic Province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:365-379, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.32 --- R. W. England: The early Tertiary stress regime in NW Britain: evidence from the patterns of volcanic activity / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39:381-389, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.039.01.33 --- J. H. Bédard, R. S. J. Sparks, R. Renner, R. Hunter, and M. Cheadle: A re-evaluation of the origin and nature of layered peridotite, troctolite and gabbro in the Eastern Layered Series of the R

Note: CONTENTS Preface / A. Berger, R. E. Dickinson and John W. Kidson I WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME 1. The World Climate Research Programme / Gordon A. McBean II. PALEOCLIMATES AND ICE 2. Long-Term Climatic and Environmental Records from Antarctic Ice / C. Lorius, J-M Barnola, M. Legrand, J. R. Petit, D. Raynaud, C. Ritz, N. Barkov, Y. S. Korotkevich, V. N. Petrov, C. Genthon, J. Jouzel, V. M. Kotlyakov, F. Yiou, and G. Raisbeck 3. The Role of Land Ice and Snow in Climate / Michael H. Kuhn III. VOLCANOES AND CLIMATE 4. Petrologic Evidence of Volatile Emissions From Major Historic and Pre-Historic Volcanic Eruptions / Julie M. Palais and Haraldur Sigurdsson IV. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, LAND HYDROLOGY, LAND SURFACE PROCESSES AND CLIMATE 5. Uptake by the Atlantic Ocean of Excess Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Radiocarbon / Bert Bolin, Anders Björkström and Berrien Moore 6. African Drought: Characteristics, Causal Theories and Global Teleconnections / Sharon E. Nicholson 7. Sensitivity of Climate Model to Hydrology / Duzheng Ye 8. Stability of Tree/Grass Vegetation Systems / Peter S. Eagleson V. TROPICAL OCEAN AND GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE 9. Toga and Atmospheric Processes / Kevin Trenberth 10. Toga Real Time Oceanography in the Pacific / David Halpern VI. MODELLING CLIMATE, PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 11. Aeronomy and Paleoclimate / J.-C. Gérard 12. Studies of Cretaceous Climate / Eric J. Barron 13. Simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model Including Paleoclimatic Tracer Cycles / Sylvie Joussaume, Jean Jouzel and Robert Sadourny 14. Progress and Future Developments in Modelling the Climate System with General Circulation Models / P. R. Rowntree 15. Quantitative Analysis of Feedbacks in Climate Model Simulations / Michael E. Schlesinger

Note: INHALT: Vorwort / Th. KAEMMEL ; M. REICHSTEIN. - Early Stages of Steller Evolution and the Formation of Protostellar Disks: An Overview / Th. HENNING. - Middle Atmosphere of Venus - New Knowledge from Interpretation of IR Fourier Spectrometer Experiment aboard Venera 15 / K. SCHÄFER ; V. I. MOROZ ; D. SPÄNKUCH ; L. V. ZASOVA ; D. OERTEL ; V. M. LINKIN ; W. DÖHLER ; I. A. MATSYGORIN ; R. DUBOIS ; E. A. USTINOV. - Fest-Gas-Reaktionen und Planetenkosmogonie / W. SCHRÖN. - Some Remarks to the History of Earth-like Planets: The Heating Aspect / G. MEINEL Die frühe Entwicklung der Erde - quantitative chemische Aspekte / R. GOTTFRIED. - Geochemischer Vergleich von Meteoriten, Mond und Erde / K. HAHNE ; J. HARFF ; G. LOOS ; P. VOGLER. - Element and Isotope Geochemical Investigations on Magmatic Processes / K. WETZEL. - Zu Fragen von Meteoritenimpakts auf die Faunenentwicklung - dargestellt am Beispiel des Silurs / K. HAHNE ; H. JÄGER ; K. KROGNER. - Anschriften. , Beitr. teilw. dt., teilw. engl.

Note: Pages 1-9, Geodynamic evolution of the Atlas system, Morocco: An introduction, Volker Jacobshagen --- Pages 11-17, The Anti-Atlas system: An overview, Eckard Wallbrecher --- Pages 19-42, A ductile shear zone in the Panafrican basement on the northwestern margin of the West African Craton (Sirwa Dome, Central Anti-Atlas, Eckard Wallbrecher --- Pages 43-60, Tectonothermal evolution of the late Panafrican Orogeny in the central Anti-Atlas (Southern Morocco), Yannis Bassias, Eckard Wallbrecher, Alexander Willgallis --- Pages 61-80, A plate tectonic model for the Panafrican Orogeny in the Anti-Atlas, Morocco, Peteralv M. Brabers --- Pages 81-90, The Precambrian/Cambrian boundary in the Anti-Atlas (Morocco) discussion and new results, Werner Buggisch, Erik Flügel --- Pages 91-106, The base of the Cambrian in Morocco, K. Sdzuy, G. Geyer --- Pages 107-121, Paleogeography and facies of the ‘gres terminaux’ (uppermost Lower Cambrian, Anti-Atlas/Morocco), Werner Buggisch, Rainer Siegert --- Pages 123-128, Diagenesis and very low-grade metamorphism of the Lower Cambrian rocks in the Anti-Atlas (Morocco), Werner Buggisch --- Pages 129-138, Deformation of igneous dikes in and around the Tichka granite, high Atlas — Morocco, Jean-Paul Schaer --- Pages 139-168, Synthesis of late paleozoic and triassic redbed sedimentation in Morocco, John C. Lorenz --- Pages 169-199, Jurassic carbonate facies of the Central and Eastern High Atlas rift, Morocco, John E. Warme --- Pages 201-217, Jurassic sediments of the Central High Atlas of Morocco: Deposition, burial and erosian history, Y.A. Brechbühler, R. Bernasconi, J. -P. Schaer --- Pages 219-244, Aspects of Western High Atlas tectonics, Nikolaus Froitzheim, Johannes Stets, Paul Wurster --- Pages 245-271, Structure and post-Palaeozoic evolution of the central High Atlas, Volker Jacobshagen, Rainald Brede, Manfred Hauptmann, Werner Heinitz, Renate Zylka --- Pages 273-291, Structural evolution of the southern and northern Central High Atlas in paleogene and Mio-Pliocene times, Cyril Fraissinet, Mustapha El Zouine, Jean-Luc Morel, André Poisson, Jean Andrieux… --- Pages 293-320, Recent data on the geology of the Middle-Atlas (Morocco), Renaud du Dresnay --- Pages 321-337, Synsedimentary tectonics in the Northern Middle Atlas (Morocco) during the late Cretaceous and Tertiary, Hans-Georg Herbig --- Pages 339-357, Geophysical studies of the earth's crust and upper mantle in the Atlas system of Morocco, Gerhard Schwarz, Peter J. Wigger --- Pages 359-404, The uplift of the central High Atlas as deduced from neogene continental sediments of the Ouarzazate province, Morocco, Konrad Görler, Friedrich-Franz Helmdach, Pieter Gaemers, Kurt Heißig, Winfried Hinsch… --- Pages 405-432, The ostracode fauna of the Ait Kandoula region, systematic description, Friedrich-Franz Helmdach --- Pages 433-444, Geomorphological aspects of the quaternary evolution of the Ouarzazate Basin, Southern Morocco, Gerhard Stäblein --- Pages 445-462, Rates of scarp retreat: A means of dating Neotectonic activity, Karl-Heinz Schmidt --- Pages 463-480, Evolution of the Alboran block margin from early Mesozoic to early Miocene time, M. Durand-Delga, Ph. Olivier --- Pages 481-499, Geodynamic evolution of the Atlas system (Morocco) in post-palaeozoic times, Volker Jacobshagen, Konrad Görler, Peter Giese