ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The soils around us -- Formation of soils from parent materials -- Soil classification -- Soil architecture and physical properties -- Soil water: characteristics and behavior -- Soil and the hydrologic cycle -- Soil aeration and temperature -- Soil colloids: seat of soil chemical and physical activity -- Soil acidity -- Soils of dry regions: alkalinity, salinity, and sodicity -- Organisms and ecology of the soil -- Soil organic matter -- Nitrogen and sulfur economy of soils -- Soil phosphorus and potassium -- Micronutrients and other trace elements -- Practical nutrient management -- Soil erosion and its control -- Soils and chemical pollution -- Geographic soils information -- Prospects for global soil quality

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrothermal Properties of Materials: Experimental Data on Aqueous Phase Equilibria and Solution Properties at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures is designed for any scientists and engineers who deal with hydrothermal investigations and technologies. The book is organized into eight chapters, each dealing with a key physical property of behavior of solutions, so that a reader can obtain information on: hydrothermal experimental methods; available experimental data and the main features of properties behavior in a wide range of temperatures and pressures; and possible ways of experimental data processing for obtaining the derivative properties.

Description / Table of Contents: Sind die Unwetter und Katastrophen der letzten Jahre Ausdruck einer Klimaveränderung oder gab es sie schon immer? Diese 1000 Jahre umfassende Klimadarstellung, die auf den unterschiedlichsten Quellen basiert, ist einmalig für Mitteleuropa. Sie belegt die nachhaltigen Veränderungen des Klimas in den vergangenen Jahrhunderten, die Auswirkungen auf die Gesellschaft und macht deutlich, bis zu welchem Grad der Mensch in jüngerer Zeit Einfluss genommen hat.

Description / Table of Contents: The fourth edition of Physics of the Earth maintains the original philosophy of this classic graduate textbook on fundamental solid earth geophysics, while being completely revised, updated, and restructured into a more modular format to make individual topics even more accessible. Building on the success of previous editions, which have served generations of students and researchers for nearly forty years, this new edition will be an invaluable resource for graduate students looking for the necessary physical and mathematical foundations to embark on their own research careers in geophysics. Several completely new chapters have been added and a series of appendices, presenting fundamental data and advanced mathematical concepts, and an extensive reference list, are provided as tools to aid readers wishing to pursue topics beyond the level of the book. Table of contens: Preface; 1. Origin and history of the Solar System; 2. Composition of the Earth; 3. Radioactivity, isotopes and dating; 4. Isotopic clues to the age and origin of the Solar System; 5. Evidence of the Earth's evolutionary history; 6. Rotation, figure of the Earth and gravity; 7. Precession, wobble and rotational irregularities; 8. Tides and the evolution of the lunar orbit; 9. The satellite geoid, isostasy and post-glacial rebound; 10. Elastic and inelastic properties; 11. Deformation of the crust: rock mechanics; 12. Tectonics; 13. Convective and tectonic stresses; 14. Kinematics of the earthquake process; 15. Earthquake dynamics; 16. Seismic wave propagation; 17. Seismological determination of Earth structure; 18. Finite strain and high pressure equations of state; 19. Thermal properties; 20. The surface heat flux; 21. The global energy budget; 22. Thermodynamics of convection; 23. Thermal history; 24. The geomagnetic field; 25. Rock magnetism and paleomagnetism; 26. Alternative energy sources and natural climate variations: some geophysical background; Appendix A. General reference data; Appendix B. Orbital dynamics (Kepler's laws); Appendix C. Spherical harmonic functions; Appendix D. Relationships between elastic moduli of an isotropic solid; Appendix E. Thermodynamic parameters and derivative properties; Appendix F. An Earth model: mechanical properties; Appendix G. A thermal model of the Earth; Appendix H. Radioactive isotopes; Appendix I. A geological time scale 2004; Appendix J. Problems; References; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Die Wissenschaft sieht sich zunehmend mit der Anforderung konfrontiert, politik- und handlungsrelevantes Wissen bereitzustellen. Gleichzeitig wird ein Rückgang an Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft beklagt und die Forderung nach risikosensibler sowie problem- und nutzenorientierter Forschung erhoben. Aus diesem Spannungsfeld heraus ergeben sich vielfältige Fragen nach den Grundlagen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Wissenschaft sowie nach der Bedeutung wissenschaftlicher Expertise für politische Entscheidungen.Die Beiträge des Bandes widmen sich diesem Fragenkomplex aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und ermöglichen so neue Einblicke in die Bedeutung des wissenschaftlichen Wissens und der Expertise für Gesellschaft und Politik.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction to Hydrologic Science: Definition and Scope of Hydrology / Development of Scientific Hydrology. - 2. Basic Hydrologic Concepts: Physical Quantities and Laws / Hydrologic Systems / The Conservation Equations / The Watershed (Drainage Basin) / The Regional Water Balance / Spatial Variability / Temporal Variability / Storage, Storage Effects, and Residence Time / Hydrologic Modeling. - 3. Climate, the Hydrologic Cycle, Soils, and Vegetation: A Global Overview: Basic Aspects of Global Climate / The Global Hydrologic Cycle / Climate, Soils, and Vegetation. - 4. Precipitation: Meteorology of Precipitation / Measurement at a Point / Areal Estimation / Precipitation and Rainfall Climatology / Precipitation Quality. - 5. Snow and Snowmelt: Material Characteristics of Snow / Measurement of Snow and Snowmelt / Hydrologic Importance and Distribution of Snow / Snowmelt Processes / Snowmelt Modeling / Water-Quality Aspects. - 6. Water in Soils: Infiltration and Redistribution: Material Properties of Soil / Soil-Water Storage / Soil-Water Flow / Water Conditions in Natural Soils / Infiltration: Measurement and Qualitative Description / Quantitative Modeling of Infiltration at a Point / Redistribution. - 7. Evapotranspiration: Physics of Evaporation and Turbulent Energy Exchange / Classification of Evapotranspiration Processes / Free-Water, Lake, and Wetland Evaporation / Bare-Soil Evaporation / Transpiration / Interception and Interception Loss / Potential Evapotranspiration / Actual Evapotranspiration. - 8. Ground Water in the Hydrologic Cycle: Basic Principles of Ground-Water Flow / Regional Ground-Water Flow / Ground-WaterSurface-Water Reltions / Ground Water in the Regional Water Balance / Evaluation of Ground-Water-Balance Components / Impacts of Ground-Water Development on Basin Hydrology. - 9. Stream Response to Water-Input Events: Basic Aspects of Stream Response / Mechanisms Producing Event Response / Open-Channel Flow and Streamflow Routing / The Stream Network / Rainfall-Runoff Modeling / Rainfall-Runoff Models. - 10. Hydrology and Water-Resource Management: Water-Resource Management / Hydrologic Analysis: Water Supply and Demand / Hydrologic Analysis: Water Quality / Hydrologic Analysis: Floods / Hydrologic Analysis: Low Streamflows and Droughts / Current and Projected Water Use

Description / Table of Contents: Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Preliminaries 1. 1.1 Random Experiments. 1.2 Conditional Probability and Independence. 1.3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 1.4 Some Important Distributions. 1.5 Expectation. 1.6 Joint Distributions. 1.7 Functions of Random Variables. 1.8 Transforms. 1.9 Jointly Normal Random Variables. 1.10 Limit Theorems. 1.11 Poisson Processes. 1.12 Markov Processes. 1.12.1 Markov Chains. 1.12.2 Markov Jump Processes. 1.13 Efficiency of Estimators. 1.14 Information. 1.15 Convex Optimization and Duality. 1.15.1 Lagrangian Method. 1.15.2 Duality. Problems. References. 2. Random Number, Random Variable and Stochastic Process Generation. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Random Number Generation. 2.3 Random Variable Generation. 2.3.1 Inverse-Transform Method. 2.3.2 Alias Method. 2.3.3 Composition Method. 2.3.4 Acceptance-Rejection Method. 2.4 Generating From Commonly Used Distributions. 2.4.1 Generating Continuous Random Variables. 2.4.2 Generating Discrete Random Variables. 2.5 Random Vector Generation. 2.5.1 Vector Acceptance-Rejection Method. 2.5.2 Generating Variables From a Multinormal Distribution. 2.5.3 Generating Uniform Random Vectors Over a Simplex. 2.5.4 Generating Random Vectors, Uniformly Distributed Over a Unit Hyper-Ball and Hyper-Sphere. 2.5.5 Generating Random Vectors, Uniformly Distributed Over a Hyper-Ellipsoid. 2.6 Generating Poisson Processes. 2.7 Generating Markov Chains and Markov Jump Processes. 2.8 Generating Random Permutations. Problems. References. 3. Simulation of Discrete Event Systems. 3.1 Simulation Models. 3.2 Simulation Clock and Event List for DEDS. 3.3 Discrete Event Simulation. 3.3.1 Tandem Queue. 3.3.2 Repairman Problem. Problems. References. 4. Statistical Analysis of Discrete Event Systems. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Static Simulation Models. 4.3 Dynamic Simulation Models. 4.3.1 Finite-Horizon Simulation. 4.3.2 Steady-State Simulation. 4.4 The Bootstrap Method. Problems. References. 5. Controlling the Variance. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Common and Antithetic Random Variables. 5.3 Control Variables. 5.4 Conditional Monte Carlo. 5.4.1 Variance Reduction for Reliability Models. 5.5 Stratified Sampling. 5.6 Importance Sampling. 5.6.1 The Variance Minimization Method. 5.6.2 The Cross-Entropy Method. 5.7 Sequential Importance Sampling. 5.7.1 Non-linear Filtering for Hidden Markov Models. 5.8 The Transform Likelihood Ratio Method. 5.9 Preventing the Degeneracy of Importance Sampling. 5.9.1 The Two-Stage Screening Algorithm. 5.9.2 Case Study. Problems. References. 6. Markov Chain Monte Carlo. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm. 6.3 The Hit-and-Run Sampler. 6.4 The Gibbs Sampler. 6.5 Ising and Potts Models. 6.6 Bayesian Statistics. 6.7 Other Markov Samplers. 6.8 Simulated Annealing. 6.9 Perfect Sampling. Problems. References. 7. Sensitivity Analysis and Monte Carlo Optimization. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Score Function Method for Sensitivity Analysis of DESS. 7.3 Simulation-Based Optimization of DESS. 7.3.1 Stochastic Approximation. 7.3.2 The Stochastic Counterpart Method. 7.4 Sensitivity Analysis of DEDS. Problems. References. 8. The Cross-Entropy Method. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Estimation of Rare Event Probabilities. 8.2.1 The Root-Finding Problem. 8.2.2 The Screening Method for Rare Events. 8.3 The CE-Method for Optimization. 8.4 The Max-cut Problem. 8.5 The Partition Problem. 8.6 The Travelling Salesman Problem. 8.6.1 Incomplete Graphs. 8.6.2 Node Placement. 8.6.3 Case Studies. 8.7 Continuous Optimization. 8.8 Noisy Optimization. Problems. References. 9. Counting via Monte Carlo. 9.1 Counting Problems. 9.2 Satisfiability Problem. 9.2.1 Random K-SAT (K-RSAT). 9.3 The Rare-Event Framework for Counting. 9.3.1 Rare-Events for the Satisfiability Problem. 9.4 Other Randomized Algorithms for Counting. 9.4.1 Complexity of Randomized Algorithms: FPRAS and FPAUS. 9.5 MinxEnt and Parametric MinxEnt. 9.5.1 The MinxEnt Method. 9.5.2 Rare-Event Probability Estimation Using PME. 9.6 PME for COPs and Decision Making. 9.7 Numerical Results. Problems. References. Appendix A. A.1 Cholesky Square Root Method. A.2 Exact Sampling from a Conditional Bernoulli Distribution. A.3 Exponential Families. A.4 Sensitivity Analysis. A.4.1 Convexity Results. A.4.2 Monotonicity Results. A.5 A simple implementation of the CE algorithm for optimizing the 'peaks' function. A.6 Discrete-time Kalman Filter. A.7 Bernoulli Disruption Problem. A.8 Complexity of Stochastic Programming Problems. Problems. References. Acronyms. List of Symbols. Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen may be the most abundant element in the universe, but in science and in nature oxygen has an importance that is disproportionate to its abundance. Human beings tend to take it for granted because it is all around us and we breathe it, but consider the fact that oxygen is so reactive that in a planetary setting it is largely unstable in its elemental state. Were it not for the constant activity of photosynthetic plants and a minor amount of photo dissociation in the upper atmosphere, we would not have an oxygen-bearing atmosphere and we would not be here. Equally, the most important compound of oxygen is water, without which life (in the sense that we know it) could not exist. The role of water in virtually all geologic processes is profound, from formation of ore deposits to igneous petrogenesis to metamorphism to erosion and sedimentation. In planetary science, oxygen has a dual importance. First and foremost is its critical role in so many fundamental Solar System processes. The very nature of the terrestrial planets in our own Solar System would be much different had the oxygen to carbon ratio in the early solar nebula been somewhat lower than it was, because elements such as calcium and iron and titanium would have been locked up during condensation as carbides, sulfides and nitrides and even (in the case of silicon) partly as metals rather than silicates and oxides. Equally, the role of water ice in the evolution of our Solar System is important in the early accretion and growth of the giant planets and especially Jupiter, which exerted a major control over how most of the other planets formed. On a smaller scale, oxygen plays a critical role in the diverse kinds of physical evolution of large rocky planets, because the internal oxidation state strongly influences the formation and evolution of the core, mantle and crust of differentiated planets such as the Earth. Consider that basaltic volcanism may be a nearly universal phenomenon among the evolved terrestrial planets, yet there are basalts and basalts. The basalts of Earth (mostly), Earth's Moon, Vesta (as represented by the HED meteorites) and Mars are all broadly tholeiitic and yet very different from one another, and one of the primary differences is in their relative oxidation states (for that matter, consider the differences between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series on Earth). But there is another way that oxygen has proven to be hugely important in planetary science, and that is as a critical scientific clue to processes and conditions and even sources of materials. Understanding the formation and evolution of our Solar System involves reconstructing processes and events that occurred more than 4.5 Ga ago, and for which the only contemporary examples are occurring hundreds of light years away. It is a detective story in which most of the clues come from the laboratory analysis of the products of those ancient processes and events, especially those that have been preserved nearly unchanged since their formation at the Solar System's birth: meteorites; comets; and interplanetary dust particles. For example, the oxidation state of diverse early Solar System materials ranges from highly oxidized (ferric iron) to so reducing that some silicon exists in the metallic state and refractory lithophile elements such as calcium exist occur in sulfides rather than in silicates or carbonates. These variations reflect highly different environments that existed in different places and at different times. Even more crucial has been the use of oxygen 3-isotope variations, which began almost accidentally in 1973 with an attempt to do oxygen isotope thermometry on high-temperature solar nebula grains (Ca-, Al-rich inclusions) but ended with the remarkable discovery of non-mass-dependent oxygen isotope variations in high-temperature materials from the earliest Solar System. The presolar nebula was found to be very heterogeneous in its isotopic composition, and virtually every different planet and asteroid for which we have samples has a unique oxygen-isotopic fingerprint. The idea for this book originated with Jim Papike, who suggested the idea of a study initiative (and, ultimately, a published volume) focused on the element that is so critically important in so many ways to planetary science. He recognized that oxygen is such a constant theme through all aspects of planetary science that the proposed initiative would serve to bring together scientists from a wide range of disciplines for the kind of cross-cutting dialogue that occurs all too rarely these days. In this sense the Oxygen Initiative is modeled on the Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, which culminated in what remains to this day a hugely important reference volume (Basaltic Volcanism Study Project 1981). After obtaining community input and feedback, primarily through the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials (CAPTEM) and the Management Operations Working Group for NASA's Cosmochemistry Program, a team of scientists was assembled who would serve as chapter writing leads, and the initiative was formally proposed to and accepted by the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI; Dr. Stephen Mackwell, Director) for sponsorship. A formal proposal was then submitted to and approved by the Mineralogical Society of America to publish the resulting volume in the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG) series. Three open workshops were held as preludes to the book: Oxygen in the Terrestrial Planets, held in Santa Fe, NM July 20-23, 2004; Oxygen in Asteroids and Meteorites, held in Flagstaff, AZ June 2-3, 2005; and Oxygen in Earliest Solar System Materials and Processes (and including the outer planets and comets), held in Gatlinburg, TN September 19-22, 2005. The workshops were each organized around a small number of sessions (typically 4-6), each focusing on a particular topic and consisting of invited talks, shorter contributed talks, and ample time for discussion after each talk. In all of the meetings, the extended discussion periods were lively and animated, often bubbling over into the breaks and later social events. As a consequence of the cross-cutting approach, the final book spans a wide range of fields relating to oxygen, from the stellar nucleosynthesis of oxygen, to its occurrence in the interstellar medium, to the oxidation and isotopic record preserved in 4.56 Ga grains formed at the Solar System's birth, to its abundance and speciation in planets large and small, to its role in the petrologic and physical evolution of the terrestrial planets.

Description / Table of Contents: Das Buch behandelt die wesentlichen Konzepte der parallelen Programmierung, d. h. der Entwicklung nebenläufiger Systeme. Es orientiert sich dabei am Thread-Konzept der Programmiersprache Java. Als didaktische Hilfsmittel werden anschauliche und spielerische Elemente des so genannten Hamster-Modells eingesetzt. Programmierer entwickeln Programme, in denen selbstständige Hamster - die Prozesse - bei Aufgaben wie der Erkundung ihres Lebensraumes oder bei der gemeinsamen Suche nach Körnern kooperieren, konkurrieren, miteinander kommunizieren und sich untereinander synchronisieren müssen.

Description / Table of Contents: Minerals are intrinsically resistant to the processes that homogenize silicate liquids—their compositions thus yield an archive of volcanic and magmatic processes that are invisible at the whole rock scale. New experiments, and recent advances in micro-analytical techniques open a new realm of detail regarding the mineralogical record; this volume summarizes some of this progress. The alliance of the sub-fields reviewed in this volume bear upon fundamental issues of volcanology: At what depths are eruptions triggered, and over what time scales? Where and why do magmas coalesce before ascent? If magmas stagnate for thousands of years, what forces are responsible for initiating final ascent, or the degassing processes that accelerate upward motion? To the extent that we can answer these questions, we move towards formulating tests of mechanistic models of volcanic eruptions (e.g., Wilson, 1980; Slezin, 2003; Scandone et al., 2007), and hypotheses of the tectonic controls on magma transport (e.g., ten Brink and Brocher, 1987; Takada, 1994; Putirka and Busby, 2007). Our goal, in part, is to review how minerals can be used to understand volcanic systems and the processes that shape them; we also hope that this work will spur new and integrated studies of volcanic systems. Our review begins by tracing the origins of mineral grains, and methods to estimate pressures (P) and temperatures (T) of crystallization. Hammer shows how "dynamic" experiments (conducted with varying P or T) yield important insights into crystal growth. Chapters by Putirka, Anderson, and Blundy and Cashman review various igneous geothermometers and geobarometers and introduce new calibrations. Among these chapters are many familiar models involving olivine, amphibole, feldspar, pyroxene, and spinel. Blundy and Cashman introduce new methods based on phase equilibria, and in another chapter, Hansteen and Klügel review P estimation based on densities of entrapped fluids and appropriate equations of state. Rutherford's chapter returns to the issue of disequilibrium, with a review of methods to estimate magma ascent rates, and a summary of results. Our volume then moves to a review of melt inclusions. Kent shows how pre-mixed magma compositions can be preserved as inclusions, providing a window into pre-eruptive conditions. Métrich and Wallace review the volatile contents in basaltic melt inclusions and "magma degassing paths". Such methods rely upon vapor saturation pressures, which are derived from experimentally calibrated models. Chapters by Moore and Blundy and Cashman test two of the most important models, by Newman and Lowenstern (2002) (VolatileCalc) and Papale et al. (2006). Moore provides a guide to the appropriate use of these models, and their respective errors. The next four chapters document insights obtained from isotopic studies and diffusion profiles. Ramos and Tepley review developments of micro-analytical isotope measurements, which now have the potential to elucidate even the most cryptic of open system behaviors. Cooper and Reid examine the time scales for such processes through U-series age dating techniques, and Bindeman reviews oxygen isotopes and their uses as tracers of both magmas and crystals. Costa then reviews yet another means to estimate the rates of magmatic processes, using mineral diffusion profiles, with important implications for magma processing. In the next two chapters, Streck reviews an array of imaging methods and mineral textures, and their potential for disentangling mixed magmas, and Armienti takes a new look at the analysis of crystal size distributions (CSD), with applications to Mt. Etna. Our volume concludes with a chapter by Bachmann and Bergantz summarizing compositional zonations and a review of the thermal and compositional forces that drive open system behavior. Finally, descriptions of many of the most common analytical approaches are also reviewed within these chapters. Analytical topics include: secondary ion mass spectrometry (Blundy and Cashman; Kent); electron microprobe (Blundy and Cashman; Kent; Métrich and Wallace; laser ablation ICP-MS (Kent; Ramos and Tepley); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Moore; Métrich and Wallace); microsampling and isotope mass spectrometry (Ramos and Tepley); U-series measurement techniques (Cooper and Reid); Nomarski differential interference contrasts (Streck); micro-Raman spectroscopy (Métrich and Wallace); back-scattered electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence (Blundy and Cashman). As noted, our hope is that integrated studies can bring us closer to understanding how volcanic systems evolve and why eruptions occur. Our primary goal is to review how minerals can be used to understand volcanic systems; we also hope that this review might spur new and integrated studies of volcanic systems.

Description / Table of Contents: Presents a description of major aspects of natural gas hydrates. This book includes a historical perspective and overview of gas hydrates, discussion of the structural and physical properties of natural gas hydrates, and the comparison of these properties between different hydrate structures and ice. Contents: Overview and Historical Perspective. Molecular Structures and Similarities to Ice. Kinetics of Hydrate Formation. Fundamental Phase Equilibria for Natural Gas Hydrates. A Statistical Thermodynamic Approach to Hydrate Phase Equilibria. Experimental Methods and Measurements of Hydrate Properties. Hydrate in the Earth. Hydrates in Natural Gas Production, Transportation, and Processing.

Description / Table of Contents: Modern concepts on processes of seismically active parts of converging plate interfaces are derived from lab experiments, theoretical inferences, and geophysical observations, which have either poor resolution, or are strongly dependent on insufficiently constrained assumptions. Therefore, we studied a continuous exposure of an ancient subduction channel in the depth range of its former seismogenic zone in the Central Alps of Europe. This subduction channel developed due to Late Cretaceous - Early Tertiary subduction and accretion of the South Penninic lower plate underneath the Adriatic upper plate (Austroalpine domain). Additionally, we include information from Southern Chile, where material, which formerly underwent deformation within a subduction channel, was exhumed to the surface by large scale basal accretion. There, we concentrated on the formation of mineralized vein systems. However, we mainly focused on the exhumed plate interface zone in the European Alps. During subduction of the South Penninic ocean, material from both the continental upper plate and the oceanic lower plate was progressively involved into the subduction factory and transported downwards, forming either the shaly and serpentinic matrix of the subduction mélange, or competent clasts. Rb/Sr deformation ages for mylonitized rocks of the South Penninic mélange and for deformed Austroalpine basement shed light on the pre-Alpine and Alpine deformation history along the suture, as well as on the mode of syn-subduction interplate mass transfer. According to our Rb/Sr deformation ages and our structural data, the latest increment of subduction-related deformation occurred at ~50 Ma, and is characterized by a roughly top-W direction of tectonic transport. Identical Rb/Sr ages for pervasively deformed Austroalpine and South Penninic rocks point to tectonic erosion of the upper plate during subduction. This is also evidenced by the presence of upper plate clasts in the subduction mélange, and from the syn-subduction evolution of Gosau forearc basins pointing to tectonic erosion as prevailing mass transfer mode during the time of subduction. Lack of a metamorphic contrast between the South Penninic mélange and the Austroalpine upper plate favors exhumation of the suture zone due to a combination of tectonic underplating and surface erosion. The end of sedimentation in the forearc Gosau basins is contemporaneous with basal accretion of the South Penninic mélange and the Middle Penninic units at ~50 Ma. Therefore, we hypothesize a causal link of both processes, with the change from tectonic erosion to basal accretion caused by underplating of subducted material, which is responsible for a regional uplift leading to inversion of the forearc basins. The end of subduction-related deformation is most likely caused by locking of the South Penninic paleosubduction interface due to underplating of the Middle Penninic micro-continent, so that the active subduction interface is relocated into the new Middle Penninic footwall. Pseudotachylytes along a restricted segment of the upper plate base delineated by ca. 200°C updip and ca. 300°C downdip - define the limits of the unstable slip region within the fossil seismogenic coupling zone. Our 40Ar/39Ar ages constrain the generation of pseudotachylytes during a time span between 60 Ma to 80 Ma. The heterogeneous texture of the ultra fine grained pseudotachylyte groundmass is composed of a mixture of amphibole, feldspar and biotite, as well as of incorporated rock fragments and single minerals of comparable size. Due to the temporal similarity between subduction and pseudotachylyte formation, and the fact that the pseudotachylytes occur subparallel to the main thrust where Austroalpine rocks were overthrust onto South Penninic rocks, we interpret the generation of pseudotachylytes to be related to unstable slip processes occurring along the plate interface zone during subduction.The zone of unstable slip coincides with a domain of intense formation of foliation-parallel mineralized veins with partly blocky minerals in the subduction mélange. We suggest that the mineralized veins reflect seismic failure in the mélange due to their similarity in spatial distribution and textures compared to pseudotachylytes. Mineralized veins, and brittle fractures continue into the conditionally stable region below, maybe indicating a domain of slow earthquakes and non-volcanic tremors as recently discovered for this depth range along many active convergent margins. The conditionally stable zone above the unstable slip area is devoid of mineralized veins, but displays ample evidence of fluid-assisted processes like the deeper zone: solution-precipitation creep and dehydration reactions in the mélange matrix, hydration and sealing of the base of the upper plate. Seismic rupture is possibly expressed by ubiquitous localized deformation zones. Fluids are most likely provided by dehydration during subduction of sedimentary material from different sources. This is indicated by elevated Sr isotope signatures of marine (meta-) carbonates from the South Penninic mélange, which are caused by the interaction of syn-subduction fluids with old continental crust.In summary, the exposed plate interface has experienced flow and fracturing over an extended period of time reflecting a multistage evolution, but resembles active convergent plate margins in terms of e.g. sediment input, earthquake distribution, fluid circulation, and possible slow slip events and associated tremors.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Molodensky Scalar Boundary Value Problem in Spherical Coordinates.- The Slepian Problem on the Sphere.- White Noise Stochastic BVP's and Cimmino's Theory.- Simulation of the Goce Gravity Field Mission.- Quality Improvement of Global Gravity Field Models by Combining Satellite Gradiometry and Airborne Gravimetry.- The Determination of Geopotential Differences from Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking.- The Topographic Effects of Helmert's Method of Condensation.- Distance Measurement with Electromagnetic Wave Dispersion.- A Global Topographic-Isostatic Model Based on a Loading Theory.- Stochastic Modelling of Non-Stationary Smooth Phenomena.- Deformation Detection According to a Bayesian Approach.- Block Elimination and Weight Matrices.- Construction of An-Isotropic Covariance-Functions Using Sums of Riesz-Representers.- New Covariance Models for Local Applications of Collocation.

Description / Table of Contents: Sedimentary basins host, among others, most of our energy and fresh-water resources: they can be regarded as large geo-reactors in which many physical and chemical processes interact. Their complexity can only be well understood in well-organized interdisciplinary co-operations.This book documents how researchers from different geo-scientific disciplines have jointly analysed the structural, thermal, and sedimentary evolution as well as fluid dynamics of a complex sedimentary basin system which has experienced a variety of activation and reactivation impulses as well as intense salt tectonics. In this book we have summarized our geological, geophysical and geochemical understanding of some of the most important processes affecting sedimentary basins in general and our view on the evolution of one of the largest, best explored and most complex continental sedimentary basins on Earth: The Central European Basin System. - Characteristics of complex intracontinental sedimentary basins.- The Central European Basin System.- Strain and temperature in space and time.- Basin fill.- Salt dynamics.- Fluid systems.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. The seismic reflection method and its constraints. 3. Seismic stratigraphic techniques. 4. Dynamics of basin-wide sedimentation patterns and sea level changes. 5. Hydrocarbon habitat. 6. Seismic reservoir characterisation. 7. Volumetrics and prospect evaluation. 8. Concluding remarks.

Description / Table of Contents: Einführung in die Grundlagen der Mineralogie, Petrologie und Geochemie. Am Anfang steht eine reich bebilderte Beschreibung der wichtigsten Minerale und Gesteine. Dann stellt der Autor Konzepte und Analysemethoden der Mineralogie vor und erklärt die Bildung und Veränderungen von metamorphen, magmatischen und sedimentären Gesteinen.Das in dieser Auflage neue Kapitel zur Geochemie beleuchtet die Chemie des Kosmos, die Entstehung der Elemente, Meteorite sowie die Zusammensetzung der wichtigsten globalen Reservoire (Erdkern, -mantel, -kruste, Ozeane, Atmosphäre). Eine wichtige Anwendung der Geochemie ist die Messung von Gehalten an Spurenelementen oder stabilen und radiogenen Isotopen in Gesteinen zur Rekonstruktion geologischer Prozesse.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: General considerations for geophysical methods applied to agriculture / Barry J. Allred, M. Reza Ehsani, and Jeffrey J. Daniels -- Past, present, and future trends of soil electrical conductivity measurement using geophysical methods / Dennis L. Corwin -- History of ground-penetrating radar applications in agriculture / M.E. Collins -- Theoretical insight on the measurement of soil electrical conductivity / Dennis L. Corwin, Scott M. Lesch, and Hamid J. Farahani -- Resistivity methods / Barry J. Allred, Douglas Groom, M. Reza Ehsani, and Jeffrey J. Daniels -- Electromagnetic induction methods / Jeffrey J. Daniels, Mark Vendl, M. Reza Ehsani, and Barry J. Allred -- Ground-penetrating radar methods (GPR) / Jeffrey J. Daniels, M. Reza Ehsani, and Barry J. Allred -- Magnetometry, self-potential, and seismic : additional geophysical methods having potentially significant future use in agriculture / Barry J. Allred, Michael Rogers, M. Reza Ehsani, and Jeffrey J. Daniels -- Integration of global positioning systems (GPS) into agricultural geophysics / Dorota A. Grejner-Brzezinska -- Integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with agricultural geophysics / Carolyn J. Merry

Description / Table of Contents: Deals with our understanding of natural climate change, its variability on decadal to centennial time-scales, the extent to which climate models of different kinds simulate past variability, and the role of past climate variability in explaining changes to natural ecosystems and to human society over the later part of the Holocene. Contents: 1. Holocene climate variability and global warming Richard W. Battarbee . 2. Holocene climate research - progress, paradigms, and problems. H. John B. Birks . 3. The role of people in the Holocene. Frank Oldfield. 4. Modelling the climate of the Holocene. Michel Crucifix . 5. The early to mid-Holocene thermal optimum in the North Atlantic. Eystein Jansen, Carin Andersson, Matthias Moros, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Birgitte F. Nyland, and Richard J. Telford. 6. Holocene climate change and the evidence for solar and other forcings. Juerg Beer and Bas van Geel . 7. Climate of the past millennium: combining proxy data and model simulations. Hugues Goosse, Michael E. Mann, and Hans Renssen. 8. Latitudinal linkages in late-Holocene moisture-balance variation. Dirk Verschuren and Dan J. Charman . 9. Holocene rapid land-cover changes - evidence and theory. Martin Claussen. 10. Holocene perspectives on future climate change. Ray Bradley .

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: What is a Self-Organizing Map? - Applications of Different Self-Organizing Map Variants to Geographical Information Science . - An Integrated Exploratory Geovisualization Environment Based on Self-Organizing Map. - Visual Exploration of Spatial Interaction Data with Self-Organizing Maps. - Detecting Geographic Associations in English Dialect Features in North America within a Visual Data Mining Environment Integrating Self-Organizing . - Self-Organizing Maps for Density-Preserving Reduction of Objects in Cartographic Generalization. - Visualizing Human Movement in Attribute . - Climate Analysis, Modelling, and Regional Downscaling Using Self-Organizing. - Prototyping Broad-Scale Climate and Ecosystem Classes by Means of Self-Organising. - Self-Organising Map Principles Applied Towards Automating Road Extraction from Remotely Sensed Imagery . - Intelligent Systems for GIScience: Where Next? A GIScience Perspective

Description / Table of Contents: Much of the recent progress in the solid Earth sciences is based on interpretation of a range of geophysical and geological observations in terms of the properties and deformation of Earth materials. This graduate textbook presents a comprehensive, unified treatment of the materials science of deformation as applied to solid Earth geophysics and geology. The deformation of Earth materials is presented in a systematic way that covers elastic, anelastic and viscous deformation. Advanced discussions on current debates are also included to bring readers to the cutting-edge of science in this interdisciplinary area. This textbook is ideal for graduate courses on the rheology and dynamics of solid Earth, and includes review questions with solutions so readers can monitor their understanding of the material presented. It is also a much-needed reference for geoscientists in many fields including geology, geophysics, geochemistry, materials science, mineralogy and ceramics.

Description / Table of Contents: Welcher Anteil des Niederschlagswassers gelangt von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen in Bäche und Flüsse? Wie stark und mit welchen Stoffen ist dieses abfließende Wasser belastet? Wie sehen die langfristigen Folgen aus? Das Buch ist eine allgemeine und umfassende Darstellung von kleinräumigen hydrologischen Prozessen im punktuellen cm-Bereich bis hin zum kleinen Einzugsgebiet. Diese abgestimmte Kombination von Theorie, Feldmessung und numerischer Modellierung ist zukunftsweisend für die moderne Hydrologie.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:1. General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals, and Clay Science 2. Structure and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals 3. Surface and Interface Chemistry of Clay Minerals 4. Synthetic Clay Minerals and Purification of Natural Clays 5. Colloid Clay Science 6. Mechanical Properties of Clays and Clay Minerals 7. Modified Clays and Clay Minerals 8. Properties and Behavior of Iron in Clay Minerals 9. Clays, Microorganisms and Biomineralisation 10. Clays in Industry 11. Clays, Environment and Health 12. Critical Assessment of Some Analytical Techniques 13. Some Other Materials Related to Clays 14. Genesis of Clay Minerals 15. History of Clay Science: A Young Discipline 16. Teaching Clay Science: A Great Perspective

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Methods of Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis 3. Accommodati and Shoreline Shifts 4. Stratigraphic Surfaces 5. Systems Tracts 6. Sequence Models 7. Time Attributes of Stratigraphic Surfaces 8. Hierarchy of Sequences and Sequence Boundaries 9. Discussion and Conclusions REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

Description / Table of Contents: Modern seismology has faced new challenges in the study of earthquakes and their physical characteristics. This volume is dedicated to the use of new approaches and presents a state of the art in historical seismology. Selected historical and recent earthquakes are chosen to document and constrain related seismic parameters using updated methodologies in the macroseismic analysis, field observations of damage distribution and tectonic effects, and modelling of seismic waveforms. A critical re-evaluation of historical accounts and early seismograms provides us with the basis for a realistic seismic hazard assessment.- A glimpse into the seismicity of the Ionian Islands between 1658 and 1664.- The earthquake of April 4, 1640 in the Lower Rhine Embayment.- The Value of Descriptive Earthquake Catalogues of the Eastern Mediterranean Region and the Middle East.- Sources of the 1692 and 1907 earthquakes in Jamaica.- Quantitative analysis of early seismograph recordings.- The Late 17th century earthquakes in Northwest Africa: how many (if any)?.- Richter magnitude evaluation: from historical macroseismic data to seismic waveform modelling.- In troubled times, in a divided country: the Upper Tiber Valley earthquake of 1789.- Can we improve the knowledge of historical seismicity of France, and elsewhere?.- The seismicity of Central Alps: seismological and archaeological traces, geological evidence and open problems.- The 1855 Visp (Switzerland) Earthquake: A Milestone in Macroseismic Methodology?.- Large Historical Earthquakes in Eastern/Central North America: Fact and Fiction.- Benson Making Seismograms Accessible from Historical Seismogram Filming to the Online SeismoArchives.- Attenuation of intensity for the Zemmouri earthquake of May 2003 (Mw 6.8): Insights for the seismic hazard assessment in northern Algeria.- Earthquake Fault Ruptures and Historical Seismology : A decisive step for a better constraint of the active deformation.- The case for large (M〉7) earthquakes felt in the UK in historical times.- Earthquake effects on nature and macroseismic intensity scales.- Interpretation of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake based on the historical observations of different physical phenomena.- Review of historical earthquakes in the lower middle age: earthquakes of the XIV and XV centuries in Catalonia (NE Spain).- What is the lowest magnitude threshold at which an earthquake can be felt or heard, or objects thrown into the air?

Description / Table of Contents: Contens: Preface: H. S. Wheater, S. Sorooshian and K. D. Sharma; 1. Modelling hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas - an introduction H. Wheater; 2. Global precipitation estimation from satellite imagery using artificial neural networks S. Sorooshian, K.-L. Hsu, B. Imam and Y. Hong; 3. Modelling semi-arid and arid hydrology and water resources - the southern Africa experience D. A. Hughes; 4. Use of the IHACRES rainfall-runoff model in arid and semi-arid regions B. F. W. Croke and A. J. Jakeman; 5. KINEROS2 and the AGWA modelling framework D. J. Semmens, D. C. Goodrich, C. L. Unkrich, R. E. Smith, D. A. Woolhiser and S. N. Miller; 6. A distributed spatial sediment delivery model for arid regions K. D. Sharma; 7. The Modular Modeling System (MMS): a toolbox for water and environmental resources management G. H. Leavesley, S. L. Markstrom, R. J. Viger and L. E. Hay; 8. Calibration, uncertainty and regional analysis of conceptual rainfall-runoff models H. Wheater, T. Wagener and N. McIntyre; 9. Real-time flow forecasting P. C. Young; 10. Real-time flood forecasting - Indian experience R. D. Singh; 11. Groundwater modeling in hard-rock terrain in semi-arid areas: experience from India S. Ahmed, J.-C. Maréchal, E. Ledoux and G. de Marsily;

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Applications in Climatology and Atmospheric Sciences. - Applications in Oceanography and Seismology. - Applications in Solar-Terrestrial Physics.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Reference systems.- Satellite orbits.- Satellite signals.- Observables.- Mathematical models for positioning.- Data processing.- Data transformation.- GPS.- GLONASS.- Galileo.- More on GNSS.- Applications.

Description / Table of Contents: Contens: 1. Introduction.- 2. Tsunami Dynamics. - 3. Signatures of Tsunami in the Coastal Landscape.- 4. Coastal Landscape Evolution.- 5. Earthquake-Generated Tsunami.- 6. Great Landslides.- 7. Volcanic Eruptions.- 8. Comets and Meteorites.- 9. Risk and Avoidance.

Description / Table of Contents: Provides guidelines to promote the development and implementation of consistent methods and standards for conducting soil and land resource surveys in Australia. These surveys are primarily field operations that aim to identify, describe, map, and evaluate the various kinds of soil or land resources in specific areas.