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  • GEOPHYSICS  (465)
  • 1975-1979  (465)
  • 1978  (465)
  • 1
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    Soviet ship arrives next month for joint rocket tests (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-NEWS-RELEASE-78-71 , P78-10072
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  • 2
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    Transmission functions for various models of the atmosphere for channels of Soviet and American radiometers (15 micron CO2 band) (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Listed are various graphs and tables for illustrations related to Point IX of a list of works conducted by the USSR in accordance with the Joint Soviet-American Research Program on improving methods of thermal sounding from satellites.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75105
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  • 3
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    Present status and future prospects for NASA's program in geodynamics (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An overview of NASA's involvement in developing systems for precise determination of polar motion, earth rotation, and position on the earth's surface is given. The observational methods discussed are laser ranging to the moon and to artificial satellites, and very long baseline microwave interferometry. A plan for a geodynamics program to apply space technology to research in earth dynamics is outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Appl. of Geodesy to Geodyn., an Intern. Symp.; p 39
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  • 4
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    Tables of spectral transmission of the atmosphere in the 2660-2750 cm(-1) and 810-980 cm(-1) ranges (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Thermal sounding data from satellites are presented together with a description of transmission function calculations. Tables contain experimental values for transmission of the entire thickness of the atmosphere for two regions of the spectrum: at 2660 to 2750 cm/1 and at 810 to 980 cm/1. The spectrum was recorded on an infrared spectrophotometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75104
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  • 5
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    Radiometer at a frequency of 108-120 GHz for study of the earth's atmosphere (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Calculated and experimental design and operating characteristics of a 108-120 GHz superheterodyne radiometer with intermediate frequency modulation and a second harmonic frequency converter are presented and discussed. With a 1 sec time constant, the radiometer fluctuation sensitivity threshold is 1 K, without degradation in 2 hours of operation. Graphs of frequency variations, calibration, conversion loss, rectified current, fixed bias voltage, and contact needle impedance are included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75562 , PR-281
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  • 6
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    Direct method for solving transfer equation by expansion in spherical harmonics: Scattering in atmosphere with Lambertian lower boundary and thermal radiation transfer (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The direct method for the solution of the spherical harmonics approximation to the equation of transfer of radiation is applied to the cases of (1) scattering of the solar radiation in the atmosphere with the Lambertian boundary and (2) thermal radiation transfer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75549 , PR-307
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  • 7
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    Vector diagram of the chemical compositions of tektites and earth lavas (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The chemical compositions of tektites and various volcanic glasses, similar in composition to tektites are compared by a petrochemical method. The advantage of the method is that a large number of chemical analyses of igneous rocks can be graphically compared with the help of vectors, plotted in relation to six parameters. These parameters, calculated from ratios of the main oxides given by silicate analysis, reflect the chief characteristics of igneous rock. Material for the study was suppled by data from chemical analysis characterizing tektites of all known locations and data from chemical analyses of obsidians similar in chemical composition to tektites of various petrographical provinces.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75371
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  • 8
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    Tectonic asymmetry of the earth and other planets (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The structures of Earth, Mars, Venus, and the Moon are examined and compared. Global tectonic characteristics are presented for each. A comparison of the tectonics reveals the structural asymetry of these planets and the moon. Tectonic asymmetry information for the group is used to interpret certain aspects of the earth's geological past.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75576
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  • 9
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    Optical characteristics of the earth's surface and atmosphere from the point of view of the remote sensing of natural resources: Review of the contemporary status of the problem (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Widely used remote probing methods, and especially the multispectral method, for studying the earth from aerospace platforms necessitate the systematization and accumulation of data on the relationships between remote observations and measured parameters and characteristic properties and conditions of phenomena on the earth's surface. Data were presented on the optical characteristics of natural objects which arise during observations of these objects over a wide spectral interval which encompasses solar radiation reflected by the object as well as the object's inherent thermal radiation. The influence of the earth's atmosphere on remote measurements and several problems in simulation and calculation are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75548 , PR-287
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  • 10
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    Microseismic study of the interandine valley between Latacunga and Cuayllabamba (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The present state of two active volcanoes and the principal active seismic faults in a 100 km area from Quito to Toacaso, Ecuador was studied. A brief seismic history of the region is reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75370
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  • 11
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    Effect of solar activity on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies in the Arctic (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Major air pressure and temperature anomalies in certain arctic regions were studied with a view toward predicting their occurrence. Correlations are sought between the frequency of arctic anomalies and solar activity, or specifically the Wolf number and the index of geomagnetic disturbance. Graphic techniques are used to show that solar activity has a definite influence on the frequency of occurrence of major anomalies of pressure and temperature in the Arctic.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75347
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  • 12
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    Scanning Electron Microscopy and Petrography of Glassy Particles Produced by Lava Fountain Eruptions (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: A conceptual model of a lava fountain consists of a vent, spatter ramparts, fountain column, downwind plume and associated pumice deposits. Glassy particles produced by lava fountain eruptions consist primarily of sideromelane glass and minor to moderate amounts of vesicles and crystals. Particles are classified on the basis of morphology as: (1) spherical, (2) elongate, (3) glass-coated mineral grain, (4) shard, (5) reticulite, (6) composite particle, and (7) lithic fragment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-160101 , CONTRIB-325
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  • 13
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    Very Long Baseline Interferometry Applied to Polar Motion, Relativity and Geodesy (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-14
    Description: The causes and effects of diurnal polar motion are described. An algorithm is developed for modeling the effects on very long baseline interferometry observables. Five years of radio-frequency very long baseline interferometry data from stations in Massachusetts, California, and Sweden are analyzed for diurnal polar motion. It is found that the effect is larger than predicted by McClure. Corrections to the standard nutation series caused by the deformability of the earth have a significant effect on the estimated diurnal polar motion scaling factor and the post-fit residual scatter. Simulations of high precision very long baseline interferometry experiments taking into account both measurement uncertainty and modeled errors are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79582
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  • 14
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    Determination of the ozone profile from the outgoing thermal emission (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Problems of the information content of measuring the spectral and angular distribution of the outgoing thermal emission of the atmosphere-earth system in the 9.6 mm ozone absorption band are discussed. Two methods (nadir and limb) of remote measurement are considered. Information data obtained are evaluated according to three systems. Effectiveness of the regression interpretation method using the data of nadir and limb measurements is shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-75279
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  • 15
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    Classification and generation of terrestrial rare gases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram is a very useful format with which to study the elemental ratios of rare gases from terrestrial materials. It can separate not only the three types of rare gases which Ozima and Alexander (1976) classified but also the 'planetary' type rare gases from the other three types of rare gases. When all the available terrestrial rare gas data are plotted in a Kr-84/Xe-130 versus Ne-20/Ar-36 diagram, several observations can be made. First, most of the analyses of rare gases from shales yield Kr-84/Xe-130 ratios between the 'planetary' and atmospheric values. If, however, the atmosphere's high Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio was produced by the selective adsorption of xenon onto shales from an initially 'planetary' atmosphere, as is widely accepted, then the Kr-84/Xe-130 ratio in shales should be even lower than the 'planetary' value. Second, the rare gas pattern in the quenched rims of submarine basalts may be explained as fractionated samples of the rare gases in sea water.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 16
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    Global atmospheric sampling program - Prospects for establishing a tropospheric ozone budget from commercial aircraft data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: A preliminary analysis of zonally averaged, ozone concentration data obtained from commercial (GASP) aircraft between the equator and 60 deg North indicates that ozone in the upper troposphere exhibits a primary maximum during the spring, and, in middle latitudes, a secondary maximum in the summer of both 1975 and 1976. A late-fall/early-winter minimum also appears and seems consistent with previous upper air measurements. The April ozone maximum has been well documented and appears at the time when the stratospheric ozone content is greatest and cyclogenetic activity is most vigorous. However, the secondary maximum in June has not been widely observed or quoted as a unique feature. It is hypothesized that the rapid ascent of the tropopause between midspring and summer could account for the incorporation of ozone-rich, stratospheric air into the upper troposphere with a subsequent dilution during the following months. This may explain certain aspects of the annual ozone cycle in the lower troposphere which occasionally exhibit a bimodal distribution during the warm season.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 17
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    Distribution of atmospheric ozone and how it is measured (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The total amount of ozone in a vertical column has been measured spectroscopically at near ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, using ground- and satellite-based instruments. The vertical distribution of ozone from the surface up to approximately 100 km has been measured by a variety of techniques - chemical and optical - and from a number of observing platforms, including balloon, rocket, and satellite platforms. The various methods presently used for determining the atmospheric ozone distribution are reviewed, along with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. The observed average distribution of total ozone for the period 1958-1975 shows the expected geographic and seasonal variations. The variations of total ozone, including hemispheric differences, are clearly associated with large-scale circulation processes in the lower stratosphere. Approximately ten years of observations of the vertical ozone distribution, up through the ozone maximum, also show geographic and seasonal variations strongly related to the lower stratosphere circulation. The distribution above the maximum, however, results from the interaction of photochemistry and stratospheric motions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 18
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    Ionospheric scintillations associated with equatorial E-region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Amplitude scintillations at 40, 140, and 360 MHz recorded at an equatorial station Ootacamund (dip 4 deg N) during the ATS-6 phase II and the ionograms at a nearby station Kodaikanal (dip 3.5 deg N) are examined for the scintillation activity. Various sporadic E events, but not the Es-q, are associated with intense daytime scintillations. There are no scintillations at times of normal E-layer or cusp type of Es. Scintillations are also present at times of night Es.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 19
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    On the ionospheric electron content over the Indian sub-continent (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 20
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    Interpretation of the shape factor at Ootacamund, India (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper deals with equatorial ATS-6 measurements of the shape factor, F, interpreted in terms of the shape of the electron density profile along the ray path. The observed rapid increase in F at sunrise is attributed to EUV production of ionization in the E and F regions. The evening decrease is seen to result from an upward drift of the F region at sunset and the evening decay of the E and bottomside F regions. The nighttime peak, or plateau, is caused by gradual decrease of the electron density profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 21
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    Identification of frequency components in electron content data by nonlinear filtering (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A nonlinear filtering technique, called multiplicative homomorphic signal processing, is used to identify three groups of frequency components in electron content data. The first group of components results from the modulation of solar activity produced by the 27 day solar rotation. The second group is of lunar origin. The lunar frequencies are caused by nonlinear processes which probably occur in the dynamo region. The precise nature of these processes is not fully understood. The third group of frequency components, with a fundamental period of 13.9 days, has an unknown origin.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 22
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    Achievements of ATS-6 beacon experiment over Indian sub-continent (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The repositioning of the ATS-6 satellite at 34 deg E enabled the scientific community of India to use the satellite's radio beacon for ionospheric studies. Two scientific projects were undertaken. The objective of the first project was to map ionospheric electron content, range rate errors, traveling ionospheric phenomena, solar flare effect, and magnetic phenomena. The second project was aimed at studying geophysical phenomena associated with the equatorial electrojet. The principal results of these studies are described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 23
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    ATS6-satellite radio beacon measurements at Ootacamund, India (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In August 1975 the ATS6 was repositioned at 35 deg E. Radio beacon measurements of time delay, Faraday rotation and signal amplitude, made at Ootacamund, India in October 1975, are discussed with emphasis on the problem of determining the Faraday content under essentially transverse propagation conditions. It is shown that at the low geomagnetic latitude of Ootacamund the use of a fixed conversion coefficient gives an unreliable Faraday content. It is shown also that corrections to the measured Faraday rotation are important because of pitch and yaw of the satellite, particularly at night when the rotation on 140 MHz can be of the order of 10 to 20 deg. The shape factor shows a low predawn minimum indicating the nearly complete erosion of the F2 layer peak. Amplitude scintillation usually decreases with increase of radio frequency but exceptions are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Symposium on Beacon Satellite Measurements of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Properties; May 22, 1978 - May 25, 1978; Florence; Italy
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  • 24
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    Global crustal response model (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A computer program was developed for calculating the radial displacement due to the body tide as a function of spatial position and time. The positions of the moon and sun were evaluated by means of the Hill-Brown and Newcomb theories, respectively. Green's functions were utilized to simulate the elastic Earth responses due to point loads, a convolution program has been developed to evaluate the elastic Earth responses due to ocean loading by a given ocean tide constituent. These responses include radial and horizontal displacement, tilt and gravity acceleration, and strain tensor components.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-159955
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  • 25
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    Rocket ozone sounding network data (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the period December 1976 through February 1977, three regular monthly ozone profiles were measured at Wallops Flight Center, two special soundings were taken at Antigua, West Indies, and at the Churchill Research Range, monthly activities were initiated to establish stratospheric ozone climatology. This report presents the data results and flight profiles for the period covered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-69365
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  • 26
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    The earth radiation budget satellite system for climate research (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The mission implications of providing earth radiation budget data for climate studies have been thoroughly studied. The results of these studies indicate the need for a multisensor, multisatellite system consisting of high and midinclination orbits. To meet this need, NASA and NOAA are planning a joint Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) composed of instruments on two of NOAA's near-polar Sun-synchronous TIROS-N/NOAA A through G series of operational satellites and on an NASA midinclination satellite of the Applications Explorer Mission (AEM) type referred to as ERBS-A/AEM. This paper describes the scientific objectives of ERBSS, the associated data analysis methods, mission analysis (sampling), and instrument definition.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Plenary Meeting; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 27
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    Analysis of simulated measurements of earth emitted radiation using geometric shape factors, and some results from analysis of ESSA 7 and Nimbus 6 data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In the reported study, simulated measurements of earth radiation with wide field-of-view (WFOV) radiometers are reduced to earth fluxes through geometric shape factors. Estimates of emitted flux for global and zonal scales and for regions smaller than the detector field-of-view are compared to fluxes derived directly from a model. Geometric shape factors are used to estimate global, zonal, and regional averages of earth-emitted flux from measurements with WFOV detectors on the ESSA 7 satellite and the Nimbus 6 satellite. Zonal and global averages of emitted flux for each of the 3-month periods of ESSA 7 data are shown in a graph. Another graph shows zonal and global averages of emitted flux for August 1975 obtained with the aid of Nimbus 6. The data are compared to values reported by Green and Smith (1977) who used a spherical harmonic solution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 28
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    System implementation for Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A description is presented of the instrument system which is needed for the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS). The system is to be composed of instruments on two of NOAA's near-polar sun-synchronous Tiros-N/NOAA A through G series of operational satellites and on a NASA midinclination satellite of the Applications Explorer Mission (AEM) type referred to as ERBS-A/AEM. The Tiros-N/NOAA satellites will be in nominal 833 km altitude circular orbits with orbital inclinations of 98 deg. The AEM satellite will be in a circular orbit with an inclination of approximately 56 deg and a nominal altitude of 600 km. Each satellite will carry wide field-of-view (WFOV) and medium field-of-view (MFOV) sensors, a sensor for measuring the solar constant, and a narrow field-of-view (NFOV) cross-track scanner. The conceptual design of the W/MFOV instrument is discussed along with the conceptual design of the scanner.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 29
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    Sampling analysis for the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System mission based on orbital coverage and cloud variability (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The reported study represents an extension of an investigation by Harrison et al. (1976). Based on the results of sampling studies, two 98 deg inclined orbits coupled with a 56 deg inclination orbit appear to satisfy the science requirements on both regional and zonal scales. The NOAA sun-synchronous satellites in the TIROS-N series could adequately cover the high latitudes and a satellite having an inclination of 56 deg could provide sampling in the mid and low latitude areas where variations in radiation energetics are most dynamic. Attention is given to studies of time and space coverage, zonal evaluations, a regional analysis, and statistics describing the regional variations of cloud cover. A table is presented with data concerning the uncertainty of monthly mean reflected irradiance due to cloud variability for selected northern hemisphere regions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 30
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    Longwave radiative transfer in the atmosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The reported investigation has the objective to develop an accurate radiative transfer model for the thermal infrared region using a quasi-random band model. It is intended to use this model to examine the sensitivity of the outgoing radiance and flux density to the perturbations of such meteorological parameters on the surface emittance and temperature, atmospheric water vapor distribution, cloud altitude and fractional cover, and the concentrations of other infrared active constituents. It is found that the combined effect of N2O and CH4 on the flux is significant and exceeds 1 percent. These two constituents should, therefore, not be neglected in accurate modeling work. The effect of ozone on the flux is too large to be neglected and was partly responsible for the discrepancy between earlier model results and measurements. The effect of cloud depth should be taken into account to obtain better agreement with the measured limb darkening functions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 31
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    The Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The scientific objectives of an Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS) are discussed along with the associated data analysis methods, mission analysis, and the instrument systems. High resolution data on the scale of about 250 km over the entire globe are essential to gain insight into such features as the development of sea-surface temperature anomalies, radiation effects of ice and snow cover on the atmospheric circulation, albedo variation in the desert-vegetation boundaries, and major long-period circulation phenomena. The ERBSS experiment is also viewed as a precursor of an operational satellite system for monitoring the earth's radiation budget. Various numbers of satellites and orbit inclinations have been analyzed to define the satellite combination which provides sufficient coverage of the earth for spatial and temporal radiation sampling.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Specialists Meeting on Climate; May 01, 1978; Alpbach; Austria
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  • 32
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    Airborne infrared interferometric observations and analysis of stratospheric trace constituents (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Infrared interferometric observations of key trace constituents of the stratosphere have been obtained. The NASA Lear Airborne Observatory with the Grumman airborne interferometer system was flown in the lower stratosphere at an altitude of 13.7 km to obtain transmission spectra in the 2800-6000 per cm region at a resolution of 2.5 per cm using the moon as a source. An atmospheric modeling program and the AFGL line parameter atlas are used to identify H2O, CH4, O3 and other trace constituents and to derive stratospheric column densities (molecules/sq cm).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: AIAA PAPER 78-252 , Aerospace Sciences Meeting; Jan 16, 1978 - Jan 18, 1978; Huntsville, AL
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    Theoretical simulation of solar spectra in the middle ultraviolet and visible for atmospheric trace constituent measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Two balloon flights reaching float altitudes of approximately 30 and 40 km respectively, were used to obtain scans of the ultraviolet and visible solar spectra. Both flights covered the UV (2800-3500A) at approximately 0.3A resolution and the visible at approximately 0.6A. Numerous scans were obtained during ascent and from float for both flights. All spectral scans obtained at float, from high sun to low sun, were calibrated in wavelength by using several standard solar spectra for line position references. Comparisons of low sun scans and high sun scans show significant atmospheric continuum extinction and have the potential of being used to identify atmospheric lines superimposed on the attenuated solar spectrum. The resolution was mathematically degraded to approximately 5A to better see the broad band atmospheric extinction. This low resolution is also appropriate for the available low resolution absorption coefficients of NO2 and O3, allowing the identification of NO2 and O3 features on the sunset spectra.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-158903
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  • 34
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    Dynamics of earth and planetary atmospheres: A brief assessment of our present understanding (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The present understanding of planetary atmospheres, the application of this knowledge to terrestrial problems, and the research needs in these overlapping areas are assessed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-157290 , JPL-PUB-78-46 , Planetary Atmospheres Workshop; Jul 10, 1977 - Jul 16, 1977; Snowmass, CO; United States
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  • 35
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    Radiation measurements from polar and geosynchronous satellites (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The following topics are discussed: (1) cloud effects in climate determination; (2) annual variation in the global heat balance of the earth; (3) the accuracy of precipitation estimates made from passive microwave measurements from satellites; (4) seasonal oceanic precipitation frequencies; (5) determination of mesoscale temperature and moisture fields over land from satellite radiance measurements; and (6) Nimbus 6 scanning microwave spectrometer data evaluation for surface wind and pressure components in tropical storms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-157220
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  • 36
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    A Simulation Model of the Planetary Boundary Layer at Kennedy Space Center (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A simulation model which predicts the behavior of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer has been developed and coded. The model is partially evaluated by comparing it with laboratory measurements and the sounding measurements at Kennedy Space Center. The applicability of such an approach should prove quite widespread.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-145357 , AEROCHEM-TP-369
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  • 37
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    Research concerning the geophysical causes and measurement accuracies related to the irregularities in the rotation of the earth (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The primary objective of this effort consisted of a detailed study of the history of the motion of the moon. Several analyses were developed which are related to the determination of the effect of various refractive phenomena on the accuracy of measurements made through the earth's atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-156693
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  • 38
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    Remote sensing of the ozone profile in the lower stratosphere using UV and IR measurements from Nimbus-4 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A method of combining the information from the infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) and the backscatter ultraviolet spectrometer (BUV) on board the Nimbus-4 satellite to derive the ozone profile from 10 mb to surface is described. The radiance in the IRIS 9-micron band can be related to the ozone profile by the radiative transfer equation. The IR intensity due to ozone is dependent on the pressure broadening of spectral lines, and an estimate of a weighted mean pressure of the ozone layer can be obtained from total ozone supplied by BUV long wave intensity measurements. With the aid of the Chapman function, a model of the ozone concentration profile described by three parameters is obtained. Given the ozone concentration at 10 mb one calculates several possible combinations of the three parameters that can produce the required total ozone, and the final choice of parameter is determined from IR measurements. An ozone profile calculated in this way reproduces well the gross features of balloon ozone sounding results. Meridional cross sections of ozone concentration have also been derived which are in reasonably good agreement with balloon-derived cross-section for the northern latitudes and tropics.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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  • 39
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    Stratospheric-related research using the shock tube (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The capabilities of shock tubes used in stratospheric-related research are considered, and the results of three independent shock tube research projects are reported. The studies are concerned with the evaluation of stratospheric ozone depletion. In the first experiment, photoabsorption cross sections of Freon 11 and 12 at stratospheric temperatures were measured using rarefaction waves. In the second experiment, reaction-rate coefficients were determined from measurements made behind reflected shock waves. In the third experiment, electronic-transition moments of the O2 Schumann-Runge system and the A2Pi-X2Pi system of ClO were deduced from intensity measurements made behind the incident shock.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Shock tube and shock wave research; Eleventh International Symposium; Jul 11, 1977 - Jul 14, 1977; Seattle, WA
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  • 40
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    Long period time variations of ozone in the lower stratosphere (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Observations of total ozone at a number of stations in the Northern Hemisphere show an increase during the period 1961-1970 followed by a decrease of ozone during the 1970's, at least at many stations in Central Europe. It is well known that total ozone is highly correlated with ozone in the lower stratosphere. Analysis of the trends of ozone based on data derived from balloon-borne ozonesondes during the period 1967-75 at four stations in Central Europe shows that most of the ozone variations occurred in the lower stratosphere with relatively little contribution from tropospheric changes or those above the ozone peak. Possible meteorological origins of these decade type variations will be discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 41
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    Millimeter wavelength spectroscopy of trace atmospheric constituents from the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory system, located in western Massachusetts, is described. It is suggested that high sensitivity in the three-millimeter wavelength band facilitates detection and monitoring of a number of trace molecules in the earth's atmosphere as well as astonomical observation at radio wavelengths. Line formation and radiative transfer in the earth's atmosphere are discussed, and the receiver sensitivity is considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 42
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    An analysis of the first two years of GASP data (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Distributions of mean ozone levels from the first two years of data from the NASA Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP) show spatial and temporal variations in agreement with previous measurements. The standard deviations of these distributions reflect the large natural variability of ozone levels in the altitude range of the GASP measurements. Monthly mean levels of ozone below the tropopause show an annual cycle with a spring maximum which is believed to result from transport from the stratosphere. Correlations of ozone with independent meteorological parameters, and meteorological parameters obtained by the GASP systems show that this transport occurs primarily through cyclogenesis at mid-latitudes. The GASP water vapor data, analyzed with respect to the location of the tropopause, correlates well with the simultaneously obtained ozone and cloud data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 43
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    Statistical sampling analysis for stratospheric measurements from satellite missions (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Earth orbiting satellite experiments can be designed to measure stratospheric constituents such as ozone by utilizing remote sensing techniques. Statistical analysis techniques, mission simulation and model development have been utilized to develop a method for analyzing various mission/sensor combinations. Existing and planned NASA satellite missions such as Nimbus-4 and G, and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment-Application Explorer Mission (SAGE-AEM) have been analyzed to determine the ability of the missions to adequately sample the global field.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 44
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    Comparison of ozone concentrations obtained from Skylab eclipse and ozonesonde measurements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The satellite eclipse technique of ozone measurement is evaluated to determine its accuracy and resolution. The method of obtaining ozone concentrations from ground-based observations of eclipsing satellites is described, the theory of this method is outlined, and the data reduction procedure is summarized. It is shown that the satellite eclipse technique successfully measures the vertical distribution of ozone from 15 to 40 km with precisions ranging from + or - 12% between 20 and 35 km and + or - 25% at both 15 and 40 km. The ozone profile is found to be in good agreement with in situ measurements obtained from an ozonesonde launched near the eclipse tangent point at local sunset, the percent differences being less than 14% from 20 to 40 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 45
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    On the estimation of the vertical ozone distribution from satellite measurements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A simple relationship has been established between the vertical ozone profile above the ozone maximum and satellite measured radiances for wavelengths shorter than 3000 A. The method is based on the computation of the penetration depths for solar radiation entering the atmosphere at wavelengths employed by the BUV satellite. Suitably defined penetration depths are shown to be linear functions of the normalized intensities for typical conditions, eliminating the requirement for iterative solutions and considerably simplifying the error analysis for the system. For ozone distributions which depart significantly from the exponential form, a noniterative extension of the analysis procedure has been developed and tested through application to simulated intensities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 46
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    Pressure sensing of the atmosphere by solar occultation - An application to remote sensing of atmospheric minor gases (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The simultaneous inference of pressure and gas concentration in a remote-sensing experiment will increase the accuracy of inverted gas concentrations and minimize the dependence of the experiment on pressure or mass-path error resulting from use of climatological pressure data, satellite ephemeris, and instrument pointing accuracy. A technique for obtaining tangent-point pressure information needed for inversion of gas concentration in an IR solar occultation experiment is described. By measuring IR absorption in bands of atmospheric CO2 (e.g., 2.0, 2.7, or 4.3 microns) pressure values for each layer (2 km or less in the vertical) of the atmosphere can be obtained with rms errors of less than 3%.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 47
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    Tropospheric ozone (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Photochemical equilibrium models have been used to study the effect of recent revisions in important chemical reaction rates on the calculated tropospheric ozone concentration. Reasonable agreement with observed values is obtained if the NO(x) background is approximately 0.02 to 0.03 ppb, about an order of magnitude less than used in many previous model studies, but consistent with present nitrogen budget considerations and with observations of NO2. Chemical production and loss of ozone may dominate transport terms depending on values of key chemical rate constants and of the NO(x) background. This is consistent with the structure observed in the mean annual latitudinal distribution of ozone since ozone is its own chemical precursor and regions of enhanced stratosphere-troposphere exchange are also regions of enhanced photochemical activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 48
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    The role of computational chemistry in the science and measurements of the atmosphere (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The role of computational chemistry in determining the stability, photochemistry, spectroscopic parameters, and parameters for estimating reaction rates of atmospheric constituents is discussed. Examples dealing with the photolysis cross sections of HOCl and (1 Delta g) O2 and with the stability of gaseous NH4Cl and asymmetric ClO3 are presented. It is concluded that computational chemistry can play an important role in the study of atmospheric constituents, particularly reactive and short-lived species which are difficult to investigate experimentally.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: In: Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants; Nov 06, 1977 - Nov 11, 1977; New Orleans, LA
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  • 49
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    Rocket observations of electron density irregularities in the equatorial E region (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Space research XVIII; Proceedings of the Open Meetings of the Working Groups on Physical Sciences; Jun 07, 1977 - Jun 18, 1977; Tel Aviv; Israel
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  • 50
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    Acceleration of H, He, and CNO ions and electrons observed in the earth's magnetospheric environment (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The probability of simultaneous observation of ion pulses on the IMP 7 and 8 satellites in the earth's magnetotail was analyzed. It was found that the simultaneous observation was rather infrequent unless the two satellites were separated by a distance less than about 5 earth radii. It is suggested that this separation is a measure of the linear dimension of the regions where magnetic field line annihilation took place at a rapid rate and the observed ions with energy equal to or greater than 100 keV ions were accelerated. The annihilation rate was estimated to be equal to the Alfven velocity of the local plasma medium.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 51
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    Abundances of He and CNO ions in the ion pulses observed in the earth's magnetospheric environment (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The abundance of He and CNO ions in the ion pulses which are frequently observed in the earth's magnetosheath, magnetotail, and near-by interplanetary space was analyzed and found to be highly variable. Based on the assumption that these ions are solar wind particles accelerated in the magnetospheric environment to the observed energies, it is suggested that this variability reflects the inhomogeneity of the solar atmosphere and/or the physical conditions under which the solar wind particles were energized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 13, 1977 - Aug 26, 1977; Plovdiv; Bulgaria
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  • 52
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    Man's impact on the troposphere: Lectures in tropospheric chemistry (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Lectures covering a broad spectrum of current research in tropospheric chemistry with particular emphasis on the interaction of measurements, modeling, and understanding of fundamental processes are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-RP-1022 , L-12142 , Jan 01, 1977; Hampton, VA; United States
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  • 53
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    Analysis and geological interpretation of gravity data from GEOS-3 altimeter (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: A number of detailed gravimetric geoids of portions of the world's oceans from marine gravity measurements were constructed. The geoids were constructed by computing 1 x 1 deg or 10 x 10 deg averages of free-air anomaly data and subtracting these values from currently used satellite derived Earth models. The resulting difference gravity anomalies are then integrated over a sphere using a simplified form of Stoke's equation to obtain a difference geoid. This difference geoid is added to the satellite derived model to obtain a 1 x 1 deg or 10 x 10 deg total gravimetric geoid. The geoid undulations are studied by comparison of the altimeter measurements with the morphology of the ocean floor. Utilizing a combination of altimetry data, gravity and seismic reflection data, geophysical models of the earth can be constructed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-156849
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  • 54
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    The problem of low energy particle measurements in the magnetosphere (1978)
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    Description: The accurate measurement of low energy (less than 100 eV) particle properties in the magnetosphere has been difficult, partly because of the low density of such particles, but more particularly because of spacecraft interference effects. Some early examples of how these phenomena have affected particle measurements on an OGO spacecraft are presented. Data obtained with the UCSD particle detectors on ATS-6 are then presented showing how some of these difficulties have been partially overcome. Future measurements of low energy particles in the magnetosphere can be improved by: (1) improving the low energy resolution of detectors; (2) building electrostatically clean spacecraft; (3) controlling spacecraft potential; and (4) using auxiliary measurements, particularly wave data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-150907
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  • 55
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    CIRA 1972, recent atmospheric models, and improvements in progress (1978)
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    Description: The paper reviews current progress in the development of atmospheric models. Consideration is given to CIRA 1972 (COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere), the OGO 6 model (1974), the ESRO 4 model (1977), the global Doppler-temperature model of Thuillier et al. (1977), the Jacchia 1977 model (based on a synthesis of temperature, mass-spectrometer, and total-density data from many sources), and the MSIS model (1977), based on incoherent-scatter temperatures and mass-spectrometer data from various sources. New models of the disturbed thermosphere, developed by the author, are compared with recent mass-spectrometer measurements at 170 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Plenary Meeting; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 56
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    Gas densities near 230 km from orbital drag and mass spectrometer measurements - A comparison (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Perigee density data near 230 km for the Aeros satellite are analyzed for more than 1000 orbits. A comparison method for such data was developed which is based on the observed rate of change of orbital period as compared with the orbital decay computed from mass-spectrometer data obtained at discrete positions along the orbit. In general, the method confirms the good agreement of the average ratio of in-situ and orbit-drag-inferred perigee densities. In the case of Aeros, absolute densities measured by the NATE mass spectrometer are confirmed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Plenary Meeting; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 57
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    Thermospheric variations as an indicator of magnetic storm heating and circulation (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In situ measurements of the neutral constituent densities and temperature were made at 200 km by the open source mass spectrometer on the AE-D satellite during a rapid onset of the magnetic activity that occurred in January 1976. At high latitudes a 340 K temperature increase was accompanied by an increase in N2 and O2 concentrations, a decrease in He concentration, and a variable response in O concentration. At low latitudes, the rise in temperature was smaller, however; all constituent densities increased. It is concluded that the observed variations are consistent with heating and upward winds at high latitudes, meridional flow towards lower latitudes and subsidence near the equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Plenary Meeting; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 58
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    Retrieving the complex refractive index of atmospheric aerosols from ratios of solar spectral extinction measurements (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The technique proposed by Fymat (1976) for retrieving the complex refractive index of atmospheric aerosols using narrowband spectral transmission ratios, taken within an overall narrow spectral interval, is investigated in the case of modelled polydispersions of rural, maritime-continental, maritime-sea spray and meteoric dust aerosols. It is confirmed that for not too broad size distributions most of the information comes from a narrow size range of 'active' aerosols so that, under these circumstances, the refractive index components can indeed be retrieved essentially independently of the size distribution. For 0.1% accurate data in three colors, the technique can provide the real and imaginary components of the index respectively within 0.07% and 0.3% accuracy.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Plenary Meeting; May 29, 1978 - Jun 10, 1978; Innsbruck; Austria
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  • 59
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    Exploratory Meeting on Atmospheric Electricity and Severe Storms (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The meeting was arranged to discuss atmospheric electricity and its relationship to severe storms, the feasibility of developing a set of instruments for either a Space Shuttle or an unmanned satellite, and the scientific rationale which would warrant further in-depth assessment, involvement and development of supporting activities by NASA.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CP-2056 , Apr 10, 1978 - Apr 11, 1978; Huntsville, AL; United States
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  • 60
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    The equatorial rotation velocity of the photosphere is measured to be the same as sunspots (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The equatorial rotation rate of the photosphere was measured at effect data. It was found that scattered light has a large influence and must be taken into account properly. When this was done it was found that the rotation rate from Doppler shifts agreed very well with the rate found for sunspots. Short-term fluctuations in rotation rate (i.e. from day to day) were less than plus or minus 15 m/s and were thus within observational errors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-157923 , SU-IPR-766 , Workshop on Solar Rotation Catania; Sep 26, 1978 - Sep 28, 1978; Sicily; Italy
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  • 61
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    Papers presented to the Conference on Plateau Uplift: Mode and Mechanism (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Papers concerning plateau uplift are presented. The areas considered include: Colorado, Mexico, Europe, India, Utah, and South America.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-157468 , LPI-CONTRIB-329 , Aug 14, 1978 - Aug 16, 1978; Flagstaff, AZ; United States
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  • 62
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    Atmospheric aerosol measurement problems (1978)
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    Description: The present knowledge of the atmospheric aerosols is summarized briefly with respect to geographical distribution, time variations, optical properties, chemical nature, and natural and artificial sources. The measurement techniques for determining aerosol properties are summarized with the limitations and results from each. The problems resulting from variations in refractive index, shape, composition, volatile constituents, relative humidity and time from collection until measurement are described. Needed measurements on atmospheric aerosols are outlined with some of the latest methods for obtaining them, including the needs and goals of some world-wide programs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Optical properties of the atmosphere; Seminar; Mar 30, 1978 - Mar 31, 1978; Washington, DC
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  • 63
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    Solar spectral irradiance at ground level (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Available quantitative data on solar total and spectral irradiance is examined in the context of utilization of solar irradiance for terrestrial applications of solar energy. A brief review is given on the extraterrestrial solar total and spectral irradiance values. Computed values of solar spectral irradiance at ground level for different air mass values and various levels of atmospheric pollution or turbidity are also presented. Wavelengths are given for computation of solar absorptance, transmittance and reflectance by the 100-selected-ordinate method and by the 50-selected-ordinate method from air mass two solar spectral irradiance for the four degrees of atmospheric pollution. Total solar spectral irradiance measured with a prism monochromator is examined to evaluate the direct solar spectral irradiance for a surface normal to the sun's rays and to compare the computed spectrum with the experimentally observed one.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Seminar on Testing Solar Energy Materials and Systems; May 22, 1978 - May 24, 1978; Gaithersburg, MD
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  • 64
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    The effect of surface anisotropy on the accuracy of total ozone estimates from satellite observations (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The total amount of ozone in a vertical column of the earth's atmosphere is being derived from satellite measurements of the intensity of ultraviolet sunlight scattered by the earth-atmosphere system. The algorithm for deriving the ozone amount utilizes the assumption that the earth's surface reflects the incident light isotropically according to Lambert's law. Natural surface reflection deviates more or less from this law. Two extreme examples of anisotropic reflection from dark ocean and from bright snow are analyzed by means of models for their effects on the derived values of ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Conference on Atmospheric Radiation; Jun 28, 1978 - Jun 30, 1978; Davis, CA
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    Development of the Equatorial Infrared Catalogue from satellite data (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: More than 40,000 infrared measurements of stellar sources have been obtained since November, 1976 during the ongoing process of compiling an Equatorial Infrared Catalogue. Because of the problem of eliminating spurious sources, which has affected earlier space surveys, an extensive effort is being made to verify the sources by means of (1) repetitive observations by satellite sensors, (2) cross correlation with a large data base developed from ground-based and space surveys at other wavelengths, and (3) investigation of a significant subset of the sources with a ground-based infrared telescope. As sources are verified, they are transferred from a working list to a screened preliminary version of the catalogue. The catalogue comprises the only survey of a significant area of the sky that has been accomplished (or is presently planned) with positional accuracies of a few arc seconds at a wavelength of not less than 2 microns.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Modern utilization of infrared technology IV; Seminar; Aug 30, 1978 - Aug 31, 1978; San Diego, CA
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    Investigation of electrical currents in the auroral ionosphere (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Two papers are presented on the investigation of electrical currents in the auroral ionosphere: (1) The Relationship Between Field-Aligned Current Carried by Suprathermal Electrons, and the Auroral Arc; and (2) Ionospheric Electrical Currents in the Late Evening Plasma Flow Reversal. In the first paper (1), data from four auroral sounding rockets, which directly measured field-aligned currents with partical detectors, are presented. In the second paper (2), data are presented for an instrumented sounding rocket that was launched from Andoya, Norway in January 1977, in the late evening auroral oval.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-158444
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    Atmospheric analysis modeling in support of Seasat (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Atmospheric objective analysis models were developed and tested in preparation for assessing the utility of Seasat data. Of the several discretionary procedures in such computer programs, the effects of three were examined and documented: (1) the effect of varying the weights in the pattern conserving techniques; (2) the effect of varying the data influence region; (3) the effect of including wind information in analysis of mass-structure variables. The problem of inserting bogus reports is also examined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-160086
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  • 68
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    D-region differential-phase measurements and ionization variability studies (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Measurements of electron densities in the D region are made by the partial-reflection differential-absorption and differential-phase techniques. The differential-phase data are obtained by a hard-wired phase-measuring system. Electron-sensity profiles obtained by the two techniques on six occasions are plotted and compared. Electron-density profiles obtained at the same time on 30 occasions during the years 1975 through 1977 are averaged to form a single profile for each technique. The effect of varying the assumed collision-frequency profile on these averaged profiles is studied. Time series of D-region electron-sensity data obtained by 3.4 minute intervals on six days during the summer of 1977 are examined for wave-like disturbances and tidal oscillations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-158116 , UILU-ENG-78-2503 , AERONOMY-81 , (ISSN 0568-0581)
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  • 69
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    Rocket observations of electron-density irregularities in the equatorial ionosphere below 200 km (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Nike Apache rockets carring instrumentation to measure electron density and its fine structure in the equatorial ionosphere were launched from Chilca, Peru in May and June 1975. The fine structure experiment and the data reduction system are described. Results obtained from this system are presented and compared with those obtained by VHF radar and from other rocket studies. A description of the equatorial ionosphere and its features is also presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-158113 , UILU-ENG-78-2502 , AERONOMY-80 , (ISSN 0568-0581)
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  • 70
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    Theoretical and experimental studies of the atmospheric sodium layer (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Atmospheric atomic sodium was studied with a laser radar system. Photocount data were processed using a digital filter to obtain continuous estimates of the sodium concentration versus altitude. Wave-like structures in the sodium layer were observed, and there was evidence for the presence of a standing wave in the layer. The bottomside of the layer was observed to undulate with a period of about 2 1/2 hours, and the layer was observed to broaden through the night. A meteor ablation-cluster ion theory of sodium was developed. The theory shows good agreement with existing atmospheric observations as well as laboratory measurements of rate constants.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-157770 , UILU-ENG-78-2501 , AR-79 , (ISSN 0568-0581)
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  • 71
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    Ground temperature measurement by PRT-5 for maps experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple algorithm and computer program were developed for determining the actual surface temperature from the effective brightness temperature as measured remotely by a radiation thermometer called PRT-5. This procedure allows the computation of atmospheric correction to the effective brightness temperature without performing detailed radiative transfer calculations. Model radiative transfer calculations were performed to compute atmospheric corrections for several values of the surface and atmospheric parameters individually and in combination. Polynomial regressions were performed between the magnitudes or deviations of these parameters and the corresponding computed corrections to establish simple analytical relations between them. Analytical relations were also developed to represent combined correction for simultaneous variation of parameters in terms of their individual corrections.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-158966
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  • 72
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    Study of the storm time fluxes of heavy ions (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The characteristics of the storm time ring current ions in the energy range of 0.5 to 16 keV were investigated. Data were processed and analyzed from the energetic ion mass spectrometer aboard the S3-3 satellite. Results are used for planning and operating the ion mass spectrometer experiment on the ISEE spacecraft, for selecting and processing the ISEE ion data, and for planning and conducting coordinated satellite experiments in support of the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS). It is established from the S3-3 ion data that relatively large fluxes of energetic (keV) 0(+) and H(+) ions are frequently flowing upward from the ionosphere along magnetic field lines in the polar auroral regions. Also, from investigations with the same instrument during the main phase of three moderate (D sub ST approximately 100) magnetic storms, it is found that the number density of 0(+) ions in the ring current was comparable to H(+) ion density the range 0.5 to 15 keV.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-162826 , LMSC-D673774
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  • 73
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    Thermal control of low-pressure fractionation processes (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Thermal models detailing the solidification paths for shallow basaltic magma chambers (both open and closed systems) were calculated using finite-difference techniques. The total solidification time for closed chambers are comparable to previously published calculations; however, the temperature-time paths are not. These paths are dependent on the phase relations and the crystallinity of the system, because both affect the manner in which the latent heat of crystallization is distributed. In open systems, where a chamber would be periodically replenished with additional parental liquid, calculations indicate that the possibility is strong that a steady-state temperature interval is achieved near a major phase boundary. In these cases it is straightforward to analyze fractionation models of the basaltic liquid evolution and their corresponding cumulate sequences. This steady thermal fractionating state can be invoked to explain large amounts of erupted basalts of similar composition over long time periods from the same volcanic center and some rhythmically layered basic cumulate sequences.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research; 4; 1978
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  • 74
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    Observations of low-energy electrons from AE-C in the south polar cusp during the geomagnetic storm of September 21, 1977 (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The present paper deals with the characteristics of low-energy electrons measured onboard the Atmosphere Explorer C (AE-C) satellite above the south polar cusp during the intense geomagnetic storm of September 21, 1977. The low-energy electron fluxes measured with the Photoelectron Spectrometer experiment indicate that the dayside polar cusp was displaced down to 69-72 deg invariant latitude during the storm. A region of intense fluxes of precipitating electrons was observed in the region near 1700 MLT between 66 and 69 deg invariant latitude, which statistically coincides with that of ascending field-alignment currents in the disturbed afternoon auroral region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 75
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    Birkeland currents and auroral structure (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A short history of studies of Birkeland currents and a summary of measurement techniques is provided. The observations made to date show that discrete auroral arcs and upward flowing Birkeland currents are usually associated. There is experimental uncertainty about whether these upward currents are strongest just above the arcs or are concentrated at the edges. A consistent pattern relating the location of the downward return current, the electrojet, and the electric field has not been found.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Relationships between particle precipitation and auroral forms (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper discusses recent measurements pertaining to the relationship between high-latitude particle (electron) precipitation and auroras. The discussion covers three topics: the large-scale relationships between auroral forms and the particle populations of the magnetosphere as determined from satellite measurements; (2) the relationship between satellite and sounding-rocket observations, particularly field-aligned pitch-angle distributions and upward field-aligned currents measured in the vicinity of auroral forms; and (3) recent results on the interaction of auroral electrons with the atmosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 77
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    Diffuse auroral precipitation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper summarizes the development of a plausibly coherent view of the self-consistent coupling of convection in the plasma sheet to auroral particle precipitation and the ionosphere. Attention is given to an understanding of the plasma instabilities responsible for diffuse auroral precipitation. The electrostatic ion and electron cyclotron harmonic loss-cone instabilities seem to be the best candidates, although they depend sensitively upon the cold electron density and temperature deep in space on auroral field lines. However, there is little or no experimental or theoretical information about these parameters. For this reason, further theoretical progress on cyclotron harmonic instabilities will be limited until the cold electron temperature is known. Also necessary are a complete phenomenological understanding of ion harmonic modes and a modeling of the cold electron distribution on auroral field lines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 78
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    Finite element modeling of stress in the Nazca plate - Driving forces and plate boundary earthquakes (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The state of stress within the Nazca plate due to plate driving forces and large plate boundary earthquakes has been analyzed by applying a finite element method using the wave front solution technique to models of the intraplate stress field in a single plate using a refined grid. Although only static elastic models have been explicitly calculated, certain limiting cases of an elastic plate over a viscous asthenosphere were also treated. A state of nearly east-west compression inferred from the source mechanism of thrust earthquakes in the interior of the plate requires ridge pushing forces. The net pulling force on the oceanic plate by the subducted slab has a maximum value comparable to pushing forces. The estimated horizontal deviatoric stress in intraplate regions, based on potential forces associated with the ridge, is on the order of a few hundred bars. The intraplate stress field in the region of the 1960 earthquake may change by a few tens of bars at most once the asthenosphere has relaxed, with changes on the order of one bar occurring at greater distances into the plate. The changes in the intraplate stress field are probably not noticeable unless the lithosphere is near failure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tectonophysics; 50; 1978
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    Electromagnetic plasma wave emissions from the auroral field lines (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The most important types of auroral radio emissions are reviewed. Particular attention is given to the following four types of electromagnetic emissions: auroral hiss, saucers, ELF noise bands, and auroral kilometric radiation. It is shown that the auroral hiss and auroral kilometric radiation are generated along the auroral field lines relatively close to the earth, at radial distances in the range of 2.5-5 earth radii, probably in direct association with auroral-particle acceleration by parallel electric fields. The auroral hiss appears to be generated by amplified Cerenkov radiation. Several mechanisms are proposed for the auroral kilometric radiation, usually involving the intermediate generation of electrostatic waves by the precipitating electrons.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    The use of ground magnetograms to time the onset of magnetospheric substorms (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A critical review of magnetospheric substorm timing techniques is presented. Attention is given to substorm timing with auroral zone magnetograms, substorm onset timing with midlatitude magnetograms, multiple onset substorms, and a phenomenological model for multiple onset substorms. Emphasis is placed on some pitfalls that have led some investigators to err in substorm onset determinations. In particular, multiple onset substorms appear to account for many of the reported discrepancies in substorm timing. It is suggested that present idealized models of substorm morphology must be modified to include the multiple onset substorms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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    Radar observations of a volcanic terrain: Askja Caldera, Iceland (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Surface roughness spectra of nine radar backscatter units in the Askja caldera region of Iceland were predicted from computer-enhanced like- and cross-polarized radar images. A field survey of the caldera was then undertaken to check the accuracy of the preliminary analysis. There was good agreement between predicted surface roughness of backscatter units and surface roughness observed in the field. In some cases, variations in surface roughness could be correlated with previously mapped geologic units.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-157765 , JPL-PUB-78-81
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  • 82
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    The utility of surface magnetic field measurements in the MAGSAT program (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: To take full advantage of the global, vector, survey by the Magsat satellite, and international program of augmented surface measurements was proposed. For secular variation and upper mantle conductivity the proposed measurements are global. The repeat station measurements for secular variation should be occupied at 2-3 year intervals. A special observing period in November and December of 1979 is proposed during which simultaneous, continuous, global measurements for upper mantle conductivity studies are to be gathered. Finally, it is recommended that the networks in operation during the IMS extend their operation through the Fall of 1980 to provide correlative data useful for high latitude disturbance studies and for crustal conductivity studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79614
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  • 83
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    Gravitational spectra from direct measurements (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple rapid method is described for determining the spectrum of a surface field from harmonic analysis of direct measurements along great circle arcs. The method is shown to give excellent overall trends to very high degree from even a few short arcs of satellite data. Three examples are taken with perfect measurements of satellite tracking over a planet made up of hundreds of point-masses using (1) altimetric heights from a low orbiting spacecraft, (2) velocity residuals between a low and a high satellite in circular orbits, and (3) range-rate data between a station at infinity and a satellite in highly eccentric orbit. In particular, the smoothed spectrum of the Earth's gravitational field is determined to about degree 400(50 km half wavelength) from 1 D x 1 D gravimetry and the equivalent of 11 revolutions of Geos 3 and Skylab altimetry. This measurement shows there is about 46 cm of geoid height remaining in the field beyond degree 180.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79603
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  • 84
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    Geosynchronous Microwave Atmospheric Sounding Radiometer (MASR) feasibility study. Volume 2: Radiometer receiver feasibility (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N78-30748.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-156805 , HAC-REF-D8647-VOL-2 , SCG-70532R-VOL-2
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    Application of normal mode theory to seismic source and structure problems: Seismic investigations of upper mantle lateral heterogeneity (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The theory of the normal modes of the earth is investigated and used to build synthetic seismograms in order to solve source and structural problems. A study is made of the physical properties of spheroidal modes leading to a rational classification. Two problems addressed are the observability of deep isotropic seismic sources and the investigation of the physical properties of the earth in the neighborhood of the Core-Mantle boundary, using SH waves diffracted at the core's surface. Data sets of seismic body and surface waves are used in a search for possible deep lateral heterogeneities in the mantle. In both cases, it is found that seismic data do not require structural differences between oceans and continents to extend deeper than 250 km. In general, differences between oceans and continents are found to be on the same order of magnitude as the intrinsic lateral heterogeneity in the oceanic plate brought about by the aging of the oceanic lithosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-157354
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    Revised estimates for ozone reduction by shuttle operation (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Previous calculations by five different modeling groups of the effect of space shuttle operations on the ozone layer yielded an estimate of 0.2 percent ozone reduction for the Northern Hemisphere at 60 launches per year. Since these calculations were made, the accepted rate constant for the reaction between hydroperoxyl and nitric oxide to yield hydroxyl and nitrogen dioxide, HO2 + NO yields OH + NO2, was revised upward by more than an order of magnitude, with a resultant increase in the predicted ozone reduction for chlorofluoromethanes by a factor of approximately 2. New calculations of the shuttle effect were made with use of the new rate constant data, again by five different modeling groups. The new value of the shuttle effect on the ozone layer was found to be 0.25 percent. The increase resulting from the revised rate constant is considerably less for space shuttle operations than for chlorofluoromethane production, because the new rate constant also increases the calculated rate of downward transport of shuttle exhaust products out of the stratosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-58209 , JSC-13988
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    Photodissociation of CO2 and quenching of metastables (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Investigations in four different areas were carried out to further our understanding of the chemistry of the atmospheres of Mars and Venus. CO2 photodissociation quantum yields were determined in the 1300-1500 A spectral region by measuring both CO and oxygen atoms. The O(1S) quantum yield was determined for CO2 photodissociation in the 1060-1175 A spectral region. The measurement resolves the differences between two earlier experiments, and demonstrates that the O(1S) yield is unity throughout most of the measured region. The pathways for the quenching of O(1S) by N2O, CO2, H2O and NO were investigated and the source of the Venus nightglow, detected by Venera 9 and 10, was investigated. What appears to be a new O2 band system, was detected although the identity of the transition is not yet evident.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-156137 , MP-78-17
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  • 88
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    Information theory and the earth's density distribution (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The present paper argues for using the information theory approach as an inference technique in solid earth geophysics. A spherically symmetric density distribution is derived as an example of the method. A simple model of the earth plus knowledge of its mass and moment of inertia leads to a density distribution. Future directions for the information theory approach in solid earth geophysics as well as its strengths and weaknesses are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78088
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  • 89
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    Stratospheric sounding by infrared heterodyne spectroscopy (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Intensity profiles of infrared spectral lines of stratospheric constituents can be fully resolved with a heterodyne spectrometer of sufficiently high resolution. The constituents' vertical distributions can then be evaluated accurately by analytic inversion of the measured line profiles. Estimates of the detection sensitivity of a heterodyne receiver are given in terms of minimum detectable volume mixing ratios of stratospheric constituents, indicating a large number of minor constituents which can be studied. Stratospheric spectral line shapes, and the resolution required to measure them are discussed in light of calculated synthetic line profiles for some stratospheric molecules in a model atmosphere. The inversion technique for evaluation of gas concentration profiles is briefly described and applications to synthetic lines of O3, CO2, CH4 and N2O are given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78066
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  • 90
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    Stratospheric ozone measurement with an infrared heterodyne spectrometer (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A stratospheric ozone absorption line in the 10 microns band was measured and resolved completely, using an infrared heterodyne spectrometer with spectral resolution of 5 MHz (0.000167 cm to -1 power). The vertical concentration profile of stratospheric ozone was obtained through an analytical inversion of the measured spectral line profile. The absolute total column density was 0.34 cm atm with a peak mixing ratio occurring at approximately 24 km. The (7,1,6) to (7,1,7) O3 line center frequency was found to be 1043.1775 + or - 0.00033 cm to toe -1 power, or 430 + or - 10 MHz higher than the P(24) CO2 laser line frequency.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78067
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  • 91
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    Gravitation (1978)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Investigations of several problems of gravitation are discussed. The question of the existence of black holes is considered. While black holes like those in Einstein's theory may not exist in other gravity theories, trapped surfaces implying such black holes certainly do. The theories include those of Brans-Dicke, Lightman-Lee, Rosen, and Yang. A similar two-tensor theory of Yilmaz is investigated and found inconsistent and nonviable. The Newman-Penrose formalism for Riemannian geometries is adapted to general gravity theories and used to implement a search for twisting solutions of the gravity theories for empty and nonempty spaces. The method can be used to find the gravitational fields for all viable gravity theories. The rotating solutions are of particular importance for strong field interpretation of the Stanford/Marshall gyroscope experiment. Inhomogeneous cosmologies are examined in Einstein's theory as generalizations of homogeneous ones by raising the dimension of the invariance groups by one more parameter. The nine Bianchi classifications are extended to Rosen's theory of gravity for homogeneous cosmological models.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78151
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  • 92
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    Absolute rate of the reaction of bromine atoms with ozone from 200-360 K (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The rate constant for the reaction Br + O3 yields BrO + O2 was measured from 200 to 360 K by the technique of flash photolysis coupled to time resolved detection of bromine atoms by resonance fluorescence (FP-RF). Br atoms were produced by the flash photolysis of CH3Br at lambda 165nm.O3 was monitored continuously under reaction conditions by absorption at 253.7 nm. At each of five temperatures the results were independent of substantial variations in O3, total pressure and limited variations in flash intensity. The measured rate constants obeyed the Arrhenius expression, where the error quoted is two standard deviations. Results are compared with previous determinations which employed the discharge flow-mass spectrometric technique.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78061
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  • 93
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    Determining crustal strain rates with a spaceborne geodynamics ranging system. 2: Station coordinate analysis (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The use of a spaceborne geodynamics ranging system for determining crustal strain rates is analyzed. The use of site coordinates rather than intersite baseline distances for the strain rate determinations is emphasized. After discussing the analytical techniques which are to be employed, numerical results are presented which suggest that the use of site coordinates would result in a 20-70% improvement in the precision of the deduced values of straining. Precision of a few parts in 10 to the 9th power would be achievable with simple geometrics and a decade or two of measurements; precisions of a few parts in 10 to the 8th power would be achievable in a few years. A consideration of possible correlations among the derived target site coordinates leads to the conclusion that, with the proper choice of coordinate systems, the correlations can be made small and non-detrimental to the strain rate determinations.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79627
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  • 94
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    On the average configuration of the geomagnetic tail (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Over 3000 hours of IMP-6 magnetic field data obtained between 20 and 33 R sub E in the geomagnetic tail have been used in a statistical study of the tail configuration. A distribution of 2.5 minute averages of B sub Z as a function of position across the tail reveals that more flux crosses the equatorial plane near the dawn and dusk flanks than near midnight. The tail field projected in the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane deviates from the X axis due to flaring and solar wind aberration by an angle alpha = -0.9 y sub SM - 1.7 where Y sub SM is in earth radii and alpha is in degrees. After removing these effects the Y component of the tail field is found to depend on interplanetary sector structure. During an away sector the B sub Y component of the tail field is on average 0.5 gamma greater than that during a toward sector, a result that is true in both tail lobes and is independent of location across the tail.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78116
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 95
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    User's guide to the Nimbus-4 backscatter ultraviolet experiment data sets (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The first year's data from the Nimbus 4 backscatter ultraviolet (BUV) experiment have been archived in the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC). Backscattered radiances in the ultraviolet measured by the satellite were used to compute the global total ozone for the period April 1970 - April 1971. The data sets now in the NSSDC are the results obtained by the Ozone Processing Team, which has processed the data with the purpose of determining the best quality of the data. There are four basic sets of data available in the NSSDC representing various stages in processing. The primary data base contains organized and cleaned data in telemetry units. The radiance data has had most of the engineering calibrations performed. The detailed total ozone data is the result of computations to obtain the total ozone; the Compressed Total Ozone data is a convenient condensation of the detailed total ozone. Product data sets are also included.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78069
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 96
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    On the tidal oscillations of the liquid core of the earth (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An important goal of a tidal theory is the improvement of nutational amplitude and of the parameters of the earth's elastic response. A theory of tidal oscillations inside a rotating elliptical earth was developed, with special emphasis on tides in the liquid core. The Molodensky and Kramer theory of the resonance effect, as caused by the proximity of the frequency of the free diurnal wobble of the liquid core to the frequency of K sub 1 astronomical tide, was amended to include the effect of the possible deviation of the liquid core from the state of neutral stability. Coupling effects between the toroidal and spheroidal oscillations, as caused by the Coriolis force, were taken into consideration.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1223 , G-7802-F11
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 97
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    Microwave emission from polar firn (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The microwave emission from a half-space medium, characterized by coordinate dependent scattering and absorbing centers, was calculated by numerically solving the radiative transfer equation by the method of invariant imbedding. Rayleigh scattering phase functions and scattering induced polarization of the radiation were included in the calculation. Using the scattering and extinction data of polar firn the brightness temperature was calculated for the 1.55 cm wavelength. This study was the first quantitative comparison of the results of numerical calculation using the actual measured information of crystal size with the observed data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TP-1212
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  • 98
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    Comparative planetology: Significance for terrestrial geology (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The crustal evolution of the terrestrial planets increase in complexity and duration with increasing size and mass of the planet. The lunar and mercurian surfaces are largely the result of intense, post-differentiation impact bombardment and subsequent volcanic filling of major impact basins. Mars, being larger, has evolved further: crustal uplifts, rifting, and shield volcanoes have begun to modify its largely Moon-like surface. The Earth is the large end-number of this sequence, where modern plate tectonic processes have erased the earlier lunar and martian type of surfaces. Fundamental problems of the origin of terrestrial continents, ocean basins, and plate tectonics are now addressed within the context of the evolutionary pattern of the terrestrial planets.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-78051
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 99
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    First results from the six-axis electron spectrometer on ISEE-1 (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A survey, using results from the first 25 orbits of ISEE-1, was made of some aspects of electrons in the dawn magnetosheath. There are indications that the flow of plasma is not uniformly turbulent over this region. The electron heat flux is observed to be directed away from the shock and to have an average value of about twice the interplanetary heat flux. Many magnetopause crossings were observed and usually resemble abrupt transitions from one well-defined plasma state to another. The ejection of plasma from flux tubes convected up against the magnetopause is observed for about half the time, and its thickness and dependance on the solar wind Mach number agrees with theoretical predictions. A full traversal of the whole forward hemisphere of the magnetosheath is required to fully confirm these deductions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-TM-79637
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  • 100
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    Study of dynamics of minor constituents in the thermosphere, addendum (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Numerical studies of a model of the earth's thermosphere are presented. The distribution of thermospheric helium was investigated. Changes in the global transport of helium under solstice conditions caused by a small increase in the latitudes at which the background gas pressure extremes occur lead to much better agreement of the model predictions with data taken by the mass spectrometers on board the ESRO-4 and OGO-6 satellites. The model was applied to a study of the global distributions of atmospheric gases (N2, O2, and O) at both equinox and solstice with emphasis on the winter enhancement of atomic oxygen in the lower thermosphere. Comparison of the results with measurements taken by the ESRO-4 mass spectrometer indicates that the distribution of atomic oxygen is generally a result of global transport by winds.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA-CR-145193 ADD.
    Format: application/pdf
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