ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS: I. National Committee for Antarctic Research, and National Operating Body. - II. Map of Stations. - Ill. Permanent Observatories, Regular Observations and Long-term Monitoring. - IV. Report on Highlights of Science Activities from Previous Reporting Period (1 Oct. 93 - 31 March 94). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - V. List of Permits and Rationale for Entry into SPAs and SSSIs. - VI. Prospectus of Planned Activities for Coming Reporting Period (1 April 94 - 31 March 95). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VII. Future Activities Planned & Funded (beyond 31 March 95). - A. Biology. - B. Geodesy & Geographic Information. - C. Geology. - D. Solid Earth Geophysics. - E. Glaciology. - F. Human Biology & Medicine. - G. Atmospheric Sciences. - H. Logistics. - I. Ocean Physical Sciences (incl. Marine Chemistry). - VIII. Bibliography. - IX. List of Principal Investigators and Responsible Authorities.

Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Radar equipment General operation Antennas Waveforms and phase polarity Antenna directivity Field procedures and data processing Field procedures Data recording Data processing Site location Results Pegasus runway Access road from Williams Field to Pegasus runway Williams Field Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Airborne profile of a portion of the access road Abstract

Note: Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1. FROZEN GROUND 1.1 Frozen ground support systems Frozen earth wall Design considerations 1.2 Seasonally and perennially frozen ground Cold regions: definition Subsurface temperatures Active layer, Permafrost 1.3 Terrain features in permafrost areas Ground ice features Patterned ground 1.4 Engineering considerations Freezing process Thawing of frozen ground Frost action Useful aspects of frozen ground Ice as a construction material Problems CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Composition and structure of frozen ground Soil types Phase relationships Ice phase Particle size and size distribution Consistency of cohesive soils 2.2 Soil classification Unified soil classification system Frozen soil classification 2.3 Water-ice phase relationships Unfrozen water in frozen soil Effect of solutes on freezing 2.4 Soil frost action Frost action process Frost susceptibility of soils Frost-heave forces Freeze-thaw effects on permeability 2.5 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity Heat capacity Thermal diffusiuity Latent heat of fusion Thermal expansion (or contraction) Problems CHAPTER 3. HEAT FLOW IN SOILS 3.1 Heat transfer at the ground surface Climatic factors Freezing (or thawing) indices Surface n-factor 3.2 Seasonal ground freezing (or thawing) Frost depth Thawing of frozen soil Design implications 3.3 Temperature below cooled (or heated) areas Steady state heat flow Transient temperatures Periodic heat flow 3.4 Thermal analysis: frozen ground support systems Single freeze pipe Wall formation Multiple rows of freeze pipes Problems CHAPTER 4. THAW BEHAVIOR OF FROZEN GROUND 4.1 Thaw settlement 4.2 Consolidation of thawing soils Thaw consolidation Residual stress in thawing soils 4.3 Thaw-consolidation in some layered systems Two layer soil problems Compressible soil ouer discrete ice layers Problems CHAPTER 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOILS 5.1 Stress-strain-time and strength behavior Hydrostatic pressure effect on frozen soil behavior Shear stress effect on frozen soil behavior 5.2 Factors influencing creep and strength Creep of frozen soil under constant stress Stress-strain behavior under constant strain rate Ice content effect on strength Normal pressure effect on strength Strain rate effect on strength Temperature effect on strength Frozen soil behauior at cryogenic temperatures 5.3 Analytical representation of creep and strength data General creep equation Strength of frozen soils Comparison with Vyalou's creep and strength equations Normal pressure effect on creep and strength Salinity effect on frozen soil creep and strength 5.4 Frozen soil behavior in uniaxial tension 5.5 Deformability of frozen soils 5.6 Compressibility of frozen soils Problems CHAPTER 6. CONSTRUCTION GROUND FREEZING 6.1 Design considerations Ground freezing applications Soil conditions Groundwater flow Ground movement 6.2 Freezing methods and system installation Primary plant and pumped loop secondary coolant Expendable liquid refrigerant Installation of the cooling system 6.3 Structural design of frozen earth walls Curved walls Straight walls and combinations Tunnels Finite-element method 6.4 Monitoring requirements Freeze hole deviation Temperature Frost boundary location and wall thickness 6.5 Other construction considerations Protection of exposed frozen earth Concrete placement against frozen earth Problems CHAPTER 7. FOUNDATIONS IN FROZEN SOILS 7.1 General considerations Foundations in seasonally frozen ground Foundations in permafrost 7.2 Shallow foundations Selection of foundation method Design of shallow foundations Bearing capacity Settlement considerations 7.3 Pile foundations Pile types Pile placement Pile freezeback Axially loaded piles Laterally loaded piles Anchors in frozen ground 7.4 Frost-heave forces on foundations Tangential forces on a vertical surface Design for frost heave Problems CHAPTER 8. STABILITY OF SOIL MASSES IN COLD REGIONS 8.1 Landslides in permafrost: classification 8.2 Slopes in thawing permafrost Low-angle planar flows Slides 8.3 Slopes in frozen soils 8.4 Slope stabilization methods Construction and design techniques Stabilization of planar slides Stabilization of cut slopes Problems CHAPTER 9. EARTHWORK IN COLD REGIONS 9.1 Site considerations Drainage Thermal and frost action factors Subsurface conditions Material sources 9.2 Excavation and transport Mechanical excavation Drilling and blasting Thawing frozen soil Hydraulic dredging 9.3 Field placement Compaction Placement in water 9.4 Water-retaining embankments on permafrost Unfrozen embankments Frozen embankments Maintaining the frozen state Thermal and stability considerations 9.5 Embankment performance Frost heave Settlement Stability Artificial islands CHAPTER 10. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 10.1. Sampling frozen ground Sampling methods Sample protection 10.2 Ground-temperature measurement Temperature sensors and measuring equipment 10.3 Field testing of frozen soils Field test methods Pressuremeter test Deep static cone penetration test Other types of field tests 10.4 Geophysical methods Seismic velocities in frozen ground Electrical properties of frozen ground Geophysical techniques used in frozen ground High-frequency electrical methods Borehole logging in permafrost APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS APPENDIX B. SI UNITS APPENDIX C LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS ON FROZEN SOILS C1 Handling, storage, and machining of specimens prior to testing C2 Uniaxial compression test C3 Uniaxial tensile test C.4 Salinity of soil pore water C5 Thermosiphon C6 Pile load test in permafrost REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

Note: CONTENTS Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical formulation Limiting cases of the governing equations Nondimensionalization scheme Numerical solutions and comparison to experiments Unconstrained Coulomb flow model with constant bed friction Unconstrained Coulomb flow with boundary drag term Conclusions and remarks Literature cited Abstract

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitende Übersicht 2. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit 3. Forschungsarbeiten - Expeditionen 3.1 Antarktisexpedition X/2-8 3.2 Arktisexpedition IX 3.3 Antarktisexpedition Xl 3.4 Landexpedition Sibirien 4. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten der Sektionen 4.1 Biologie I (Zoologie) 4.2 Biologie II (Botanik und Mikrobiologie) 4.3 Chemie 4.4 Geologie 4.5 Geophysik 4.6 Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre I 4.7 Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre II 4.8 Meeresphysik und Meßwesen 4.9 Forschungsstelle Potsdam 5. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen Die Entwicklung von Kaltwasser-Makroalgen Die Biodiversität des antarktischen Benthos Weddellrobben - Tieftaucher in der Hochantarktis Die weltweit verbreitete Planktonalge Phaeocystis: Untersuchungen zu physiologischen und molekularen Unterschieden Die Entwicklung von Algen- und Bakteriengemeinschaften im Meereis Zooplanktonkot in der Arktis: Nahrungsgrundlage im Pelagial oder Transportvehikel bei der Sedimentation? Stimuliert ein globaler Anstieg des Kohlendioxids die marine Primärproduktion? Die Beziehung zwischen Huminstoffen und Aminosäuren in polaren Gewässern Die Ozonverteilung in der Atmosphäre über dem Atlantik Pinatubo-Aerosole und polare stratosphärische Wolken Spurengas-Messungen in der arktischen Stratosphäre während der Polarnacht Die mittleren vertikalen Ozonverteilungen über Arktis und Antarktis Eisbewegung und Subglazialtopographie im Umfeld der Schirmacheroase, Ostantarktis Umweltgeschichte der kontinentalen Ostantarktis - aufgezeichnet in Seesedimenten Das antarktische Meereis und seine Verbreitung in geologischer Vorzeit-Rekonstruktion und Modellierung Kalt- und Warmzeiten im Südatlantik anhand benthischer Foraminiferen Terrigener Sedimenteintrag im östlichen Arktischen Ozean Mineralbildung in Sedimenten und Böden der Permafrostzone Seismische Untersuchungen im eurasischen Becken (Arktischer Ozean) Untersuchungen zum Massenhaushalt des Inlandeises in Nordostgrönland Wassermassenbildung im Storfjord - ein Modell arktischer Schelfgebiete Atmosphärische Rollenkonvektion in der Framstraße ERS-l Radaraufnahmen des antarktischen Meereises Der Einfluß von Algen auf die physikalischen Prozesse im Meereis: ein Modell Die Bestimmung der Zirkulation im Weltmeer aus hydrographischen Daten Auswirkungen der Tiefenwasserproduktion auf die Zirkulation des Nordatlantik Infrarot-Zeilenkamera zur verbesserten Meereisfernerkundung LlDAR-Gerät zur Beobachtung fluoreszierender Stoffe im Meer Untersuchung der durch das Ozonloch verursachten UV-B Belastung auf Produktion und Artenzusammensetzung des Phytoplanktons 6. Logistik 7. Zentrale Einrichtungen 7.1 Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 7.2 Bibliothek 7.3 Rechenzentrum 8. Personeller Ausbau und Haushaltsentwicklung 8.1 Personal 8.2 Haushalt Anhang I Personal II Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen III Publikationen des Instituts IV Veröffentlichungen der Mitarbeiter V Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten VI "Polarstern"-Expeditionen , Contents 1. Introductory Overview 2. International and National Cooperation 3. Research Projects - Expeditions 3.1 ANT X/2-8 3.2 ARK IX 3.3 ANT XI 3.4 Land Expedition to Siberia 4. Scienlific Work of the Sections 4.1 Biology I (Zoology, Ecophysiology and Macroalgae Ecology) 4.2 Biology II (Botany and Microbiology) 4.3 Chemistry 4.4. Geology 4.5 Geophysics and Glaciology 4.6 Physics of the Ocean and Atmosphere I 4.7 Physics of the Ocean and Atmosphere II 4.8 Marine Physics and Instrumentation 4.9 Potsdam Research Unit 5. Selected Research Topics The Evolution of cold-water macroalgae Antarctic Benthos Biodiversity Weddell Seals - deep divers in the High Antarctic The Cosmopolitan Planktonic Alga Phaeocystis: investigations into physiological and molecular differences Development of algal and bacterial communities in sea ice Zooplankton Faeces in Arctic Waters: Food for the Pelagic System or Transport Vehicle for Sedimenting Matter? Does the Global C02 Increase Stimulate Marine Primary Production? Relationship between Humic Substances and Amino Acids in Polar Waters The Ozone Distribution in the Atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean Pinatubo Aerosols and Polar Stratospheric Clouds.. Measurement of Trace Gases in the Arctic Stratosphere during the Polar Night The Mean Vertical Distributions of Ozone above the Arctic and Antarctic Ice Movement and Sub-glacial Topography in the Vicinity of the Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctic The Environmental History of the Continental East Antarctic as Recorded in Lake Sediments The Antarctic Sea Ice and its Extent in Geologically Prehistoric Times - Reconstruction and Modelling Benthic Foraminifera- Indicators of Glacial and Interglacial Climate in the South Atlantic Ocean Terrigenous Sediment Supply to the Eastern Arctic Ocean Mineral Formation in the Sediments and Soils of the Permafrost Zone Seismic Investigations in the Eurasian Basin (Arctic Ocean) Investigations into the Mass Balance of the Inland Ice in Northeast Greenland Water Mass Formation in the Storfjord - a Model of Arctic Shelf Regions Atmospheric Roll-Convection in the Fram Strait ERS-1 Radar Images of the Antarctic Sea Ice The Influence of Algae on the Physical Processes in Sea Ice: a Model Estimation of the Global Ocean Circulation from Hydrographic Measurements Influence of Deep Water Production on the North Atlantic General Circulation Infrared Line Scanner for Improved Remote Sensing of Sea Ice The LIDAR Instrument for Observation of Fluorescent Matter in the Ocean lnvestigation of the UV-B Impact on Phytoplankton Production and Species Composition 6. Logistics 6.1 Polar Stations 6.2 Research Vessels "Polarsten" and "Victor Hensen" 6.3 Polar Aircraft and Helicopters 6.4 General Logistics 7. Central Services 7.1 Press and Public Relations 7.2 Library 7.3 Computer Centre 8. Personnel Expansion and Budget Development 8.1 Personnel 8.2 Budget Annex I. Personnel II. Scientific Events Ill. Publications of the Institute IV. Publications by Members of Staff V. Completed Theses and Dissertations VI. "Polarstern" Expeditions

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Contents: Preface. - PART I THE ELEMENTS OF AIR POLLUTION. - 1 The History of Air Pollution. - I. Before the Industrial Revolution. - II. The Industrial Revolution. - Ill. The Twentieth Century. - IV. The 1980s. - V. The 1990s. - VI. The Future. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 2 The Natural versus Polluted Atmosphere. - I. The Atmosphere. - II. Unpolluted Air. - Ill. Particulate Matter. - IV. Concepts. - IV. Personnel. - V. Advisory Groups. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 3 Scales of the Air Pollution Problem. - I. Local. - II. Urban. - Ill. Regional. - IV. Continental. - V. Global. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 4 Air Quality. - I. Averaging Time. - II. Cycles. - Ill. Primary and Secondary Pollutants. - IV. Measurement Systems. - V. Air Quality Levels. - Reference. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 5 The Philosophy of Air Pollution Control. - I. Strategy and Tactics-The Air Pollution System. - II. Episode Control. - Ill. Air Quality Management Control Strategy. - IV. Alternative Control Strategies. - V. Economic Considerations. - Reference. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 6 Sources of Air Pollution. - I. General. - II. Combustion. - Ill. Stationary Sources. - IV. Mobile Sources. - V. Emission Inventory. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART II THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. - 7 Effects on Human Health and Welfare. - I. Air-Water-Soil Interactions. - II. Total Body Burden. - Ill. The Human Respiratory System. - IV. Impact of Air Pollution on Humans. - V. Impact of Odor on Humans. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 8 Effects on Vegetation and Animals. - I. Injury versus Damage. - II. Effects on Vegetation and Crops. - Ill. Effects on Forests. - IV. Effects on Animals. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 9 Effects on Materials and Structures. - I. Effects on Metals. - II. Effects on Stone. - Ill. Effects on Fabrics and Dyes. - IV. Effects on Leather, Paper, Paint, and Glass. - V. Effects on Rubber. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 10 Effects on the Atmosphere, Soil, and Water Bodies. - I. The Physics of Visibility. - II. Formation of Atmospheric Haze. - Ill. Effects of Atmospheric Haze. - IV. Visibility. - V. Acidic Deposition. - VI. Effects of Acidic Deposition. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 11 Long-Term Effects on the Planet. - I. Global Warming. - II. Ozone Holes. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART III MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING OF AIR POLLUTION. - 12 Atmospheric Chemistry. - I. Types of Atmospheric Chemical Transformations. - II. Role of Solar Radiation in Atmospheric Chemistry. - Ill. Gas-Phase Chemical Reaction Pathways. - IV. Heterogeneous Reactions. - V. Scavenging and Removal from the Atmosphere. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 13 Ambient Air Sampling. - I. Elements of a Sampling System. - II. Sampling Systems for Gaseous Pollutants. - Ill. Sampling Systems for Particulate Pollutants and PM10. - IV. Static Sampling Systems. - V. Sampler Siting Requirements. - VI. Sampling for Air Toxics. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 14 Ambient Air Pollutants: Analysis and Measurement. - I. Analysis and Measurement of Gaseous Pollutants. - II. Analysis and Measurement of Particulate Pollutants. - Ill. Analysis and Measurement of Odors. - IV. Analysis and Measurement of Visibility. - V. Analysis and Measurement of Acidic Deposition. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 15 Air Pollution Monitoring and Surveillance. - I. Stationary Monitoring Networks. - II. Mobile Monitoring and Surveillance. - Ill. Remote Sensing. - IV. Quality Assurance. - V. Data Analysis and Display. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 16 Air Pathways from Hazardous Waste Sites. - I. Introduction. - II. Multimedia Transport. - Ill. Contaminant Fate Analysis. - IV. Modeling. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART IV THE METEOROLOGY OF AIR POLLUTION. - 17 The Physics of the Atmosphere. - I. Sun, Atmosphere System, and Heat Balance. - II. Stability and Instability. - Ill. Laws of Motion. - IV. Local Wind Systems. - V. General Circulation. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 18 The Meteorological Bases of Atmospheric Pollution. - I. Ventilation. - II. Stagnation. - Ill. Meterological Conditions during Historic Pollution Episodes. - IV. Effects of Pollution on the Atmosphere. - V. Removal Mechanisms. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 19 Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants. - I. Wind Velocity. - II. Turbulence. - Ill. Estimating Concentrations from Point Sources. - IV. Dispersion Instrumentation. - V. Atmospheric Tracers. - VI. Concentration Variation with Averaging Time. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 20 Air Pollution Modeling and Prediction. - I. Plume Rise. - II. Modeling Techniques. - Ill. Modeling Nonreactive Pollutants. - IV. Modeling Pollutant Transformations. - V. Model Performance, Accuracy, and Utilization. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 21 Air Pollution Climatology. - I. Sources of Data. - II. Representativeness. - Ill. Frequency of Atmospheric Stagnations. - IV. Ventilation Climatology. - V. Wind and Pollution Roses. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART V THE REGULATORY CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. - 22 Air Quality Criteria and Standards. - I. Air Quality Criteria. - II. Conversion of Effects Data and Criteria to Standards. - Ill. Conversion of Physical Data and Criteria to Standards. - IV. Conversion of Biological Data and Criteria to Standards. - V. Air Quality Standards. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 23 Indoor Air Quality. - I. Changing Times. - II. Factors Influencing Indoor Air Quality. - Ill. Indoor Air Pollutants. - IV. Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants. - V. Control of Indoor Pollutants. - References. - Suggested Readings. - Questions. - 24 The U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. - I. Introduction. - II. Titles. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 25 Emission Standards. - I. Subjective Standards. - II. Objective Standards. - Ill. Types of Emission Standards. - IV. Variant Forms of Emission Standards. - V. Means for Implementing Emission Standards. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 26 The Elements of Regulatory Control. - I. Control of New Stationary Sources. - II. Control of Existing Stationary Sources. - Ill. Control of Mobile Sources. - IV. Air Quality Control Regions. - V. Tall Stacks and Intermittent and Supplementary Control Systems. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 27 Organizations for Air Pollution Control. - I. Functions. - II. Organization. - Ill. Finance. - IV. Personnel. - V. Advisory Groups. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - PART VI THE ENGINEERING CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION. - 28 Engineering Control Concepts. - I. Introduction. - II. Process Change. - Ill. Fuel Change. - IV. Pollution Removal. - V. Disposal of Pollutants. - VI. Pollution Prevention. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 29 Control Devices and Systems. - I. Introduction. - II. Removal of Dry Particulate Matter. - Ill. Removal of Liquid Droplets and Mists. - IV. Removal of Gaseous Pollutants. - V. Removal of Odors. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - 30 Control of Stationary Sources. - I. Introduction. - II. Energy, Power, and Incineration. - Ill. Chemical and Metallurgical Industries. - IV. Agriculture and Forest Products Industries. - V. Other Industrial Processes. - References. - Suggested Reading. - Questions. - Control of Mobile Sources. - I. Introduction. - II. Gasoline-Powered Vehicles. - Ill. Diesel-Powered Vehicles. - IV. Gas Turbines and J

Note: Chapter 1. Volcanic-Gas Studies: Methods, Results, and Applications by Robert B. Symonds, William I. Rose, Gregg J. S. Bluth, and Terrence M. Gerlach, p. 1 - 66 Chapter 2. Analytical Methods for Volatiles in Glasses by Phillip D. Ihinger, Richard L. Hervig, and Paul F. McMillan, p. 67 - 122 Chapter 3. Development of the Burnham Model for Prediction of H2O Solubility in Magmas by C. Wayne Burnham, p. 123 - 130 Chapter 4. Water Solubility and Speciation Models by Paul F. McMillan, p. 131 - 156 Chapter 5. Experimental Studies of Carbon Dioxide in Silicate Melts: Solubility, Speciation, and Stable Carbon Isotope Behavior by Jennifer G. Blank, and Richard A. Brooker, p. 157 - 186 Chapter 6. Application of Experimental Results to C-O-H Species in Natural Melts by John R. Holloway and Jennifer G. Blank, p. 187 - 230 Chapter 7. Solubilities of Sulfur, Noble Gases, Nitrogen, Chlorine, and Fluorine in Magmas by Michael R. Carroll and James D. Webster, p. 231 - 280 Chapter 8. Pre-Eruptive Volatile Contents of Magmas by Marie C. Johnson, Alfred T. Anderson, Jr., and Malcolm J. Rutherford, p. 281 - 330 Chapter 9. The Effect of H2O, CO2 and F on the Density and Viscosity of Silicate Melts by Rebecca A. Lange, p. 331 - 370 Chapter 10. Diffusion in Volatile-Bearing Magmas by E. Bruce Watson, p. 371 - 412 Chapter 11a. Physical Aspects of Magmatic Degassing I. Experimental and Theoretical Constraints on Vesiculation by R. Stephen J. Sparks, Jenni Barclay, Claude Jaupart, Heidy M. Mader, and J. C. Phillips, p. 413 - 446 Chapter 11b. Physical Aspects of Magmatic Degassing II. Constraints on Vesiculation Processes from Textural Studies of Eruptive Products by Katherine V. Cashman, and Margaret T. Mangan, p. 447 - 478 Chapter 12. Earth Degassing and Large-Scale Geochemical Cycling of Volatile Elements by Albert Jambon, p. 479 - 518

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - 2. The Transformation of Snow to Ice. - 3. Mass Balance. - 4. Heat Budget and Climatology. - 5. Structure and Deformation of Ice. - 6. Hydraulics of Glaciers. - 7. Glacier Sliding. - 8. Deformation of Subglacial Till. - 9. Structures and Fabrics in Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 10. Distribution of Temperature in Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 11. Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 12. Flow of Ice Shelves and Ice Streams. - 13. Non-Steady Flow of Glaciers and Ice Sheets. - 14. Surging and Tidewater Glaciers. - 15. Ice Core Studies. - APPENDICES. - REFERENCES. - SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: CONTENTS Forewordv Chapter 1 Introduetion Chapter 2 Review of Underlying Mathematical Techniques 2.1 Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares 2.2 Probability and Random Processes Chapter 3 Linear Dynamic Systems 3.1 State-Space Notation 3.2 Transition Matrix 3.3 Matrix Superposition Integral 3.4 Discrete Formulation 3.5 System Observability and Controllability 3.6 Covariance Matrix 3.7 Propagation of Errors 3.8 Modeling and State Vector Augmentation 3.9 Empirical Model Identification Chapter 4 Optimal Linear Filtering 4.1 Recursive Filters 4.2 Discrete Kalman Filter 4.3 Continuous Kalman Filter 4.4 Intuitive Concepts 4.5 Correlated Measurement Errors 4.6 Solution of the Riccati Equation 4.7 Statistical Steady State - The Wiener Filter Chapter 5 Optimal Linear Smoothing 5.1 Form of the Optimal Smoother 5.2 Optimal Fixed-Interval Smoother 5.3 Optimal Fixed-Point Smoother 5.4 Optimal Fixed-Lag Smoother Chapter 6 Nonlinear Estimation 6.1 Nonlinear Minimum Variance Estimation 6.2 Nonlinear Estimation by Statistical Linearization 6.3 Nonlinear Least-Squares Estimation 6.4 Direct Statistical Analysis of Nonlinear Systems - CADET Chapter 7 Suboptimal Filter Design and Sensitivity Analysis 7.1 Suboptimal Filter Design 7.2 Sensitivity Analysis: Kalman Filter 7.3 Sensitivity Analysis Examples 7.4 Developing an Error Budget 7.5 Sensitivity Analysis: Optimal Smoother 7.6 Organization of a Computer Program for Covariance Analysis Chapter 8 Implementation Considerations 8.1 Modeling Problems 8.2 Constraints Imposed by the Computer 8.3 The Inherently Finite Nature of the Computer 8.4 Algorithms and Computer Loading Analysis Chapter 9 Additionel Topics 9.1 Adaptive Kalman Filtering 9.2 Observers 9.3 Stochastic Approximation 9.4 Real-Time Parameter Identification 9.5 Optimal Control of Linear Systems Index

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1994

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Notes and changes. - Glossary. - List of abbreviations. - Resedaceae. - Droseraceae. - Crassulaceae. - Saxifragaceae. - Paranassiaceae. - Grossulariaceae. - Rosaceae. - Leguminosae. - Oxalidaceae. - Geraniaceae. - Linaceae. - Euphorbiaceae. - Polygalaceae. - Aceraceae. - Hippocastanaceae. - Balsaminaceae. - Aquifoliaceae. - Celastraceae. - Rhamnaceae. - Tiliaceae. - Malvaceae. - Thymelaeaceae. - Elaeagnaceae. - Guttiferae. - Violaceae. - Cistaceae. - Tamaricaceae. - Elatinaceae. - Cucurbitaceae. - Lythraceae. - Trapaceae. - Onagraceae. - Haloragaceae. - Hippuridaceae. - Cornaceae. - Araliaceae. - Umbelliferae. - References. - Plates. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface Notation The governing physical laws 1.1 The first law of thermodynamics 1.2 Conservation of matter 1.3 Newton's second law of motion 1.4 Coordinate systems 1.5 Hydrostatic balance and its implications 1.6 Vorticity 1.7 The quasi-geostrophic approximation 1.8 Potential vorticity and the omega equation 1.9 Ertel's potential vorticity 1.10 Problems 2 Observing and modelling global circulations 2.1 Averaging the atmosphere 2.2 The global observing network 2.3 Numerical weather prediction models 2.4 The analysis-forecast cycle 2.5 Global circulation models 2.6 Problems 3 The atmospheric heat engine 3.1 Global energy balance 3.2 Local radiative balance 3.3 Thermodynamics of fluid motion 3.4 Observed atmospheric heating 3.5 Problems 4 The zonal mean meridional circulation 4.1 Observational basis 4.2 The Held-Hou model of the Hadley circulation 4.3 More realistic models of the Hadley circulation 4.4 Zonal mean circulation in midlatitudes 4.5 A Lagrangian view of the meridional circulation 4.6 Problems 5 Transient disturbances in the midlatitudes 5.1 Timescales of atmospheric motion 5.2 The structure of transient eddies 5.3 Atmospheric energetics 5.4 Theories of baroclinic instability 5.5 Baroclinic lifecycles and high frequency transients 5.6 Problems 6 Wave propagation and steady eddies 6.1 Observations of steady eddies 6.2 Barotropic model 6.3 Application to observed steady eddies 6.4 Vertical propagation of Rossby waves 6.5 The Eliassen-Palm flux 6.6 Eliassen-Palm fluxes and baroclinic lifecycles 6.7 Problems 7 Three-dimensional aspects of the global circulation 7.1 Zonal variations in the tropics 7.2 Monsoon circulations 7.3 Midlatitude storm zones and jets 7.4 Interactions between transient and steady eddies 7.5 The global transport of water vapour 7.6 Problems 8 Low frequency variability of the circulation 8.1 Low frequency transients 8.2 Teleconnection-patterns 8.3 Stratospheric oscillations 8.4 Intraseasonal oscillation 8.5 The Southern Oscillation 8.6 Blocking of the midlatitude flow 8.7 Chaos and ultra low frequency variability 8.8 Problems 9 The stratosphere 9.1 The seasonal cycle of the stratospheric circulation 9.2 Wave propagation and mean flow interactions 9.3 The production and transport of ozone 9.4 Exchange of matter across the tropopause 9.5 Problems 10 Planetary atmospheres and other fluid systems 10.1 Major influences on planetary circulations 10.2 Terrestrial circulations 10.3 Slowly rotating atmospheres 10.4 The atmospheric circulation of the giant planets 10.5 Large scale ocean circulation 10.6 Laboratory systems 10.7 Problems Appendix Solutions to Problems Bibliography References Index