ALBERT

Anmerkung: Diplomarbeit, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 1998 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einführung. - 1.1 Eiskerne - ein Paläoklimaarchiv. - 1.1.1 Datierung der Eiskerne. - 1.1.2 Verschiedene Eiskernbohrungen. - 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit. - 2 Eigenschaften von Eis. - 2.1 Physikalische Eigenschaften. - 2.1.1 Kristallstruktur von Eis Ih. - 2.1.2 Das Wassermolekül. - 2.2 Chemische Eigenschaften von polarem Eis. - 2.2.1 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 2.2.2 Gaseinschlüsse und Spurenstoffe im Eis. - 3 Elektrische Eigenschaften von Eis. - 3.1 Das Jaccard Modell. - 3.1.1 Ladungsträger im Eis. - 3.1.2 Defekte im Eiskristall. - 3.2 Frequenzabhängigkeiten. - 3.2.1 Elektrische Parameter. - 3.2.2 Meßtechnische Effekte. - 3.3 Messungen an polaren Eiskernen. - 3.3.1 Meßmethoden für die elektrischen Leitfähigkeiten. - 3.3.2 Reproduzierbarkeit von Gleichstrom-Messungen. - 4 Aufbau einer Vierpunkt-Meßbank. - 4.1 Meßmethode. - 4.2 Eiskernanalysebänke. - 4.2.1 Am AWI vorhandene Analysebänke. - 4.2.2 Vierpunkt-Meßbank. - 4.3 Meßgeräte. - 4.3.1 Gleichspannungsmessung. - 4.3.2 Wechselspannungsmessung. - 4.4 Meßdatenerfassung. - 4.4.1 Beschreibung des Meßprogramms. - 4.4.2 Das verwendete Betriebsystems- Linux. - 5 Ergebnisse. - 5.1 Ermittlung des Geometriefaktors. - 5.2 Messung mit Gleichspannung. - 5.2.1 Standard Meßgeräte. - 5.2.2 Ergebnisse. - 5.3 Messung mit niederfrequenter Wechselspannung. - 5.3.1 Ergebnisse. - 5.3.2 Standard-Meßgeräte. - 5.3.3 Messung mit Geoelektrik-Vierpunktapparatur. - 5.3.4 Verbesserungsvorschläge. - 6 Zusammenfassung. - Danksagung.

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis Organe der Stiftung Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung 1. Das Alfred-Wegener-Institut und sein Beitrag zur Polar-und Meeresforschung in Deutschland 2. Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen Rekonstruktion eines Asteroideneinschlages in das Südpolarmeer (Gersonde, Abelmann, Diekmann, Kuhn) Jahreszeitliche Veränderungen einer Permafrostlandschaft in Sibirien (Boike, Hagedorn, Friedrich) Sedimentbohrungen im Baikalsee (Eckert, Müller, Schwab, Demske) Auf den Spuren eines uralten Gebirges (Schlindwein, Meyer) Reaktionen benthischer Tiefsee-Lebensgemeinschaften auf mechanische Störungen der Sedimente (Thiel, Ahnert, Bluhm, Borowski, Vopel) Die Ruderfußkrebse im Arktischen Ozean (Scherzinger, Hirche, Kattner) Diatomeenblüten an Fronten im Antarktischen Zirkumpolarstrom (Bathmann, Hense, Rutgers van der Loeff, Strass, Smetacek) Besiedlungsverhältnisse am Lomonossowrücken (Deubel, Rachor) Organischer Kohlenstoff in der Laptewsee und auf dem Lomonossowrücken (Fahl, Nöthig, Stein) Sterole und ihr Schicksal im Weddellmeer (Mühlebach, Weber) Schwierige Spurensuche (Bijma, Zeebe, Wolf-Gladrow) Die Nordgrönlandtraverse (Kipfstuhl, Schwager) Ein Reinluft-Meßlabor in der Antarktis (Minikin, Weller) Spurengase in der Atmosphäre der Polargebiete (Notholt, Lehmann) Erwärmt sich das Bodenwasser in der Grönlandsee? (Budeus, Schneider) Die JoJo-Sonde (Budeus, Ohm) Offene Wasserflächen beeinflussen die Windverhältnisse über den Polarmeeren (Birnbaum) Eistransport im Weddellmeer (Strass, Fahrbach) Die Meereisverteilung in einem gekoppelten Eis-Ozean-Modell des Südlichen Ozeans (Timmermann, Beckmann, Hellmer) Hochleistungscomputer am AWI (Hiller, Rakowsky, Beckmann) 3. Berichte der wissenschaftlichen Arbeitsgruppen 3.1 Ozeanische und atmosphärische Prozesse in den Polargebieten 3.2 Modeliierung von Prozessen und Zirkulationssystemen im Ozean 3.3 Meeresphysikalische Messungen und Instrumentenentwicklung 3.4 Physik und Chemie der polaren Atmosphäre 3.5 Der Untergrund der polaren Teile des Atlantik und seiner kontinentalen Umrandung 3.6 Glaziologie 3.7 Meeresgeologie 3.8 Geowissenschaftliche Studien in Eisrandgebieten 3.9 Ökologie und Ökophysiologie 3.10 Biologische Meereskunde 3.11 Tiefseeforschung 3.12 Meereisforschung 3.13 Der Kohlenstoffkreislauf 4. Großgeräte, Expeditionen und Landstationen 4.1 "Polarstern" 4.2 "Victor Hensen" 4.3 Polarflugzeuge 4.4 Landexpeditionen 4.5 Landstationen 5. Logistik 6. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit 7. Zentrale Einrichtungen 7.1 Rechenzentrum 7.2 Bibliothek 7.3 Presse-und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 8. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung 8.1 Personal 8. 2 Haushalt 8.3 Bericht der Frauenbeauftragten 9. Veröffentlichungen Anhang I. Personal II. Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen III. Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten

Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction / P. J. le B. Williams. - The management and behaviour of the Mesocosms / P. J. le B. Williams and J. K. Egge. - Evolution of phytoplankton pigments in Mesocosm experiments / R. G. Barlow, R. F. C. Mantoura, D. G. Cummings, D. W. Pond and R. P. Harris. - Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) gene expression and photosynthetic activity in nutrient-enriched Mesocosm experiments / M. Wyman, J. T. Davies, K. Weston, D. W. Crawford and D. A. Purdie. - Bacterial response to blooms dominated by diatoms and Emiliania huxleyi in nutrient-enriched Mesocosms / R. Sanders and D. A. Purdie. - Population dynamics of phytoplankton and viruses in a phosphate-limited Mesocosm and their effect on DMSP and DMS production / W. H. Wilson, S. Turner and N. H. Mann. - Microplanktonic polyunsaturated fatty acid markers: a Mesocosm trial / D. W. Pond, M. V. Bell, R. P. Harris and J. R. Sargent.

Anmerkung: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung Résumé Summary 1 Einführung 1.1 Hydrologie des Gebirgswaldes im Winter 1.2 Arbeitshypothesen 1.3 Methodischer Ansatz 2 Standorte und Methoden 2.1 Standortwahl 2.2 Untersuchungsstandorte und deren Instrumentierung 2.2.1 Testfläche Davos 2.2.2 Testfläche Alptal 2.3 Verarbeitung der Bilder zur Schneeinterzeption 2.4 Modellierung des Wasser- und Wärmehaushaltes 2.4.1 Modellbeschrieb 2.4.2 Modellanwendung und Klimaszenarien 3 Ergebnisse der Feldmessungen 3.1 Winterverläufe in Davos und im Alptal 3.1.1 Davos 1993/94 3.1.2 Davos 1992/93 3.1.3 Alptal 1993/94 3.1.4 Standort vergleich des Interzeptionsverhaltens 3.1.5 Standortvergleich des Abflussverhaltens 3.2 Einzelereignisse im Alptal und in Davos 3.2.1 Testfläche Alptal 3.2.2 Testfläche Davos 3.3 Wassertransport in der Waldschneedecke 3.4 Zusammenfassung der Feldbeobachtungen 4 Ergebnisse der Modellsimulationen 4.1 Modellkalibrierung 4.1.1 Baumfläche Davos - Winter 1992/93 95 4.1.2 Baumfläche Alptal - Winter 1993/94 und Sommer 1994 4.2 Modelltest 4.2.1 Baurnfläche Davos - Winter 1993/94 4.2.2 Lichtungsfläche Davos - Winter 1993/94 4.3 Simulationen mit heutigen und veränderten Klimabedingungen 4.3.1 Vergleich des gemessenen und stochastisch simulierten Wetters 4.3.2 Auswirkungen einer Klimaänderung in Davos 4.3.3 Auswirkungen einer Klimaänderung im Alptal 4.4 Zusammenfassung der Modellergebnisse 5 Schlussbemerkungen Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis , Zusammenfassung in französischer und englischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Table of Contents Foreword The Global Context The Arctic in a Global Context The ARCSS Program The Arctic System Science (ARCSS) Program The Scientific Goals of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Objectives Significant Research and Findings of the ARCSS Program ARCSS Program Research Implementation of ARCSS Program Research ARCSS Program Components Paleoenvironmental Studies Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (OAII) Land-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions (LAII) Integrative Studies Synthesis, Integration, and Modeling Studies (SIMS) New Initiatives Human Dimensions of the Arctic System (HARC) Russian-American Initiative on Shelf-Land Environments in the Arctic (RAISE) International Collaboration The Future of the ARCSS Program Priorities for the Future Research Questions Integrative Strategies Community Coordination and Integration Coordination and Integration Logistics Support Working with Arctic Residents Community Planning and Science Management ARCSS Committee Science Steering Committees Periodic Meetings of ARCSS Principal Investigators Appendices ARCSS Program Contact Information A History of ARCSS Program Development ARCSS Data Protocol References and Relevant Reports Contributors and Reviewers

Anmerkung: Abstract Résumé Acknowledgments Welcome to Yellowknife Part I: The landscape and the people Geological evolution of the landscape Bedrock geology Surficial geology Climate and vegetation History of Yellowknife From gold to government Significant events Part II: Living with frozen ground Permafrost Regional distribution Permafrost occurrence in Yellowknife Significance of peat Significance of moisture Ice lenses Thaw stable and thaw unstable ground Thaw settlement Frost heave Development Buildings Roads Utilities Thermosyphons Climate change - an uncertain future for permafrost Climate and permafrost history Air temperature trends over the last century Response of air temperatures to doubling of greenhouse gases Effect of climate warming on permafrost in Yellowknife Impacts of climate warming Part III: Guide to field stops Introduction The Capital Tour - Capital Site to Bowling Green building Stop 1. The Capital Site - a profusion of peat Stop 2. Legislative Assembly - design with nature Stop 3. Legislative Assembly roadway - perils of paving peat Stop 4. Walking path - tipping trails Stop 5. Legislative Assembly parking lot - preserving permafrost Stop 6. Frame Lake - Yellowknife's aquatic centrepiece Stop 7. National Defence building - seeking solid ground Stop 8. Visitors Centre - rocking and rolling Stop 9. 49 Street thermosyphons - keeping it cool Stop 10. Bowling Green building - swallowing sidewalks The City Tour - 49 Avenue to Niven Lake Stop 11. 49 and 49 intersection - rolling roadways Stop 12. 49 Avenue - sagging sidewalks Stop 13. Downtown Yellowknife - safe on sand Stop 14. Gold Range Hotel - making things work Stop 15. Centre Square Mall - stemming shifting sands Stop 16. Boston Pizza - fast food on a slab Stop 17. Royal Oak Mines Inc. houses - half a century later Stop 18. 52 Avenue - up, up, and ... away Stop 19. 49 Street hill - leaving good ground Stop 20. 54 Avenue - frozen dangers underfoot Stop 21. Rockcliffe Apartments - creeping crawl space Stop 22. School Draw subdivision - houses on the move Stop 23. School Draw Park - from basements to basketballs Stop 24. Rock outcrop - on the shores of glacial Lake McConnell Stop 25. Detah ice road - crystal highway Stop 26. Old Town - doing things the old-fashioned way Stop 27. Franklin Avenue - whither frozen ground? Stop 28. Fritz Theil Park - from dump to diamond I Stop 29. Old sewage line - pipes and peat Stop 30. Niven Lake - a subarctic oasis I Part IV: The Niven Lake Trail Introduction Stop 1. A biological magnet for waterbirds Stop 2. The land of little sticks Stop 3. The wonder of wetlands Stop 4. Niven Lake -urban oasis for wildlife Stop 5. Peat, beautiful peat Stop 6. Honolulu north? Stop 7. Home sweet home -all year round Stop 8. Those mud-slinging, bug-poking shorebirds Glossary of terms Selected references List of field guides for Yellowknife

Anmerkung: In kyrillischer Schrift

Anmerkung: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Chapter I. CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE INITIAL COLONIZATION OF THE EURASIAN ARCTIC Occupation of the North Polar Regions in the Palaeolithic The Climate of the Arctic during the Early and Middle Holocene On the concepts of «Mesolithic» and «Neolithic» Mesolithic Monuments in the European and West Siberian Arctic The Sites of the Mesolithic Period and of Mesolithic-Early Neolithic Appearance in the East.Siberian and Taimyr Trans-Polar Area The Correlation of the Mesolithic Sites of Taimyr with the Mesolithic Cultures of the Forest Zone of Siberia Chapter II. THE TAIMYR TRANSPOLAR ZONE IN THE NEOLITHIC The Early Neolithic of Taimyr (the IVth Millennium BC) The Neolithic Sites of the III-II Millennia BC Net ceramic sites (the Maimeche culture) Assemblages with the Baykit type ceramics Chapter Ill. THE EARLY BRONZE CASTERS OF THE TAIMYR PENINSULA Climatic Changes in the Late Holocene Ymyiakhtakh Sites in the Taimyr Subpolar Region Waffie Pottery in the Subpolar Region: Distribution and Subsequent Evolution Chapter IV. THE TAIMYR PENINSULA IN THE EARLY IRON EPOCH AND THE MIDDLE AGE The Ust-Polovinka settlement and the Pyasina culture Monuments of the Malokorenninsk culture Monuments of cultures with East Siberian traditions The Vozhpai culture Chapter V. EVOLUTION OF ANCIENT SOCIETIES OF THE TAIMYR SUBPOLAR REGION: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS Settlements in the Taimyr Subpolar Region as a Source of Palaeosociological Information Bronze-casting on the Taimyr Peninsula The Appearance and Development of Reindeer Herding in the Tundra Zone of West Siberia and the Taimyr Subpolar Region CONCLUDING REMARKS APPENDIX REFERENCES PUBLICATIONS OF L. P. KHLOBYSTIN ILLUSTRATIONS ABBREVIATIONS SUMMARY , ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Предисловие. К портрету исследователя ВВЕДЕНИЕ Глаба I КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЗАПОЛЯРЬЕ И ПЕР-ВЫЕ ЭТАПЫ ЕГО ЗАСЕЛЕНИЯ Заселение ЗаполярLя в эпоху палеолита Климат Заполярья в раннем и среднем голоцене О понятиях «мезолИD〉 и «неолит» Памятники эпохи мезолита Европейского н Западно-Сибирского ЗаполярLя Памятнщси эпохи мезолита и мезолитическо-раиненеолитического облика в Восточно-Сибирском и Таймырском Заполярье Соотношение мезолитических памятников Таймыра с культурами мезолита лесной зоны Сибири Глава II. ТАЙМЫРСКОЕ ЗАПОЛЯРЬЕ В ЭПОХУ НЕОЛИТА Ранний неолит Таймыра (IV тыс. до н. э.) Неолитические памятники III-II тыс. до и. э. Стоянки с сетчатой керамикой (памятники кулLтуры Маймече) Комплексы с керамикой байкитскоrо типа Глава III. РАННИЕ БРОНЗОЛИТЕЙЩИКИ ТАЙМЫРА Об изменении климата в позднем голоцене Ымыяхтахские памятники в Таймырском Заполярье РаспространеНИе вафельной керамики в Заполярье и ее последующее развитие Глава IV. ТАЙМЫР В ПЕРИОД РАННЕГО ЖЕЛЕЗА И СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ Поселение Усть-Половинка и пясинская культура Памятники малокореннинской культуры Памятники культур с восточносибирскими традициями Вожпайская культура Глава V. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ДРЕВНИХ ОБЩЕСТВ ТАЙМЫРСКОГО ЗАПОЛЯРЬЯ Поселения Таймырского Заполярья как источник палеосоциолоrической информации Бронзоли-гейное производство на Таймыре Вопросы появления и разви-rия оленеводства в тундровой зоне Западной Сибири и Таймырского Заполярья ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ ЛИТЕРАТУРА БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ ТРУДОВ Л. П. ХЛОБЫСТИНА ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ SUMMARY , Sprache der Zusammenfassung: Englisch , In kyrillischer Schrift

Anmerkung: Contents Summary Introduction Material and Methods 2.1 Experimental Approach and Concept 2.2 Cold Chamber Experiments 2.2.1 Packed Sand Columns 2.2.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith 2.3 Tracer Extraction and Determination of Tracer Concentrations 2.4 Digital Image Analysis 2.4.1 Photographic Recording 2.4.2 Image Analysis 2.4.3 Statistical Regression Analysis 2.5 Fluorescence Imaging 2.6 Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 2.7 Numerical Simulation 2.7.1 Model Description 2.7.2 Model Application 3 Results From Cold Chamber Experiments 3.1 Packed Sand Columns (Experiment I-III) 3.1.1 Infiltration Behaviour (Experiment I-III) 3.1.2 Dye Tracer Distribution (Experiment III) 3.1.3 Mass Recovery of Dye Tracers (Experiment III) 3.1.4 Vertical Distribution of Dye Tracers Determined From Large Sections (Experiment III) 3.2 Undisturbed Soil Monolith (Experiment IV) 3.2.1 Infiltration Behaviour 3.2.2 Dye Tracer Distributions 3.2.3 Mass Recovery of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 3.2.4 Vertical Distribution of all Tracers Determined From Large Sections 4 Results From Low-Temperature SEM and X-Ray Analysis 4.1 Dry Sand and Loam 4.2 Wet Sand 4.3 Wet Loam 5 Modelling Results 5.1 Thermal Regime 5.2 Water Content Profile Before the Irrigation 5.3 Infiltration Behaviour 5.4 Water Content Profile After the Irrigation 5.5 Solute Transport 5.6 Energy Exchange at the Surface 6 Conclusions 6.1 Conclusions About the Methods 6.2 Conclusions About the Water Infiltration in Frozen Soil List of Figures List of Tables Bibliography

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Flight plan 1999. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 1999 schedule. - Overview of 1999 schedule. - lnfo for August1998 meeting. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 1999 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 1999. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NG RIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 1998. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Map of NGRIP camp. - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches. - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Anmerkung: Contents List of contributors Preface Introduction Guidelines and codes of conduct for Arctic tourism: implementation and evaluation of an operator program / Margaret E. Johnston and David G. Twynam Drafting tourism codes for the Arctic / Peter Mason The importance of an overall visitor education program - experiences with tour operators in the Antarctic / Debra J. Enzenbacher Mechanisms for promoting and monitoring compliance with Arctic tourism guidelines / Debra J. Enzenbacher Polar ship-borne tourism: do guidelines and codes of conduct work? / Bernard Stonehouse The conservation perspective on Antarctic tourism / Cassandra Phillips Tourism regulation - cultural norms or legislation? Outdoor life and tourism regulation in Finnmark and on Svalbard / Arvid Viken Opportunities and problems associated with the development of Arctic tourism: a case study from Svalbard / Reidar Hindrum Mechanisms and organisational structures for implementing Arctic tourism guidelines / Tutta May Endresen Report on the IUCN and tourism-related activities in the Arctic / Jeanne Pagnan Planning for ecotourism in Kangerlussuaq - Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland / Jeppe Mordhorst Whale-watching guidelines: a special case / Cassandra Phillips Guidelines for whale-watching in Norway / Tiu Similä The frame conditions for ecologically acceptable tourism and its guidelines on Svalbard / Andreas Umbreit Appendices

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Water masses and mixing near the Antarctic slope front. - Observations and modelling of Antarctic downslope flows : a review. - On the interaction of the Katabatic-Land-Sea Wind system of Antarctica with the high latitude Southern Ocean. - Thermohaline variability of the waters overlying the West Antarctica Peninsula Continental Shelf. - Oceanic erosion of a floating Antarctic Glacier in the Amundsen Sea. - Winter atmospheric forcing of the Ross Sea Polynya. - Interannual ocean and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea. - On the Origin and influence of Adélie Land bottom water. - Ocean-Ice shelf interaction and possible bottom water formation in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. - Acoustical techniques in Antarctic Oceanography. - Transport and water masses of the Antarctic slope front system in the Eastern Weddell Sea. - Western Weddell Sea thermohaline stratification. - Transient tracer observations from the western Weddell Sea during the drift and recovery of ice station Weddell. - Interactions between floating ice platelets and ocean water in the Southern Weddell Sea. - Impact of grounded icegergs on the hydrographic conditions near the Filchner Ice shelf. - Physical controls on ocean circulation beneath ice shelves revealed by numerical models. - Ocean circulation beneath the Western Ronne Ice Shelf, as derived from in situ measurements of water currents and properties. - Marine ice beneath Filchner Ice Shelf : evidence from a multi-disciplinary approach. - Tides in the Weddell Sea. - The new bathymetric charts of the Weddell Sea : AWI BCWS

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: Preface page. - Conventions and Notation. - Chapter 1. The Physical Properties of Fluids. - 1.1 Solids, liquids and gases. - 1.2 The continuum hypothesis. - 1.3 Volume forces and surface forces acting on a fluid. - Representation of surface forces by the stress tensor. - The stress tensor in a fluid at rest. - 1.4 Mechanical equilibrium of a fluid. - A body 'floating' in fluid at rest. - Fluid at rest under gravity. - 1.5 Classical thermodynamics. - 1.6 Transport phenomena. - The linear relation between flux and the gradient of a scalar intensity. - The equations for diffusion and heat conduction in isotropic media at rest, Molecular transport of momentum in a fluid. - 1.7 The distinctive properties of gases. - A perfect gas in equilibrium. - Departures from the perfect-gas laws. - Transport coefficients in a perfect gas. - Other manifestations of departure from equilibrium of a perfect gas. - 1.8 The distinctive properties of liquids. - Equilibrium properties. - Transport coefficients. - 1.9 Conditions at a boundary between two media. - Surface tension. - Equilibrium shape of a boundary between two stationary fluids. - Transition relations at a material boundary. - Chapter 2. Kinematics of the Flow Field. - 2.1 Specification of the flow field. - Differentiation following the motion of the fluid. - 2.2 Conservation of mass. - Use of a stream function to satisfy the mass-conservation equation. - 2.3 Analysis of the relative motion near a point. - Simple shearing motion. - 2.4 Expression for the velocity distribution with specified rate of expansion and vorticity. - 2.5 Singularities in the rate of expansion. Sources and sinks. - 2.6 The vorticity distribution. - Line vortices. - Sheet vortices. - 2.7 Velocity distributions with zero rate of expansion and zero vorticity. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - lrrotational solenoidal flow near a stagnation point. - The complex potential for irrotational solenoidal flow in two dimensions. - 2.8 Irrotational solenoidal flow in doubly-connected regions of space. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - 2.9 Three-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - Asymptotic expressions for ue and uv. - The behaviour of ϕ at large distances. - Conditions for Δϕ to be determined uniquely. - The expression of ϕ as a power series. - Irrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - 2.10 Two-dimensional flow fields extending to infinity. - lrrotational solenoidal flow due to a rigid body in translational motion. - Chapter 3. Equations Governing the Motion of a Fluid. - 3.1 Material integrals in a moving fluid. - Rates of change of material integrals. - Conservation laws for a fluid in motion. - 3.2 The equation of motion. - Use of the momentum equation in integral form. - Equation of motion relative to moving axes. - 3.3 The expression for the stress tensor. - Mechanical definition of pressure in a moving fluid. - The relation between deviatoric stress and rate-of-strain for a Newtonian fluid. - The Navier-Stokes equation. - Conditions on the velocity and stress at a material boundary. - 3.4 Changes in the internal energy of a fluid in motion. - 3.5 Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of a frictionless non-conducting fluid. - Special forms of Bemoulli's theorem. - Constancy of H across a transition region in one-dimensional steady flow. - 3.6 The complete set of equations governing fluid flow. - Isentropic flow. - Conditions for the velocity distribution to be approximately solenoidal. - 3.7 Concluding remarks to chapters 1, 2 and 3. - Chapter 4. Flow of a Uniform Incompressible Viscous Fluid. - 4.1 Introduction. - Modification of the pressure to allow for the effect of the body force. - 4.2 Steady unidirectional flow. - Poiseuille flow. - Tubes of non-circular cross-section. - Two-dimensional flow. - A model of a paint-brush. - A remark on stability. - 4.3 Unsteady unidirectional flow. - The smoothing-out of a discontinuity in velocity at a plane. - Plane boundary moved suddenly in a fluid at rest. - One rigid boundary moved suddenly and one held stationary. - Flow due to an oscillating plane boundary. - Starting flow in a pipe. - 4.4 The Ekman layer at a boundary in a rotating fluid. - The layer at a free surface. - The layer at a rigid plane boundary. - 4.5 Flow with circular streamlines. - 4.6 The steady jet from a point source of momentum. - 4.7 Dynamical similarity and the Reynolds number. - Other dimensionless parameters having dynamical significance. - 4.8 Flow fields in which inertia forces are negligible. - Flow in slowly-varying channels. - Lubrication theory. - The Hele-Shaw cell. - Percolation through porous media. - Two-dimensional flow in a corner. - Uniqueness and minimum dissipation theorems. - 4.9 Flow due to a moving body at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A spherical drop of a different fluid. - A body of arbitrary shape. - 4.10 Oseen's improvement of the equation for flow due to moving bodies at small Reynolds number. - A rigid sphere. - A rigid circular cylinder. - 4.11 The viscosity of a dilute suspension of small particles. - The flow due to a sphere embedded in a pure straining motion. - The increased rate of dissipation in an incompressible suspension. - The effective expansion viscosity of a liquid containing gas bubbles. - 4.12 Changes in the flow due to moving bodies as R increases from 1 to about 100. - Chapter 5. Flow at Large Reynolds Number: Effects of Viscosity. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Vorticity dynamics. - The intensification of vorticity by extension of vortex-lines. - 5.3 Kelvin's circulation theorem and vorticity laws for an inviscid fluid. - The persistence of irrotationality. - 5.4 The source of vorticity in motions generated from rest. - 5.5 Steady flows in which vorticity generated at a solid surface is prevented by convection from diffusing far away from it. - (a) Flow along plane and circular walls with suction through the wall. - (b) Flow toward a 'stagnation point' at a rigid boundary. - (c) Centrifugal flow due to a rotating disk. - 5.6 Steady two-dimensional flow in a converging or diverging channel. - Purely convergent flow. - Purely divergent flow. - Solutions showing both outflow and inflow. - 5.7 Boundary layers. - 5.8 The boundary layer on a flat plate. - 5.9 The effects of acceleration and deceleration of the external stream. - The similarity solution for an external stream velocity proportional to x^m. - Calculation of the steady boundary layer on a body moving through fluid. - Growth of the boundary layer in initially irrotational flow. - 5.10 Separation of the boundary layer. - 5.11 The flow due to bodies moving steadily through fluid. - Flow without separation. - Flow with separation. - 5.12 Jets, free shear layers and wakes. - Narrow jets. - Free shear layers. - Wakes. - 5.13 Oscillatory boundary layers. - The damping force on an oscillating body. - Steady streaming due to an oscillatory boundary layer. - Applications of the theory of steady streaming. - 5.14 Flow systems with a free surface page. - The boundary layer at a free surface. - The drag on a spherical gas bubble rising steadily through liquid. - The attenuation of gravity waves. - 5.15 Examples of use of the momentum theorem. - The force on a regular array of bodies in a stream. - The effect of a sudden enlargement of a pipe. - Chapter 6. Irrotational Flow Theory and its Applications. - 6.1 The role of the theory of flow of an inviscid fluid. - 6.2 General properties of irrotational flow. - Integration of the equation of motion. - Expressions for the kinetic energy in terms of surface integrals. - Kelvin's minimum energy theorem. - Positions of a maximum of q and a minimum of p. - Local variation of the velocity magnitude. - 6.3 Steady flow : some applications of Bernoulli's theorem and the momentum theorem. - Efflux from a circular orifice in an open vessel. - Flow over a weir. - Jet of liquid impinging on a plane wall. - lrro

Anmerkung: Table of contents 1. Introduction: Perceptions of weather and climate 1.1 Meteorology and/or climatology? 1.2 Perceptions of reality: schools of thought 1.3 Inadequacies in schools of thought, and associated problems 1.4 The approach ofthis book Part I GENERAL CIRCULATION IN THE TROPOSPHERE 2. Radiation 2.1 Processes of radiation 2.2 The greenhouse effect 2.3 The shape and motions of the Earth 2.4 The geographical factor 2.5 Conclusion 3. Circulation in the lower layers of the troposphere 3.1 Circulation in high and mid-latitudes: MPHs Perception of circulation in high and mid-latitudes The existence of mobile anticyclones Mobile Polar Highs (MPHs) The polar thermal deficit The birth of MPHs MPH trajectories The MPH-associated wind field 3.2 Anticyclonic agglutinations (AAs) A look at the so-called "subtropical" high-pressure areas Meridional transport by MPHs and anticyclonic agglutination (AA) Oceanic and continental anticyclonic agglutinations 3.3 Tropical circulation A look at tropical circulation Pressure and wind fields over the tropics The trade wind Trade winds The monsoon Monsoons 4. General circulation 4.1 General circulation: evolution of ideas 4.2 Areas of circulation in the lower layers 4.3 General circulation in the troposphere The mean tropospheric picture Seasonal variation in circulation Aerological stratification 4.4 Zonal "Walker" circulation: myth or reality? 4.5 General circulation: conclusion Part II DYNAMICS OF THE WEATHER: PERTURBATIONS 5. Pluviogenesis 5.1 Precipitation potential 5.2 Origin of an updraft The thermal factor The dynamical factor 5.3 Structuralconditions 6. Dynamics of weather in polar and temperate regions: MPHs 6.1 Perception of the "perturbed field" in high and mid-latitudes 6.2 The MPH: pressure field and wind field 6.3 Weather associated with an MPH 6.4 MPHs and the ''polar front" 6.5 Interactions between MPHs 6.6 Dynamics of weather in North America 6.7 Dynamics of weather in France MPHs and relief Winter dynamics Summer dynamics 6.8 Dynamics of weather in temperate and polar regions: conclusion 7. MPHs at tropical margins 7.1 The temperate-tropical boundary 7.2 Mechanisms 7.3 North and Central America 7.4 South America 7.5 Nmthern Africa, Arabia and India 7.6 Southern Africa 7.7 Eastern Asia 7.8 Australia 7.9 Conclusion 8. Pulses in trades and monsoons 8 1 Trade winds and "easterly waves" 8.2 Vertical structure of the trades 8.3 Pulses in the trades Maritime trades The continental trade wind 8.4 Pulses in the monsoon 9. The meteorological equator 9.1 The meteorological equator: the evolution of a concept 9.2 The inclined meteorological equator (IME) 9.3 IME activity: squall line.s (SL) 9.4 The vertical meteorological equator (VME) 9.5 The meteorological equator over continents: IME and VME 10. Tropical cyclones 10.1 Cyclone structure and associated weather 10.2 Conditions for cyclogenesis 10.3 The geography of tropical cyclones Part III DYNAMICS OF CLIMATE: CLIMATIC EVOLUTION The global climatic system 11. Causes of climatic variations 11.1 Variations in solar activity The sunspot cycle Solar activity and climate 11.2 Orbital parameters of radiation Variation of the Earth-Sun distance, or eccentricity of the Earth's orbit Variation of the angle of inclination of the Earth's polar axis Variation of the direction of the polar axis, or precession of the equinoxes Orbital parameters and climatic evolution 11.3 Volcanism and climate Volcanic emissions and ejecta (silicates and sulphates) Optical radiative and thermal effects 11.4 The anthropic greenhouse effect The anthropic greenhouse effect: predictions from models Predictions and observations Recent climatic change does not conform to the "greenhouse effect"scenario Conclusion on the causes of climatic change 12. Palaeoclimatic variations and modes of general circulation 12.1 A Palaeoenvironments in Africa Present-day dynamics of climate in Africa The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the LGM (18- 15 kyr BP) The palaeoenvironment of Africa at the time of the HCO (9-6 kyr BP) Palaeometeorological interpretation 12.2 Variations in insolation and in modes of general circulation Variations in insolation at high latitudes Rapid general circulation Slow general circulation Glaciation and deglaciation Palaeocirculations over Africa Circulation at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum Circulation at the time of the Holocene Climatic Optimum Conclusion 13. Recent climatic evolution Recent climatic evolution in France 13.1 Dynamics of the great Sahel drought Sahelian pluviogenesis Causes of the great drought The southward movement of pluviogenetic structures 13.2 Climatic evolution in the North Atlantic/Europe/Mediterranean space Recent regional climatic evolutions Dynamics of weather and climate in the North Atlantic space Conclusion Polar and Alpine glaciers 13. 3 Dynamics of the Pacific space - El Niño Aerological dynamics of the North Pacific space The "El Niño phenomenon" The components of El Niño in the eastern Pacific The origin of torrential rains in northern Peru The components of El Niño in the tropical Pacific The increasing frequency of the El Niño phenomenon 13.4 The expansion of the northern meteorological hemisphere Climatic consequences in the tropics Lack of rainfall at norhern tropical margins The inverse relationship between northern and southern tropical rainfall Greatly increased cyclonic activity south of the equator "Global warning"? Climatic perspectives 14. General conclusion Bibliography Index

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 1997

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - Chapter 1 Data Acquisition and Recording. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Basic sampling requirements. - 1.2.1 Sampling interval. - 1.2.2 Sampling duration. - 1.2.3 Sampling accuracy. - 1.2.4 Burst sampling versus continuous sampling. - 1.2.5 Regularly versus irregularly sampled data. - 1.2.6 Independent realizations. - 1.3 Temperature. - 1.3.1 Mercury thermometers. - 1.3.2 The mechanical bathythermograph (MBT). - 1.3.3 Resistance thermometers (expendable bathythermograph: XBT). - 1.3.4 Salinity/conductivity-temperature-depth profilers. - 1.3.5 Dynamic response of temperature sensors 19 1.3.6 Response times of CTD systems. - 1.3.7 Temperature calibration of STD/CTD profilers. - 1.3.8 Sea surface temperature. - 1.3.9 The modern digital thermometer. - 1.3.10 Potential temperature and density. - 1.4 Salinity. - 1.4.1 Salinity and electrical conductivity. - 1.4.2 The practical salinity scale. - 1.4.3 Nonconductive methods. - 1.5 Depth or pressure. - 1.5.1 Hydrostatic pressure. - 1.5.2 Free-fall velocity. - 1.5.3 Echo sounding. - 1.5.4 Other depth sounding methods. - 1.6 Sea-level measurement. - 1.6.1 Tide and pressure gauges. - 1.6.2 Satellite altimetry. - 1.6.3 Inverted echo sounder (IES). - 1.6.4 Wave height and direction. - 1.7 Eulerian currents. - 1.7.1 Early current meter technology. - 1.7.2 Rotor-type current meters. - 1.7.3 Nonmechanical current meters. - 1.7.4 Profiling acoustic Doppler current meters (ADCM). - 1.7.5 Comparisons of current meters. - 1.7.6 Electromagnetic methods. - 1.7.7 Other methods of current measurement. - 1.7.8 Mooring logistics. - 1.7.9 Acoustic releases. - 1.8 Lagrangian current measurements. - 1.8.1 Drift cards and bottles. - 1.8.2 Modern drifters. - 1.8.3 Processing satellite-tracked drifter data. - 1.8.4 Drifter response. - 1.8.5 Other types of surface drifters. - 1.8.6 Subsurface floats. - 1.8.7 Surface displacements in satellite imagery. - 1.9 Wind. - 1.10 Precipitation. - 1.11 Chemical tracers. - 1.11.1 Conventional tracers. - 1.11.2 Light attenuation and scattering. - 1.11.3 Oxygen isotope: δ18O. - 1.11.4 Helium-3; helium/heat ratio. - 1.12 Transient chemical tracers. - 1.12.1 Tritium. - 1.12.2 Radiocarbon. - 1.12.3 Chlorofluorocarbons. - 1.12.4 Radon-222. - 1.12.5 Sulfur hexachloride. - 1.12.6 Strontium-90. - Chapter 2 Data Processing and Presentation. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Calibration. - 2.3 Interpolation. - 2.4 Data presentation. - 2.4.1 Introduction. - 2.4.2 Vertical profiles. - 2.4.3 Vertical sections. - 2.4.4 Horizontal maps. - 2.4.5 Map projections. - 2.4.6 Characteristic or property versus property diagrams. - 2.4.7 Time-series presentation. - 2.4.8 Histograms. - 2.4.9 New directions in graphical presentation. - Chapter 3 Statistical Methods and Error Handling. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Sample distributions. - 3.3 Probability. - 3.3.1 Cumulative probability functions. - 3.4 Moments and expected values. - 3.4.1 Unbiased estimators and moments. - 3.4.2 Moment generating functions. - 3.5 Common probability density functions. - 3.6 Central limit theorem. - 3.7 Estimation. - 3.8 Confidence intervals. - 3.8.1 Confidence interval for μ (σ known) 3.8.2 Confidence interval for μ (σ unknown) 3.8.3 Confidence interval for σ^2. - 3.8.4 Goodness-of-fit test. - 3.9 Selecting the sample size. - 3.10 Confidence intervals for altimeter bias estimates. - 3.11 Estimation methods. - 3.11.1 Minimum variance unbiased estimation. - 3.11.2 Method of moments. - 3.11.3 Maximum likelihood. - 3.12 Linear estimation (regression). - 3.12.1 Method of least squares. - 3.12.2 Standard error of the estimate. - 3.12.3 Multivariate regression. - 3.12.4 A computational example of matrix regression. - 3.12.5 Polynomial curve fitting with least squares. - 3.12.6 Relationship between least-squares and maximum likelihood. - 3.13 Relationship between regression and correlation. - 3.13.1 The effects of random errors on correlation. - 3.13.2 The maximum likelihood correlation estimator. - 3.13.3 Correlation and regression: cause and effect. - 3.14 Hypothesis testing. - 3.14.1 Significance levels and confidence intervals for correlation. - 3.14.2 Analysis of variance and the F-distribution. - 3.15 Effective degrees of freedom. - 3.1 5.1 Trend estimates and the integral time scale. - 3.16 Editing and despiking techniques: the nature of errors. - 3.16.1 Identifying and removing errors. - 3.16.2 Propagation of error. - 3.16.3 Dealing with numbers: the statistics of roundoff. - 3.16.4 Gauss-Markov theorem. - 3.17 Interpolation: filling the data gaps. - 3.17.1 Equally and unequally spaced data. - 3.17.2 Interpolation methods. - 3.17.3 Interpolating gappy records: practical examples. - 3.18 Covariance and the covariance matrix. - 3.18.1 Covariance and structure functions. - 3.18.2 A computational example. - 3.18.3 Multivariate distributions. - 3.19 Bootstrap and jackknife methods. - 3.19.1 Bootstrap method. - 3.19.2 Jackknife method. - Chapter 4 The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields. - 4.1 Traditional block and bulk averaging. - 4.2 Objective analysis. - 4.2.1 Objective mapping: examples. - 4.3 Empirical orthogonal functions. - 4.3.1 Principal axes of a single vector time series (scatter plot). - 4.3.2 EOF computation using the scatter matrix method. - 4.3.3 EOF computation using singular value decomposition. - 4.3.4 An example: deep currents near a mid-ocean ridge. - 4.3.S Interpretation of EOFs. - 4.3.6 Variations on conventional EOF analysis. - 4.4 Normal mode analysis. - 4.4.1 Vertical normal modes. - 4.4.2 An example: normal modes of semidiurnal frequency. - 4.4.3 Coastal-trapped waves (CTWs). - 4.5 Inverse methods. - 4.5.1 General inverse theory. - 4.5.2 Inverse theory and absolute currents. - 4.5.3 The IWEX internal wave problem. - 4.5.4 Summary of inverse methods. - Chapter 5 Time-series Analysis Methods. - 5.1 Basic concepts. - 5.2 Stochastic processes and stationarity. - 5.3 Correlation functions. - 5.4 Fourier analysis. - 5.4.1 Mathematical formulation. - 5.4.2 Discrete time series. - 5.4.3 A computational example. - 5.4.4 Fourier analysis for specified frequencies. - 5.4.5 The fast Fourier transform. - 5.5 Harmonic analysis. - 5.5.1 A least-squares method. - 5.5.2 A computational example. - 5.5.3 Harmonic analysis of tides. - 5.5.4 Choice of constituents. - 5.5.5 A computational example for tides. - 5.5.6 Complex demodulation. - 5.6 Spectral analysis. - 5.6.1 Spectra of deterministic and stochastic processes. - 5.6.2 Spectra of discrete series. - 5.6.3 Conventional spectral methods. - 5.6.4 Spectra of vector series. - 5.6.5 Effect of sampling on spectral estimates. - 5.6.6 Smoothing spectral estimates (windowing). - 5.6.7 Smoothing spectra in the frequency domain. - 5.6.8 Confidence intervals on spectra. - 5.6.9 Zero-padding and prewhitening. - 5.6.10 Spectral analysis of unevenly spaced time series. - 5.6.11 General spectral bandwidth and Q of the system. - 5.6.12 Summary of the standard spectral analysis approach. - 5.7 Spectral analysis (parametric methods). - 5.7.1 Some basic concepts. - 5.7.2 Autoregressive power spectral estimation. - 5.7.3 Maximum likelihood spectral estimation. - 5.8 Cross-spectral analysis. - 5.8.1 Cross-correlation functions. - 5.8.2 Cross-covariance method. - 5.8.3 Fourier transform method. - 5.8.4 Phase and cross-amplitude functions. - 5.8.S Coincident and quadrature spectra. - 5.8.6 Coherence spectrum (coherency). - 5.8.7 Frequency response of a linear system. - 5.8.8 Rotary cross-spectral analysis. - 5.9 Wavelet analysis. - 5.9.1 The wavelet transform. - 5.9.2 Wavelet algorithms. - 5.9.3 Oceanographic examples. - 5.9.4 The S-transformation. - 5.9.5 The multiple filter technique. - 5.10 Digital filters. - 5.10.1 Introduction. - 5.10.2 Basic concepts. - 5.10.3 Ideal filters. -

Anmerkung: Contents Contributors Abbreviations and symbols Introduction Section 1. Isotope sources, analysis and interpretation of organic composition 1. High-precision deuterium and BC measurement by continuous flow-lRMS: organic and position-specific isotope analysis / J. T Brenna, H.J. Tobias and T.N. Corso Introduction CF-IRMS analysis of HD/H2 Carbon isotopes: automated position-specific isotope analysis (PSIA) References 2. Carbon isotope effects on key reactions in plant metabolism and 13C-patterns in natural compounds / H.-L. Schmidt and G. Gleixner Introduction Influence of carboxylations on the initial 13C distribution pattern Influence of aldol reactions and decarboxylations on secondary distribution patterns Ester and aldol reactions during secondary metabolism Effect of other lyase reactions Reactions involving C1-metabolism Isotope effects on reactions introducing hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in biological compounds Conclusion References 3. Interpretation of oxygen isotope composition of leaf material/ G.D. Farquhar, M.M. Barbour and B.K. Henry Why are we interested in the oxygen isotope ratio of organic matter? Oxygen isotopes in plant organic matter: a historical perspective On the enrichment of 18O in water within the plant Variation within the leaf 30 Isotopic exchange of oxygen during metabolism Isotopic history of oxygen in organic molecules The potential for oxygen isotopes in evaluating plant water use Oxygen isotope composition of organic matter: methodology and analysis References Appendix 1 Appendix 2 4. lntramolecular deuterium distributions and plant growth conditions / J. Schleucher Introduction Methodology Variation of intramolecular D distributions Discussion and outlook References Section 2. Soils, nutrients and plants 5. Stable isotope studies of soil nitrogen / D.W. Hopkins, R.E. Wheatley and D. Robinson Introduction Transformations of soil nitrogen Distribution of soil nitrogen Spatial variability of soil N Use of 15N natural abundance to investigate soil processes Conclusions References 6. 15N at natural abundance levels in terrestrial vascular plants: a précis / L.L. Handley, C.M. Scrimgeour and J.A. Raven Introduction What are the patterns in the δ15N signal? Experimental systems Needs for research References 7. Variations in fractionation of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in higher plants : N metabolism and partitioning in phloem and xylem / T. Yoneyama, H. Fujiwara and J.M. Wilson Introduction Acquisition of nitrogen Metabolism of nitrogen Translocation of nitrogen C and N concentration and isotope composition in castor bean (Ricinus communis) Conclusions and future directions References Section 3. Photosynthesis, plants and water 8. Carbon isotope discrimination in terrestrial plants: carboxylations and decarboxylations / J.S. Gillon, A.M. Borland, K.G. Harwood, A. Roberts, M.S.J. Broadmeadow and H. Griffiths Introduction Net carbon isotope discrimination Photosynthetic discrimination Respiratory discrimination Refixation of respiratory CO2 Discrimination under natural conditions Conclusions References 9. Carbon isotope discrimination in structural and non-structural carbohydrates in relation to productivity and adaptation to unfavourable conditions / E. Brugnoli, A. Scartazza, M. Lauteri, M.C. Monteverdi and C. Máguas 133 Introduction Theoretical background to carbon isotope discrimination WUE and plant productivity 1 Carbon isotope discrimination in soluble carbohydrates and productivity Soluble carbohydrate Δ13C and CO2 mesophyll conductance Concluding remarks References 10. Oxygen-18 of leaf water: a crossroad for plant-associated isotopic signals / D. Yakir Introduction Evaporative enrichment Source water Atmospheric moisture and boundary layers Bulk leaf water 2-D simulation of 18O in leaf water 18O of water in chloroplasts Conclusions References 11. The role of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in understanding water movement along the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum / T.E. Dawson, R.C. Pausch, H.M. Parker Introduction Stable isotopes and our understanding of water movement along the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum Future research on isotopes and the SPAC References Section 4. Integration of terrestrial ecosystems 12. Oxygen isotope effects during CO2 exchange: from leaf to ecosystem processes / L.B. Flanagan Introduction Discrimination against C18O16O during photosynthetic gas exchange Oxygen isotope effects during respiratory CO2 exchange Relative influence of photosynthesis, respiration and turbulent fluxes on the isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 in plant canopies Regional and global variation in the influence of terrestrial ecosystems on the oxygen isotope ratio of atmospheric CO2 References 13. Carbon isotope discrimination of terrestrial ecosystems / N. Buchmann, R.J. Brooks, L.B. Flanagan and J.R. Ehleringer Introduction Methodology Variation in Δe estimates Conclusions References 14. Assessing sensitivity to change in desert ecosystems - a stable isotope approach / J.R. Ehleringer, R.D. Evans and D. Williams Introduction Deserts as pulse-driven ecosystems Water uptake patterns by aridland plants Stomatal limitations as inferred from carbon isotope ratios Nitrogen sources Sensitivity of Colorado Plateau arid land ecosystems to invasions Conclusions References Section 5. Integration of marine ecosystems 15. Carbon stable isotope fractionation in marine systems: open ocean studies and laboratory studies / A.M. Johnston and H. Kennedy Introduction Open ocean studies Laboratory studies Recommendations for future research References 16. 15N and the assimilation of nitrogen by marine phytoplankton: the past, present and future? / N.J.P Owens and L.J. Watts Introduction The past - a short historical review Natural abundance v tracer studies The present - methods and techniques The present - a discussion of results from recent studies The future - possible developments for 15N studies in biological oceanography Summary and conclusions References Section 6. The immediate past: the Holocene 17. Archaeological reconstruction using stable isotopes / A.M. Pollard Introduction Isotope archaeology Dietary reconstruction using stable isotopes Isotopes and human mobility Summary References 18. Stable isotopes in tree ring cellulose / R. Switsur and J. Waterhouse Introduction Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon stable isotope ratios Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios References Section 7. Palaeoclimatic reconstructions from Precambrian to Quaternary 19. Phylogeny, palaeoatmospheres and the evolution of phototrophy / J.A. Raven Introduction The phylogeny of O2-producing phototrophs and their carboxylases Timing of origin of taxa of O2-evolving phototrophs in relation to changes in atmospheric composition The contribution of 13C/12C measurements to our understanding of the evolution of phototrophy Is the 13CO2/12CO2 discrimination factor of RUBISCO subject to direct natural selection? Conclusions and prospects References 20. Modelling changes in land plant function over the Phanerozoic / D.J. Beerling and F.I. Woodward Introduction Atmospheric evolution Phanerozoic changes in leaf function Terrestrial productivity in the Carboniferous Global patterns of leaf carbon isotope composition Concluding remarks References 21. Carbon isotopes, diets of North American equids, and the evolution of North American C4 grasslands / T.E. Cerling, J.M. Harris and B.J. McFadden Introduction Sampling protocol and sources of material Transition to C4 diet in equids: occurrence of C4-dominated diets, hypsodonty, and the radiation of equid genera Geographical and temporal distribution of C4 grasses in North America Regional patterns and variations History of C4 grasses versus C4 grasslands in North America Equid diversity during the Neogene Global expansion of C4 ecosystems Summary and implications References 22. Carbon isotopes in lake sediments and peats of last glacial age: implicati

Anmerkung: Contents: Foreword. - Introduction. - 1. Cryogenic materials as multiphase polycristal formations. - 1.1 Gernal information. - 1.2 Spatial cryogenic structure. - 1.3 Water and solution phase transformations. - 1.4 Liquid phase in cryogenic media. - 1.5 Saline frozen earth materials particularities. - 1.6 Constiution of cryogenic formations. - 2. Electrical and mechanical relaxiation of heterogeneous media in the time variable fields. - 2.1 Founding principles. - 2.2 Heterogeneous multiphase media. - 2.3 Parameters of dynamic, electrical and mechanical properties. - 2.4 Phenomenological theory of relaxation. - 2.5 Physical model of frozen media. - 3. Electric properties. - 3.1 Physical basis. - 3.2 Conductivity and polarizability. - 3.3 Frequency dispersion in time varying electromagnetic fields. - 3.4 Temperature dependencies. - 3.5 Mineral and water composition dependencies. - 3.6 Characteristics and parameters of electric relaxation phenomena. - 3.7 Saline cryogenic media. - 3.8 Two phase ice formations. - 4. Moduli of elasticity. - 4.1 Cryogenic materials as elasto-viscous media. - 4.2 Ice formations. - 4.3 Frozen soils and rocks. - 4.4 Saline and peat soils. - 4.5 On the representiveness of dynamic and static moduli. - 5. Methods of determining electrical and elastic properties. - 5.1 Experimental preparation of frozen material samples. - 5.2 Electrical properties. - 5.3 Elastic properties. - 5.4 Electroacoustic effect. - 6. Physical basises of electrometric and seismic-acoustic techniques of cryogenic media investigations. - 6.1 Propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves. - 6.2 Regularities of stress waves propagation. - 6.3 Interrelationships of mechanical and electrical properties. - 6.4 Electroacoustic conversion in frozen soils. - 6.5 Techniques to study of freezing kinetics and phase composition. - 6.6 Main fields of application and practical significance. - Conclusion. - Nomenclature. - Bibliography. , In kyrill. Schr. , Zsfassung in engl. Spr.

Anmerkung: CONTENTS: The Antarctic Research Series / Board of Associate Editors. - Preface / John C. Priscu. - Section 1: Physical and Hydrological Environment. - The Composite Glacial Erosional Landscape of the Northern McMurdo Dry Valleys: Implications for Antarctic Tertiary Glacial History / Michael L. Prentice, Johan Kleman, and Arjen P. Stroeven. - Solar Radiation in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Gayle L. Dana, Robert A. Wharton Jr., and Ralph Dubayah. - Glaciers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Andrew G. Fountain, Gayle L. Dana, Karen J. Lewis, Bruce H. Vaughn, and Diane M. McKnight. - Geochemical Linkages Among Glaciers, Streams, and Lakes Within the Taylor Valley, Antarctica / W. Berry Lyons, Kathy A. Welch, Klaus Neumann, Jeffrey K. Toxey, Robyn McArthur, Changela Williams, Diane M. McKnight, and Daryl Moorhead. - Section 2: Stream Environment. - Hydrologic Processes Influencing Streamflow Variation in Fryxell Basin, Antarctica / Peter A. Conovitz, Diane M. McKnight, Lee H. MacDonald, Andrew G. Fountain, and Harold R. House. - Longitudinal Patterns in Algal Abundance and Species Distribution in Meltwater Streams in Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Diane M. McKnight, Alex Alger, Cathy M. Tate, Gordon Shupe, and Sarah Spaulding. - Primary Production Processes in Streams of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Ian Howes and Clive Howard-Williams. - Modeling Nitrogen Transformations in Dry Valley Streams, Antarctica / Daryl L. Moorhead, Diane M. McKnight, and Cathy M. Tate. - Section 3: Lake Environment. - Physical Limnology of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes / Robert H. Spigel and John C. Priscu. - Optical Properties of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica / Clive Howard-Williams, Anne-Maree Schwarz, Ian Hawes, and John C. Priscu. - Cobalt Cycling and Fate in Lake Vanda / William J. Green, Donald E. Canfield, and Philip Nixon. - The Abundance of Ammonium-Oxidizing Bacteria in Lake Bonney, Antarctica, Determined by Immunofluorescence, PCR, and in Situ Hybridization / Mary A. Voytek, Bess B. Ward, and John C. Priscu. - Pigment Analysis of the Distribution, Succession, and Fate of Phytoplankton in the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes of Antarctica / Michael P. Lizotte and John C. Priscu. - Fluorescence Quenching in Phytoplankton of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes (Antarctica): Implications for the Structure and Function of the Photosynthetic Apparatus / Patrick J. Neale and John C. Priscu. - Protozooplankton and Microzooplankton Ecology in Lakes of the Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land / Mark R. James, Julie A. Hall, and Johanna Laybourn-Parry. - Permanent Ice Covers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Lakes, Antarctica: Liquid Water Contents / Christian H. Fritsen, Edward E. Adams, Christopher P. McKay, and John C. Priscu. - Permanent Ice Covers of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica: Bubble Formation and Metamorphism / Edward E. Adams, John C. Priscu, Christian H. Fritsen, Scott R. Smith, and Steven L. Brackman. - Section 4: Soil Environment. - The Soil Environment of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Iain B.Campbell, Graeme G. C. Claridge, David I. Campbell, and Megan R. Balks. - Soil Biodiversity and Community Structure in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica / Diana Wall Freckman and Ross A. Virginia. - Section 5: Summary. - Science and Environmental Management in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica / Colin M. Harris. - The McMurdo Dry Valley Ecosystem: Organization, Controls, and Linkages / Daryl L. Moorhead and John C. Priscu. - Section 6: CDROM. - Digital Geospatial Datasets Pertaining to the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica: The SOLA/AGU CDROM / Jordan Towner Hasting.

Anmerkung: Contents Editor's note Acknowledgements page xu Notes on translations and definitions Abstract Preface Introduction 1 Geocryology as part of planetary cryology 2 Frozen rocks as natural-historical geological formations 3 History of research of the zone of permafrost and the frozen materials composing this zone 4 Structure, problems and scientific themes of geocryology 5 Methodological basis of geocryology I Thermal-physical, physico-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing, frozen and thawing ground and their manifestation in the permafrost regions 1 Thermal-physical processes in freezing and thawing ground 1.1 Heat transfer and temperature field in ground 1.2 Freezing (crystallization) of water and melting of ice in the ground 1.3 Sublimation and desublimation of moisture in frozen rocks 1.4 Freezing and thawing of ground 1.5 Methods for solving soil freezing (thawing) problems and approximate formulae for freezing and thawing depth calculations 2 Water transfer and ice formation in soils 2.1 Nature and mechanism of moisture migration in soils 2.2 Water transfer and ice formation in frozen soil 2.3 Water transfer and ice formation in freezing and thawing soils 3 Physico-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing and thawing ground 3.1 Chemical reactions and processes in freezing and thawing soils 3.2 Physico-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing and thawing soils 3.3 Physical-mechanical processes in frozen soils caused by changes in temperature 3.4 Physical and chemical processes in frozen soils caused by an external load 4 Structure and texture of freezing and thawing soils 4.1 Thermal-physical and physical-mechanical conditions of development of migrational-segregated ice interlayers 4.2 Basic types of cryogenic structure 4.3 Formation of structure in freezing and thawing soils 4.4 Structural associations and types of contact in frozen soils 5 Cryogenic geological processes and phenomena 5.1 Classification of processes and phenomena 5.2 Frost heaving of soils 5.3 Frost cracking (fissuring) and polygonal formations, surface and underground 5.4 Thermokarst 5.5 Slope processes and phenomena 5.6 Processes and effects associated with the activity of water, glaciers and other geological agents II Composition, cryogenic structure and properties of frozen rocks 6 Formation of sedimentary materials in the permafrost regions (cryolithogenesis) 6.1 Sediment genesis in the permafrost regions 6.2 Transformation of loose deposits of the permafrost regions into rock 6.3 Formation of useful mineral deposits at different stages of cryogenesis 7 Composition and structure of frozen earth materials 7.1 Characteristics of organic, mineral and chemical composition of frozen earth materials 7.2 Unfrozen water and ice in ground 7.3 Textural characteristics of the frozen material 7.4 Microstructure of frozen soils 8 Properties of frozen soils 8.1 Physical properties of the frozen materials 8.2 Thermal-physical properties of rocks 8.3 Moisture exchange properties of soils 8.4 Mechanical properties of frozen ground 9 Characteristics of the basic genetic types of frozen ground 9.1 Features of the cryogenic types of frozen strata 9.2 Composition and cryogenic structure of the principal geologic-genetic types of sedimentary materials in the permafrost regions 9.3 Natural ice as a monomineral rock III Principles of the formation and development of the frozen strata and layers of seasonal freezing and thawing 10 Thermodynamic and climatic conditions for formation of the frozen layers 10.1 Energy balance of the Earth 10.2 Thermodynamic conditions for development of seasonally and perennially frozen ground 10.3 Frozen ground as a result of zonation of thermal- and mass-exchange processes on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere 11 Seasonal freezing and thawing of ground 11.1 Formation of the layer of seasonal freezing and thawing of soil 11.2 Types of seasonal freezing and thawing of the ground 11.3 The influence oflandscape-climatic factors on the temperature regime and depth of seasonal freezing and thawing of the ground 12 Development of the temperature regime and the thickness of the permafrost 12.1 Present-day knowledge of the development of permafrost 12.2 The effect of boundary conditions on the permafrost thickness and temperature regime 12.3 Dependence of the permafrost thickness and temperature regime on geological factors and processes 13 Taliks and groundwater in the permafrost zone 13.1 The types and formation of taliks in the permafrost zone 13.2 Groundwater of the permafrost regions 13.3 Interaction of groundwater with the permafrost and types of cryohydrogeological structures IV Regional features and evolution of permafrost 14 Permafrost evolution in the Earth's history 14.1 History of the development of permafrost and its distribution on the planet 14.2 Reasons for the development and evolution of permafrost in the Earth's history 14.3 The history of geocryological development and the main stages of permafrost formation on the territory of the former USSR in the Late Cenozoic 15 Zonal and regional features of present-day geocryological conditions in the territories of the former USSR 15.1 Distribution of permafrost and spatial variations of its mean annual temperature 15.2 Structure of the permafrost and spatial variability of its thickness 15.3 Distribution of main types of seasonal ground thawing and freezing 16 Principles and methods for regional geocryological investigations 16.1 Geocryological survey as the basis for regional investigation of the seasonally and perennially freezing zones 16.2 The methods and carrying-out of geocryological surveys 16.3 Classification and regionalization in the course of geocryological survey 16.4 Regionalization in geocryological mapping V Rational use of frozen ground and environmental protection in the course of economic development of the permafrost regions 17 The effect of different types of development on the natural geocryological environment 17.1 The basic principles of rational use of frozen ground in the course of the economic development of the permafrost regions 17.2 Regional environmental change in the course of development of extensive areas within the permafrost zone 17.3 Economic development of the permafrost regions with various kinds of construction 17.4 Development in the permafrost regions for the mining industry and underground engineering 17.5 Types of agrobiological development in the permafrost regions 18 Ensuring the stability of engineering structures in the permafrost regions 18.1 Principles of construction on permafrost (bases and foundations) 18.2 Methods of amelioration of frozen ground for foundations 18.3 Principles of foundation design and selection of type of foundation for construction on permafrost 18.4 Normative documents for engineering design and construction in the permafrost regions 19 Engineering geology in support of design, construction and operation of structures in the permafrost regions 19.1 Engineering-geological survey in the permafrost regions 19.2 Forecasting change in the geocryological conditions in the course of development 19.3 Principles and methods of the control of cryogenic processes 19.4 The basis of the rational use and protection of the geological environment in the permafrost regions References Index

Anmerkung: INHALT: Chronologische Übersicht. - Herrscher und Parteiführer. - Vorwort. - ERSTER TEIL: DIE GEOGRAPHIE RUßLANDS. - Das Land und seine Bewohner. - Die Vegetationszonen. - Das russische Volk. - Die slawischen Sprachen. - Das Gold der Skythen. - Die Steppenvölker. - ZWEITER TEIL: DIE HISTORISCHE ENTWICKLUNG. - Die Staatsbildung. - Die frühen Stämme. - Die Ankunft der Wikinger . - Quellen zur Entwicklung des Kiewer Reichs. - Literarische Quellen. - Die Kiewer Rus. - Die Übernahme des Christentums. - Wladimir und Nowgorod. - Die Sophien-Kathedrale in Kiew. - Die Moskauer Periode. - Der Einfall der Tataren. - Alexander Newskij und das Kiewer Vermächtnis. - Kirchliches Leben und monastische Bewegung. - Die Tatarenherrschaft. - Die Kunst in der frühen Moskauer Periode. - Iwan III. und der Triumph Moskaus. - Orthodoxie und Häresie. - Iwan IV., der Schreckliche. - Die Zeit der Wirren. - Das Dre{faltigkeits-Sergios-Kloster in Sagorsk. - Nowgorod. - Die große Zeit der russischen Ikonenmalerei. - Das letzte Jahrhundert Altrusslands. - Das Moskauer Reich unter den frühen Romanows. - Expansion und Diplomatie. - Innere Krisen und Kirchenschisma. - Die politischen Strukturen. - Dynastische Wirren. - Kultur und Künste im Übergang. - Die Architektur des späten Moskauer Reiches. - Zar Alexej: der letzte Byzantiner?. - Holzarchitektur im Norden Rußlands. - Peter der Grosse. - Rußlands neues Zeitalter. - Die »Große Gesandtschaft«. - Peters Rückkehr. - Der Nordische Krieg. - Das Nachfolgedrama. - Das petrinische Erbe. - Das russische Barock. - Das Reich nach Peter. - Die Mäuse und die Katze. - Anna und der deutsche Einfluß. - Elisabeth. - Der Dienstadel des 18. Jahrhunderts. - Die Leibeigenen. - Die Ereignisse von 1762. - Die Blütezeit des kaiserlichen Russlands. - Katharina II., die Große. - Kirche und Regierung unter Katharina II. - Innere und äußere Kriegführung. - Die Kaiserin und die Aufklärung. - Die Regierung Pauls. - Alexander I. - Napoleons Rußlandfeldzug. - Dekabristen und Anarchisten. - Die Dekabristen. - Die vier letzten Zahren. - Reaktion und Unterdrückung. - Die Slawophilen und die Kultur in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. - Puschkin und Gogol. - Der Krimkrieg. - Die Reformen Alexanders II. - Leo Tolstoj. - Populismus und revolutionäre Bewegung. - Die Künste im späten 19. Jahrhundert. - Soziale und ökonomische Veränderungen im späten 19. Jahrhundert. - Der Einfluß des Symbolismus. - Bäuerliches Leben vor der Revolution. - 1905. - Die Revolution und der Aufbau des kommunistischen Staates. - Der Russisch-Japanische Krieg und die Revolution von 1905. - Die Konsequenzen von 1905. - Tschechow und das Moskauer Künstler-Theater. - Das Zarenreich vor dem Untergang. - Rußland im Ersten Weltkrieg. - Die Februarrevolution und die Provisorische Regierung. - Die Oktoberrevolution und der Bürgerkrieg. - Der Aufbau des kommunistischen Staates unter Lenin. - Der Stalinismus. - Die Kunst der revolutionären Periode. - Der Kommunismus. - Djaghilew und Strawinskij. - Zwei Wege zur modernen Kunst: Malewitsch und Tatlin. - Religiöses Leben in der Sowjetunion. - Die Kunst der Propaganda. - Von Stalin bis Gorbatschow. - Kollektivierung, Hungerterror und die großen Säuberungen. - Der Zweite Weltkrieg. - Der Gulag: Konzentrationslager und Zwangsarbeit. - Die Chruschtschow-Ära und das »Tauwetter«. - Politik und Gesellschaft in der Breschnew-Ära. - Die 80er Jahre: vom Konservatismus zu Glasnost und Perestrojka. - Die Kunst vom Sozialistischen Realismus bis zu den 80er Jahren. - DRITTER TEIL: DIE REGIONEN RUßLANDS. - Weissrussland, Moldau und die Ukraine. - Die baltischen Republiken. - Transkaukasien. - Die russische Föderation. - Moskau. - St. Petersburg. - Die zentralasiatischen Republiken. - Bibliographie. - Fachbegriffe. - Bildquellenverzeichnis. - Register geographischer Namen. - Register. , Aus d. Engl. übers.

Anmerkung: Contents: Introduction: Roald Amundsen and the Belgica expedition. - 1 The Atlantic crossing. - 2 In South America. - 3 In the straits of Tierra del Fuego. - 4 Geographic discoveries. - 5 Trapped in the ice. - 6 Polar night. - 7 Return of the sun. - 8 Summer. - 9 Escape from the ice. - 10 Return home. - Further Reading. - Appendix. , Aus dem Niederländ. übers.

Anmerkung: Contents Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Chapter One: Causes of sea-level change 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Changes in the quantity of oceanic water 1.3 Deformation of the shape of the oceanic basin 1.4 Variations of water density and dynamic changes affecting the water masses Chapter Two: Evidence of former sea levels 2.1 Rocky shores 2.2 Sedimentary shores 2.3 Archaeological and historical sea-level indicators 2.4 Dating a sea-level indicator 2.5 How sea-level curves are constructed Chapter Three: The ice age Earth 3.1 How the last glaciation developed 3.2 The sea-level positions during the last Ice age 3.3 Low-sea-level land bridges and landscapes 3.4 Last glaciation climate and hydrology 3.5 Last glaciation biomass and CO2 exchanges Chapter Four: Deglacial sea-level changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Modelling results 4.3 Regional case studies 4.4 A gradually rising or a fluctuating sea level? 4.5 The Younger Dryas sea-level change 4.6 Impacts of past sea-level rise on coastal systems 4.7 Palaeomonsoons Chapter Five: Relative sea-level changes in the late Holocene 5.1 Delta and coral reef development 5.2 Continuance of isostatic emergence / submergence processes 5.3 Seismo-tectonic displacements 5.4 Relative sea-level changes produced by aseismic tectonics 5.5 Transgression-regression sequences and sea-level changes 6 Present-day sea-level trends 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Instrumental measurements . 6.3 Explanation of current estimations of global sea-level rise 6.4 Coastal areas at risk from sea-level rise Conclusions References Author Index Geographical Index Subject Index

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - List of Symbols. - 1 Groundwater flow. - 1.1 Darcy's law. - 1.1.1 The limits of Darcy's law. - 1.1.2 Driving forces for groundwater flow. - 1.2 Crustal permeability. - 1.2.1 Permeability versus porosity. - 1.2.2 Heterogeneity and anisotropy. - 1.2.3 Scale dependence. - 1.2.4 Depth dependence. - 1.2.5 Time dependence. - 1.2.6 Some limiting values. - 1.3 Conceptualizing groundwater systems. - 1.4 The continuum approach. - 1.5 The groundwater flow equation. - 1.5.1 Conservation of mass. - 1.5.2 The storage term. - 1.5.3 Various forms of the groundwater flow equation Problems. - 2 Solute transport. - 2.1 Governing equations. - 2.1.1 Molecular diffusion. - 2.1.2 Advection. - 2.1.3 Mechanical dispersion. - 2.1.4 Mass balance equation. - 2.1.5 Chemical reactions. - 2.1.6 Initial and boundary conditions. - 2.2 Numerical solution techniques. - 2.3 Density-driven flow. - 2.4 Multicomponent diffusion. - 2.5 Multicomponent reactive transport. - 2.5.1 Rate-based reactions. - 2.5.2 Surface reactions. - 2.5.3 Homogeneous reactions. - 2.5.4 Heterogeneous reactions. - 2.5.5 Solution algorithms Problems. - 3 Heat transport. - 3.1 Governing equations. - 3.1.1 Choice of dependent variables. - 3.1.2 Statements of mass and energy conservation. - 3.1.3 A form of Darcy's law for two-phase flow of compressible fluids. - 3.1.4 Conductive heat flux. - 3.1.5 One-dimensional forms of the governing equations. - 3.1.6 Extending the governing equations to three dimensions. - 3.1.7 Assumptions. - 3.1.8 Fluid properties. - 3.1.9 Numerical solution. - 3.2 Initial and boundary conditions. - 3.3 Temperature-based formulations. - 3.4 One-dimensional groundwater flow. - 3.4.1 Steady vertical flow. - 3.4.2 Flow in a confined aquifer or fault zone. - 3.5 Dimensionless numbers. - 3.5.1 Nusselt number. - 3.5.2 Peclet number. - 3.5.3 Rayleigh number. - 3.6 Buoyancy-driven flow. - 3.7 Heatpipes Problems. - 4Regional-scale flow and transport. - 4.1Sources and sinks of fluid. - 4.1.1 Geologic forcing. - 4.1.2 Anomalous fluid pressures. - 4.1.3 Hydraulic fracturing. - 4.1.4 The Gulf Coast. - 4.1.5 Accretionary prisms. - 4.2 Regional-scale solute transport. - 4.2.1 Groundwater age. - 4.2.2 Large-scale dispersion. - 4.2.3 Evolution of regional groundwater chemistry. - 4.3 Regional-scale heat transfer. - 4.3.1 The conductive regime in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.2 Thermal effects of groundwater flow in sedimentary basins. - 4.3.3 Some case studies of sedimentary basins. - 4.3.4 An example from volcanic terrane. - 4.3.5 The stress-heat flow paradox of the San Andreas fault Problems. - 5 Ore deposits. - 5.1Mississippi Valley-type deposits. - 5.1.1 Evidence for regional-scale brine migration. - 5.1.2 The salt problem. - 5.1.3 Controls on ore deposition. - 5.1.4 Driving forces for fluid flow. - 5.1.5 The Irish MVTs. - 5.2 Sediment-hosted uranium. - 5.2.1 Redox control of uranium solubility. - 5.2.2 Tabular uranium deposits. - 5.2.3 Unconformity-type uranium deposits. - 5.3 Supergene enrichment of porphyry copper. - 5.4 Colombian emeralds. - Problems. - 6 Hydrocarbons. - 6.1 Maturation. - 6.1.1 The oil window. - 6.1.2 Groundwater flow and the thermal regime. - 6.2 Migration. - 6.2.1 Capillary effects. - 6.2.2 Primary migration. - 6.2.3 Secondary migration. - 6.3 Entrapment. - 6.4 Governing equations for immiscible multiphase flow. - 6.5 Case studies. - 6.5.1 The Uinta basin. - 6.5.2 The Los Angeles basin. - Problems. - 7 Geothermal processes. - 7.1 Crustal heat flow. - 7.1.1 Measurement. - 7.1.2 Lateral and vertical variations. - 7.1.3 Perturbations due to groundwater flow. - 7.2 Magmatic-hydrothermal systems. - 7.2.1 Magmatic heat sources. - 7.2.2 Heat transfer from magma to groundwater. - 7.2.3 Fluid circulation near magma bodies. - 7.2.4 Permeabilities in near-magma environments. - 7.3 Fluid flow and heat transport near the critical point. - 7.3.1 One-dimensional pressure-enthalpy paths. - 7.3.2 Two-dimensional convection. - 7.4 Multiphase processes. - 7.4.1 Phase separation. - 7.4.2 Vapor-dominated zones. - 7.4.3 Pressure transmission. - 7.4.4 Boiling point-depth curves. - 7.5 Hotsprings. - 7.6 Geysers. - 7.7 Geothermal resources. - 7.8 Ore deposits. - 7.9 Subsea hydrothermal systems. - 7.9.1 Importance to the Earth's thermal budget. - 7.9.2 Influence on ocean chemistry. - 7.9.3 Quantitative description. - Problems. - 8 Earthquakes. - 8.1 Effective stress. - 8.2 Coulomb's law of failure. - 8.3 Induced seismicity. - 8.3.1 The Rocky Mountain arsenal. - 8.3.2 Rangely,Colorado. - 8.4 Fluid pressures at seismogenic depths. - 8.4.1 Hubbert and Rubey. - 8.4.2 Irwin and Barnes model for the San Andreas. - 8.4.3 Byerlee and Rice models for the San Andreas. - 8.5 Earthquake-induced hydrologic phenomena. - 8.5.1 Stream flow and springs. - 8.5.2 Well behavior. - 8.5.3 Geysering. - 8.6 Effect of earthquakes on crustal permeability. - 8.6.1 Analysis of the Loma Prietacase. - 8.6.2 State-of-stress and the orientation of conductive fractures. - Problems. - 9 Evaporites. - 9.1 Evaporite formation. - 9.1.1 The marine evaporite problem. - 9.1.2 Groundwater inflow. - 9.1.3 CaCl2 brines. - 9.1.4 Magnesium depletion. - 9.1.5 Continental evaporites. - 9.1.6 Groundwater outflow. - 9.2 Bedded evaporites. - 9.3 Saltdomes. - 9.3.1 Variable-density convection. - 9.3.2 Caprock formation. - Problems. - 10 Diagenesis and metamorphism. - 10.1 Reaction-Flow coupling. - 10.2 Diagenesis of siliciclastic sequences. - 10.2.1 Diagenesis in sedimentary basins. - 10.2.2 Silica cementation by thermal convection. - 10.3 Diagenesis of carbonate platforms. - 10.3.1 Dolomitization. - 10.3.2 Mixing-zone dissolution. - 10.4Local-scale diagenetic features. - 10.4.1 Mechanochemical coupling. - 10.4.2 Geochemical banding. - 10.5 Metamorphism. - 10.5.1 The evidence for voluminous fluid fluxes. - 10.5.2 The nature of permeability in metamorphic environments. - 10.5.3 Contact metamorphism at Skaergaard. - 10.5.4 Low-pressure metamorphic belts. - Problems. - References. - Index.

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Falsche Propheten. - 2 Wetter jeder Art - wie wird das Wetter?. - 2.1 Erst Diagnose - dann Prognose. - 3 Voraussetzung für die Wettervorhersage - Beobachten und Messen. - 3.1 Meteorologische Größenordnungen (Scales). - 3.2 Messen der Wetterelemente in Bodennähe - eine Wetterstation. - 3.3 Messen der Wetterelemente in der Atmosphäre - die 3. Dimension. - Geschichtliches: Meßverfahren für die ganze Atmosphäre. - Vom Boden aus wird die dritte Dimension erschlossen. - Flächenhafte Messung aus der Ferne - vom Satelliten aus. - Meßgeräte der neuen Generation. - 3.4 Meßnetze. - 4 Nowcasting - die ersten zwei Stunden. - 4.1 Großer Aufwand für Nowcasting - Wetterüberwachung (Monitoring). - 4.2 Wann löst sich der Nebel auf? Wie gefährlich wird das Gewitter?. - 4.3 Nutzung empirischer Verfahren. - 5 Meilensteine der modernen Wettervorhersage. - 5.1 Die Suche nach dem wahren Zustand der Atmosphäre. - 5.2 Die geniale Idee des Breslauer Physikers Brandes. - 5.3 Ist der Krieg doch "der Vater aller Dinge"?. - 5.4 Wetterdienste in Aktion - Warum Deutschland Schlußlicht war. - 5.5 Das Bjerknes-Programm - die Geburtsstunde der modernen Wettervorhersage. - 5.6 Richardson - der Rückschlag und die Konsequenzen. - 5.7 Charney und Neumann - der Durchbruch. - 5.8 Hinkelmann - der deutsche Aufbruch. - 6 Grundlagen und Besonderheiten der mittelfristigen Wettervorhersage. - 6.1 Das EZMW-Modell näher betrachtet. - 6.2 Das Prognosemodell. - 6.3 Datenassimilation. - 6.4 Noch einmal zum Maßstabsproblem. - 6.5 Instabilitäten wohin man schaut. - 6.6 Unvermeidliche Fehlerquellen. - 7 Aktuelle Herausforderungen und erste Antworten. - 7.1 Die Entdeckung der Grenzen in der Vorhersage. - 7.2 Die Antwort heißt: Stochastik. - 7.3 EPS - der gesteuerte Zufall. - Steigerung der Vorhersagegüte. - Quantifizierung der Unbestimmtheit. - 7.4 Muß das EPS erweitert werden?. - 7.5 Die Automatisierung der Wettervorhersage. - AFREG. - 7.6 Die MIX-Philosophie. - 8 Prognosenprüfung - Wie gut oder schlecht sind Wettervorhersagen?. - 8.1 Verifikation tut not. - 8.2 Wozu Prognosenprüfung?. - 8.3 Interessen contra Objektivität. - 8.4 Wie erkennt man Blindlingsprognosen?. - Was heißen nun Persistenz und Klimaerwartung?. - 8.5 Die Geister scheiden sich. - 8.6 Zahlen statt Begriffe - die Wende. - 8.7 Maßzahlen der Güte. - Wirtschaftsprognosen - ist da etwas dran?. - Bewertung von Alternativprognosen. - 8.8 Zur aktuellen Güte der Wettervorhersage. - 1. Schwankt die Prognosegüte im Laufe eines Jahres?. - 2. In welchem Monat sind die Wettervorhersagen am genauesten?. - 3. Wie gut werden Niederschläge vorhergesagt?. - 4. Wie verhalten sich Mensch und Maschine bei der Vorhersage anderer Wetterelemente?. - 5. Wie gut sind mittelfristige Wettervorhersagen?. - 6. Wo liegt gegenwärtig die zeitliche Grenze der Vorhersagbarkeit?. - 7. Zum Trend der Prognosengüte. - 8. Wird der Fortschritt anhalten?. - 9 Wettervorhersage - Einblick und Ausblick. - 9.1 Das Mensch-Maschine-Problem in der Wettervorhersage. - 9.2 Die Zukunft der Wettervorhersage. - 10 Langfristvorhersage. - 10.1 Einige historische Anmerkungen zu Langfristvorhersagen. - 10.2 Gegenwärtiger Stand der Langfristvorhersage. - Extratropische Langfristvorhersagen. - 11 Klimaprognosen. - 11.1 Der Klimabegriff. - 11.2 Komponenten unseres Klimasystems. - Wenigstens auf die Sonne ist Verlaß. - Die Atmosphäre - ein warmer Mantel. - Der Mantel ist vielschichtig. - Es wird noch komplexer!. - Der Kohlenstoffkreisl. als Schlüssel zum Verständnis unseres Klimas. - Physikalischer Kohlenstoffkreislauf. - Der organische Kohlenstoffkreislauf - Ozeane als Schlüsselfaktor. - 11.3 Mögliche Ursachen von Klimaänderungen. - Historische und prähistorische Klimaänderungen. - Historische Aufzeichnungen. - Laminierte Sedimente (Warven). - Ablagerungen in Großtagebauen. - Kohlenstoffisotope von Bäumen als Klimaindikatoren. - Untersuchungen der Eisbohrkerne auf Grönland. - Klimabedingungen aus Rattenkot. - Samen- und Pollenanalysen. - Wo ist das CO2 der Uratmosphäre geblieben und warum gibt es überhaupt noch CO2?. - Einige Eiszeittheorien. - 11.4 Methoden der Klimaprognose. - Statistische Modelle. - Boxmodelle. - Zirkulationsmodelle. - 11.5 Regionalisierung von großräumigen Klimaprognosen. - 1. Regionale Klimamodelle. - 2. Statistische Verfahren. - 3. Gekoppelte dynamische und statistische Verfahren. - 11.6 Ergebnisse von Klimaprognosen. - Werden wir den CO2-Ausstoß wirklich weltweit reduzieren?. - Literatur. - Glossar. - Index.

Anmerkung: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Introduction and Summaries. - Brief summaries. - 1. Impact of Global Changes in the Arctic. - 2. Arctic Processes of Relevance to Global Systems. - 3. Natural Processes within the Arctic. - 4. Sustainable Development in the Arctic. - 5. Recent Project Ideas. - Other IASC Activities and Groups. - FULL PROJECT REPORTS. - Project Status Chart. - BASIS - Barents Sea Impacts Study. - BESIS - Bering Sea Impacts Study. - Effects of lncreased Ultraviolet Radiation in the Arctic. - MAGICS - Mass Balance of Arctic Glaciers and Ice Sheets in relation to the Climate and Sea level changes (Working Group on Arctic Glaciology). - IASC-GCTE Arctic Working Group. - LOIRA- Land-Ocean Interactions in the Russian Arctic. - Sustainable Development- Caribou/Reindeer Grazing Systems. - Sustainable Use of Living Marine Resources in the Arctic. - Environmental and Social Impacts of Industrialisation. - Arctic Bathymetric Map Project. - Contaminants and Human Health in the Arctic. - Rapid Cultural and Social Change in the Circumpolar North. - COASP- Cooperative Arctic Seismological Project. - ADD- International Arctic Environment Data Directory.

Anmerkung: In kyrill. Schr.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface / W. Karlén, J. Lundqvist and N. Rutter. - Late-Weichselian ice sheets in Arctic and Pacific Siberia / M. G. Grosswald. - The last ice sheet of the Kara Sea: terrestrial constraints on its age / A. Astakhov. - Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Sartan Glaciation in West Siberia / S. A. Arkhipov. - The relationship of massive ground ice and the late Pleistocene history of northwest Siberia / F. A. Michel. - Scanning electron microscopy of pleistocene sands from Yamal and Taz Peninsulas, Ob River Estuary, Northwestern Siberia / W. C. Mahaney. - The quaternary vegetation and landscape evolution of Novaya Zemlya in the light of palynological records / L. Serebryanny and E. Malyasova. - Reconstruction of the 2.4 million km2 late pleistocene ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the global climate / M. Kuhle. - On the problem of Quaternary glaciations, and the extent and patterns of pleistocene ice cover in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau / Z. Benzing and N. Rutter. - Extent and spatial distribution of pleistocene glaciations in Eastern Tibet / F. Lehmkuhl. - The sequence of the quaternary glaciation in the Bayan Har Mountains / Z. Shangzhe and L. Jijun.

Anmerkung: Zugl. Univ. Bremen, FB Geowiss., Diss. 1997 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung. - Summary. - I Vorbereitung der Einzeldatensätze. - 1 Einführung. - 2 Digitale Geländemodelle. - 2.1 Grundlagen digitaler Geländemodelle. - 2.1.1 Flächentreue Transformation der Daten nach Lambert. - 2.1.1.1 Koordinatentransformation. - 2.1.1.2 Resampling. - 2.1.2 Korrektur der Höhendaten und Fehlerbestimmung. - 2.2 Das Grönland Modell. - 2.2.1 Bearbeitung der Daten des dänischen Katasteramtes. - 2.2.2 Fehlerbestimmung. - 2.3 Das Nordost Grönland Modell. - 2.3.1 Lage und Größe. - 2.3.2 Fehlerbestimmung. - 2.4 Das Storstrømmen Modell. - 2.4.1 Kartenmaterial. - 2.4.2 Import der Vektordaten und Interpolation des DGM. - 2.4.3 Fehlerquellen und Fehlerabschätzung. - 3 Fernerkundung von Schnee und Eis. - 3.1 Grundlagen der Radiometrie. - 3.2 Wechselwirkung elektromagnetischer Strahlung. - 3.3 Fernerkundung von Schnee und Eis. - 4 Bearbeitung von LANDSAT Daten. - 4.1 Der Multispectral Scanner des LANDSAT Satelliten. - 4.2 Digitale Rektifizierung der Daten. - 4.2.1 Geometrische Rektifizierung. - 4.2.2 Radiometrische Rektifizierung. - 4.3 Multispektrale Klassifizierung. - 5 Bearbeitung von AVHRR Daten. - 5.1 Beschreibung des Sensors und der Plattform. - 5.2 Empfang von AVHRR HRPT Daten auf Polarstern. - 5.3 Geometrische Rektifizierung. - 5.4 Radiometrische Rektifizierung. - 5.4.1 Berechnung des Sonnenstandes. - 5.4.2 Korrektur der Blickrichtungseffekte. - 5.5 Wolkenerkennung in AVHRR Aufnahmen. - 6 Bearbeitung von ERS-1 SAR Daten. - 6.1 Beschreibung des Sensors und der Abbildungsgeometrie. - 6.2 Kalibrierung und Geokodierung der ERS-1 SAR Szene. - 7 Feldarbeiten in Nordost Grönland. - 7.1 Durchgeführte Arbeiten. - 7.2 Darstellung des Datenmaterials. - 8 Akkumulationsmodellierung. - 8.1 Reproduktion der Ausgangskarte. - 8.1.1 Das geeignete Interpolationsverfahren?. - 8.1.2 Ergebnis der Kartenreproduktion. - 8.2 Daten der AWI Nordgrönland Traverse. - 8.2.1 Kernanalyse. - 8.3 Neuberechnung der Akkumulationsverteilung. - 8.4 Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 9 Gletschereinzugsgebiete in Grönland. - 9.1 Die Berechnung der Einzugsgebiete. - II GIS-Studien. - 10 Geo-Informationssysteme. - 10.1 Grundlagen eines GIS. - 10.2 Das Grönland-GIS. - 10.2.1 Eismächtigkeit und Hypsometrie der Oberfläche und des Eisvolumens. - 10.2.2 Kinematik und Massenfluß der Einzugsgebiete. - 10.2.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 10.2.4 Vergleich der Modellergebnisse. - 10.3 Das Nordostgrönland-GIS. - 10.3.1 Die Einteilung der Gletscheroberfläche in verschiedene Zonen. - 10.4 Das Storstrømmen-GIS. - 10.4.1 Die Massenbilanz des Storstrømmen Gletschers. - 10.4.1.1 Die Berechnung der Massenbilanz. - 10.4.2 Der Surge des Storstrømmen Gletschers. - 10.4.2.1 Dynamik des Storstrømmen Gletschers aus LANDSAT und ERS-1 Satellitenbilddaten. - 10.4.2.2 Gletscherbewegung aus Pegelmessungen. - 10.4.2.3 Der Massenumsatz in der Ablationszone. - Literatur. - III Anhang. - 11 Daten und Ergebnisse. - 12 Symbole und Variablen. - 12.1 Variablen im Kapitel 2. - 12.2 Variablen im Kapitel 3. - 12.3 Variablen im Kapitel 4, 5, 6. - 12.4 Variablen im Kapitel 5. - 12.5 Variablen im Kapitel 6. - 12.6 Variablen im Kapitel 8. - 12.7 Variablen im Kapitel 10.2. - Dank.

Anmerkung: Inhalt Faszination Polarforschung - ein Geleitwort / Jörn Thiede Vorwort / Christine Reinke-Kunze Der Albatros / Charles Baudelaire Die denkwürdigen Erlebnisse des Arthur Gordon Pym / Edgar Allan Poe (14.-18. Kapitel) Anreise Ende der Wochenberichte und Abreise Die Sommerkampagne 1990 / Eberhard Kolberg Ein Kontinent der Wissenschaft / Max Tilzer Überwinterungen in der Antarktis / Heinz Kohnen Eine Forschungsstation wird gebaut / Dietrich Enß Daten und Fakten Der Antarktisvertrag Umweltschutzprotokoll zum Antarktisvertrag Das Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI) Das Forschungsschiff Polarstern Die Georg-von-Neumayer-Station (GvN) Georg Balthasar Neumayer Zeittafel