ALBERT

Note: Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. - History. - The Discovery of X-Rays. - The Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction. - History of Clay Mineralogy. - The Importance of Clay Mineralogy. - Box 1.1 Clay Minerals as Catalysts. - The Literature of Clay Mineralogy. - Summary. - References. - 2. NATURE AND PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS. - Box 2.1 Other Methods. - Safety and Protection. - Box 2.2 Defining a Dose of Radiation. - The Nature or X-Rays. - Continuous or White Radiation. - Characteristic Radiation. - General Absorption of X-Rays. - Characteristic Absorption. - Equipment for Producing and Recording X-Rays. - Stabilizing the Voltage. - Generating X-Rays. - The Diffractometer. - Step-Scanning with Automated Diffractometers. - The Single-Crystal Monochromator. - The Detector. - Signal Processing Circuitry. - The Strip-Chart Recorder. - An Example of a Checklist for Operating XRD Equipment. - Summary. - References. - 3. X-RAY DIFFRACTION. - Scattering. - Interference. - Scattering from a Row of Atoms. - Scattering from a Three-Dimensional Array of Atoms. - Bragg's Law. - Box 3.1 Diffraction and Reflection. - The Arithmetic of Scattering. - The Summation of Scattering Amplitudes. - The Structure Factor F. - Information from Intensity. - The Reciprocal Lattice. - Real versus Idealized Peaks on XRD Tracings. - The Interference Function F: Diffraction from a Crystal. - Whose Unit Cell Has a Unitary Scattering Factor. - The Lorentz-Polarization Factors. - Putting It All Together—Building an 001 Diffraction Pattern. - Exercise: Calculation of the Intensity from d(001) for Illite. - Points to Remember. - References. - 4. STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES: GENERAL TREATMENT. - General Structural Features. - Tetrahedral Sheets. - Octahedral Sheets. - Dioctahedral and Trioctahedral. - Joining the Sheets. - Stacking the Layers. - Properties. - Total Charge, Layer or Permanent Charge, and Variable Charge. - Electric Double Layer. - Exchangeable Ions or Cation-Exchange Capacity. - Interaction of Water with Clay Mineral Surfaces. - Interaction with Organic Compounds. - Classification. - Box 4.1 Nomenclature. - References. - 5. STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE, AND OCCURRENCES OF CLAY MINERALS. - The Individual Clay Minerals. - The 1:1 Layer Type. - Serpentine minerals. - Berthierine. - Odinite. - Kaolin minerals. - Box 5.1 Uses of Kaolinite. - Allophane and imogolite. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x = 0. - The 2:1 Layer Type, x ~ 1. - The trioctahedral subgroup. - The dioctahedral subgroup. - The 2:1 Layer Types with x 〈 1. - Illite. - Glauconite. - Smectite. - Box 5.2 Alteration of Ash-Fall Layers. - Vermiculite. - Chlorite. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Mixed-layering, interlayering, and interstratification. - Illite/smectite (I/S). - Box 5.3 Reichweite or Ordering. - Models for smectite-to-illite transition. - MacEwan crystallite model. - Fundamental particle model. - Two-solid-solution model. - Chlorite/smectite (C/S). - Serpentine/chlorite. - Kaolinite/expandables (K/E). - Sepiolite and Palygorskite. - The Origin of Clay Minerals. - Summary. - Exercise: Calculating Structural Formulas. - Exercise: Making Structural Models of Layer Silicates. - References. - 6. SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLAY MINERALS. - Evaluating the Sample. - Disaggregating the Rock. - Separating Clay Minerals from Clastic Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Carbonate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Sulfate Rocks. - Separating Clay Minerals from Unconsolidated Materials. - Box 6.1 Glacial Deposits, North American Interior. - Chemical Pretreatments. - Removal of Iron Oxides. - Removal of Organic Materials. - Saturating the Clay Minerals with Different Cations. - Particle-Size Separation. - Preparing the Oriented Clay Mineral Aggregates. - The Glass Slide Method. - The Smear Mount Method. - The Millipore® Filter Transfer Method. - The Centrifuged Porous Plate Method. - Dealing with Curlers or Peelers. - Making the Random Powder Mount. - Everyday random powder packs. - Freeze-dried random powder packs. - Ethylene Glycol Solvation. - Final Note. - References. - IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS AND ASSOCIATED MINERALS. - Clay Mineral Identification—General Principles. - Illite and Glauconite. - Chlorite and Kaolinite. - Vermiculite. - Smectite. - Sepiolite, Palygorskite, and Halloysite. - 060 Reflections. - The Use of hkl Reflections for the Determination of Polytypes. - Chlorite Polytypes. - The Kaolin Polytypes. - The Micas, Illite, and Glauconite. - Nonclay Minerals. - Silica Minerals. - Feldspar. - Zeolites. - Carbonates. - Apatite, Pyrite, and Jarosite. - Gypsum, Anhydrite, Celestite, and Barite. - Lepidocrocite, Goethite, Gibbsite, and Anatase. - Summary. - References. - 8. IDENTIFICATION OF MIXED-LAYERED CLAY MINERALS. - Méring's Principles and Mixed-Layered Nomenclature. - The Q Rule, a Broadening Descriptor. - Mixed-Layered Clay Minerals. - Illite/Smectite. - Chlorite/Smectite and Chlorite/Vermiculite. - Kaolinite/Smectite. - Serpentine/Chlorite. - Mica/Vermiculite. - Summary. - References. - 9. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS. - Required Sample Characteristics. - Sample Length. - Sample Thickness. - Sample Position. - Homogeneity of the Sample. - Equations for Quantitative Analysis. - Basic Quantitative Diffraction Equation. - Derivation of a Working Form of the Equation for Analysis. - The Method of the Orienting Internal Standard. - Mineral Reference Intensities. - General Comments. - Calculated Mineral Reference Intensities. - Practical Examples of the Application of Reference. - Intensities. - Measurement of Peak Intensity. - Comments and Summary. - References. - 10. DISORDER IN SMECTITE, ILLITE/SMECTITE, AND ILLITE. - Small Crystals in Reciprocal Space. - Turbostratic Disorder. - Theory. - Smectite. - Illite/Smectite. - Rotational Disorder in Illite and Illite/Smectite. - Cis-Vacant Elite and Interstratified Cis- and Trans-Vacant. - Illite/Smectite. - Conclusions. - References. - APPENDIX: MODELING ONE-DIMENSIONAL X-RAY PATTERNS. - The Input Variables. - Simulating the Instrument. - Describing the Clay Mineral. - Theory. - Structures of the Component Layers. - Advanced Techniques. - Pure Minerals. - Compositional Superstructures. - Layer Types Not Specifically Included. - Atom Types Not Incorporated in the Model. - Defect Broadening. - References. - INDEX.

Note: Contents: Preface. - PART I FUNDAMENTALS. - 1 Ordinary Differential Equations. - 1.1 Ordinary Differential Equations (definitions; introductory examples). - 1.2 Initial-Value and Boundary-Value Problems (definitions; comparison of local and global analysis; examples of initialvalue problems). - 1.3 Theory of Homogeneous Linear Equations (linear dependence and independence; Wronskians; well-posed and ill-posed initial-value and boundary-value problems). - 1.4 Solutions of Homogeneous Linear Equations (how to solve constant-coefficient, equidimensional, and exact equations; reduction of order). - 1.5 Inhomogeneous Linear Equations (first-order equations; Variation of Parameters; Green's functions; delta function; reduction of order; method of undetermined coefficients). - 1.6 First-Order Nonlinear Differential Equations (methods for solving Bernoulli, Riccati, and exact equations; factoring; integrating factors; substitutions). - 1.7 Higher-Order Nonlinear Differential Equations (methods to reduce the order of autonomous, equidimensional, and scale-invariant equations). - 1.8 Eigenvalue Problems (examples of eigenvalue problems on finite and infinite domains). - 1.9 Differential Equations in the Complex Plane (comparison of real and complex differential equations). - Problems for Chapter 1. - 2 Difference Equations. - 2.1 The Calculus of Differences (definitions; parallels between derivatives and differences, integrals, and sums). - 2.2 Elementary Difference Equations (examples of simple linear and nonlinear difference equations; gamma function; general first-order linear homogeneous and inhomogeneous equations). - 2.3 Homogeneous Linear Difference Equations (constant-coefficient equations; linear dependence and independence; Wronskians; initial-value and boundary-value problems; reduction of order; Euler equations; generating functions; eigenvalue problems). - 2.4 Inhomogeneous Linear Difference Equations (Variation of parameters; reduction of order; method of undetermined coefficients). - 2.5 Nonlinear Difference Equations (elementary examples). - Problems for Chapter 2. - PART II LOCAL ANALYSIS. - 3 Approximate Solution of Linear Differential Equations. - 3.1 Classification of Singular Points of Homogeneous Linear Equations (ordinary, regulär singular, and irregulär singular points; survey of the possible kinds of behaviors of Solutions). - 3.2 Local Behavior Near Ordinary Points of Homogeneous Linear Equations (Taylor series Solution of first- and second-order equations; Airy equation). - 3.3 Local Series Expansions About Regulär Singular Points of Homogeneous Linear Equations (methods of Fuchs and Frobenius; modified Bessel equation). - 3.4 Local Behavior at Irregulär Singular Points of Homogeneous Linear Equations (failure of Taylor and Frobenius series; asymptotic relations; Controlling factor and leading behavior; method of dominant balance; asymptotic series expansion of Solutions at irregular singular points). - 3.5 Irregulär Singular Point at Infinity (theory of asymptotic power series; optimal asymptotic approximation; behavior of modified Bessel, parabolic cylinder, and Airy functions for large positive x). - 3.6 Local Analysis of Inhomogeneous Linear Equations (illustrative examples). - 3.7 Asymptotic Relations (asymptotic relations for oscillatory functions; Airy functions and Bessel functions; asymptotic relations in the complex plane; Stokes phenomenon; subdominance). - 3.8 Asymptotic Series (formal theory of asymptotic power series; Stieltjes series and integrals; optimal asymptotic approximations; error estimates; outline of a rigorous theory of the asymptotic behavior of Solutions to differential equations). - Problems for Chapter 3. - 4 Approximate Solution of Noniinear Differential Equations. - 4.1 Spontaneous Singularities (comparison of the behaviors of Solutions to linear and nonlinear equations). - 4.2 Approximate Solutions of First-Order Nonlinear Differential Equations (several examples analyzed in depth). - 4.3 Approximate Solutions to Higher-Order Nonlinear Differential Equations (Thomas-Fermi equation; first Painleve transcendent; other examples). - 4.4 Nonlinear Autonomous Systems (phase-space interpretation; Classification of critical points; one- and two-dimensional phase space). - 4.5 Higher-Order Nonlinear Autonomous Systems (brief, nontechnical survey of properties of higher-order Systems; periodic, almost periodic, and random behavior; Toda lattice, Lorenz model, and other Systems). - Problems for Chapter 4. - 5 Approximate Solution of Difference Equations. - 5.1 Introductory Comments (comparison of the behavior of differential and difference equations). - 5.2 Ordinary and Regular Singular Points of Linear Difference Equations (Classification of n = ∞ as an ordinary, a regular Singular, or an irregular singular point; Taylor and Frobenius series at ∞). - 5.3 Local Behavior Near an Irregulär Singular Point at Infinity: Determination of Controlling Factors (three general methods). - 5.4 Asymptotic Behavior of n! as n → ∞: The Stirling Series [asymptotic behavior of the gamma function Γ(x) as x → ∞ obtained from the difference equations Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x)]. - 5.5 Local Behavior Near an Irregular Singular Point at Infinity: Full Asymptotic Series (Bessel functions of large order; Legendre polynomials of large degree). - 5.6 Local Behavior of Nonlinear Difference Equations / (Newton's method and other nonlinear difference equations; Statistical analysis of an unstable difference equation). - Problems for Chapter 5. - 6 Asymptotic Expansion of Integrals. - 6.1 Introduction (integral representations of Solutions to difference and differential equations). - 6.2 Elementary Examples (incomplete gamma function; exponential integral; other examples). - 6.3 Integration by Parts (many examples including some where the method fails). - 6.4 Laplace's Method and Watson's Lemma (modified Bessel, parabolic cylinder, and gamma functions; many other illustrative examples). - 6.5 Method of Stationary Phase (leading behavior of integrals with rapidly oscillating integrands). - 6.6 Method of Steepest Descents (steepest ascent and descent paths in the complex plane; saddle points; Stokes phenomenon). - 6.7 Asymptotic Evaluation of Sums (approximation of sums by integrals; Laplace's method for sums; Euler-Maclaurin sum formula). - Problems for Chapter 6. - PART III PERTURBATION METHODS. - 7 Perturbation Series. - 7.1 Perturbation Theory (elementary introduction; application to polynomial equations and initialvalue problems for differential equations). - 7.2 Regular and Singular Perturbation Theory (Classification of perturbation problems as regulär or Singular; introductory examples of boundary-layer, WKB, and multiple-scale problems). - 7.3 Perturbation Methods for Linear Eigenvalue Problems (Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory). - 7.4 Asymptotic Matching (matched asymptotic expansions; applications to differential equations, eigenvalue problems and integrals). - 7.5 Mathematical Structure of Perturbative Eigenvalue Problems (singularity structure of eigenvalues as functions of complex perturbing Parameter; level crossing). - Problems for Chapter 7. - 8 Summation of Series. - 8.1 Improvement of Convergence (Shanks transformation; Richardson extrapolation; Riemann zeta function). - 8.2 Summation of Divergent Series (Euler, Borel, and generalized Borel summation). - 8.3 Pade Summation (one- and two-point Pade summation; generalized Shanks transformation; many numerical examples). - 8.4 Continued Fractions and Pade Approximants (efficient methods for obtaining and evaluating Pade approximants). - 8.5 Convergence of Pade Approximants (asymptotic analysis of the rate of convergence of Pade approximants). - 8.6 Pade Sequences for Stieltjes Functions (monotonicity; convergence theory; moment problem; Carleman's condition). - Problems for Chapter 8. - PART IV GLOBAL ANALYSIS. - 9 Boundary Layer Theory. - 9.1 Introduction to Boundary-Layer Theo

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Statistics for Spatial Data 1.1 Spatial Data and Spatial Models 1.2 Introductory Examples 1.2.1 Geostatistical Data 1.2.2 Lattice Data 1.2.3 Point Patterns 1.3 Statistics for Spatial Data: Why? PART I GEOSTATISTICAL DATA 2. Geostatistics 2.1 Continuous Spatial Index 2.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Coal Ash in Pennsylvania 2.2.1 Intrinsic Stationarity 2.2.2 Square-Root-Differences Cloud 2.2.3 The Pocket Plot 2.2.4 Decomposing the Data into Large- and Small-Scale Variation 2.2.5 Analysis of Residuals 2.2.6 Variogram of Residuals from Median Polish 2.3 Stationary Processes 2.3.1 Variogram 2.3.2 Covariogram and Correlogram 2.4 Estimation of the Variogram 2.4.1 Comparison of Variogram and Covariogram Estimation 2.4.2 Exact Distribution Theory for the Variogram Estimator 2.4.3 Robust Estimation of the Variogram 2.5 Spectral Representations 2.5.1 Valid Covariograms 2.5.2 Valid Variograms 2.6 Variogram Model Fitting 2.6.1 Criteria for Fitting a Variogram Model 2.6.2 Least Squares 2.6.3 Properties of Variogram-Parameter Estimators 2.6.4 Cross-Validating the Fitted Variogram 3. Spatial Prediction and Kriging 3.1 Scale of Variation 3.2 Ordinary Kriging 3.2.1 Effect of Variogram Parameters on Kriging 3.2.2 Lognormal and Trans-Gaussian Kriging 3.2.3 Cokriging 3.2.4 Some Final Remarks 3.3 Robust Kriging 3.4 Universal Kriging 3.4.1 Universal Kriging of Coal-Ash Data 3.4.2 Trend-Surface Prediction 3.4.3 Estimating the Variogram for Universal Kriging 3.4.4 Bayesian Kriging 3.4.5 Kriging Revisited 3.5 Median-Polish Kriging 3.5.1 Gridded Data 3.5.2 Nongridded Data 3.5.3 Median Polishing Spatial Data: Inference Results 3.5.4 Median-Based Covariogram Estimators are Less Biased 3.6 Geostatistical Data, Simulated and Real 3.6.1 Simulation of Spatial Processes 3.6.2 Conditional Simulation 3.6.3 Geostatistical Data 4. Applications of Geostatistics 4.1 Wolfcamp-Aquifer Data 4.1.1 Intrinsic-Stationarity Assumption 4.1.2 Nonconstant-Mean Assumption 4.2 Soil-Water Tension Data 4.3 Soil-Water-Infiltration Data 4.3.1 Estimating and Modeling the Spatial Dependence 4.3.2 Inference on Mean Effects (Spatial Analysis of Variance) 4.4 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 4.5 Wheat-Yield Data 4.5.1 Presence of Trend in the Data 4.5.2 Intrinsic Stationarity 4.5.3 Median-Polish (Robust) Kriging 4.6 Acid-Deposition Data 4.6.1 Spatial Modeling and Prediction 4.6.2 Sampling Design 4.7 Space-Time Geostatistical Data 5. Special Topics in Statistics for Spatial Data 5.1 Nonlinear Geostatistics 5.2 Change of Support 5.3 Stability of the Geostatistical Method 5.3.1 Estimation of Spatial-Dependence Parameters 5.3.2 Stability of the Kriging Predictor 5.3.3 Stability of the Kriging Variance 5.4 Intrinsic Random Functions of Order k 5.5 Applications of the Theory of Random Processes 5.6 Spatial Design 5.6.1 Spatial Sampling Design 5.6.2 Spatial Experimental Design 5.7 Field Trials 5.7.1 Nearest-Neighbor Analyses 5.7.2 Analyses Based on Spatial Modeling 5.8 Infill Asymptotics 5.9 The Many Faces of Spatial Prediction 5.9.1 Stochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.2 Nonstochastic Methods of Spatial Prediction 5.9.3 Comparisons and Some Final Remarks PART II LATTICE DATA 6. Spatial Models on Lattices 6.1 Lattices 6.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Sudden Infant Deaths in North Carolina 6.2.1 Nonspatial Data Analysis 6.2.2 Spatial Data Analysis 6.2.3 Trend Removal 6.2.4 Some Final Remarks 6.3 Conditionally and Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.2 Conditionally Specified Spatial Gaussian Models 6.3.3 Comparison 6.4 Markov Random Fields 6.4.1 Neighbors, Cliques, and the Negpotential Function Q 6.4.2 Pairwise-Only Dependence and Conditional Exponential Distributions 6.4.3 Some Final Remarks 6.5 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Discrete Data 6.5.1 Binary Data 6.5.2 Counts Data 6.6 Conditionally Specified Spatial Models for Continuous Data 6. 7 Simultaneously Specified and Other Spatial Models 6.7.1 Simultaneously Specified Spatial Models 6.7.2 Other Spatial Models 6.8 Space-Time Models 7. Inference for Lattice Models 7.1 Inference for the Mercer and Hall Wheat-Yield Data 7.1.1 Data Description 7.1.2 Spatial Lattice Models 7.2 Parameter Estimation for Lattice Models 7.2.1 Estimation Criteria 7.2.2 Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimation 7.2.3 Some Computational Details 7.3 Properties of Estimators 7.3.1 Increasing-Domain Asymptotics 7.3.2 The Jackknife and Bootstrap for Spatial Lattice Data 7.3.3 Cross-Validation and Model Selection 7.4 Statistical Image Analysis and Remote Sensing 7.4.1 Remote Sensing 7 .4.2 Ordinary Discriminant Analysis 7.4.3 Markov-Random-Field Models 7.4.4 Edge Processes 7.4.5 Textured Images 7.4.6 Single Photon Emission Tomography 7.4.7 Least Squares and Image Regularization 7.4.8 Method of Sieves 7.4.9 Mathematical Morphology 7.5 Regional Mapping, Scotland Lip-Cancer Data 7.5.1 Exploratory Regional Mapping 7.5.2 Parametric Empirical Bayes Mapping 7.6 Sudden-Infant-Death-Syndrome Data 7.6.1 Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis 7.6.2 Auto-Poisson Model 7 .6.3 Auto-Gaussian Model 7. 7 Lattice Data, Simulated and Real 7.7.1 Simulation of Lattice Processes 7.7.2 Lattice Data PART III SPATIAL PATTERNS 8. Spatial Point Patterns 8.1 Random Spatial Index 8.2 Spatial Data Analysis of Longleaf Pines (Pinus palustris) 8.2.1 Data Description 8.2.2 Complete Spatial Randomness, Regularity, and Clustering 8.2.3 Quadrat Methods 8.2.4 Kernel Estimators of the Intensity Function 8.2.5 Distance Methods 8.2.6 Nearest-Neighbor Distribution Functions and the K Function 8.2.7 Some Final Remarks 8.3 Point Process Theory 8.3.1 Moment Measures 8.3.2 Generating Functionals 8.3.3 Stationary and Isotropic Point Processes 8.3.4 Palm Distributions 8.3.5 Reduced Second Moment Measure 8.4 Complete Spatial Randomness, Distance Functions, and Second Moment Measures 8.4.1 Complete Spatial Randomness 8.4.2 Distance Functions 8.4.3 K Functions, 8.4.4 Animal-Behavior Data 8.4.5 Some Final Remarks 8.5 Models and Model Fitting 8.5.1 Inhomogeneous Poisson Process 8.5.2 Cox Process 8.5.3 Poisson Cluster Process 8.5.4 Simple Inhibition Point Processes 8.5.5 Markov Point Process 8.5.6 Thinned and Related Point Processes 8.5.7 Other Models 8.5.8 Some Final Remarks 8.6 Multivariate Spatial Point Processes 8.6.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.6.2 Estimation of the Cross K Function 8.6.3 Bivariate Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.7 Marked Spatial Point Processes 8.7.1 Theoretical Considerations 8.7.2 Estimation of Moment Measures 8.7.3 Marked Spatial-Point-Process Models 8.8 Space-Time Point Patterns 8.9 Spatial Point Patterns, Simulated and Real 8.9.1 Simulation of Spatial Point Patterns 8.9.2 Spatial Point Patterns 9. Modeting Objects 9.1 Set Models 9.1.1 Fractal Sets 9.1.2 Fuzzy Sets 9.1.3 Random Closed Sets: An Example 9.2 Random Parallelograms in IR 2 9.3 Random Closed Sets and Mathematical Morphology 9.3.1 Theory and Methods 9.3.2 Inference on Random Closed Sets 9.4 The Boolean Model 9.4.1 Main Properties 9.4.2 Generalizations of the Boolean Model 9.5 Methods of Boolean-Model Parameter Estimation 9.5.1 Analysis of Random-Parallelograms Data 9.5.2 Analysis of Heather-Incidence Data 9.5.3 Intensity Estimation in the Boolean Model 9.6 Inference for the Boolean Model 9.7 Modeling Growth with Random Sets 9.7.1 Random-Set Growth Models 9.7.2 Tumor-Growth Data 9.7.3 Fitting the Tumor-Growth Parameters References Author Index Subject lndex

Note: Einleitung: Paläoklima und aktuelles Klima / Jörg F. W. Negendank. - Prozesse im rezenten Klimasystem / Ernst Augstein. - Stabile Kohlenstoffisotope und Nährsalzgehalt des Südatlantiks im Spätquartär / Andreas Mackensen, Hannes Grobe, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten. - Klimainformation aus dem grönländischen Inlandeis / Sepp Kipfstuhl. - Die Quartärfolge der Großtagebaue Mitteldeutschlands als Klima-Archiv / Frank Wolfgang Junge, Tatjana Böttger, Achim Hiller. - See-Sedimente und Paläoklimarekonstruktionen / Bernd Zolitschka. - Einflüsse solarer Aktivität auf die Sedimentation in Maarseen / Heinz Vos, Ana Sánchez, Jörg F. W. Negendank, Bert Rein, Bernd Zolitschka. - Kohlenstoffisotope von Bäumen als Klimaindikatoren / Gerd. H. Schleser, Gerd Helle, Achim Bräuning. - Klimazustände und Klimaänderungen in der Vergangenheit / Peter Trimborn, Josef Lipp. - Klimazyklen, Erdkerndynamik und Schwerefeld / Horst Jochmann, Hans Greiner-Mai. - Wärme- und Wasserdampfaustausch zwischen Atmosphäre und Erdboden / Franz Fiedler, Gerhard Adrian, Aurelia Müller. - Wirkungen des Luftverkehrs auf das Klima / Robert Sausen, Michael Ponater, Ines Köhler, Sabine Brinkop. - Die Bedeutung des Wassers in der Atmosphäre / Erhard Raschke, Ute Karstens. - Klimaveränderungen und Kohlenstoffhaushalt / Uwe Franko und Burkhard Oelschlägel.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Time Scales and Ages. - 2.1 Absolute Time Scales. - 2.2 Relative Time Scales. - 2.3 Physical and Chemical Time Scales. - 3 Selection, Collection, Packing, Storage, Transport,and Description of the Samples. - 3.1 Selection and Collection of the Samples. - 3.2 Packing, Storage, and Transport of the Samples. - 3.3 Sample Description. - 4 Treatment and Interpretation of the Raw Data. - 4.1 Suitability of a Sample for Dating and Reliabilityof the Dates. - 4.1.1 Soft-Rock Dating. - 4.1.2 Hard-Rock Dating. - 4.1.3 Isotope Geochemistry. - 4.2 Mathematical Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Age Data. - 4.2.1 Rules for Simple Calculations with the Dating Results; Statistical Tests. - 4.2.2 Comparison of Age Values. - 4.2.3 Numerical and Graphical Evaluation of Age Values. - 4.3 Publication of the Age Values. - 5 Physical Dating Methods. - 5.1 Principles. - 5.2 Sample Treatment and Measurement Techniques. - 5.2.1 Sample Treatment. - 5.2.1.1 Hard-Rock Samples. - 5.2.1.2 Soft-Rock Samples. - 5.2.2 Radioactivity Measurements: Decay Counting Methods. - 5.2.2.1 Gas-Filled Proportional and Geiger-Müller Counters. - 5.2.2.2 Scintillation Counters. - 5.2.2.3 Semiconductor Detectors. - 5.2.3 Measurement of Stable and Long-Lived Isotopes: Atom Counting Methods. - 5.2.3.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS). - 5.2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). - 5.2.3.3 Resonance-Ionization Spectrometry (RIS). - 5.2.4 Other Analytical Techniques. - 5.2.4.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis (ID). - 5.2.4.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). - 5.2.4.3 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analysis (ICP). - 5.2.4.4 Ion-Microprobe (IMP) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA). - 5.2.4.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) . - 6 Radiometric Dating Methods. - 6.1 Parent/Daughter Isotope Ratios as a Geochronometer. - 6.1.1 Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.1 Conventional Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.2 Argon/Argon (39Ar/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.2 Potassium/Calcium (40K/40Ca) Method. - 6.1.3 Rubidium/Strontium (87Rb/87Sr) Method. - 6.1.4 Lanthanum/Cerium (138La/138Ce) Method. - 6.1.5 Lanthanum/Barium (138La/138Ba) Method. - 6.1.6 Samarium/Neodymium (147Sm/143Nd) Method. - 6.1.7 Lutetium/Hafnium (176Lu/176Hf) Method. - 6.1.8 Rhenium/Osmium (187Re/187Os) Method. - 6.1.9 Uranium/Thorium/Lead Methods (238U/206Pb, 235U/207Pb and 232Th/208Pb Methods). - 6.1.10 Common Lead Method. - 6.1.11 Lead/Lead (207Pb/206Pb) Method. - 6.1.12 Chemical Lead Method. - 6.1.13 Lead/Alpha Method (Larsen Method). - 6.1.14 Krypton/Krypton (Krsf/Krn) Method. - 6.1.15 Xenon Methods. - 6.1.15.1 Uranium/Xenon (U/Xesf) Method. - 6.1.15.2 Xenon/Xenon (Xesf/Xen) Method. - 6.2 Dating with Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 6.2.1 Radiocarbon (14C) Method. - 6.2.2 Tritium (3H) Methods. - 6.2.2.1 Classical Tritium (3H) Method. - 6.2.2.2 Tritium/Helium-3 (3H/3He) and Helium-3 (3He)Methods. - 6.2.3 Beryllium-10 (10Be) Method. - 6.2.4 Sodium-22 (22Na) Method. - 6.2.5 Aluminium-26 (26Al) Method. - 6.2.6 Silicon-32 (32Si) Method. - 6.2.7 Chlorine-36 (36Cl) Method. - 6.2.8 Argon-39 (39Ar) Method. - 6.2.9 Calcium-41 (41Ca) Method. - 6.2.10 Manganese-53 (53Mn) Method. - 6.2.11 Krypton-81 (81Kr) Method. - 6.2.12 Iodine-129 (129I) Method. - 6.2.13 Aluminium-26/Beryllium-10 (26Al/10Be) Method. - 6.2.14 Beryllium-10/Chlorine-36 (10Be/36Cl) Method. - 6.3 Dating Based on Radioactive Disequilibrium of the Uranium, Thorium, and Protactinium Decay Series: The Uranium/Thorium/Protactinium Methods. - 6.3.1 230Th/234U Method. - 6.3.2 231Pa/235U Method. - 6.3.3 231Pa/230Th Method. - 6.3.4 234U/238U Method. - 6.3.5 230Th-excess Method. - 6.3.6 231Pa-excess Method. - 6.3.7 230Th-excess/232Th or 230Th/238U Method. - 6.3.8 231Pa-excess/23Th-excess Method. - 6.3.9 234Th-excess Method. - 6.3.10 228Th-excess/232Th Method. - 6.3.11 Dating Methods Based on Supported 226Ra and Unsupported 226Ra. - 6.3.12 224Ra and 228Ra Methods. - 6.3.13 210Pb Method. - 6.3.14 Uranium/Helium (U/He) Method. - 6.3.15 Radium/Radon Method. - 6.4 Age Determination Using Radiation Damage. - 6.4.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) Method. - 6.4.2 Optical Dating (OSL) Method. - 6.4.3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR or EPR) Method. - 6.4.4 Exo-Electron Method (TSEE Method). - 6.4.5 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Method. - 6.4.6 Differential Thermoanalysis (DTA). - 6.4.7 Fission Track Method (FT Method). - 6.4.8 Alpha-Recoil Track Method. - 6.4.9 Age Determination Using Pleochroic Haloes. - 6.5 Dating Meteorites and Lunar Rocks. - 6.5.1 Introduction. - 6.5.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement. - 6.5.3 Formation Interval. - 6.5.4 Solidification Ages. - 6.5.5 Gas Retention Ages. - 6.5.6 Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages. - 6.5.7 Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites. - 7 Chronostratigraphic Methods Using Global Time Markers. - 7.1 Paleomagnetic Dating Methods. - 7.2 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 18O Values. - 7.3 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 34S and [Delta] 13C Values and 87Sr/86Sr Ratios. - 7.4 Artificial Radionuclides as Time Markers. - 7.5 Geochemical Time Markers. - 7.6 Chemical Pollution as Time Markers. - 8 Chemical Dating Methods. - 8.1 Amino-Acid Racemization Method (AAR). - 8.2 Amino-Acid Degradation Method. - 8.3 Dating of Bones Using the Nitrogen or Collagen Content. - 8.4 Chemical Electron-Spin-Resonance (ESR) Dating. - 8.5 Molecular (Protein and DNA) Clocks. - 8.6 Obsidian Hydration Method. - 8.7 Dating of Man-Made Glass. - 8.8 Calcium Diffusion and Cation-Ratio Methods. - 8.9 Dating of Bones Using the Fluorine or Uranium Content. - 9 Phanerozoic Time-Scale. - 9.1 Objectives and History of Geochronolgy. - 9.2 Geological Time-Scales. - 9.3 The Future. - 10 Literature. - 10.1 Journals that Frequently Publish Geochronological Papers. - 10.2 Geochronology Textbooks. - 10.3 References. - Acknowledgments. - Appendix A: Geochronology Glossary. - Appendix B: Radioactive and Stable Isotopes in Geochronology. - Appendix C: List of Addresses. - Subject Index. - Foldout Table: Dating Methods, Ranges, and Materials.

Note: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols. - 1 Groundwater flow. - 1.1 Darcy's law. - 1.1.1 The limits of Darcy's law. - 1.1.2 Driving forces for groundwater flow. - 1.2 Crustal permeability. - 1.2.1 Permeability versus porosity. - 1.2.2 Heterogeneity and anisotropy. - 1.2.3 Scale dependence. - 1.2.4 Depth dependence. - 1.2.5 Time dependence. - 1.2.6 Some limiting values. - 1.3 Conceptualizing groundwater systems. - 1.4 The continuum approach. - 1.5 The groundwater flow equation. - 1.5.1 Conservation of mass. - 1.5.2 The storage term. - 1.5.3 Various forms of the groundwater flow equation Problems. - 2 Solute transport. - 2.1 Governing equations. - 2.1.1 Molecular diffusion. - 2.1.2 Advection. - 2.1.3 Mechanical dispersion. - 2.1.4 Mass balance equation. - 2.1.5 Chemical reactions. - 2.1.6 Initial and boundary conditions. - 2.2 Numerical solution techniques. - 2.3 Density-driven flow. - 2.4 Multicomponent diffusion. - 2.5 Multicomponent reactive transport. - 2.5.1 Rate-based reactions. - 2.5.2 Surface reactions. - 2.5.3 Homogeneous reactions. - 2.5.4 Heterogeneous reactions. - 2.5.5 Solution algorithms Problems. - 3 Heat transport. - 3.1 Governing equations. - 3.1.1 Choice of dependent variables. - 3.1.2 Statements of mass and energy conservation. - 3.1.3 A form of Darcy's law for two-phase flow of compressible fluids. - 3.1.4 Conductive heat flux. - 3.1.5 One-dimensional forms of the governing equations. - 3.1.6 Extending the governing equations to three dimensions. - 3.1.7 Assumptions. - 3.1.8 Fluid properties. - 3.1.9 Numerical solution. - 3.2 Initial and boundary conditions. - 3.3 Temperature-based formulations. - 3.4 One-dimensional groundwater flow. - 3.4.1 Steady vertical flow. - 3.4.2 Flow in a confined aquifer or fault zone. - 3.5 Dimensionless numbers. - 3.5.1 Nusselt number. - 3.5.2 Peclet number. - 3.5.3 Rayleigh number. - 3.6 Buoyancy-driven flow. - 3.7 Heatpipes Problems. - 4Regional-scale flow and transport. - 4.1Sources and sinks of fluid. - 4.1.1 Geologic forcing. - 4.1.2 Anomalous fluid pressures. - 4.1.3 Hydraulic fracturing. - 4.1.4 The Gulf Coast. - 4.1.5 Accretionary prisms. - 4.2 Regional-scale solute transport. - 4.2.1 Groundwater age. - 4.2.2 Large-scale dispersion. - 4.2.3 Evolution of regional groundwater chemistry. - 4.3 Regional-scale heat transfer. - 4.3.1 The conductive regime in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.2 Thermal effects of groundwater flow in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.3 Some case studies of sedimentary basins. - 4.3.4 An example from volcanic terrane. - 4.3.5 The stress-heat flow paradox of the San Andreas fault Problems. - 5 Ore deposits. - 5.1Mississippi Valley-type deposits. - 5.1.1 Evidence for regional-scale brine migration. - 5.1.2 The salt problem. - 5.1.3 Controls on ore deposition. - 5.1.4 Driving forces for fluid flow. - 5.1.5 The Irish MVTs. - 5.2 Sediment-hosted uranium. - 5.2.1 Redox control of uranium solubility. - 5.2.2 Tabular uranium deposits. - 5.2.3 Unconformity-type uranium deposits. - 5.3 Supergene enrichment of porphyry copper. - 5.4 Colombian emeralds. - Problems. - 6 Hydrocarbons. - 6.1 Maturation. - 6.1.1 The oil window. - 6.1.2 Groundwater flow and the thermal regime. - 6.2 Migration. - 6.2.1 Capillary effects. - 6.2.2 Primary migration. - 6.2.3 Secondary migration. - 6.3 Entrapment. - 6.4 Governing equations for immiscible multiphase flow. - 6.5 Case studies. - 6.5.1 The Uinta basin. - 6.5.2 The Los Angeles basin. - Problems. - 7 Geothermal processes. - 7.1 Crustal heat flow. - 7.1.1 Measurement. - 7.1.2 Lateral and vertical variations. - 7.1.3 Perturbations due to groundwater flow. - 7.2 Magmatic-hydrothermal systems. - 7.2.1 Magmatic heat sources. - 7.2.2 Heat transfer from magma to groundwater. - 7.2.3 Fluid circulation near magma bodies. - 7.2.4 Permeabilities in near-magma environments. - 7.3 Fluid flow and heat transport near the critical point. - 7.3.1 One-dimensional pressure-enthalpy paths. - 7.3.2 Two-dimensional convection. - 7.4 Multiphase processes. - 7.4.1 Phase separation. - 7.4.2 Vapor-dominated zones. - 7.4.3 Pressure transmission. - 7.4.4 Boiling point-depth curves. - 7.5 Hotsprings. - 7.6 Geysers. - 7.7 Geothermal resources. - 7.8 Ore deposits. - 7.9 Subsea hydrothermal systems. - 7.9.1 Importance to the Earth's thermal budget. - 7.9.2 Influence on ocean chemistry. - 7.9.3 Quantitative description. - Problems. - 8 Earthquakes. - 8.1 Effective stress. - 8.2 Coulomb's law of failure. - 8.3 Induced seismicity. - 8.3.1 The Rocky Mountain arsenal. - 8.3.2 Rangely,Colorado. - 8.4 Fluid pressures at seismogenic depths. - 8.4.1 Hubbert and Rubey. - 8.4.2 Irwin and Barnes model for the San Andreas. - 8.4.3 Byerlee and Rice models for the San Andreas. - 8.5 Earthquake-induced hydrologic phenomena. - 8.5.1 Stream flow and springs. - 8.5.2 Well behavior. - 8.5.3 Geysering. - 8.6 Effect of earthquakes on crustal permeability. - 8.6.1 Analysis of the Loma Prietacase. - 8.6.2 State-of-stress and the orientation of conductive fractures. - Problems. - 9 Evaporites. - 9.1 Evaporite formation. - 9.1.1 The marine evaporite problem. - 9.1.2 Groundwater inflow. - 9.1.3 CaCl2 brines. - 9.1.4 Magnesium depletion. - 9.1.5 Continental evaporites. - 9.1.6 Groundwater outflow. - 9.2 Bedded evaporites. - 9.3 Saltdomes. - 9.3.1 Variable-density convection. - 9.3.2 Caprock formation. - Problems. - 10 Diagenesis and metamorphism. - 10.1 Reaction-Flow coupling. - 10.2 Diagenesis of siliciclastic sequences. - 10.2.1 Diagenesis in sedimentary basins. - 10.2.2 Silica cementation by thermal convection. - 10.3 Diagenesis of carbonate platforms. - 10.3.1 Dolomitization. - 10.3.2 Mixing-zone dissolution. - 10.4Local-scale diagenetic features. - 10.4.1 Mechanochemical coupling. - 10.4.2 Geochemical banding. - 10.5 Metamorphism. - 10.5.1 The evidence for voluminous fluid fluxes. - 10.5.2 The nature of permeability in metamorphic environments. - 10.5.3 Contact metamorphism at Skaergaard. - 10.5.4 Low-pressure metamorphic belts. - Problems. - References. - Index.

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - SAMUEL EPSTEIN: Scientist, Teacher and Friend. - PART A. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION STUDIES. - Oxygen isotopic thermometer calibrations / Robert N. Clayton and Susan W. Kieffer. - Temperature dependence of isotopic fractionation factors / Robert E. Criss. - Oxygen isotope fractionation studies of solute-water interactions / James R. O'Neil and Alfred H. Truesdell. - Oxygen diffusion in leucite: Structural controls / Karlis Muehlenbachs and Cathy Connolly. - An experimental study of oxygen isotope partitioning between silica glass and CO2 vapor / Edward Stolper and Samuel Epstein. - D/H analysis of minerals by ion probe / E. Deloule, C. France-Lanord and F. Albarède. - PART B. THE HYDROSPHERE AND ANCIENT OCEANS. - Oxygen isotope history of seawater revisited: Timescales for boundary event changes in the oxygen isotope composition of sea water / R. T. Gregory. - Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of oceanic plutonic rocks: High-temperature deformation and metamorphism of oceanic layer 3 / Debra S. Stakes. - The hydrogen and oxygen isotope history of the Silurian-Permian hydrosphere as determined by direct measurement of fossil water / L. Paul Knauth and Sarah K. Roberts. - Oxygen isotopes in phosphates of fossil fish-Devonian to Recent / Yehoshua Kolodny and Boaz Luz. - Dolomitization of the Hope Gate Formation (north Jamaica) by seawater: Reassessment of mixing-zone dolomite / Lynton S. Land. - Fossil meteoric ground waters in the Delaware Basin of southeastern New Mexico / Steven J. Lambert. - PART C. CLIMATOLOGY AND GLACIOLOGY. - The heavy isotope enrichment of water in coupled evaporative systems / Joel R. Gat and Carl Bowser. - The elusive climate signal in the isotopic composition of precipitation / James R. Lawrence and James W. C. White. - Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in shallow ground waters from India and a study of the role of evapotranspiration in the Indian monsoon / R. V. Krishnamurthy and S. K. Bhattacharya. - Stable isotopic composition of waters in a small Piedmont watershed / David B. Wenner, Peter D. Ketcham and John F. Dowd. - Isotopic changes during the formation of depth hoar in experimental snowpacks / Richard A. Sommerfeld, Clark Judy and Irving Friedman. - Isotopic changes during snow metamorphism / Irving Friedman, Carl Benson and Jim Gleason. - The glacial/interglacial temperature range of the surface water of the oceans at low latitudes / Cesare Emiliani and David B. Ericson. - Is the Postglacial artificial? / Cesare Emiliani, David A. Price and Joanne Seipp. - PART D. Paleoenvironment and Archaeology. - Osteocalcin as the recommended biopolymer for 14C age dating of bone and δ13C and δ15N paleodietary reconstruction / Henry O. Ajie and Isaac R. Kaplan. - The relationship between stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of water in astomatal plants / Lee W. Cooper, Michael J. Deniro and Jon E. Keeley. - 13C/2C ratios of the Fe(IIl) carbonate component in natural geothites / Crayton J. Yapp and Harald Poths. - Oxygen isotope studies of zeolites: Stilbite, analcime, heulandite, and clinoptilolite I. Analytical technique / Xiahong Feng and Samuel M. Savin. - Eolian inputs of lead to the South Pacific via rain and dry deposition from industrial and natural sources / Dorothy M. Settle and Clair C. Patterson. - Stable isotopes and the Roman marble trade-evidence from Scythopolis and Caesarea, Israel / Ze'ev Pearl and Mordeckai Mararitz. - Part E. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHC GEOCHEMISTRY. - Comparisons of 18O/16O and 87Sr/86Sr in volcanic rocks from the Pontine Islands, M. Ernici, and Campania with other areas in Italy / B. Turi, H. P. Taylor, Jr. and G. Ferrara. - Hydrogen, sulphur and neodymium isotope variations in the mantle beneath the EPR at 12°50' N / Marc Chaussidon, Simon M. F. Sheppard and Annie Michard. - Degassing of Obsidian Dome rhyolite, lnyo volcanic chain, California / Bruce E. Taylor. - Application of stable isotopes in identifying a major Hercynian synplutonic rift zone and its associated meteoric-hydrothermal activity, southern Schwarzwald, Germany / Hugh P. Taylor, Jr., Mordeckai Magaritz and Stephen M. Wickham. - An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of high-grade metamorphism and anatexis in the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range core complex, Nevada / Stephen M. Wickham, Hugh P. Taylor, Jr., Arthur W. Snoke and James R. O'Neil. - Daughter-parent isotope systematics in U-Th-bearing igneous accessory mineral assemblages as potential indices of metamorphic history: A discussion of the concept / Leon T. Silver. - Retrograde exchange of hydrogen isotopes between hydrous minerals and water at low temperatures / T. Kurtis Kyser and Robert K. Errich. - PART F. ORE DEPOSITS AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION. - Stable isotope studies of quartz-vein type tungsten deposits in Dajishan Mine, Jiangxi Province, Southeast China / Yuch-Ning Shieh and Guo-Xin Zhang. - Oxygen isotope study of the fossil hydrothermal system in the Comstock Lode mining district, Nevada / Robert E. Criss and Duane E. Champion. - Oxygen isotope studies of Jurassic fossil hydrothermal systems, Mojave Desert, southeastern California / G. Cleve Solomon and Hugh P. Taylor, Jr. - Variations in δ18O values, water/rock ratios, and water flux in the Rico paleothermal anomaly, Colorado / Peter B. Larson and Brian S. Zimmerman. - PART G. EXTRATERRESTRIAL GEOCHEMISTRY. - Initial Pb isotopic compositions of lunar granites as determined by ion microprobe / W. Compston, I. S. Williams and C. Meyer. - Silicon, carbon and nitrogen isotopic studies of silicon carbide in carbonaceous and enstatite chondrites / J. Stone, I. D. Hutcheon, S. Epstein and G. J. Wasserburg. - Subject Index.

Note: Inhalt: Vorwort. - Danksagung. - Teil 1. - Die Schwermineralanalyse - Grundlagen und Anwendung. - 1 Einführung. - 2 Schwerminerale in Sedimenten - Anwendungszweck und Grenzen ihrer Analyse. - 2.1 Hydraulische Effekte. - 2.2 Schwerminerale und Korngröße. - 2.3 Die chemische Stabilität der Schwerminerale. - 3 Methodik. - 3.1 Probennahme für Schwermineraluntersuchungen. - 3.2 Aufbereitung der Proben. - 3.2.1 Brechen und Desaggregation der Festgesteine. - 3.2.2 Wahl der Korngrößenklasse durch Sieben. - 3.2.3 Schwermineraltrennung. - 3.2.4 Vorbereitung für die optische Bestimmung. - 3.3 Mikroskopische Bestimmung. - 3.4 Kornzählung. - 3.5 Untersuchung der Varietäten. - 3.6 Hilfstechniken. - 3.6.1 Röntgendiffraktometrie. - 3.6.2 Röntgenfluoreszenz-Spektrometrie. - 3.6.3 Mikrosondenanalysen. - 3.6.4 Rasterelektronenmikroskop (REM). - 3.6.5 Kathodenlumineszenz (KL). - 3.7 Darstellung und numerische Behandlung von Schwermineralanalysen. - 4 Anwendung von Schwermineralanalysen. - Teil 2 Beschreibung der Schwermineralarten. - Übersicht der Schwerminerale. - Beschreibung der Schwermineralarten. - Literatur. - Bestimmungstabelle. - Namenregister. - Sachregister.

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: Introduction 1 Sedimentology in the earth sciences 1.1 Introduction: sedimentology and earth cycling 1.2 Erosional drainage basins and depositional sedimentary basins 1.3 Global sediment discharge and earth recycling: the rock cycle 1.4 Comparative interplanetary sedimentology 1.5 Practical sedimentology 1.6 A brief history of sedimentology Part 2: Origin and Types of Sediment Grains 2 Water-rock interactions: chemical and physical breakdown of catchment bedrock to soil and elastic sediment grains 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Natural waters as proton donors: pH, acid hydrolysis and limestone weathering 2.3 Metallic ions, electron transfer and Eh-pH diagrams 2.4 Behaviour of silicate minerals during chemical weathering: breakdown products and newly formed minerals 2.5 Acid rain and whole-catchment studies of chemical weathering 2.6 The rates and mechanisms of chemical weathering 2.7 A simple index of chemical alteration (CIA) 2.8 Vegetation, chemical weathering and the Precambrian controversy 2.9 Physical weathering 2.10 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape 3 The inorganic and organic precipitation of sediment: chemical, biochemical and biological 3.1 Marine and freshwater chemical composition: chemical fluxes to and from the oceans 3.2 The carbonate system in the oceans 3.3 Advances in understanding carbonate reaction kinetics and their significance 3.4 Pre-Recent and future CaCO3 reactions 3.5 Ooids 3.6 Carbonate grains from plants and animals 3.7 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks 3.8 Other carbonate grains of biological origins 3.9 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates 3.10 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism 3.11 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation 3.12 Silica and pelagic plankton 3.13 Iron minerals and biomineralizers 3.14 Phosphates Part 3: User's Guide to Sedimentological Fluid Dynamics 4 Back to basics: fluid flow in general 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Material properties of fluids 4.3 Plastic behaviour 4.4 Dimensionless numbers 4.5 Reference frames for flows 4.6 The concepts of flow steadiness and uniformity 4. 7 Visualization of flow patterns 4.8 Ideal (potential) flow 4.9 Dynamics of fluid motion 4.10 Strategies for coping with the dynamic equations 5 Flow in the real world: laminar and turbulent behaviour 5.1 Osborne Reynolds and types of flow 5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer 5.3 Turbulent flow 5.4 The distribution of velocity in turbulent flows 5.5 Shear velocity, bed roughness, bed shear stress and flow power 5.6 The periodic coherent structures of turbulent shear flows 5.7 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents 6 Sediment grains in fluids: settling, transport and feedback 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fall of grains through stationary fluids 6.3 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex 6.4 Fluids as transporting machines 6.5 Initiation of particle motion 6.6 Initiation of motion by air flow 6.7 Paths of grain motion 6.8 Solid transmitted stresses 6.9 A dynamic sediment suspension theory 6.10 A warning: nonequilibrium effects may dominate natural sediment transport systems 6.11 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation Part 4: Sediment Transport and Sedimentary Structures 7 Bedforms and structures formed by unidirectional water flows over granular sediment 7.1 The 'trinity' of flow, transport and bedform 7.2 Current ripples 7.3 Lower-stage plane beds and cluster bedforms 7.4 Dunoids (bars, 2D dunes) 7.5 Dunes 7.6 Upper-stage plane beds 7.7 Antidunes, transverse ribs, chutes and pools, and related forms 7.8 Bedforms and sediment transport in poorly sorted sediment 7.9 Bedform phase diagrams 7.10 Bedform 'lag' effects 7.11 Bedform theory 7.12 Measurement of palaeocurrents and problems arising from trough-shaped sets of cross- stratification 8 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows 8.1 Introduction: some contrasts between air and water flows 8.2 Aeolian bedforms in general 8.3 Ballistic ripples and ridges 8.4 Dunes in general 8.5 Flow-transverse dunes 8.6 Flow-parallel dunes 8.7 Complex flow dunes 8.8 Vegetated parabolic dunes 9 Oscillatory water waves, combined flows and tides: their bedforms and structures 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Simple wave theory 9.3 Near-bed flow and bedforms 9.4 Combined flows, wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification 9.5 Tidal flows 10 Bedforms and cohesive sediment transport and erosion 10.1 The 'special' case of clays and cohesive beds 10.2 Flow erosion of cohesive beds 10.3 Erosion by 'tools' 11 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits 11.1 Introduction and static grain aggregates 11.2 Static friction and stability of granular masses 11.3 Grain flow avalanches: from cross-bedding to megabreccias 11.4 Debris flows 11.5 Turbidity flows 12 Liquefaction, liquefaction structures and other 'soft' sediment deformation structures 12.1 Liquefaction 12.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction 12.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps 12.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures Part 5: External Controls on Sediment Derivation, Transport and Deposition 13 Climate and sedimentary processes 13.1 Introduction: climate as a fundamental variable in sedimentology 13.2 Solar radiation: ultimate fuel for the climate machine 13.3 Earth's reradiation and the 'greenhouse' concept 13.4 Radiation balance, heat transfer and simple climatic models 13.5 Climate and the water cycle, 13.6 General atmospheric circulations 13.7 Global climates: a summary 13.8 Climate, mountains and plateaux 13.9 Climate change 13.10 Sedimentological evidence for palaeoclimate 14 Changing sea level and sedimentary sequences 14.1 Introduction: sea level as datum 14.2 Sea-level changes 14.3 Rates and magnitude of sea-level change 14.4 Origins of global sea-level change: slow vs. fast eustasy 14.5 Sequence stratigraphy: layers, cheesewires and bandwagons 15 Tectonics, denudation rates and sediment yields 15.1 Basic geodynamics of uplift 15.2 Elevation and gradients 15.3 Catchment processes 15.4 Erosion and denudation 15.5 Large-scale studies of denudation rates 15.6 Basinal studies of denudation and sediment flux: the inverse approach 15.7 Sediment supply, vegetation and climate change: implications for basin stratigraphy 15.8 Marine strontium isotope ratio and continental erosion rates Part 6: Sediment Deposition, Environments and Facies in Continental Environments 16 Aeolian sediments in low-latitude deserts 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Physical processes and erg formation 16.3 Modern desert bedform associations and facies 16.4 Aeolian architecture 16.5 Climate change, erg abandonment and desert-lake-river sedimentary cycles 16.6 Ancient desert facies 17 Rivers 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Channel magnitude and gradient 17.3 Channel form 17.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures 17.5 The floodplain 17.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges, combing and avulsion 17.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium 17.8 The many causes of channel incision-aggradation cycles 17.9 Fluvial architecture: scale, controls and time 17.10 Fluvial deposits in the geological record 18 Alluvial fans and fan deltas 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Controls on the size (area) of fans 18.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans 18.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans 18.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans 18.7 Fan deltas 19 Lakes 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Lake stratification 19.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents 19.4 Wind-forced physical processes 19.5 Chemical processes and cycles 19.6 Biological processes and cycles 19.7 Modern temperate lakes and their continental sedimentary facies 19.8 Lakes in the East African rifts 19.9 Lake Baikal 19.10 Shallow saline lakes 19.11 The succes

Note: Contents: Foreword. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - List of symbols and definitions. - 1. Introduction. - 2. Nature of the problem. - 3. Basic equations for the atmosphere and oceans. - 4. Various decompositions of the circulation. - 5. The data. - 6. Radiation balance. - 7. Observed mean state of the atmosphere. - 8. Observed mean state of the oceans. - 9. Observed mean state of the cryosphere. - 10. Exchange processes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. - 11. Angular momentum cycle. - 12. Water Cycle. - 13. Energetics. - 14. The ocean-atmosphere heat engine. - 15. Entropy in the climate system. - 16 Interannual and interdecadal variability in the climate system. - 17. Mathematical simulation of climate. - Appendix A: Analysis in terms of Fourier components. - Appendix B: Analysis in terms of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF's). - References. - Name index. - Subject index.

Note: Contents 1 Scope / G. Matthess 2 Polar Organic Substances and Their Role in the Water-Saturated and -Unsaturated Zones 2.0 Introduction / F.H. Frimmel 2.1 Isolation Procedures and Characterization Methods 2.1.1 Isolation and General Characterization of Organic Acids from Pore Water / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.2 Isolation and Characterization of Soil Humic Matter / W. Finger, B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.1.3 Isolation and Characterization of Organic Substancesin Ground Water and Sediments / F. Selenka and A. Hack 2.1.4 Chromatographie Characterization of the Acid-Soluble Part of Humic Substances / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.5 Spectroscopic Characterization of Humic Substances in the Ultraviolet and Visible Region and by Infrared Spectroscopy / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.6 Temperature-Programmed/Time-Resolved Pyrolysis Field lonization Mass Spectrometry - a New Method for the Characterization of Humic Substances / H.-R. Schulten 2.1.7 Interpretation of the Pyrolysis Products of Isolated Humic and Fulvic Acids / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.8 Characterization of Isolated Humic Material by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy /J. Buddrus and P. Burba 2.1.9 Characterization of Humic Substances Extracted by Organic Solvents / B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.2 Interaction of Inorganics with Humic Substances 2.2.1 Investigation of Metal Complexation by Polarography and Fluorescence Spectroscopy / F.H. Frimmel 2.2.2 Determination of Complexation Equilibria by the Ion-Exchange Method / W. Finger and H. Klamberg 2.2.3 Sorption of Metals on Humic Material / R. Becker and H. Klamberg 2.2.4 Interactions of Humic Substances with Iodine / K. G. Heumann and C. Reifenhäuser 2.2.5 Experiments on the Influence of Organic Ligands upon Kinetics of Feldspar Weathering / A. Petersen, G. Matthess and D. Schenk 2.3 Characterization of Some Organic Acids in the Subsurface of the Sandhausen Ecosystem / T. Cordt and H. Kussmaul 2.3.4 Organic Acids 2.3.5 Conclusions 3 Carbonate Systems 3.0 Introduction / E. Usdowski 3.1 Dissolution Kinetics in the Generation of Carbonate Ground Waters 3.1.1 Theoretical and Experimental Results of the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution and Precipitation / W. Dreybrodt 3.1.2 Field Measurements and Laboratory Experiments on Calcite Dissolution Kinetics of Natural Porous Media / J. Baumann and H.D. Schulz 3.2 Field Studies on Subsurface Water of Selected Sites / B. Merkel and J. Grossmann 3.2.1 Pore Water Sampling in Carbonate Terrains 3.2.2 Variation of Inorganic Carbon in the Unsaturated Zone of a Carbonate Gravel System / L. Eichinger and B. Merkel 3.2.3 Isotope Geochemistry of the Subsurface Carbonate System in Sandhausen and Bocholt / H. Dörr, W. Leuchs, P. Obermann, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 3.2.4 Application of Stable Carbon and Sulfur Isotope Models to the Development of Ground Water in a Limestone-Dolomite-Anhydrite-Gypsum Area / K.W. Schaefer and E. Usdowski 3.2.5 A dissolution Front at the Contact of Sandsto Marly Limestone Aquifers / H.R. Langguth and R. Schulz 3.2.6 Carbonate Rock Dissolution Under Intermediate System Conditions / J. Michaelis 3.3 Alteration in Karst Systems 3.3.1 Mineralogy and Hydrogeochemistry of the Gypsum Karst of Foum Tatahouine, South Tunisia / W. Smykatz-Kloss, H. Hötzl and H. Kössl 3.3.2 Dedolomitization and Salt Formationin a Semi-Arid Environment / W. Smykatz-Kloss, and J. Goebelbecker 3.3.3 Transformation Processes in Paleokarst Sediments and Chemistry of Modern Waters in the Aladag Region, Turkey / M. Cevrini and W. Echle 4 Silicate Systems 4.0 Introduction / G. Matthess 4.1 Redox Reactions in the Subsurface 4.1.1 Anoxic Reaction Zones in an Aquifer Influenced by Increasing Nitrate and Sulfate Contents / W. Leuchs and P. Obermann 4.1.2 Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes as Indicators for Nitrification and Denitrification / H.-L. Schmidt, S. Voerkelius and A. Amberger 4.1.3 Redox Conditions and Microbial Sulfur Reactions in the Fuhrberger Field Sandy Aquifer / J. Böttcher, O. Strebet and W. Kölle 4.1.4 Influence of Fine-Grained Cover Beds on the Chemistry of Shallow Ground Water / G. Ebhardt and P. Fritsch 4.1.5 Hydrogeochemical Processes During the Passage of Surface Water and Ground Water Through Genetically Different Organic Sediments / H. Brühl, A. Moschick and H. Verleger 4.1.6 Hydrochemical Phenomena in the Dorsten Leakage System / M. Hoffmann, H.R. Langguth and J. Larue 4.1.7 Hydrogeochemical Processes in the Hamburg Deep Aquifer System / E.P. Loehnert, W. Bauhus and C. Sonntag 4.2 Rock-Water Interaction 4.2.1 Aluminium Speciation in Acid Soil Water and Ground Water / G. Dietze and B. Ulrich 4.2.2 Mineral-Pore Water Interaction in Two Soil Types on Pleistocene Sediments at Hamburg / F. Sztuka and I. Valeton 4.2.3 Subsurface Hydrochemical Reactions in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / H. Jacob, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 4.3 Reaction Kinetics 4.3.1 Experimental Methods for Determining Dissolution Rates of Silicates - a Comparison / D. Schenk, G. Matthess, A. Dahmke and A. Petersen 4.3.2 Field Studies on the Kinetics of Silicate Minerals/Water Interaction / G. Matthess, A. Petersen, D. Schenk and A. Dahmke 5 Microbiology 5.0 Introduction / P. Hirsch 5.1 Characterization of the Natural Subsurface Environment 5.1.1 Morphological and Taxonomic Diversity of Ground Water Microorganisms / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.1.2 Methods of Studying Ground Water Microbiology: Critical Evaluations and Method suggestions / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke, A. Nehrkorn, R. Schweisfurth, F. Selenka and A. Hack 5.1.3 Organic Substances in Ground Water and Sediments and Their Relationships to Microorganisms in a Sandy Aquifer / E Selenka and A. Hack 5.2 Microbial Activities 5.2.1 Observations on the Physiology of Microorganisms from Pristine Ground Water Environments / P. Hirsch 5.2.2 Formation and Transformation of Manganese Oxidation States by Bacteria / J. Gottfreund and R. Schweisfurth 5.2.3 Interactions Between Humic Acids and Microorganisms / G.-J. Tuschewitzki, B. Langer and H. Otremba 5.3 Microbiology of Selected Locations 5.3.1 Subsurface Microbial Activities in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / R. Weyandt and R. Schweisfurth 5.3.2 Heterotrophic Bacterial Communities in the Bocholt Aquifer System / J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.3.3 The Natural Microflora of the Segeberger Forest Aquifer System / P. Hirsch and E. Rades-Rohkohl 5.3.4 Microbiological Observations of the Unsaturated Zone of a Quaternary Gravel Profile / I. Alexander, G. Freitag, J. Grossmann, Β. Merkel, P. Udluft and I. Ullsperger 6 Hydrogeochemical and Geochemical-Hydraulic Models and Model Concepts 6.0 Introduction / H.-D. Schulz 6.1 Hydrogeochemical Models and Concepts 6.1.1 Development of Secondary Permeability of a Fracture Aquifer in Carbonate Rocks: a Model / W. Dreybrodt 6.1.2 Some Aspects of Modelling the Carbon System in the Unsaturated Zone / B. Merkel, L. Eichinger and P. Udluft 6.1.3 Methodical Concepts in Silicate-Water Interaction - a Comparison of Results / A. Dahmke, G. Matthess, A. Petersen and D. Schenk 6.2 Combination of Transport and Geochemical Reactions 6.2.1 Water Movement and Geochemical Reactions in the Unsaturated Zone of Sands with Low Calcite Contents / H.-D. Schulz 6.2.2 Physical and Biochemical Processes Affecting Mass Transport in the Bocholt Aquifer System / C. Bugner and R. Mull 6.2.3 Tritium and 3He Measurements as Calibration Data for Ground Water Transport Models / H. Dörr, P. Schlosser, M. Stute and C. Sonntag 6.2.4 39Ar-, 85Kr-, 3He- and 3H Isotope Dating of Ground Water in the Bocholt and Segeberger Forst Aquifer Systems / M. Forster, H. Loosli and S. Weise 6.2.5 Modelling of Mass Balance and of Microbial Transformations in the Fuhrberger Feld Sandy Aquifer / O. Strebet, J. Böttcher and W.H.M. Duynisveld 6.3 Description of Geochemical Environments with Thermodynamic Equilibrium Models / M. Rolling and H.-D. Schulz 6

Note: Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1 A global view. - Chapter 2 Thermodynamics of gases. - Chapter 3 The second law and its implications. - Chapter 4 Heterogeneous systems. - Chapter 5 Transformations of moist air. - Chapter 6 Hydrostatic equilibrium. - Chapter 7 Hydrostatic stability. - Chapter 8 Atmospheric radiation. - Chapter 9 Aerosol and clouds. - Chapter 10 Atmospheric motion. - Chapter 11 Atmospheric equations of motion. - Chapter 12 Large-scale motion. - Chapter 13 The planetary boundary layer. - Chapter 14 Atmospheric waves. - Chapter 15 The general circulation. - Chapter 16 Hydrodynamic instability. - Chapter 17 The middle atmosphere.

Note: Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des zentralen Teiles des Sierra de Santa Victoria im argentinisch-bolivianischen Grenzgebiet. , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des Hornillos Komplexes : Sierra de Santa Victoria, Prov. de Salta / Argentinien. , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des Maiguasi-Gebietes. , Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Geologische Karte des Rejará-Stock : Sierra de Santa Victoria (Prov. Arce, Dpto. Tarija, Bolivien). , Zugleich: Clausthal, Technische Universität, Dissertation, 1992 , lnhaltverzeichnis: Einleitung. - 1.1 Überblick über die Alkaligesteinsvorkommen der Ostkordillere. - 1.2 Der kretazische Magmatismus in NW-Argentinien und S-Bolivien. - 1.3 Zielsetzung der Arbeit. - 1.4 Arbeitsmethodik. - 1.4.1 Kartierung und Probennahme. - 1.4.2 Mikroskopie. - 1.4.3 Röntgendiffraktometrie (RDA). - 1.4.4 Kathodolumineszenz (KL). - 1.4.5 Analytische Geochemie. - 1.4.5.1 Aufbereitung. - 1.4.5.2 Atomemissionsspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP). - 1.4.5.3 Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA). - 1.4.5.4 FeO-Bestimmung. - 1.4.5.5 H2O-Bestimmung. - 1.4.5.6 Gesamt-C-Bestimmung als CO2. - 1.4.5.7 lnstrumentelle Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse (INAA). - 1.4.5.8 C- und O-lsotopenmessungen. - 1.4.5.9 Standardabweichungen der Methoden. - 2 Geographische Aspekte des Arbeitsgebietes. - 2.1 Lage des Arbeitsgebietes. - 2.2 Morphotektonische Gliederung der Anden in NW-Argentinien und S-Bolivien. - 3 Zur Geologie der Sierra de Santa Victoria. - 3.1 Sedimentare Abfolge. - 3.1.1 Wendium - Unteres Kambrium. - 3.1.2 Oberes Kambrium. - 3.1.3 Ordovizium. - 3.1.4 Silur. - 3.1.5 Devon. - 3.1.6 Karbon. - 3.1.7 Kreide - Alttertiär. - 3.1.8 Alt-Ouartär. - 3.1.9 Jung-Quartär. - 3.2 Magmatische Abfolge: Geologie und Petrographie des Hornillos-Komplexes. - 3.2.1 Frühere Arbeiten. - 3.2.2 Allgemeine geologische Aspekte des Komplexes. - 3.3 lntrusivgesteine. - 3.3.1 Nordmarkite. - 3.3.2 Syenite. - 3.3.3 Grobkörige Syenite. - 3.3.4 Monzonite. - 3.3.5 Pulaskite. - 3.3.6 Syenitporphyre. - 3.3.7 Vulkanische Schlotbreccien. - 3.4 Vulkaniklastische Ablolge in mesozoischen Sandsteinen. - 3.5 Ganggefolgschaft des Hornillos-Komplexes. - 3.5.1 Leukokrate Gänge. - 3.5.2 Mesokrate Gänge. - 3.5.3 Melanokrate Gänge. - 3.6 Zusammenfassung der petrographischen Untersuchungs-Ergebnisse. - 3. 7 Metallogenetische Aspekte. - 3.7.1 Blei-Uran-Thorium-Vererzungen. - 3.7.2 Eisenoxid-Gänge. - 3.7.3 Sulfid-Schwerspat-Gänge. - 3.7.4 Seifengold. - 4 Geochemie des Hornillos-Komplexe. - 4.1 Hauptelemente. - 4.2 Spurenelementverteilung. - 4.2.1 Salische Gesteine. - 4.2.2 Mafische Gesteine. - 4.3 Verteilung der Seltenen Erden (SEE). - 4.4 Geotektonische Position aufgrund von Diskriminierungs-Diagrammen. - 5 Gang-Schwarm von Maiguasi. - 5.1 Allgemeines über Lamprophyre. - 5.2 Die Lamprophyre aus dem Gebiet von Maiguasi. - 5.2.1 Petrographie der Lamprophyre. - 5.2.2 Geochemie der Lamprophyre. - 5.3 Die Tinguaite aus dem Gebiet von Maiguasi (Tinguaftas de lruya). - 5.4 Geochemischer und petrogenetischer Zusammenhang zwischen Lamprophyren und Tinguaiten. - 6 Fenitisierungserscheinungen im Rejará-Granodiorit (S-Bolivien). - 6.1 Einleitung. - 6.2 Granodiorit. - 6.3 Episyenite. - 6.4 Geochemie des Granodiorites und Episyenites. - 6.5 Dolerit-Gänge. - 6.6 Fenitisierung. - 6.7 Ultramafische Lamprophyre (Aillikite). - 6.8 Diskussion. - 7 Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffisotopie. - 7.1 Datenermittlung. - 7.2 Sauerstoffisotopie. - 7.3 Kohlenstoffisotopie. - 7.4 Verhältnis zwischen Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoff-lsotopen. - 7.5 Diskussion und Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen. - 8 Schlußfolgerungen und Ausblick. - 8.1 Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerung. - 8.2 Diskussion. - 8.3 Modell zum Alkalimagmatismus in der Ostkordillere. - 8.4 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Anhangverzeichnis (Tabellen und Karten). -

Note: Contents Preface Part I Introduction 1 Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Part II Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes 2 Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms / R. JAN STEVENSON AND YANGDONG PAN 3 Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes / SHERILYN C. FRITZ, BRIAN F. CUMMING, FRANQOISE GASSE, AND KATHLEEN R. LAIRD 4 Diatoms as mediators of biogeochemical silica depletion in the Laurentian Great Lakes / CLAIRE L. SCHELSKE 5 Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity / RICHARD W. BATTARBEE, DONALD F. CHARLES, SUSHIL S. DIXIT, AND INGEMAR RENBERG 6 Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication / ROLAND I. HALL AND JOHN P. SMOL 7 Continental diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change / J. PLATT BRADBURY 8 Diatoms as indicators of water level change in freshwater lakes / JULIE A. WOLIN AND HAMISH C. DUTHIE Part III Diatoms as indicators in extreme environments 9 Diatoms as indicators of environmental change near arctic and alpine treeline / ANDRE F. LOTTER, REINHARD PIENITZ, AND ROLAND SCHMIDT 10 Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic / MARIANNE S. V. DOUGLAS AND JOHN P. SMOL 11 Diatoms as indicators of enviromental change in antarctic freshwaters / SARAH A. SPAULDING AND DIANE M. MCKNIGHT 12 Diatoms of aerial habitats / JEFFREY R. JOHANSEN Part IV Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments 13 Diatoms as indicators of coastal paleoenvironments and relative sea-level change / LUC DENYS AND HEIN DE WOLF 14 Diatoms and environmental change in brackish waters / PAULI SNOEIJS 15 Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments / MICHAEL J. SULLIVAN 16 Estuarine paleoenyironmental reconstructions using diatoms / SHERRI R. COOPER 17 Diatoms and marine paleoceanography / CONSTANCE SANCETTA PartV Other applications 18 Diatoms and archeology / STEVEN JUGGINS AND NIGEL CAMERON 19 Diatoms in oil and gas exploration / WILLIAM N. KREBS 20 Forensic science and diatoms / ANTHONY J. PEABODY 21 Toxic and harmful marine diatoms / GRETA A. FRYXELL AND MARIA C. VILLAC 22 Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport / MARGARET A. HARPER 23 Diatomite / DAVID M. HARWOOD Part VI Conclusions 24 Epilogue: a view to the future / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Glossary, and acronyms Index

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter One: Causes of sea-level change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Changes in the quantity of oceanic water 1.3 Deformation of the shape of the oceanic basin 1.4 Variations of water density and dynamic changes affecting the water masses Chapter Two: Evidence of former sea levels 2.1 Rocky shores 2.2 Sedimentary shores 2.3 Archaeological and historical sea-level indicators 2.4 Dating a sea-level indicator 2.5 How sea-level curves are constructed Chapter Three: The ice age Earth 3.1 How the last glaciation developed 3.2 The sea-level positions during the last Ice age 3.3 Low-sea-level land bridges and landscapes 3.4 Last glaciation climate and hydrology 3.5 Last glaciation biomass and CO2 exchanges Chapter Four: Deglacial sea-level changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modelling results 4.3 Regional case studies 4.4 A gradually rising or a fluctuating sea level? 4.5 The Younger Dryas sea-level change 4.6 Impacts of past sea-level rise on coastal systems 4.7 Palaeomonsoons Chapter Five: Relative sea-level changes in the late Holocene 5.1 Delta and coral reef development 5.2 Continuance of isostatic emergence / submergence processes 5.3 Seismo-tectonic displacements 5.4 Relative sea-level changes produced by aseismic tectonics 5.5 Transgression-regression sequences and sea-level changes 6 Present-day sea-level trends 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Instrumental measurements . 6.3 Explanation of current estimations of global sea-level rise 6.4 Coastal areas at risk from sea-level rise Conclusions References Author Index Geographical Index Subject Index

Note: Inhalt: I. Allgemeines zu den Familien mit Kanalraphen. - 1. Die taxonomisches Bewertung des Kanalraphensystems. - 2. Gemeinsame und unterschiedliche morphologische Merkmale bei den pennaten Gattungen mit Kanalraphen. - 3. Terminologie. - 3.1. Ergänzender Glossar einiger Termini. - II. Spezieller Teil. - Ordnung Pennales. - Die Familien 4-6 mit Kanalraphen (Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae). - 4. Familie Bacillariaceae Ehrenberg. - 1. Bacillaria Gmelin. - 2. Nitzschia Hassall. - 3. Hantzschia Grunow. - 4. Cymbellonitzschia Hustedt. - 5. Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst. - 6. Simonsenia Lange-Bertalot. - 5. Familie Epithemiaceae sensu Karsten. - 1. Denticula Kützing. - 2. Epithemia Brébisson. - 3. Rhopalodia O. Müller. - 6. Familie Surirellaceae Kützing. - 1. Cymatopleura W. Smith. - 2. Surirella Turpin. - 3. Stenopterobia Brébisson. - 4. Campylodiscus Ehrenberg. - Tafeln 1-182. - Ergänzungen und Korrekturen. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Inhalt: Familie Achnanthaceae Kützing. - 1. Achnanthes Bory [Lange-Bertalot]. - 1. Untergattung Achnanthes Bory. - 2. Untergattung Achnanthidium (Kützing) Hustedt. - 2. Cocconeis Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - Nachträge zu Bacillariophyceae Teil 2/1. - Nachtrag I, Navicula [Lange-Bertalot]. - Nachtrag II, Gomphonema [Lange-Bertalot]. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Tafeln 1-88. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Inhalt: I. Allgemeiner Teil. - 1. Terminologie. - II. Spezieller Teil. - A. Ordnung Centrales. - 1. Melosira Agardh [Krammer]. - 2. Orthoseira Thwaites [Krammer]. - 3. Ellerbeckia Crawford [Krammer]. - 4. Aulacoseira Thwaites [Krammer]. - 5. Cyclotella (Kützing) Brébisson [Håkansson]. - 6. Cyclostephanos Round [Håkansson]. - 7. Stephanodiscus Ehrenberg [Håkansson]. - 8. Thalassiosira Cleve [Håkansson]. - 9. Stephanocostis Genkai & Kuzmin [Håkansson]. - 10. Skeletonema Greville [Krammer]. - 11. Acanthoceras Honigmann [Krammer]. - 12. Chaetoceros Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - 13. Rhizosolenia Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - 14. Pleurosira (Meneghini) Trevisan [Krammer]. - 15. Actinocyclus Ehrenberg [Krammer]. - B. Ordnung Pennales. - Familie Fragilariaceae Hustedt. - 1. Tetracyclus Ralfs [Krammer]. - 2. Diatoma Bory [Krammer]. - 3. Meridion Agardh [Krammer]. - 4. Asterionella Hassall [Krammer]. - 5. Tabellaria Ehrenberg [Lange-Bertalot]. - 6. Synedra Ehrenberg [Lange-Bertalot]. - 7. Fragilaria Lyngbye [Lange-Bertalot]. - 1. Untergattung Fragilarias ensu Lange-Bertalot. - 2. Untergattung Alterasynedra Lange-Bertalot. - 3. Untergattung Ctenophora (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot. - 4. Untergattung Tabularia (Kützing) Lange-Bertalot. - 5. Untergattung Staurosira (Ehrenberg) Lange-Bertalot. - 8. Opephora Petit [Lange-Bertalot]. - 9. Hannaea Patrick [Lange-Bertalot]. - 10. Centronella Voigt [Lange-Bertalot]. - Familie Eunotiaceae Kützing [Lange-Bertalot unter Mitarb. v. Nörpel]. - 1. Eunotia Ehrenberg. - 2. Actinella Lewis. - 3. Peronia Brébisson & Arnott. - Tafeln 1-166. - Namenverzeichnis.

Note: Contents: General remarks on some geomedical problems in Arctic and Subarctic regions / J. Låg. - Geochemical mapping in northernmost Fennoscandia / B. Bølviken, R. T. Ottesen and R. Nilsen. - Atmospheric fallout of heavy metals in northern Norway / E. Steinnes. The chemistry of drinking waters in northern regions of Norway and some health aspects / T. P. Flaten. Human metal exposure, tissue accumulation and health effects among non-ferrous smelter workers in northern Sweden / G. Nordberg, L Gerhardsson and B. Lagerkvist. - Contamination of natural surrounding by heavy metals and ecological effects / T. D. Makarova and T. I. Moiseenko. - The regularities of the heavy metals accumulation in organism systems of fresh water fishes and pathological processes / T. I. Moiseenko and L. P. Kudratsjeva. - Features of harmful effects caused by air pollution on human and animal in cold / V. P. Chatchin. - The influence of selenium deficiency in environment on human health in Northeast China / Tan Jianan. - Methylmercury in northern Canada / C. Dumont and T. Kosatsky. - FAO European cooperative network on the trace elements. Activities concerning geomedical problems / H. Bergseth. - Trace element status in relation to aspects of animal health in northern regions of Norway / A. Frøslie. - Thyroid cancer: High risk areas in northern Norway / E. Glattre, S. Ø. Thoresen and J. W. Jebsen. - Selenium and human health in northern Norway / J. Ringstad. - Cadmium and lead concentrations in Norwegian reference population groups / J. Clench-Aas. - Some essential and toxic elements in Swedish diets / L. Jorhem. - Cancer in Pasvik. Pollution from Nikell. A connection? / H. G. Sunde and T. Haldorsen. - Serum selenium in patients with ankylosing spondylitis / J. Aaseth, Y. Thomassen and O. Vinje. - Lead in bone in smelter workers / L. Gerhardsson, D. Chettle, V. Englyst, G. F. Nordberg, M. Scott and A. Todd. - Correlation of cancer incidence with geochemistry in subarctic Finland / R. Riispanen. - The disturbance of renal calcium metabolism induced by metallothionein / T. Jin, P. Leffler and G. Nordberg. - Cadmium in Svalbard reindeer / G. Norheim and K. Nilssen. - Svalbard: Trace elements in liver from eider / G. Norheim and B. Borch-Johnsen. - Trace elements in reindeer and sheep from Sør-Varanger, Finnmark. A preliminary study / A. Frøslie. - List of participants.

Note: Table of Contents: Prologue. - List of authors and participants. - I. RADIOCARBON AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGIES. - Tree-ring 14C calibration at 10.000 BP / B. Kromer and B. Becker. - On flow model dating of stable isotope records from Greenland ice cores 7 S. J. Johnsen and W. Dansgaard. - The clay-varve based Swedish time scale and its relation to the Late Weichselian radiocarbon chronology / S. björck, I. Cato, L. Brunnberg, B. Strömberg. - A step towards an absolute time-scale for the Late-Glacial: annually laminated sediments from Soppensee (Switzerland) / A. F. Lotter. - B. Ammann, J. Beer, I. Hajdas, M. Sturm. - The late glacial-holocene transition in central Europe derived from isotope studies of laminated sediments from Lake Gościaź (Poland) / K. Rozanski, T. Goslar, M. Dulinski, T. Kuc, M. F. Pazdur, A. Walanus. - Younger Dryas oscillation - varve dated microstratigraphic, palynological and palaeomagnetic records from Lake Holzmaar, Germany / B. Zolitschka, B. Haverkamp, J. F. W. Negendank. - 230Th/234U and 14C ages obtained by mass spectrometry on corals from Barbados (West Indies), Isabela (Galapagos) and Mururoa (French Polynesia) / E. Bard, R. G. Fairbanks, M. Arnold, B. Hamelin. - II. COSMONUCLIDE PRODUCTION CHANGES DURING THE PAST. - Expected secular variations in the global terrestrial production rate of radiocarbon / D. Lal. - 10Be deposition at Vostok, Antarctica, during the last 50,000 years and its relationship to possible cosmogenic production variations during this period / G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, J. Jouzel, J. R. Petit, N. I. Barkov, E. Bard. - 10Be peaks as time markers in polar ice cores / J. Beer, S. J. Johnsen, G. Bonani, R. C. Finkel, C. C. Langway, H. Oeschger, B. Stauffer, M. Suter, W. Woelfli. - Variation of geomagnetic field intensity from 8-60 Ky BP, Massif Central France / J. Salis and N. Bonhommet. - A geomagnetic calibration of the radiocarbon time-scale / A. Mazaud, C. Laj, E. Bard, M. Arnold, E. Tric. - III. CLIMATIC CHANGES DURING THE LAST DEGLACIATION. - The strength of the nordic heat pump / W. S. Broecker. - δ18O time-slice reconstruction of meltwater anomalies at Termination 1 in the North Atlantic between 50 and 80°N / M. Sarnthein, E. Jansen, M. Arnold, J. C. Duplessy, H. Erlenkeuser, A. Flatoy, T. Veum, E. Vogelsang, M. S. Weinelt. - A new method to reconstruct sea surface salinity: application to the North Atlantic ocean during the Younger Dryas / J.-C. Duplessy, L. Labeyrie, A. Juillet-Leclerc, J. Duprat. - The determination of past ocean-atmosphere radiocarbon differences / J. R. Southon, D. E. Nelson, J. S. Vogel. - The last deglaciation in Antarctica: further evidence of a "Younger Dryas" type climatic event / J. Jouzel, J. R. Petit, N. I. Barkov, J. M. Barnola, J. Chappellaz, P. Ciais, V. M. Kotkyakov, C. Lorius, V. N. Petrov, D. Raynaud, C. Ritz. - Possible ice-core evidence for a fresh melt water cap over the Atlantic ocean in the early Holocene / D. A. Fisher. - Climatic changes in Northwest Africa during the last deglaciation (16-7 ka BP) / F. Gasse, J. Ch. Fontes. - The palynological expression and timing of the Younger Dryas event - Europe versus Eastern North America / D. M. Peteet.

Note: Volume II: Glaciology & Periglacial Processes. - Soviet-French cooperation on the isotopic research of cores from Dome B - Vostok - Komsomolskaya - Mirny ice taverse, East Antarctica / C. Lorius ; Ye. S. Korotkevich ; N. I. Barkov ; V. N. Petrov. - On the genesis of the Shackleton Ice Shelf according to oxygen-isotope data / L. Savatyugin; R. Vaikmäe. - G.D.R isotope research in Queen Maud Land (Abstract) / R. Haberlandt. - Isotope data from ice-cored moraines suggest a higher ice sheet surface in Central Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) during cold stages / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - An oxygen-18 thermometer from snow of Northern Queen Maud Land / Antarctica / W.-D. Hermichen ; P. Kowski ; R. Vaikmäe. - Initial processes of pedogenesis in the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Krüger ; J. Balke. - Periglacial of Antarctic continent as a source of paleoglacial information / V. I. Bardin. - Sea Ice Analysis. - The major features of ice conditions in the Bellingshausen Sea / V. V. Yevsyeyev. - The duration of the cycle of the Atlantic ice massif existence and typification of the processes causing its isolation / A. M. Kozlovsky. - Hydrology. - The hydrography of the Schirmacher Oasis (Abstract) / W. Richter. - Meteorological and hydrological conditions of meltwater genesis and distribution in Antarctica / A. Loopmann. - Hydrochemical and isotope hydrological investigations in the Bunger Oasis / E. Kaup ; V. Klokov ; R. Vaikmäe ; D. Haendel ; R. Zierath. - Extremely C-13 enriched biomass in a freshwater environment: examples from Antarctic lakes / U. Wand ; K. Mühle. - Biology & Human Biology. - Das Meereis als Lebensraum / G.Hernpel Das biologische Programm "Bellingshausen" - Bericht über die vergangenen 10 Jahre und die Konzeption künftiger Forschungsarbeit / H.Oehme. - Ecological studies in the southern gigant petrel Macronectes giganteus on southwestern parts of King George Island / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Development, torpor and energy balance of black-bellied storm-petrel chicks (Fregatta tropica) (Abstract) / T. Nadler ; H. Mix. - Morphometrical and ecological differences between south polar and brown skuas of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, South Shetland Islands / H.-U. Peter ; M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer. - Behavioural biology of the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / A. Gebauer ; M. Kaiser ; H.-U. Peter. - Thermoregulation in the Antarctic tern Sterna vittata (Gmelin, 1789) / M. Kaiser ; A. Gebauer ; H.-U. Peter. - Parasitiological studies in the Antarctic by scientists from the G.D.R / K. Feiler. - New Amphipods from the sublittoral of King George Island - Faunistic contribution to ecological investigations / M. Rauschert. - The freshwater algae of the Schirmacher Oasis - Queen Maud Land / H. Pankow ; D. Haendel ; H. Richter. - The lichens of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter. - The bryoflora of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) in relations to hydrosphere and cryosphere / W. Richter. - The animals of the Schirmacher Oasis (East Antarctica) / W. Richter ; D. Haendel ; P. Junghans. - Indoor climate and long-time-stays in Arctic and Antarctic regions (Abstract) / W. Bischof ; G. Schrader ; L. Banhidi. - Do psychical factors have an influence on the immunofunction of polar researchers and how could objective evidence be obtained? / F. Wietschel ; G. Schrader.

Note: Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 1993 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung. - 2 Das Zwei-Schichten-Modell. - 2.1 Die Basisgleichungen. - 2.2 Das numerische Lösungsverfahren. - 2.3 Die Wahl der Entwicklungsfunktionen. - 2.4 Die Wahl der Modellauflösung. - 2.4.1 Die horizontale Auflösung. - 2.4.2 Die vertikale Auflösung. - 2.4.3 Das Zeitschrittschema. - 2.5 Die Modellgleichungen. - 2.5.1 Die kontinuierliche Form. - 2.5.2 Die diskrete Form. - 2.5.3 Die Diffusion und die Reibung. - 3. Das Zirkulationsmodell ECHAM. - 3.1 Eine kurze Modellbeschreibung. - 3.2 Das Übertragen von ECHAM-Daten auf das Zwei-Schichten-Modell. - 4. Der diabatische Antrieb. - 4.1 Der diabatische Antrieb von ECHAM-2. - 4.2 Der diabatische Antrieb des Zwei-Schichten-Modells. - 5. Der nichtlineare Antrieb. - 5.1 Das theoretische Prinzip. - 5.2 Der nichtlineare Antrieb im ECHAM-2 Kontrollauf. - 5.3 Der transiente Antrieb des Zwei-Schichten-Modells. - 6 Ein Experiment mit dem Zwei-Schichten-Modell. - 6.1 Die Stabilisierung des mittleren Zustandes. - 6.2 Die Ergebnisse des Zwei-Schichten-Modells. - 7. Das Ergebnis und ein Ausblick. - 7.1 Der technische Teil. - 7.2 Der wissenschaftliche Teil. - Anhang. - A: Die Berechnung von Kugelflächenfunktionen. - B: Das Gitter für die Transformationsmethode. - C: Die numerische Behandlung der Modellgleichungen. - Danksagung. - Symbolverzeichnis. - Literaturverzeichnis.

Note: Potsdam, Univ., Dipl.-Arbeit, 2006

Note: Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Historical Background 1.2 Some Examples of Spectral Methods 1.2.1 A Fourier Galerkin Method for the Wave Equation 1.2.2 A Chebyshev Collocation Method for the Heat Equation 1.2.3 A Legendre Galerkin with Numerical Integration (G-NI) Method for the Advection-Diffusion-Reaction Equation 1.2.4 A Legendre Tau Method for the Poisson Equation 1.2.5 Basic Aspects of Galerkin, Collocation, G-NI and Tau Methods 1.3 Three-Dimensional Applications in Fluids: A Look Ahead 2. Polynomial Approximation 2.1 The Fourier System 2.1.1 The Continuous Fourier Expansion 2.1.2 The Discrete Fourier Expansion 2.1.3 Differentiation 2.1.4 The Gibbs Phenomenon 2.2 Orthogonal Polynomials in (−1, 1) 2.2.1 Sturm-Liouville Problems 2.2.2 Orthogonal Systems of Polynomials 2.2.3 Gauss-Type Quadratures and Discrete Polynomial Transforms 2.3 Legendre Polynomials 2.3.1 Basic Formulas 2.3.2 Differentiation 2.3.3 Orthogonality, Diagonalization and Localization 2.4 Chebyshev Polynomials 2.4.1 Basic Formulas 2.4.2 Differentiation 2.5 Jacobi Polynomials 2.6 Approximation in Unbounded Domains 2.6.1 Laguerre Polynomials and Laguerre Functions 2.6.2 Hermite Polynomials and Hermite Functions 2.7 Mappings for Unbounded Domains 2.7.1 Semi-Infinite Intervals 2.7.2 The Real Line 2.8 Tensor-Product Expansions 2.8.1 Multidimensional Mapping 2.9 Expansions on Triangles and Related Domains 2.9.1 Collapsed Coordinates and Warped Tensor-Product Expansions 2.9.2 Non-Tensor-Product Expansions 2.9.3 Mappings 3. Basic Approaches to Constructing Spectral Methods 3.1 Burgers Equation 3.2 Strong and Weak Formulations of Differential Equations 3.3 Spectral Approximation of the Burgers Equation 3.3.1 Fourier Galerkin 3.3.2 Fourier Collocation 3.3.3 Chebyshev Tau 3.3.4 Chebyshev Collocation 3.3.5 Legendre G-NI 3.4 Convolution Sums 3.4.1 Transform Methods and Pseudospectral Methods 3.4.2 Aliasing Removal by Padding or Truncation 3.4.3 Aliasing Removal by Phase Shifts 3.4.4 Aliasing Removal for Orthogonal Polynomials 3.5 Relation Between Collocation, G-NI and Pseudospectral Methods 3.6 Conservation Forms 3.7 Scalar Hyperbolic Problems 3.7.1 Enforcement of Boundary Conditions 3.7.2 Numerical Examples 3.8 Matrix Construction for Galerkin and G-NI Methods 3.8.1 Matrix Elements 3.8.2 An Example of Algebraic Equivalence between G-NI and Collocation Methods 3.9 Polar Coordinates 3.10 Aliasing Effects 4. Algebraic Systems and Solution Techniques 4.1 Ad-hoc Direct Methods 4.1.1 Fourier Approximations 4.1.2 Chebyshev Tau Approximations 4.1.3 Galerkin Approximations 4.1.4 Schur Decomposition and Matrix Diagonalization 4.2 Direct Methods 4.2.1 Tensor Products of Matrices 4.2.2 Multidimensional Stiffness and Mass Matrices 4.2.3 Gaussian Elimination Techniques 4.3 Eigen-Analysis of Spectral Derivative Matrices 4.3.1 Second-Derivative Matrices 4.3.2 First-Derivative Matrices 4.3.3 Advection-Diffusion Matrices 4.4 Preconditioning 4.4.1 Fundamentals of Iterative Methods for Spectral Discretizations 4.4.2 Low-Order Preconditioning of Model Spectral Operators in One Dimension 4.4.3 Low-Order Preconditioning in Several Dimensions 4.4.4 Spectral Preconditioning 4.5 Descent and Krylov Iterative Methods for Spectral Equations 4.5.1 Multidimensional Matrix-Vector Multiplication 4.5.2 Iterative Methods 4.6 Spectral Multigrid Methods 4.6.1 One-Dimensional Fourier Multigrid Model Problem 4.6.2 General Spectral Multigrid Methods 4.7 Numerical Examples of Direct and Iterative Methods 4.7.1 Fourier Collocation Discretizations 4.7.2 Chebyshev Collocation Discretizations 4.7.3 Legendre G-NI Discretizations 4.7.4 Preconditioners for Legendre G-NI Matrices 4.8 Interlude 5. Polynomial Approximation Theory 5.1 Fourier Approximation 5.1.1 Inverse Inequalities for Trigonometric Polynomials 5.1.2 Estimates for the Truncation and Best Approximation Errors 5.1.3 Estimates for the Interpolation Error 5.2 Sturm-Liouville Expansions 5.2.1 Regular Sturm-Liouville Problems 5.2.2 Singular Sturm-Liouville Problems 5.3 Discrete Norms 5.4 Legendre Approximations 5.4.1 Inverse Inequalities for Algebraic Polynomials 5.4.2 Estimates for the Truncation and Best Approximation Errors 5.4.3 Estimates for the Interpolation Error 5.4.4 Scaled Estimates 5.5 Chebyshev Approximations 5.5.1 Inverse Inequalities for Polynomials 5.5.2 Estimates for the Truncation and Best Approximation Errors 5.5.3 Estimates for the Interpolation Error 5.6 Proofs of Some Approximation Results 5.7 Other Polynomial Approximations 5.7.1 Jacobi Polynomials 5.7.2 Laguerre and Hermite Polynomials 5.8 Approximation in Cartesian-Product Domains 5.8.1 Fourier Approximations 5.8.2 Legendre Approximations 5.8.3 Mapped Operators and Scaled Estimates 5.8.4 Chebyshev and Other Jacobi Approximations 5.8.5 Blended Trigonometric and Algebraic Approximations 5.9 Approximation in Triangles and Related Domains 6. Theory of Stability and Convergence 6.1 Three Elementary Examples Revisited 6.1.1 A Fourier Galerkin Method for the Wave Equation 6.1.2 A Chebyshev Collocation Method for the Heat Equation 6.1.3 A Legendre Tau Method for the Poisson Equation 6.2 Towards a General Theory 6.3 General Formulation of Spectral Approximations to Linear Steady Problems 6.4 Galerkin, Collocation, G-NI and Tau Methods 6.4.1 Galerkin Methods 6.4.2 Collocation Methods 6.4.3 G-NI Methods 6.4.4 Tau Methods 6.5 General Formulation of Spectral Approximations to Linear Evolution Problems 6.5.1 Conditions for Stability and Convergence: The Parabolic Case 6.5.2 Conditions for Stability and Convergence: The Hyperbolic Case 6.6 The Error Equation 7. Analysis of Model Boundary-Value Problems 7.1 The Poisson Equation 7.1.1 Legendre Methods 7.1.2 Chebyshev Methods 7.1.3 Other Boundary-Value Problems 7.2 Singularly Perturbed Elliptic Equations 7.2.1 Stabilization of Spectral Methods 7.3 The Eigenvalues of Some Spectral Operators 7.3.1 The Discrete Eigenvalues for Lu = −uxx 7.3.2 The Discrete Eigenvalues for Lu = −νuxx + βux 7.3.3 The Discrete Eigenvalues for Lu = ux 7.4 The Preconditioning of Spectral Operators 7.5 The Heat Equation 7.6 Linear Hyperbolic Equations 7.6.1 Periodic Boundary Conditions 7.6.2 Nonperiodic Boundary Conditions 7.6.3 The Resolution of the Gibbs Phenomenon 7.6.4 Spectral Accuracy for Non-Smooth Solutions 7.7 Scalar Conservation Laws 7.8 The Steady Burgers Equation Appendix A. Basic Mathematical Concepts A.1 Hilbert and Banach Spaces A.2 The Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality A.3 Linear Operators Between Banach Spaces A.4 The Fr´echet Derivative of an Operator A.5 The Lax-Milgram Theorem A.6 Dense Subspace of a Normed Space A.7 The Spaces Cm(Ω), m ≥ 0 A.8 Functions of Bounded Variation and the Riemann(-Stieltjes) Integral A.9 The Lebesgue Integral and Lp-Spaces A.10 Infinitely Differentiable Functions and Distributions A.11 Sobolev Spaces and Sobolev Norms A.12 The Sobolev Inequality A.13 The Poincar´e Inequality A.14 The Hardy Inequality A.15 The Gronwall Lemma Appendix B. Fast Fourier Transforms Appendix C. Iterative Methods for Linear Systems C.1 A Gentle Approach to Iterative Methods C.2 Descent Methods for Symmetric Problems C.3 Krylov Methods for Nonsymmetric Problems Appendix D. Time Discretizations D.1 Notation and Stability Definitions D.2 Standard ODE Methods D.2.1 Leap Frog Method D.2.2 Adams-Bashforth Methods D.2.3 Adams-Moulton Methods D.2.4 Backwards-Difference Formulas D.2.5 Runge-Kutta Methods D.3 Integrating Factors D.4 Low-Storage Schemes References Index

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Zugl.: Marburg, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Zugl.: Frankfurt am Main, Univ., Diss., 2005

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2005

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Contents: Preface. - About the author. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Terminlogy, standards, and mass spectrometry. - 3 Equilibrium isotopic fractionation. - 4 The hydrosphere. - 5 The oceans. - 6 Biogenic carbonates: oxygen. - 7 Carbon in the low-temperature enviroment. - 8 Low-temperature minerals, exclusive of carbonates. - 9 Nitrogen. - 10 Sulfur. - 11 Igneous petrology. - 12 Metamorphic geology. - 13 Extraterrestrial materials. - Appendix A: Standard reference materials for stable isotopes. - Appendix B: Sample calculation of the correction procedure for adjusting measured isotope data to accepted IAEA Reference Scales. - Index

Note: Inhalt VORWORT 1 FORM UND VERFÜGBARKEIT DER DATEN 1.1 Einheiten 1.1.1 Basisgrößen und abgeleitete Einheiten 1.1.2 Umrechnungen 1.2 Analysenumfang 1.2.1 Allgemeine Beschaffenheitsuntersuchungen des Grundwassers 1.2.2 Trinkwasseruntersuchung 1.2.3 Mineralwasseruntersuchung 1.2.4 Heilwasseruntersuchungen 1.2.5 Untersuchungen bei Baumaßnahmen 1.2.6 Untersuchungen von Grundwasserverunreinigungen 1.3 Genauigkeitsanforderungen 2 GRAPHISCHE AUSWERTUNGEN 2.1 Einzeldiagramme 2.1.1 Säulendiagramme 2.1.1.1 Einfaches Säulendiagramm 2.1.1.2 Doppeltes Säulendiagramm 2.1.1.3 Logarithmisches Säulendiagramm nach PREUL 2.1.2 Kreisdiagramme 2.1.2.1 Kreisdiagramm nach CARLE 2.1.2.2 Kreisdiagramm nach UDLUFT 2.1.3 Strahlendiagramme 2.1.3.1 Strahlendiagramm nach TICKEL 2.1.3.2 Strahlendiagramm nach STIFF 2.1.3.3 Strahlendiagramm nach DALMADY 2.1.3.4 Strahlendiagramm nach GIRARD 2.1.3.5 Strahlendiagramm nach MAUCHA 2.2 Sammeldiagramme 2.2.1 Dreieckdiagramme 2.2.1.1 Einzeldiagramme für Ionen 2.2.1.2 Dreieckdiagramm für Kationen und Anionen 2.2.1.3 Härtediagramm 2.2.2 Viereckdiagramme 2.2.2.1 Kationen-Anionen-Viereckdiagramm 2.2.2.2 Fünfstoffdarstellung nach KÄSS 2.2.3 Kombinations-Diagramme 2.2.3.1 PIPER-Diagramm 2.2.3.2 Kombinationsdiagramm nach SCHWILLE 2.2.3.3 SCHOELLER-Diagramm 3 TYPISIERUNG 3.1 Gegenseitige funktionale Beziehungen von Ionen oder Ionengruppen 3.1.1 Ionenverhältnisse 3.2 Hydrogeochemische Typisierung 3.2.1 Typisierung nach einem Parameter 3.2.2 Typisierung nach FURTAK & LANGGUTH 3.2.3 Mineral- und Heilwässer 3.2.3.1 Modifiziertes Dreieckdiagramm für Heilwassertypisierung 3.2.4 Gesteinsbezogene Typisierung 4 STATISTISCHE AUSWERTUNGEN 4.1 Häufigkeitsverteilung einzelner Parameter 4.1.1 Graphische Häufigkeitsverteilung 4.1.2 Maßzahlen der Häufigkeitsverteilung 4.1.2.1 Mittelwertbildung 4.1.2.2 Streuungsparameter 4.1.2.3 Schiefe und Steilheit 4.1.2.4 Normalverteilung 4.2 Prüfung und Vergleich von Stichproben 4.2.1 Vertrauensintervalle 4.2.1.1 Vertrauensintervalle für Mittelwerte 4.2.1.2 Vertrauensintervalle für Varianzen 4.2.2 Testverfahren 4.2.2.1 Der t-Test 4.2.2.2 Der F-Test 4.2.2.3 Der Chi-Quadrat-Test 4.3 Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen Parametern 4.3.1 Korrelationsanalyse 4.3.2 Regressionsanalyse 4.4 Räumliche und zeitliche Veränderung der Grundwasserbeschaffenheit 4.4.1 Ganglinien 4.4.2 Interpolative Darstellungen 4.4.2.1 Gleichenkarten für einzelne Parameter 4.4.2.2 Gleichenkarten von Ionenverhältnissen und hydrochemische Schnitte 4.4.3 Statistische Darstellungsverfahren 4.4.3.1 Variogramme 4.4.3.2 Gleitender Mittelwert, Krigeage 4.4.3.3 Zeitreihenanalyse 4.5 Multivariate Klassifikationen 4.5.1 Clusteranalyse 4.5.2 Diskriminanzanalyse 4.5.3 Faktorenanalyse 5 CHEMISCHE GLEICHGEWICHTSBERECHNUNGEN 5.1 Berechnung und/oder Definition einzelner Basisgrößen 5.1.1 Berechnung des Sättigungszustandes des Wassers 5.1.2 Gleichgewichtskonstanten insbesondere Löslichkeitsprodukte 5.1.3 Aktivitäten und Aktivitätskoeffizienten 5.1.4 Ionenpaar und/oder Komplexbindung 5.2 Einfache Löslichkeitsprodukt-Berechnungen 5.3 Chemisch-thermodynamische Computermodelle 5.3.1 Computermodelle der WATEQ-Serie 6 BEISPIELE FÜR DIE ANWENDUNG VON PC-STANDARD-SOFTWARE BEI BESCHAFFENHEITSDATEN 6.1 Formblätter, Umrechnungen, Ionenbilanz 6.2 Einfache graphische Auswertungen SCHRIFTTUM Verwendete Fachbegriffe (deutsch - englisch, englisch - deutsch) Verwendete Formelzeichen

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Contents: Foreword. - List of participants. - Aksel Christopher Wiin Nielsen / Charlotte Wiin Christensen. - 1. Numerical modelling and semi-lagrangian integration. - Developments in semi-lagrangian global atmospheric modelling at NASA/GLA / J. R. Bates. - Experiments in optimum three-dimensional truncation / F. Baer. - The HIRLAM 3 Project / E. Källén. - Initialization of cloud water content in a data assimilation system / X.-Y. Huang. - A full "particle-in-cell" numerical integration method / E. Kaas, A. Guldberg and P. Lopez. - 2 Aspects of parameterization in circulation models. - Parameterization of cloud microphysics for numerical atmospheric models / H. Sundqvist. - On the simulation and validation of the hydrological cycle in the climate system / L. Bengtsson. - Parameterization of the peripheral processes in atmospheric modeling / C.-h. Yang and D. C. Hahn. - Parameterization of gravity wave drag in atmospheric general circulation models / N. McFarlane. - The implementation of the semi-implicit scheme in cell-integrated semi-lagrangian models / B. Machenhauer and M. Olk. - 3 Regional climate variability. - Time-slice experiments and their performance in continent-scale regions / U. Cubasch and J. Waszkewitz. - Interdecadal variation of the wintertime northern-hemisphere circulation in the past four decades / T.-C. Chen. - 4 Climate and weather variability. - On the interaction between the synoptic-scale eddies and the intra-seasonal atmospheric fluctuations / J. Derome, J. Sheng, M. Klasa and H. Lin. - Studies of stationary waves and climate anomalies at the Department of Meteorology, University of Helsinki / E. Holopainen. - On the existence of summer sub-tropical anticyclones / B. Hoskins and M. Rodwell. - 5 Fluid flow and turbulence. - Orography and the breakdown of balanced flow / H. C. Davies. - Mass transport in a viscous free surface flow / A. W. Gwinn and S. J. Jacobs. - A shell model of cascade in turbulent flow / P. D. Ditlevsen. - 6 Variability and modality in the atmosphere. - Blocking and teleconnections in a three-level quasi-geostrophic global model / S. Tibaldi, S. Corti and A. Giannini. - Modelling interannual variations of the Indian summer monsoon / A. D. Vernekar. - Multiple steady states in a contour dynamics model of large-scale atmospheric flow / W. T. N. Verkley and M. H. P. Ambaum. - 7 Climate change. - Detection of anthropogenic climate change using a fingerprint method / K. Hasselmann, L. Bengtsson, U. Cubash, G. C. Hegerl, H. Rodhe, E. Roeckner, H. v. Storch, R. Voss, J. Waszkewitz.