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  • Books  (22)
  • 1995-1999
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  • AWI Archive  (22)
  • 1
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    Nutzbare Mineralisationen und Rohstoffvorkommen in der Antarktis (1987)
    Leipzig : Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
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    Call number: SR 99.0015(409) ; ZSP-292-409
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 409
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 54 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00920-9
    ISSN: 0071-9409
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 409 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Annotation (Annotation, Annotacija) 1. Einführung 1.1. Politische Grundlagen 1.2. Rohstoffspekulationen 2. Grundzüge der Tektonik und Mineragenie der Antarktis 2.1. Geotektonische Epochen 2.2. Tektonisch-minerogenetische Rayonierung 3. Vorkommen fester mineralischer Rohstoffe 3.1. Metallische Rohstoffe 3.1.1. Schwarzmetalle 3.1.1.1. Eisen 3.1.1.2. Mangan 3.1.1.3. Chrom, Nickel, Kobalt, Vanadium, Titan 3.1.1.4. Molybdän, Wolfram 3.1.2. Buntmetalle 3.1.2.1. Kupfer 3.1.2.2. Blei, Zink 3.1.2.3. Zinn 3.1.3. Edelmetalle (Silber, Gold, Platin) 3.1.4. Sonstige Metalle 3.2. Nichtmetallische Rohstoffe 3.2.1. Edel- und Schmucksteine 3.2.2. Glimmer 3.2.3. Feuerfestminerale 3.2.4. Phosphat 3.2.5. Fluorit, Baryt 3.2.6. Graphit. 3.2.7. Schwefel 4. Kohlenvorkommen 5. Kohlenwasserstoff-Vorkommen 6. Geothermische Energie 7. Süßwasser(Eis)-Vorräte 8. Schlußfolgerungen 9. Danksagung . 10. Zusammenfassung (Summary, Rezjume) Literaturverzeichnis Tabellen 1 bis 8
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  • 2
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    Results of ozone research : (further contribution to the global ozone research and monitoring project of WMO) (1987)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik bei der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
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    Call number: Q 2453(II,28) ; MOP Per 581(2/28) ; ZSP-319/B-28
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 28
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 136 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 28
    Language: English
    Note: Content: Improvement of the coulometric measurement of ozone in the near-ground layer of the atmosphere / W. Warmbt. - Some experimental data on the variability of the ozone density at different level of the lowest atmosphere / A. G. Amiranashvili ; T. G. Gzirishvili ; A. I. Kartsivadse ; A. M. Okudjava ; D. F. Kharchilava ; K. H. Grasnick. - Report on the intercomparison of instruments measuring ozone near the ground at the Hohenpeissenberg Observatory / W. Warmbt. - Some results of ozone-sonde ascents in the CSSR / J. Picha. - A system of monitoring the observation and calibration qualities of Dobson spectrophotometerswithin the Regional Association VI / P. Plessing. - Vertical ozone distribution over Lindenberg (52.22°N, 14.12°E), 1975 - 1982 / U. Feister ; P. Plessing ; K. H. Grasnick. - Correlations of the total ozone with thermal and dynamic processes in the atmosphere / M. Frimescu ; L. Manea. - Numerical simulation of seasonal-latitudinal and 11-year variations in ozonosphere composition based on the two-dimensional photochemical model / I. G. Dyominov ; A. M. Zadorozhny. - Ozone content variation over central Europe and stratospheric dynamics in late winter / G. Entzian ; K. H. Grasnick. - Long-term ozone variation / G. Entzian ; K. H. Grasnick.
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  • 3
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    Geotektonische sowie minerogenetische Epochen und Einheiten Antarktikas (1987)
    Leipzig : VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
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    Call number: SR 99.0015(418) ; ZSP-292-418
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 418
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 75 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00930-6
    ISSN: 0071-9409
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 418 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Annotation (Annotation, Annotacija) 1. Einleitung 2. Tektonische Rayonierung Antarktikas 2. I. Der Ostantarktische Kraton (1) 2.1.1. Zentraler Geoblock (1.1.) 2.1.1.1. Enderby Land-Block (1.1.1) 2.1.1.2. Dronning Maud Land-Block (1.1.2) 2.1.1.3. Prince Charles Mountains-Block (1.1.3) 2. 1.2. Östlicher Geoblock (1.2) 2.1.2.1. Vestfold Block (1.2.1) 2.1.2.2. Wilkes Land-Block (1.2.2) 2. 1.2.3. Victoria Land-Block (1.2.3) 2.1.3. Westlicher Geoblock (1.3) 2.1.3.1. Maudheim-Block (1.3.1) 2.1.3.2. Shekleton Range-Block (1.3.2) 2.1.3.3. Thiel Mountains-Block (1.3.3) 2.2. Die jungproterozoisch-altpaläozoische Mobilzone der Transantarctic Mountains (2) 2.2.1. Südlicher Block (2.1) 2.2.2. Nördlicher Block (2.2) 2.2.3. Admirality Mountains-Block (2.3) 2.3. Die jungproterozoisch-paläozoische Mobilzonen der Pensacola und Ellsworth Mountains (3) 2.3.1. Pensacola Mountains-Block (3.1) 2.3.2. Ellsworth Mountains-Block (3.2) 2.4. Die paläozoisch-mesozoische Mobilzone Westantarktikas (4) 2.4.1. Marie Byrd Land-Block (4.1) 2.4.2. Thurston Island/Eights Coast-Block ( 4.2) 2.4.3. Antarctic Peninsula-Block (4.3) 2.5. Die jungen Sedimentbecken der Westantarktis (5) 2.5.1. Weddell Sea-Becken (5.1) 2.5.2. Byrd-Senke (5.2) 2.5.3. Ross Sea-Becken (5.3) 3. Minerogenetische Entwicklung Antarktikas 3. I. Archaische minerogenetische Hauptepoche ( 〉 2,6 Ga) 3.2. Proterozoische minerogenetische Hauptepoche (ca. 2,6 bisca. 0,8 Ga) 3.2.1. Unterproterozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 2,6 bis ca. 2,0 Ga) 3.2.2. Mittel- bis oberproterozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 2,0 bis ca. 0,8 Ga) 3.3. Spätriphäisch-phanerozoische minerogenetische Hauptepoche ( 〈0,8 Ga) 3.3.1. Spätriphäisch-altpaläozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 0,8 Ga bis ca. 450 Mal 3.3.2. Paläozoisch-frühmesozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ca. 450 Ma bis ca. 150 M;l) 3.3.3. Mesozoisch-känozoische minerogenetische Epoche (ab. ca. 190 Ma) 4. Minerogenetische Einheiten Antarktikas 4.1. Archaische minerogenetische Einheiten 4.1.1. Archaische hochmetamorphe Areale 4.1.2. Archaische Grünstein-Granit-Gürtel 4.2. Proterozoische minerogenetische Provinzen . 4.2.1. Tafeldeckgebirgskomplexe 4.2.2. Aktivierte Grundgebirgseinheiten 4.2.3. Intrakontinentale mobile Gürtel 4.3. Riphäisch-phanerozoische minerogenetische Einheiten 4.3.1. Tafeldeckgebirgs-Provinzen 4.3.2. Aktivierte Grundgebirgseinheiten 4.3.2.1. Provinzen spätriphäisch-altpaläozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.2.2. Provinzen mesozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.2.3. Provinzen känozoischer Aktivierung 4.3.3. Intrakontinentale Tröge und Senken 4.3.3.1. Spätriphäisch-altpaläozoische Tröge 4.3.3.2. Intrakontinentales Ellsworth-Orogen 4.3.3.3. Tafelsenken des Victoria und des Wilkes Lands 4.3.3.4. Minerogenetische Provinzen junger Rift- und Spaltenzonen 4.3.3.4.1. Transantarktische Riftzone 4.3.3.4.2. Lambert Glacier-Riftzone des paläozoischemesozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.3.4.3. Brainsfield-Riftzone 4.3.4. Passive Plattenränder 4.3.5. Aktive Plattenränder 4.3.5.1. Minerogenetische Provinzen des spätriphäisch-frühpaläozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.2. Minerogenetische Provinzen des mittelpaläozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.3. Minerogenetische Provinzen des paläozoisch-mesozoischen Plattenrandes 4.3.5.4. Minerogenetische Provinzen des meso-känozoischen Plattenrandes 5.Zusammenfassung. Abstract, Rezjume Literaturverzeichnis
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  • 4
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    Beitrag zur Geologie der südlichen Lassiter Coast und der östlichen Orville Coast (Antarktische Halbinsel) : Teilnahme an der 27. und 28. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1981/82 bzw. 1982/83 ; mit 4 Tabellen (1987)
    Leipzig : Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
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    Call number: SR 99.0015(412) ; ZSP-292-412
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 412
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 68 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00923-3
    ISSN: 0071-9409
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 412 : Geowissenschaften, Geologie
    Language: German
    Note: Beitrag zur Geologie der Hutton Mountains und der Guettard Range (Palmer Land, Antarktische Halbinsel) : Teilnahme an der 29. Sowjetischen Antarktisexpedition 1984 ; vorläufige Mitteilung / Wolfgang Weber, Karin Rank
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  • 5
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    Spectral measurements in a disturbed boundary layer over snow (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/21
    In: CRREL Report, 87-21
    Description / Table of Contents: The author measured time series of longitudinal (u) and vertical (w) velocity and temperature (t) and humidity (q) fluctuations with fast-responding sensors in the near-neutrally stable surface layer over a snow-covered field. These series yielded individual spectra and u-w, w-t, w-q and t-q cospectra, phase spectra and coherence spectra for nondimensional frequencies (fz/U) from roughly 0.001 to 10. With the exception of the u-w cospectra, all the spectra and cospectra displayed the expected dependence on frequency in an inertial or inertial-convective subrange. All, however, contained significantly more energy at low frequency than the Kansas neutral-stability spectra and cospectra. This excess low-frequency energy and the erratic behavior of the u-w cospectra imply that forested hills bordering the site on two sides were producing disturbances in the flow field at scales roughly equal to the height of the hills, 100 m. The phase and coherence spectra suggest that internal gravity waves were also frequently present, since the atmospheric boundary layer generally had slightly stable stratification. Consequently, at this complex site, turbulence alone determines the spectra and cospectra at high frequency; at low frequency the spectra and cospectra reflect a combination of topographically generated turbulence and internal waves. From the measured temperature and humidity spectra and the t-q cospectra, the author computed refractive index spectra for light of 0.55-micrometer and millimeter wavelengths. The refractive index spectra had shapes like the other scalar spectra: excess energy at low frequency and an inertial-convective subrange at high frequency.
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    Pages: v, 50 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-21
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a190217.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9027
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Measurements Spectra u and w velocity spectra Temperature and humidity spectra Inertial-dissipation estimates Cospectra u-w cospectra w-t and w-q cospectra t-q cospectra Refractive index spectra Conclusions Literature cited
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  • 6
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    Thermal instability and heat transfer characteristics in water/ice systems (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/22
    In: CRREL Report, 87-22
    Description / Table of Contents: This review discusses problems associated with the anomalous temperature-density relations of water. It covers a) onset of convection, b) temperature structure and natural convective heat transfer, and c) laminar forced convective heat transfer in the water/ice system. The onset of convection in a water/ice system was found to dependent on thermal boundary conditions, not a constant value as in the classical fluids that have a monotonic temperature-density relationship. The water/ice system also exhibits a unique temperature distribution in the melt layer immediately after the critical Rayleigh number is exceeded and soon after it establishes a more or less constant temperature region progressively deepening as the melt layer grows. The constant temperature is approximately 3.2°C for water layers formed from above but varies for melt layers from below. The heat flux across the water/ice interface was found to be a weak power function and to increase linearly with temperature for melted layers from above and below, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 43 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-22
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a189627.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9028
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Analytical studies on the onset of convection in a horizontal water layer Experimental studies on the onset of convection in a circular horizontal melt layer Temperature structure and heat transfer In a horizontal layer In a circular horizontal melt layer pHeat transfer studies in nonplanar geometries Forced convective heat transfer over a melting surface Discussion and conclusions Onset of convection Temperature structure and natural convective heat transfer Laminar forced convective heat transfer Literature cited
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  • 7
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    Creep and strength behavior of frozen silt in uniaxial compression (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/10
    In: CRREL Report, 87-10
    Description / Table of Contents: Uniaxial constant-stress and constant-strain-rate compression tests were conducted on more than 200 remolded, saturated, frozen specimens of Fairbanks silt under various conditions. A series of curves of stress vs strain rate for various temperatures of strain rates ranging from about 6x10-2 to 10-8s-1show a close strength correspondence between the constant-stress and-costant strain-rate tests. All of these "complete" stress vs strain rate curves could not be described by a single power law or exponential equation, indicating that different deformation mechanisms are dominant within different ranges of strainrate Two critical strain rates for distinguishing between the different deformation mechanisms were ob-served to be near 10- 3 and 10-6 s-1 for the medium-dense frozen Fairbanks silt. The former indicates the transition from ductile failure to moderate brittle fracture as strain rate increases, while the latter indicates the transition from dislocation creep to glide creep (by the authors' definition). Based on the change in flow law, two fundamental creeps were classified: short-term creep, which is governed by glide creep, and long-term creep, which is governed by dislocation creep. The failure criterion of frozen silt has a general form of em x tm = Ef, where m depends only on density, and tm is in minutes if m is not 1. The failure strain Ef was not sensitive to temperature and strain rate over a certain range of strain rates, but it was very sensitive to density. Assur's creep model (1980) for ice was used to fit the creep data in this study. It works well for short-term creep but does not fit as well for long-term creep. The rate process theory was applied to the creep data. A very high value of experimental activation energy was obtained for lower stresses, and a very high value of apparent activation energy was observed for higher temperatures. The peak compressive strength was very sensitive to temperature and strain rate but relatively insensitive to density. While the initial tangent modulus is not-sensitive to strain rate, it increases with decreasing temperature and density.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vi, 75 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-10
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a184816.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9029
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Review of previous work Specimen preparation Material Molding Testing procedure and apparatus Test results Definition of strain and stress Definition of creep failure Definition of failure in constant-strain-rate tests Definition of initial yield strength Determination of initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Creep behavior General nature of the creep process and the failure mode Minimum creep rate Time to creep failure Relationship between t, and tm Creep failure strain and failure criterion Creep model and prediction of creep strain Strength behavior General stress-strain behavior and failure mode Peak compressive strength Initial yield strength Failure strain Initial yield strain Initial tangent modulus 50% peak strength modulus Correspondence between constant-stress tests and constant-strain-rate tests Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Unfrozen water content data Appendix B: Physical properties of samples tested
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  • 8
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    Resilient modulus of freeze-thaw affected granular soils for pavement design and evaluation; Part 3: Laboratory tests on soils from Albany County Airport (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/2
    In: CRREL Report, 87-2
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the third in a series of four reports on the laboratory and field testing of a number of road and airfield subgrades, covering the laboratory repeated-load triaxial testing of five soils in the frozen and thawed states and analysis of the resulting resilient modulus measurements. The laboratory testing procedures allow simulation of the gradual increase in stiffnessfound in frost-susceptible soils after thawing. The resilient modulus is expressed in a nonlinear model in terms of the applied stresses, the soil moisture tension level (for unfrozen soil), the unfrozen water content (for frozen soil) and the dry density. The resilient modulus is about 10 GPa for the frozen material at temperatures in the range of -5° to -8° C. The decrease in modulus with increasing temperature was well-modeled in terms of the unfrozen water content. Upon thaw, the modulus dropped to about 100 MPa and generally increased with increasing confining stress and decreased with increasing principal stress ratio. The modulus also increased with the soil moisture tension level. The resilient Poisson's ratio did not appear to be a systematic function of any of the test variables.
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    Pages: iii, 36 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-2
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a179253.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9037
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sections and materials Specimen preparation Test soils Asphalt concrete Laboratory testing Soil testing Waveforms of applied stress Asphalt concrete Data reduction and analysis Soil Asphalt concrete Results and discussion General Resilient modulus Summary Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Soil moisture tension versus water content for several test soils Appendix B: Tabulated results for all tests on frozen and thawed soils
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  • 9
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    Geochemistry of freezing brines : low-temperature properties of sodium chloride (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/13
    In: CRREL Report, 87-13
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solutions change rapidly below 25C, but these properties are seldom measured over the low temperature range (below 0C), even though some salt solutions can remain unfrozen to -50C. The heat capacities of concentrated solutions (0.5-0.6 molal) of NaC-H2O were measured from 25C to -40C as part of a study to provide thermodynamic data of salt solutions for use in cold regions chemical and geophysical studies. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to measure specific heat capacity from cooling scans as a function of temperature and concentration. The heat capacity data were fit to the equations of Pitzer and coworkers to obtain activity and osmotic coefficients of NaC and H2O, respectively, below o C. Supercooling of the solutions was encouraged by using a fast scan rate (10d2/minute) so that specific heat could be measured to lower temperatures than would be possible if the solutions were allowed to equilibrate with the solid phases. The solubility of ice was calculated and compared to the experiment freezing point of NaC solutions.
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    Pages: ii, 16 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-13
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA185751
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9035
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Physical and structural characteristics of Weddel Sea pack ice (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/14
    In: CRREL Report, 87-14
    Description / Table of Contents: During February and March 1980 the physical properties of Weddell Sea pack ice were investigated via core drilling of 66 floes located along the transect of 600 nautical miles from 64°S to 74°S latitude at roughly 40°W longitude. These studies revealed widespread frazil ice in amounts not known to exist in Arctic sea ice of comparable age and thickness. It is estimated from structure studies of 62 of the 66 floes that 54% of the total ice production of the Weddell Sea is generated as frazil. The disposition and exceptional thickness of the frazil show that mechanisms other than surface turbulence effects are involved and imply that the circulation and structure of the water in the upper levels of the Weddell Sea are significantly different from those in the Arctic basin. Salinities of both first-year and multi-year floes are notably higher than those of their Arctic counterparts because summer surface melting is rare or absent in the Weddell Sea; in the Arctic, downward percolating meltwater flushes through the ice and lowers its salinity. Fluorescence was evaluated as a means of revealing biological activity in Weddell Sea pack ice. It proved useful as an index of combined living and dead material in the ice, but measurements failed to establish any consistent relationship between fluorescence and salinity as suggested be earlier work in the Weddell Sea.
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    Pages: iv, 80 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-14
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA188189
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9036
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sea ice structure and classification Logistics and field operations Analytical techniques Crystalline structure Fluorescence Results Salinity Crystalline structure Fluorescence Description of selected floes Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Floe descriptions
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  • 11
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    Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Meßgutinhomogenitäten auf das Signal radiometrischer Meßstrecken (1987)
    Leipzig : Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentralinstitut für Isotopen- und Strahlenforschung
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    Call number: ZSP-980-131
    In: ZfI-Mitteilungen, Nr. 131
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 142 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0323-8776
    Series Statement: ZfI-Mitteilungen 131
    Language: German
    Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 2. Aufgabenstellung. - 3. Untersuchungen zur Beschreibung des von Meßgutinhomogenitäten verursachten Meßfehlers. - 3.1. Berechnung der Größe des Meßfehlers für verschiedene Meßanordnungen. - 3.1.1. Transmissionsmessung mit Gammastrahlung. - 3.1.2. 2-Energien-Gammastrahlungs-Transmissionsmeßverfahren. - 3.1.3. Streumeßverfahren. - 3.1.4. Andere Meßverfahren. - 3.2. Experimentelle Überprüfung. - 3.2.1. Ziel der Experimente. - 3.2.2. Beschreibung des Meßaufbaues. - 3.2.3. Durchführung und Ergebnisse der Experimente. - 3.2.4. Größe der Meßgutinhomogenitäten an zwei konkreten Aschemeßstellen. - 4. Vier Verfahren zur Eliminierung und Korrektur des Einflusses der Meßgutinhomogenitäten. - 4.1. Messung des Inhomogenitätsparemeters γ und nachträgliche Korrektur. - 4.1.1. Prinzip des Verfahrens. - 4.1.2. Eine Methode zur Messung des Parameters γ an schnell bewegtem Meßgut. - 4.1.2.1. Beschreibung der γ-Meßmethode. - 4.1.2.2. Experimenteller Test der γ-Meßmethode. - 4.1.3. Hinweise zur Anwendung. - 4.2. Unterteilung der Gesamtmaßzeit in kurze Elementarmeßzeiten. - 4.2.1. Prinzip des Verfahrens. - 4.2.2. Probleme des Verfahrens. - 4.2.2.1. Überblick. - 4.2.2.2. Rechenzeit. - 4.2.2.3. Statistische Effekte durch das Logarithmieren kleiner Impulszahlen. - 4.2.2.4. Restfehler, verursacht durch noch verbleibende r-Schwankungen während der Elementarmeßzeit. - 4.2.3. Erfahrungen bei der praktischen Anwendung. - 4.3. Messung mit langer Totzeit. - 4.3.1. Prinzip des Verfahrens. - 4.3.2. Messung mit nachgeführter Totzeit. - 4.3.3. Messung mit zwei unterschiedlichen Totzeiten. - 4.4. Meßsignalgewinnung aus der Zeitintervallverteilung. - 4.4.1. Prinzip des Verfahrens. - 4.4.2. Experimentelle Überprüfung. - 4.4.3. Probleme des Verfahrens. - 4.4.4. Messung mit speziellem Impulsgenerator zur Linearisierung der mittleren Impulsdichte. - 5. Vergleich der Verfahren zur Eliminierung und Korrektur des Einflusses der Meßgutinhomogenitäten. - 6. Konzept für ein Aschemeßgerät auf der Basis der 2-Energien-Gammastrahlungs-Transmission mit Signalgewinnung aus der Zeitintervallverteilung. - 7. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen. - Anlagen 1 - 19. - Erläuterung der Formelzeichen, der Indizes und einiger Begriffe. - Literaturverzeichnis.
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    Microwave and structural properties of saline ice (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/20
    In: CRREL Report, 87-20
    Description / Table of Contents: The structure and salinity characteristics of saline ice slabs removed from ice sheets grown in an outdoor pool have been studied and related to the complex relative dielectric permittivity measured with free-space transmission techniques at 4.80 and 9.50 GHz. The saline ice closely simulated arctic sea ice in its structural and salinity characteristics, which were regularly monitored in a number of ice sheets grown during the winters of 1983-84 and 1984-85. In-situ transmission measurements at similar frequencies were also made on the ice sheets themselves using antennas located above and beneath the ice. The slab measurements were made during warming from -29° to -2°C on slabs grown during the winter of 1983-84 (4.75 GHz) and during a warming and cooling cycle over a slightly larger temperature range on slabs grown during the winter of 1984-85 (4.80 and 9.50 GHz).
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-20
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a189307.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9022
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Part I - Structural properties Introduction Experimental setup Analytical techniques Results and discussion 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments Conclusions and recommendations Part Il - Microwave properties Introduction Measurement techniques Results 1983-84 experiments 1984-85 experiments 1984-85 in-situ experiments Discussion Comparison of data Analytical modeling Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Dielectric mixing model of sea ice
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  • 13
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    Crystal structure and salinity of sea ice in Hebron Fiord and vicinity, Labrador (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/4
    In: CRREL Report, 87-4
    Description / Table of Contents: In this report we present results of measurements of the crystalline structure and salinity characteristics of sea ice in Hebron Fiord and vicinity, Labrador. Structurally, the fiord ice was entirely first year and composed predominantly of congelation, columnar-type crystals. At most of the sampling sites the ice exhibited moderately to strongly aligned c-axes consistent with the inferred direction of near surface currents in the fiord. Generally diminished values of bulk salinity at five separate locations reflect the warm ice conditions encountered at the time of sampling (late May) and the effect of meltwater flushing in promoting loss of brine, vertically, from the ice sheet. Observations outside Hebron Fiord indicated the presence of only minor amounts of multiyear ice during the latter part of May.
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    Pages: iii, 25 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-4
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9043
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling procedure Analytical techniques Salinities Crystal structure Results Salinity Crystal structure Brine layer spacing Incidental temperatures Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Vertical and horizontal thin section photographs of sea ice from various sites
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    Mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice : phase 1: ice structure analysis (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/3
    In: CRREL Report, 87-3
    Description / Table of Contents: This report describes the structural analysis of multi-year sea ice samples that were tested in the first phase of a program designed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of multi-year sea ice from the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Each test specimen is classified into one of three major ice texture categories: granular, columnar, or a mixture of columnar and granular ice. The crystallographic orientation, percent columnar ice, and grain size are then evaluated for the granular and/or columnar ice in the sample. Test results are interpreted with respect to these parameters. The overall composition of multi-year ridges is also considered, based on the extensive field sampling that was done in the program
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 40 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-3
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a181205.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9044
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sample analysis Continuous multi-year ridge core Tested multi-year ridge ice samples Tested multi-year floe ice samples Ice description Uniaxial constant-strain-rate compression tests Uniaxial constant-load compression tests Uniaxial constant-strain-rate tension tests Triaxial constant-strain-rate compression test Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Multi-year ridge sample data Appendix B: Multi-year floe sample data
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  • 15
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    Electromagnetic property trends in sea ice; Part I (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/6
    In: CRREL Report, 87-6
    Description / Table of Contents: Two-phase dielectric mixing model results are presented showing the electromagnetic properties of sea ice versus depth. The modeled data are compared with field measurements and show comparable results. It is also shown how the model data can be used in support of impulse radar and airborne electromagnetic(AEM) remote sensing of sea ice. Examples of the remote measurement of sea ice thickness using impulse radar operating in the 80- to 300-MHz frequency band and low-frequency (500 to 30,000 Hz) sounding techniques are presented and discussed. Keywords: Polar regions; Radar pulses.
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    Pages: vii, 55 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-6
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9041
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Sea ice growth and structure Model sea ice Brine salinity Seawater and model brine conductivity Complex dielectric constant of brine Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 MHz Electromagnetic properties of model sea ice at 100 and 500 MHz and 1 and 5 GHz Example of impulse radar sea ice profiling results Example of frequency-domain electromagnetic sea ice thickness sounding Concluding remarks Literature cited
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    Evaluation of the magnetic induction conductivity method for detecting frazil ice deposits (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/17
    In: CRREL Report, 87-17
    Description / Table of Contents: The ability to map frazil ice deposits and water channels beneath an ice-covered river in central Alaska using the magnetic induction conductivity (MI) technique has been assessed. The study was performed during the first week of March of 1986 on the Tanana River near Fairbanks and employed a commercially available instrument operating at a fixed frequency with a fixed antenna (coil) spacing and orientation. Comparisons of the MI data with theoretical models based upon physical data measured along three cross sections of the river demonstrate the sensitivity of the MI technique to frazil ice deposits. The conductivity generally derived for the frazil ice deposits encountered is very low (approx. .00063 s/m) when compared with the measured value for water (approx. 0.011 S/m), and is similar to the calculated values for gravel and sandy gravel bed sediments. In all three cross sections, maxima in the apparent conductivity profiles correlated with frazil ice deposits. Difficulties, possibly due to adverse effects of cold weather upon instrument calibration, affected the quantitative performance of the instrument on one cross section, although the interpretation of the data (locations of open channels vs frazil deposits) was qualitatively unaffected.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-17
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a186940.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9023
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Magnetic induction conductivity method Site description and survey methods Cross section field data and modeling results X6 X3A X4 Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A: Discussion of errors Appendix B: Modeling data
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    National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR : I. Record of activities (past and ongoing) April 1986 - October 1987 ; II. Planned activities October 1987 - October 1988 (1987)
    Bremerhaven : Federal Republic of Germany, National Commitee on Antarctic Research
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    Call number: ZSP-SCAR-570-9
    In: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR, No. 9
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 34 Seiten
    ISSN: 0179-0072
    Series Statement: National Antarctic Research Report to SCAR 9
    Language: English
    Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research in the Federal Republic of Germany. - Members of Permanent Working Groups and Groups of Specialists of SCAR. - Introduction. - Stations. - I. Record of Activities (past and ongoing), April 1986 - October 1987. - II. Planned Activities, October 1987 - October 1988. - References. - Addenda to Former Reports. - Index of Activities.
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    Bruchtektonik und Magmatismus im Gebiet der Jetty-Oase, McRobertson Land (Ostantaktika) : ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung des Lambert-Riftes (1987)
    Leipzig : Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
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    Call number: ZSP-292-438
    In: Freiberger Forschungshefte, 438
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 38 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    ISBN: 3-342-00952-7
    ISSN: 0071-9404
    Series Statement: Freiberger Forschungshefte : C 438 : Geowissenschaften - Geologie
    Language: German
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  • 19
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    Approximate solutions of heat conduction in a medium with variable properties (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/19
    In: CRREL Report, 87-19
    Description / Table of Contents: The approximate heat balance integral method (HBIM) is extended to the case of a medium with variable properties such as snow. The case of linear variation of thermal conductivity was investigated. An alternative heat balance integral method (AHBIM) was developed. Both constant surface temperature and surface heat flux were considered. A comparison was made of the temperature distribution from the HBIM, AHBIM and an analytical method for the case of constant surface temperature. In general, results agree quite well with the analytical method for small values of dimensionless time τ, but the difference becomes more pronounced as τ increases. It was found that the AHBIM with a quadratic temperature profile gave a somewhat better result, especially when the value of the dimensionless distance η is small. For a specific property function of E(η) = eη, closed form solutions were obtained. The results, when compared with those from HBIM, AHBIM and the analytical method were found to agree exceptionally well with the analytical method, especially for large values of τ.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 26 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-19
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a186933.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9021
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Mathematical analysis Constant surface temperature Constant surface heat flux Comparison with exact solution Alternative method Conclusions and comments Literature cited Appendix A: Derivation of equation 25 Appendix B: Derivations of equations 37 and 40 Appendix C: Derivation of equations 37a and 40
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    Tensile strength of frozen silt (1987)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-201-87/15
    In: CRREL Report, 87-15
    Description / Table of Contents: Constant strain-rate tension tests were conducted on remolded saturated frozen Fairbanks silt at various temperatures, strain rates, and densities. It was found that the critical strain rate of the ductile-brittle transition is not temperature-dependent at temperatures down to -5°C, but varies with density. The peak tensile strength decreases considerable with decreasing strain rate for ductile failure, but it decreases slightly with increasing strain rate for brittle fracture. The failure strain remains almost constant at temperatures lower than about -2°C, but it varies with density and strain rate at -5°C. The initial tangent modulus is independent of strain rate and increases with decreasing temperature and density.
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    Pages: v, 29 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 87-15
    URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a185483.pdf
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9033
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Testing Material Specimen preparation Testing procedure and apparatus Results Discussion Peak tensile strength, σm Failure tensile strain, ϵf Initial tangent modulus and 50% peak strength modulus Discussion of test techniques Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Physical properties of Fairbanks silt specimens Appendix B: Unfrozen water content data of Fairbanks silt with three typical water contents
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    Internal friction of single-crystal ice (1973)
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
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    Call number: ZSP-202-243
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 243
    Description / Table of Contents: The internal friction of single-crystal ice has been attributed to reorientation of the water molecule under periodic stress. However, the theory for damped dislocations, which offers another mechanism for the internal friction of ice, has not been investigated. The effects of scratching the surface of 41 ice samples and X-irradiating and plastically deforming them were evaluated. The effects observed on the internal friction of pure, single-crystal ice, in the flexure mode of oscillation between 400 and 1400 Hz, supported the existence of a dislocation-controlled mechanism, with the drag produced by the interaction of the dislocation with the protons in the crystal. In addition, analysis of the detailed shape of the data curve showed two peaks of tan delta as a function of temperature. The second peak, which had not been previously reported, had an activation energy of 0.16 eV and a relaxation time of 1.7 x 10^8 sec at infinite temperature. These experiments indicated that both peaks vrere controlled by the dislocation mechanism described above.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 243
    URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/5931
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Previous work. - Previous theory. - Internal friction of a crystal. - Granato-Lücke theory of dislocation damping. - Double kink mechanism. - Mechanisms not involving dislocations. - Experimental work. - Experimental approach. - Experimental apparatus. - Mode of oscillation. - Automated system. - Support, acoustic isolation, and temperature control. - Sample preparation. - X-ray apparatus. - Data analysis. - Stage I. - Stage II. - Stage III. - Experimental results and discussion. - The second peak. - Interpretation of scratching, X-irradiation, and plastic deformation. - Scratching. - X-irradiation. - Plastic deformation. - Supporting research. - Interpretation of the two peaks. - Conclusions. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Computer programs. - Abstract.
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    Der Strahlungshaushalt der Atmosphäre in Modell-Zyklonen und Antizyklonen (1973)
    Berlin : Nationalkomitee für Geodäsie und Geophysik der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik
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    Call number: MOP Per 581(2/17) ; ZSP-319/B-17
    In: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre, Heft 17
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 36, 21 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISSN: 0533-7585
    Series Statement: Geodätische und geophysikalische Veröffentlichungen : Reihe 2, Solarterrestrische Beziehungen und Physik der Atmosphäre 17
    Language: German
    Note: Enthält auch: Untersuchung über die Möglichkeit der Beobachtung leuchtender Nachtwolken (LNW) von künstlichen Erdsatelliten aus / J. Hopp , INHALT - Der Strahlungshaushalt der Atmosphäre in Modell-Zyklonen und Antizyklonen / H. Wörner: 1. Kurzreferat. - 2. Einleitung. - 3. Formeln zur Berechnung des Strahlungshaushalts. - 3.1. Ableitung einer Formel für die kurzwellige Reflexstrahlung des Systems Erde-Atmosphäre. - 3.2. Formeln für die Berechnung der momentanen Strahlungsleistung in mly • min-1. - 3.3. Formeln für die Berechnung der 24stündigen Strahlungsenergiesummen in ly • d-1 und der resultierenden 24stündigen Temperaturänderung der Gesamtatmosphäre. - 4. Vergleich der nach Formel (1O) berechneten Werte der momentanen Albedo des Systems Erde-Atmosphäre mit Rechnungen anderer Autoren sowie mit Meßergebnissen. - 5. Vergleich von berechneten Karten der kurz- und langwelligen Ausstrahlung des Systems Erde-Atmosphäre mit Satellitenstrahlungskarten am 7. Juli 1970. - 6. Der Strahlungshaushalt im Bereich von Modellzyklonen und -antizyklonen. - 6.1. Konstruktion der Modelle. - 6.2. Die Eingangsparameter der Berechnung und deren Variation. - 6.3. Modellzyklone. Feld der strahlungsbedingten 24stündigen Temperaturänderung in mehreren Varianten. - 6.4. Modellantizyklone. Feld der strahlungsbedingten 24stündigen Temperaturänderung in mehreren Varianten. - 6.5. Fehler der langwelligen Strahlungsbilanz bei abweichendem Temperaturfeld. - 7. Vergleich der für die Modellzyklone berechneten Felder der lang- und kurzwelligen Strahlungsbilanz mit anderen Strahlungsmodellen. - 8. Übersicht über die strahlungsbedingte Temperaturänderung in Zyklonen und Antizyklonen bei verschiedenen synoptischen Situationen. - 9. Literaturverzeichnis. - 10. Anhang: Beispiel eines Rechenprogramms (in FORTRAN). , INHALT - Untersuchung über die Möglichkeit der Beobachtung leuchtender Nachtwolken (LNW) von künstlichen Erdsatelliten aus / J. Hopp: Kurzreferat. - 1. Allgemeine Betrachtungen. - 1.1. Jahreszeitliches Auftreten der LNW. - 1.2. Geographische Verteilung der LNW. - 1.3. Tageszeitliche Sichtbarkeitsbedingungen der LNW. - 2. Photometrische Betrachtungen. - 2.1. Diskussion der bekannten Werte. - 2.2. Überlegungen zur Berechnung der Leuchtdiche der LNW. - 2.2.1. Geometrische Kennwerte der LNW. - 2.2.1.1. Die vertikale Erstreckung der Aerosolwolke. - 2.2.1.2. Die Partikeldichte in den LNW. - 2.2.1.3. Geometrische Gestalt und Durchmesserverteilung der Partikel. - 2.2.1.4. Horizontale Erstreckung der Modellwolke. - 2.2.2. Photometrische Kennwerte der LNW. - 2.2.2.1. Der Streukoeffizient des Aerosols. - 2.2.2.2. Die Streufunktion des Aerosols. - 2.2.2.3. Die Lichtstärke der LNW. - 2.2.2.4. Die Leuchtdichte der LNW. - 2.2.2.5. Die Albedowerte der LNW. - 2.3. Beobachtung der LNW aus Satellitenbahnen. - 2.3.1. Betrachtungen über die Lageverhältnisse. - 2.3.1.1. Die Position der Sonne im Horizontalsystem der LNW. - 2.3.1.2. Die Koordinaten des Satelliten im Horizontalsystem der LNW. - 2.3.2. Die extraterrestrische Leuchtdichte der LNW. - 2.3.2.1. Vergleich der Leuchtdichte Boden- zu Höhenbeobachtung. - 2.3.2.2. Die Leuchtdichte des Himmelshintergrundes. - 2.3.2.3. Beobachtung der LNW vor der Dämmerungszone. - 3. Abschließende Bemerkungen. - 4. Literaturverzeichnis.
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