ALBERT

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Background Objectives Profiling system Approach Profiling method Data reduction and interpretation Results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Comparison of ground and aerial data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction I. Initiation of ice jams by partial surface obstructions A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedure C. Dimensional analysis D. Presentation of results and discussion ΙΙ. Thickness of ice jams due to accumulation and transport of ice floes A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedures C. Presentation of results E. Conclusion III. Compressive strength of floating fragmented ice covers A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental setup and procedure C. Presentation of results and discussion D. Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results on ice jam initiation Appendix B: Effect of surface tension on submergence velocity of ice floes Appendix C: Experimental results for ice jam thickness study Appendix D: Experimental results on compressive strength of fragmented ice cover

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurements Introduction The freezing proeess Icing observations Geographical distribution of icing and contributing meteorological conditions Extreme icing conditions Extremes of icc accumulation Prediction of icing occurrences Prediction of icing intensity and rate Control methods Measurement of icing rate Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Maps of icing occurrence and rate Appendix B. Data for computing ship icing rates Appendix C. Estimation of ice accumulation

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Low slope roof problems and repair costs Protected membrane roofs and materials Installations of protected membrane roofs Performance evaluation Test program Effectiveness Thermal efficiency Heat balance Internal cooling due to rain Moisture absorption and thermal conductivity of insulations Durability and life expectancy Fire resistance Patent considerations Costs of roofs Design considerations Proposed specifications Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: Contents Introduction The discovery Age of the island Island visit Other islands of grounded ice Discussion Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors: U.S. customary to SI metric units Introduction Typical methods of constructing ice bridges Current knowledge Test program Objectives Equipment Procedure Data General Specific ice sheets Test results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental work SCR samples CAG samples CMS samples UAG samples SI samples Optical system Equipment Procedure Photographic work Large cracks and fissures Small damage to the surface Small damage to the buIk Results Damage as a function of the position x of the focal point; n(x) Damage as a function of the number of irradiations #; n(#) Damage as a function of crystallographic orientation ĉ; n (ĉ); p (ĉ) Damage as a function of surface structure Damage as a function of age A; n (A) Damage as a function of wavelength λ; p(λ) Systematic study of damage as a function of W, t, m and s; n(W, t, m, s) Analysis Fracture in ice Mechanisms for optically generated damage in transparent dielectrics Discussion of the results Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Definition of revegetation Definition of restoration Objectives Some revegetation considerations Site conditions Nutrient regime Plant adaptations Native species vs introduced species Methods Seedbed preparation Seeding methods Timing of seeding Seed mixes Fertilization Agronomic grasses and legumes Selection criteria Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Effect of revegetation methods Site conditions Maintenance of herbaceous cover Introduced woody species Native species — succession Significance of disturbance Primary succession Secondary succession Herbaceous native species Selection Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Effect of revegetation methods Woody native species Selection Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Native species and agronomic species, in combination Recommendations for research Summary Bibliography Appendix: Species tested

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of study Sample preparation Test equipment and procedure Discussion of results Stress-density relationship Stress-deformation relationship Summary and conclusions Microstructural examination of artifically compacted snow Analytical techniques Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Photographs of oscilloscope traces

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Grain growth Stressed particle contacts Fluid pressure Packing geometry Temperature distribution and heat flow Fluid and impurity flows Results The liquid film Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Theory Solution by superposition Solution by Fourier integral Solution by Fourier series Application and results Literature cited Appendix A: Bearing capacity of river ice for military vehicles Appendix B: Vehicle specifications Appendix C: Fortran II computer program

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The protected membrane roof Winter construction considerations Construction costs Conclusion

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Background Objective and procedure Theory of plane surface waves Waveguide design and characteristics Physical apparatus Frequency characteristics Spatial distribution of Ey above the guide Guide wave length Surface wave interaction with a slab discontinuity Experiments with a trough Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The problem The solution Method of numerical integration Ramp/steady loading Curve fitting to time lapse deflections Asymptotic deflection Deflection profiles Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix I. Analytical background Appendix II. Computer programs, ramp time profiles and steady time profiles

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Segregation freezing Analysis Heat conduction in the nascent ice layer Water flow in the unfrozen soil Heat transfer in the unfrozen soil Energy balance at the segregation-freezing front Numerical computation Literature cited Appendix A. Essence of Portnov’s method Appendix B. Frost-heaving without air available

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) Units of measurement Introduction Test procedure Pavement types Deicing chemicals Description of tests Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Test results Appendix B: Portland cement concrete materials data

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Procedure Results Discussion PE solvent soak and swelling PE solvent soak and puncture Film puncture rate effect Bending orientation Comparative tables and graphs Puncture and temperature Bending and temperature Test result vs thickness and weight General considerations Conclusion and recommendations Literature cited Appendix Detailed data tables Denier explanation

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors for U.S. customary and SI units Introduction Theory Examples Discussion Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Previous work Results Models for predicting thickness from ice freeboard Comparison between measured and predicted thicknesses Spectral behavior of measured and predicted profiles Comparisons of ice thickness using airborne laser profilometry Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Misgivings on isostatic imbalance as a mechanism for sea ice cracking

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: Metric (SI) to U.S. customary units of measurement Introduction Selection of experimental approach Previous investigations of effect of freeze-thaw on soil deform ability Selection of laboratory test method Selection of method of field validation tests Field repeated-load plate-bearing tests Test pavements, soils and materials Test procedures and results Resilient modulus of subgrade calculated from field tests Mathematical model Characterization of asphalt concrete Characterization of frozen silt Calculated resilient modulus of silt within the zone of freezing Laboratory repeated-load triaxial tests Specimens, equipment and testing procedures Apparatus Procedures Resilient properties calculated from laboratory tests Calculation methods Asphalt concrete - test results Asphalt concrete - statistical analysis and discussion Silt - test results Silt - statistical analysis Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Repeated-load plate-bearing test results Appendix B. Laboratory repeated-load triaxial test results Appendix C. Regression equation coefficients for resilient modulus and Poisson’s ratio from repeated-load triaxial test data on asphalt concrete and silt Appendix D. Detailed procedures for repeated-load triaxial testing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Principles of cutting Forces acting on a single cutter Theoretical Ideas on cutting Experimental data on cutting forces Effect of chipping depth on tool forces Effect of rake angle on tool forces Effect of relief angle on cutting forces Effect of side rake on tool forces Effect of base angle or face profile on tool forces Effect of rounding at the cutting edge Effect of tool width on cutting forces Tool compliance and force fluctuations Effect of tool speed on cutting forces Effect of rock properties on cutting forces Tool interaction and kerf spacing Effect of multiple pass cutting on tool forces Effect of tool wear on cutting forces Development of wear Energetics of cutting Energetics of parallel-motion tools Variation of specific energy with chipping depth for a single tool Effect of rake angle on specific energy Effect of relief angle on specific energy Effect of side rake on specific energy Effect of base angle or face profile on specific energy Effect of tip radius on specific energy Effect of tool width on specific energy Effect of tool speed on specific energy Variation of specific energy with rock properties Effect of kerf spacing on specific energy Effect of multiple pass cutting on specific energy Effect of tool wear on specific energy General summary Literature cited Appendix Α. Additional data for ice Appendix Β. Conversion factors: U.S. customary and metric units of measurement

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sea ice characteristics Ridging intensity Arctic terrain characteristics databank Digital terrain maps Digital laser profiles Standard terrain tapes Mobility analysis Terrestrial and coastal characteristics Northern Alaska Interior Alaska Arctic USSR Northern Canada and Greenland Climatological characteristics General features Surface winds Temperatures Precipitation and visibility Electromagnetic/optical propagation Ecological effects of SEV operations SK-5 tests Simulated SEV tests Conclusions Literature cited Additional CRREL SEV Bibliography

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Conversion factors for U.S. customary and SI units Introduction Access within the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed Trail access Helicopter access Road access Alternative approaches Long-term recorders Telemetry systems Remote sensing Relative costs A desirable system Selected bibliography

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Terminology Trajectories of fixed tools Trajectories of roller cutters and indenters Speed of fixed cutting tools Speed of rolling disc cutters Speed and geometry of "wide" roller cutters Skidding rollers "Spiked" rollers Epicyclic or planetary mechanisms Chipping depth and penetration rate Chip production and cutting removal rate Balancing cutting and clearing rates in flight augers Tool relief angles - kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Distribution and spacing of cutting tools Radial tool spacing Angular tool spacing Spacing in the axial direction Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors for U.S.customary and SI units Introduction Materials, instruments, measurements Experiments with water freezing in fine pores Freezing experiments with bulk water Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Analysis Melting period Freezing period Calculation Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Justification of using eq 8 for the calculation of heat transfer coefficient h

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Climate Site selection Instrumentation, measurements and calibration Installation of automatic water temperature recording system Visual observations and ice structure St. Albans Shelburne Analysis Temperature comparison Water temperature measuring system Changes in water temperature Wind Degree-days of freezing Prediction of ice formation Bubbler system Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Introduction Terminology Chipping depth Production and conveyance of cuttings Tool trajectories Tool speeds Tool relief angles — kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Belt curvature, slackness and flexibility Tool layout Longitudinal tool spacing Transverse tool spacing Cross-section profiles of the kerf Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site description Background and objectives Project history Approach General Aircraft imagery and sensor data LANDSAT imagery Ground truth data Results and discussion Remote sensing techniques Conventional techniques Comparison of results Conclusions Advantages and disadvantages Applications Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Water movement through snow Vertical percolation Lateral flow Flat roofs Sloping roofs Rainfall intensity-duration effects Miscellaneous effects Radial flow to drains Flow along gutters on snow-covered roofs Snow structure Basal layer Conclusion Literature citied Appendix A. Computer program calculating roof loads from rain-on-snow

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Location of test sites Fairbanks Anchorage Hanover, N.H. Test program Instrumentation Effectiveness Therma lefficiency Heat balance within the roof Comparisons with conventional systems Conclusions Effectiveness of the test roof Thermal efficiency Heat balance within the roof Applicability Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Temperature and heat flow measurements, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix B. Thermal efficiencies of the test roof, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix C. January 1973 and August 1972 comparisons of protected membrane and conventional built-up membrane systems at Hanover, New Hampshire

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling and analytical procedures Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Summary Introduction Recent ice research in Denmark General Structures with vertical faces Wedges with inclined faces Recording of the strength of natural ice Artificial ice — properties and manufacture General Composition of material Order of mixing ingredients Rupture theory Theoretical approach Initial contact Forces acting on wedge Maximum force and actual force Principal stress equations 8Dynamic equations Intermittent nature of force Theoretical curve Verifiction of theory by model tests Description Width of rupture channel Plotting of results Engineering application Comparison with Korahavin’s results Recommendations for future research References Appendix A

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Test site Pile driving equipment Test instrumentation Testing procedures Pile driving data Pile type vs driving resistance Closed-end vs open-end piles Calculated bearing capacity of pile Effect of pile driving on the embedment medium Pile inclination Slurried-in-place piles Pile load test data Strain gage instrumentation and results Pile excavation Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Theoretical elastic deflection of piles supported by skin friction Appendix B: Trench floor arching study

Note: Enthält auch: Methode und Anleitung zur weitgehend objektiven Ermittlung der Varietäten humifizierter Xylite unserer Weichbraunkohlen : Vortrag zum Berg- u. Hüttenmännischen Tag 1976 in Freiberg / von Gerhard Roselt

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft : Antarktika Enderby-Land = Gory Nemecko-Sovetskoj Družby : Antarktika Zemlja Ėnderbi 〈1 : 10 000〉 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Rezjume Abstract Teil I: Allgemeiner Teil 1. Arbeitsprogramm und Arbeitsgebiet (S. MEIER) 1.1. Arbeitsprogramm 1.2. Meßmethoden 1.3. Hauptarbeitsgebiet Hays-Gletscher 1.4. Lokale Eiskappe von Molodežnaja 1.5. Vergleichsobjekt Campbell-Gletscher 2. Expeditionsverlauf (K. DRESZLER) 3. Ausrüstung (K. DRESZLER) 4. Klimatische Bedingungen (K. DRESZLER) Teil II: Meßverfahren und -ergebnisse 1. Geodätische und kartographische Grundlagen 1.1. Festpunkte (R. EGER) 1.2. Kartenunterlagen (K. DRESZLER) 2. Geodätisch-glaziologische Traverse 2.1. Erkundung und Signalisierung (S. MEIER} 2.1.1. Verlauf der Traverse 2.1.2. Erkundung, Punktabstand 2.1.3. Signalisierung 2.2. Lagemessung und trigonometrische Höhenübertragung 2.2.1. Streckenmessung 2.2.2. Winkelmessung 2.2.3. Technologischer Ablauf 2.2.4. Auswertung der Messungsergebnisse 2.3. Astronomische Beobachtungen (R. DIETRICH) 2.4. Deformationsraten (S. MEIER) 2.5. Barometrisches Höhenprofil (R. DIETRICH) 2.5.1. Zielstellung 2.5.2. Das Meßverfahren 2.5.3. Diskussion der Fehlereinflüsse 2.5.3.1. Fehler im angenommenen theoretischen Modell 2.5.3.2. Fehler bei der praktischen Messung 2.5.4. Ergebnisse 2.6. Oberflächenneigungen (S. MEIER) 2.7. Photogrammetrische Geländeaufnahmen (K. DRESZLER) 2.7.1. Zunge des Hays-Gletschers 2.7. 2. Einzugsgebiet des Hays-Gletschers 2.8. Glaziologische Arbeiten (S. MEIER) 2.8.1. Ziel der Feldarbeiten 2.8.2. Pegelablesungen 2.8.3. Überblick über Firnaufgrabungen. Firnschichtung 2.8.4. Dichtemessungen 2.8.5. Firntemperaturmessungen 2.8.6. Akkumulationsraten und -profile 2.8.7. Oberflächenbeobachtungen 3. Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 3.1. Photogrammetrjsche Bewegungsmessungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher (K. DRESZLER) 3.2. Auswertung photogrammetrischer Bewegungsmessungen (S. MEIER) 3.2.1. Auswerteziel 3.2.2. Auswertefolge 3.2.3. Besonderheiten 3.2.4. Ergebnisse 3.2.5. Meßfehler 3.3. Trigonometrische Bewegungsmessungen am Campbell-Gletscher (R. EGER) 4. Eisdickenmessungen und Meereslotungen 4.1. Ergebnisse von Radarsondierungen (Messung V. I. CUDAKOV) G. W. TREPOV, Bearbeitung S. MEIER) 4.2. Ergebnisse von Gravimetermessungen (Messung N.D. TRETJAKOV, Bearbeitung C. OELSRER) 4.3. Drahtlotung Spooner-Bucht (S. MEIER) 5. Sonderarbeiten 5.1. Results of meteorological Observations at Camp Abendberg and during the oversnow traverses (E. KAUP) 5.1.1. Meteorological observations at Camp Abendberg 5.1.2. Meteorological Observations during the oversnow traverses 5.2. Küstennahe Ablation und temperierte Firnschicht (S. MEIER) 5.3. Analyse der Sedimentprobe vom Boden der Spooner-Bucht (J. ELIDBERG, F. FALK) 5.4. Refraktionsbeobachtungen (R. EGER) 5.4.1. Beobachtungsprogramm 5.4.2. Beobachtungsergebnisse 5.5. Untersuchungen zur barometrischen Höhenbestimmung von Einzelpunkten (R. DIETRICH) 5.5.1. Einführung 5.5.2. Beobachtungsverfahren und -geräte 5.5.3. Auswertungsmethode 5.5.4. Ergebnisse 5.5.5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen 5.6. Topographische Aufnahme der Berge der Deutsch-Sowjetischen Freundschaft (K. DRESZLER) 5.6.1. Allgemeine Beschreibung 5.6.2. Topographische Aufnahme 5.6.3. Photogrammetrische Auswertung 5.6.4. Kartographische Arbeiten (H. BRUNNER) 5.6.5. Ergebnis Teil IIIa Glaziologische Ergebnisse der Feldarbeiten (S. MEIER) 1. Topographie und Orographie 1.1. Topographie der Eisoberfläche 1.2. Topographie des Felsuntergrundes. Eisdicken 1.3. Abflußgebiete. Gletschergrenzen 1.4. Frontlagen und -höhen 2. Eisbewegung und Deformation 2.1. Frühere Beobachtungen am Hays- und Campbell-Gletscher 2.2. Geschwindigkeitsfeld Hays-Gletscher 2.3. Querkontraktion und Längsdilatation 2.4. Zeitliche Bewegungsschwankungen 2.5. Bewegung der schwimmenden Zunge und Kalbungsrhythmus 2.6. Geschwindigkeit und Kalbungsrhythmus des Campbell-Gletschers 3. Eigenschaften des Oberflächenfirns 3.1. Temperaturen und Temperaturgradienten 3.2. Dichte, Härte, Schichtung 3.3. Vorherrschende Winde und Schneedrift 4. Komponenten des Massenhaushalts 4.1. Schneeakkumulation 1972 4.2. Schneeablation 1972/73 4.3. Eisausstoß 5. Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen Literatur Anlagen Kartenbeilage , Zusammenfassung in russischer Sprache , Text teilweise in kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: Inhalt Vorwort 1. Beiträge zu den geologisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppen 4, 7, 9 1.1. OLSZAK, G.: Zur strukturellen Umformung der Erdkruste bei der Entwicklung regionaler tektonischer Elemente 1.2. PAECH, H.-J.: Kurzer Tätigkeitsbericht über geologische Arbeiten in der westlichen Antarktis (Shackleton Range) 1.3. JUBITZ, K.-B.: Die Entwicklung des Amadeus-Beckens in Zentralaustralien - Beckendynamik im Bereich alter Tafeln 1.4. TESCHKE, H.-J.: Sarmato-Turan-Lineament 1.5. SCHROEDER, E.: Probleme der Entwicklung und des Baues der Varisziden in Mitteleuropa und im Gebiet der UdSSR 1.6. SOHROEDER, E.: Beiträge zur vergleichenden Analyse tektonischer Strukturen im Variszikum des Südurals und Mitteleuropas 1.7. SCHWAB, G.; BENEK, R.; BRÜCKNER, W.; JUBITZ, K.-B.; LUDWIG, A.; MEIER, R.; NÖLDEKE, W.; STOLL, A.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Beckendynamik der Norddeutsch-Polnischen Senke - Paläomobilität im Bereich einer jungen Tafel (Fortschrittsbericht) 1.8. JUBITZ, K.-B.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Das IGCP-Projekt 86 "SW-Rand der Osteuropäischen Tafel" und seine Beziehungen zum Geodynamik-Projekt 1.9. KRAUSS, M.: Ein Beitrag zur paläotektonischen Abgrenzung, Gliederung und Entwicklung des westlichen Teils der Osteuropäischen Plattform während des Paläozoikum (Gebiet Dänemark - Baltikum) 1.10. LÜTZNER, H.: Sedimentation, Vulkanismus und Tektonik der variazischen Innenmolasse im Thüringer Wald - Studien zur Paläomobilität im Übergangsstockwerk zwischen Geosynklinal- und Tafeletappe im Gebiet der DDR 1.11. LÄCHELT, S.: Geologisch-tektonisch-magmatische Entwicklung und metallogenetische Prozesse 1.12. KRAMER, W.: Zu einigen basischen magmatischen Formationen im Gebiet der DDR und deren geotektonischer sowie metallegenetischer Bedeutung 1.13. RÖSLER, H.J.; WERNER, C.-D.: Variazische Initialmagmatite Mitteleuropas 1.14. BENEK, R.: Vulkanit-Formationen als Indikatoren der Krustenfelderung bzw. unterschiedlichen Mobilitätsverhaltens 1.15. BANKWITZ, P.: Überblick über Magmatismus und Metamorphose im Altpaläozoikum Mittel- und Westeuropas 1.16. LÄCHELT, S.: Beziehungen zwischen der Blocktektonik, dem Magmatismus und der endogenen Metallogenie im mitteleuropäischen Raum 1.17. PAECH, H.-J.: Zum Ablauf tektogener Deformationen im mitteleuropäischen Variszikum 1.18. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.: Zur Tektonik des Präkambriums der Elbezone und ihres Rahmens 1.19. BENEK, R.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.; NEUMANN, W.: Methodische Arbeiten im Kristallin des Baikal-Riftes 1.20. NEUMANN, W.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Nossen-Wilsdruffer Schiefergebirges (Saxothuringikum im Bereich des Zentralsächsischen Lineamentes) 1.21. LUDWIG, A.O.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Saxen von Mitteleuropa 1.22. MEIER, R.: Halogenese und Beckendynamik 1.23. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.: Geologische Interpretation rezenter Krustenbewegungen Osteuropas 1.24. LUDWIG, A.O.: Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Quartärforschung im südlichen Ostseeraum - Paläogeographie, Neotektonik, Aussagen zur Paläotektonik 1.25. ELLENBBRG, J.; FALK, F.; GRUMBT, E.; LÜTZNER, H.: Methodik der Untersuchungen von Molassen 1.26. NEUMANN, W.: Geologisches Modell zur Interpretation des tiefenseismischen NW - SE-Profils zwischen Granulit- und Erzgebirge 2. Beiträge zu der geophysikalisch-geodätisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppe 5 2.1. BÖLSCHE, J.; KRESSER, K.-D.: Erste Ergebnisse reflexionsseismischer Tiefenerkundung auf einem Profil von 30 km Länge im Süden der DDR 2.2. GRÄSSL, S.; HURTIG, E.; GRÜNTHAL, G.: Untersuchungen zum Bau der Erdkruste mit Hilfe seismischer Dreikomponentenregistrierungen 2.3. SCHULZE, A.: Untersuchungen zur Auflösung von Interferenzstrukturen seismischer Wellen mit Hilfe von Polarisationsfiltern 2.4. GROSSER, H.: Einfluß der Geometrie seismischer Punktwellen auf den Spektralinhalt des Wellenfeldes 2.5. STILLER, H.; WAGNER, F.C.; VOLLSTÄDT, H.: Die Geschwindigkeiten elastischer Wellen im klüftigen Gestein und in Erdbebengebieten 2.6. GRÜNTHAL, G.; HURTIG, E.: Zur .makroseismischen Auswertung des Friaul-Erdbebens vom 6. Mai 1976 auf dem Territorium der DDR 2.7. NEUNHÖFER, H.: Observation of microearthquakes in the Vogtland region since 1962 2.8. MAAZ, R.: Zur Statistik von Erdbeben 2.9. ELSTNER, CL.; HARNISCH, G.; ALTMANN, W.: Präzisionsgravimetrische Messungen auf der W - E-Linie der DDR 1970-76 2.10. FISCHER, H.; NEUBERT, R.: Instrumentelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Laser-Satellitenentfernungsmessung 2.11. MONTAG, H.; GENDT, G.: Zur Untersuchung geodynamischer Parameter mit Hilfe von Satellitenbeobachtungen 2.12. JOCHMANN, H.: Betrachtungen zur Variation einiger Parameter der Polbewegung 2.13. HÖPFNER, J.: Untersuchungen von Amplituden- und Phasenänderungen der CHANDLER-, Jahres- und Halbjahreswelle 2.14. ARNOLD, K.: Einige Betrachtungen zum Auftreten und zur Bedeutung von Lateralinhomogenitäten der Dichte im Erdinneren 2.15. WALZER, U.: Report on mantle convection 2.16. SEIPOLD, U.: Messungen der thermischen Eigenschaften von Gesteinen unter extremen Bedingungen 2.17. ULLMANN, W.: Thermische Zustandsgleichung und GRÜNEISEN-Parameter zur Erforschung des tiefen Erdinneren 2.18. DITTFELD, H.-J.: Experimentelle Aussagen zum dynamischen Effekt des flüssigen Erdkerns 2.19. KOWALLE, G.: Untersuchung zur Dämpfung seismischer Wellen im Erdkern 2.20. DONNER, F. ; GÖTHE, W.; KNOTHE, C.; OELSNER, C.; PORSTENDORFER, G.:Beiträge der Tiefenelektromagnetik, Tiefenseismik und Geothermie zum Geodynamik-Projekt 2.21. HURTIG, E.; STROMEYER, D.: Temperatur-Tiefenverteilung und Viskosität im oberen Erdmantel unter Europa 2.22. OELSNER, C.: Eine Wärmestromanomalie im Gebiet von Freiberg (Sachsen) (in memorian Ferdinand Reich) 2.23. STROMEYER, D.: Studien zur Inversion geothermischer Daten 2.24. MAYER, P.: Einige Ergebnisse magnetisoher Messungen· im Nordatlantik 2.25. MENNING, M.: Tektonische Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der paläomagnetischen Bearbeitung von Bohrkernen 2.26. ROTHER, K.; WIEGANK, F.: Zur Interpretation paläomagnetischer Daten von Europa 2.27. MUNDT, W.: Zum Nachweis lokaler Säkularvariationsanomalien im Gebiet der DDR 2.28. MUNDT, W.; PORSTENDORFER, G.: Mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen einer elektrischen Leitfähigkeitsanomalie im Erdmantel und anomalen magnetischen Säkularvariationen in Mitteleuropa 2.29. RITTER, E.: Zum Problem geoelektrischer Leitfähigkeitsanomalien und Tiefenbau von Kruste und oberem Mantel 2.30. HARWARDT, H.: Aufbau einer Strainmeteranlage in der Untertagestation Tiefenort 2.31. HARNISCH, G.: Zur Autokorrelationsfunktion der rezenten vertikalen Krustenbewegungen 2.32. THURM, H.; BANKWITZ, P.; HARNISCH, G.: Rezente horizontale Deformationen der Erdkruste im Südostteil der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 2.33. KAUTZLEBEN, H.: Zur geophysikalischen Interpretation der planetaren Dynamik der Erde 3. Ergänzende Literatur 3.1. Untersuchung zur Geologie und Geophysik von Meeresböden (WG 4) 3.2. Rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen (WG 5) 3.3. Beziehungen zwischen Metamorphose und Tektonik (WG 9) 4. Autorenverzeichnis , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorbemerkung Teilnehmerverzeichnis Vorträge 0. Meteorologische Einflüsse auf geodätische Messungen / Bahnert, G. 1.1 Terrestrische Refraktion und vertikale Temperaturverteilung über dem Inlandeis Antarktikas / Helbig, A. 1.2. Refraktionsschwankung und Turbulenz / Meier, S. 1.3. Opyt opredelenija pulsacii pokazatelja prelomlenija, c usredneniem izmerenij vo vremeni / Tikasz, E. 1.4. Fisičeskie osnovy slučajnych izmenenij uglov optičeskoj refrakcii v zemnoj atmosfere / Alekaeev, A. u.a. 1.5. Issledovanie refrakcii optičeskich voln v prizemnom sloe atmosfery / Alekseev, A. u.a. 2.1. Der Refraktionseinfluß auf Visuren bis 250 m Länge / Bahnert, G. 2.2. Trigonometrisches Nivellement im Testnetz der TH Praha / Hauf, M. 2.3. Bestimmung der Refraktion bei dem trigonometrischen Nivellement / Blazek, R. 2.4. Refraktionseinfluß auf trigonometrische Nivellements hoher Präzision / Milev, G. 2.5. Bestimmung der Refraktion bei der dreidimensionalen Triangulation insbesondere im Gebirge / Hradilek, L. 2.6. Neuere Untersuchungen in Refraktionsforschungen in Ungarn / Horvath, K. 2.7. Geodeziko-meteorologičeskij metod opredelenija bokovoj refrakcii / Djankov, I. 2.8. Issledovanija vlijanija fluktuacij sobstvennogo izlučenija lazerov i atmosfery na točnost' dispersionnogo metoda izmerenija refrakcii / Suškov, A. 2.9. Issledovanie vozmožnosti ispolzovanija predvestnika dlja oslablenija vlijanija atmosfery na geodezičeskie izmerenija / Galkin, J., Genike, A. 2.10. Brechungsindexschwankungen und die Interferenzerscheinung im Väisälä-Interferometer / Rauhut, J. 2.11. Zur Brechungsindexbestimmung mittels selbstregistrierender Luftrefraktometer auf der Standardbasis Potsdam / Kühne, K. 2.12. Erfassung des Refraktionseinflusses bei geodätischen Interferenzlängenmessungen mittels der Luftdispersion / Schüler, R. 3.1. Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung des vertikalen Tagesganges der bodennahen Refraktion zur Ableitung von Einsatzkriterien für Laserleitstrahlsysteme / Hübner, E. 3.2. Erfahrungen über die erreichbare Fluchtungsgenauigkeit mit Lasergeräten im Gelände / Freitag, P., Zschiesche, K. 3.3. Studium der Vibration und der Refraktion durch den Laser / Tlusty, J. 3.4. Beitrag zum Einfluß des systematischen Anteils der Luftturbulenz auf die Richtungsstabilität eines He-Ne-Laserstrahles in Erdbodennähe / Hübner, E. Empfehlungen , Beiträge zum Teil in deutscher, zum Teil in russischer Sprache , Text zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Einleitung. - 1.1. Ausgangssituation. - 1.2. Bestrahlungsanlagen als Basis strahlenchemischer Untersuchungen und Verfahren. - 1.3. Anforderungen der Praxis an ein Programmsystem zur Berechnung von Strahlenfeldern in γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen. - 2. Ableitung des Grundmodells. - 2.1. Ausgangspunkt. - 2.1.1. Punktförmige Strahlenquelle. - 2.1.2. Linienförmige Strahlenquelle. - 2.1.3. Anordnung mehrerer Strahlenquellen. - 2.2. Zugrundegelegte Struktur von Bestrahlungsanlage und Strahlenfeld. - 2.3. Geometrische Zusammenhänge. - 2.4. Berechnung der Bestrahlungsdosisleistung in einem Feldpunkt. - 3. Das Programm DOSKMF2. - 3.1. Übersicht. - 3.2. Eingabe. - 3.3. Aktivitätskorrektur. - 3.4. Auswahl der Feldpunkte. - 3.4.1. Zylinderkoordinaten. - 3.4.2. Quaderkoordinaten. - 3.4.3. Auswahl von Einzelpunkten. - 3.4.4. Variation der Rohrpositionen 3.5. Zyklusgestaltung, statistische Maßzahlen und Aufbereitung für graphische Ausgabe. - 3.5.1. Zylinderkoordinaten. - 3.5.2 Quaderkoordinaten. - 3.6. Programmtechnische Lösung. - 3.6.1. Struktur des Programms. - 3.6.2. Aufruf. - 3.6.3. Einschränkungen und programmtechnische Hinweise. - 3.7. Ein Demonstrationsbeispiel. - 3.7.1. Aufgabenstellung. - 3.7.2. Festlegung der Parameter. - 3.7.3. Resultate. - 4. Nutzung der graphischen Ausgabe. - 4.1. Ausgangspunkt und Voraussetzungen. - 4.2. Das Programm ISORADL. - 4.2.1. Übersicht. - 4.2.2. Die Programme ISOQ, ISOA. - 4.2.3. Problemlösung. - 4.2.4. Programmtechnische Lösung. - 4.2.5. Demonstrationsbeispiel. - 5. Einsatzmöglichkeiten des Programmpaketes. - 5.1. Übersicht. - 5.2. Prüfen von Voraussetzungen. - 5.3. Wechselwirkung Programmpaket-Realität. - 6. Berechnung und Modifikation von Strahlenfeldern bestehender Gammabestrahlungsanlagen. - 6.1. Technische Voraussetzungen. - 6.2. Prüfen der Anwendungsbedingungen für den Programmeinsatz. - 6.3. Durchgeführte Berechnungen. - 6.3.1. Aufklärung der Struktur des vorliegenden Strahlenfeldes. - 6.3.2. Darstellung typischer Bestrahlungskonfigurationen. - 6.3.2.1. Bestrahlung im Käfig. - 6.3.2.2. Bestrahlung flächenartiger Objekte. - 6.4. Berechnungen für eine neue Strahlenquellenkonfiguration. - 6.5. Schlußfolgerungen. - 7. Einsatz des Programmpaketes als Projektierungshilfsmittel. - 7.1. Nutzung für die Pilotanlage des PCK Bitterfeld. - 7.1.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 7.1.2. Berechnungen für Modellreaktoren. - 7.1.3. Auslegung eines Reaktors für die Pilotanlage. - 7.1.4. Kontrollrechnungen zur Dosimetrie des gefertigten Reaktors. - 7.2. Nutzung für eine industrielle Anlage des VEB PROWIKO Schönebeck. - 7.2.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 7.2.2. Entwurf eines Modellreaktors. - 7.2.3. Schlußfolgerungen für den Entwurf einer industriellen Anlage. - 8. Einige Gedanken zur Wechselwirkung Strahlenfeldberechnung - Dosimetrie am Beispiel zweier umschlossener γ-Bestrahlungsanlagen. - 8.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 8.2. Beschreibung der für den Vergleich wesentlichen Anlagenparameter. - 8.3. Durchgeführte dosimetrische Messungen. - 8.4. Durchgeführte Strahlenfeldberechnungen. - 8.5. Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 9. Erweiterte Nutzungsmöglichkeiten und Ausblick. - 10. Zusammenfassung. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Verzeichnis der Abbildungen. - Verzeichnis der Tabellen.

Note: Contents: Membership of the National Committee on Antarctic Research of the Federal Republic of Germany. - Introduction. - Station. - Antarctic Research Activities 1979-1980. - Planned Research Activities 1980-1981. - References.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard

Note: Contents: Abstract Preface Introduction Objectives Analytical techniques Procedures for growing urea ice sheets Analysis of the crystalline structure of urea ice Characteristics of urea ice Results and discussion Ice sheet no. 1 Ice sheet no. 2 Ice sheet no. 3 Ice sheet no. 4 Ice sheet no. 5 Ice sheet no. 6 Ice sheet no. 7 Ice sheet no. 8 Ice sheet no. 9 Ice sheet no. 10 Ice sheet no. 11 Ice sheet no. 12 Ice sheet no. 13 Ice sheet no. 14 Ice sheet no. 15 Ice sheet no. 16 Ice sheet no. 17 Ice sheet no. 18 Ice sheet no. 19 Ice sheet no. 20 Ice sheet no. 21 Ice sheet no. 22 Ice sheet no. 23 Ice sheet no. 24 Urea concentrations in test tank solution and ice Discussion and conclusions E/σf ratio Thickness of incubation layer Crystal properties Literature cited Appendix A: Thin sections of urea ice sheets

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Problem formulation Analytical treatment Application to the upper St. Lawrence River Summary Literature cited Appendix A: Basic program for St. Lawrence River freeze-up forecast