ALBERT

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1999 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 1.1 Kenntnisstand und offene Fragen 1.2 Fragestellung und Ziele dieser Arbeit 2. Umweltbedingungen in den Arbeitsgebieten 2.1 Hydrographie, Eisverhältnisse und NAO 2.2 Zur Variation von Wassertiefe und Breite der Dänemarkstraße und zur Vereisung Islands während des letzten Glazials 3. Methoden 3.1 Auswahl der Kernstationen 3.2 Probennahme und Analysen (Übersicht) 3.3 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Oberflächenwasser Zur Aussage stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse in planktischen Foraminiferen Zur Messung stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse Zur Massenspektrometrie Zur Rekonstruktion von Oberflächentemperaturen Alkane und Alkohole als Maß für Staubeintrag Eistranspmtiertes Material und vulkanische Aschen 3.4 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Zwischen-/ Tiefenwasser Häufigkeit von Cibicides- und anderen benthischen Arten (inkl. Taxonomie) Stabile Isotopenverhältnisse in benthischen Foraminiferen 3.5 AMS 14C-Datierungen Probenreinigung 3. 6 Hauptelementanalysen von vulkanischen Asche-Leithorizonten 3. 7 Geomagnetische Meßgrößen und magnetische Suszeptibiltät 3.8 Techniken zur Spektralanalyse 4. Methodische Ergebnisse 4.1 Zum Einfluß der Probenreinigung auf δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte 4.2 Probleme bei der langfristigen Reproduzierbarkeit von δ18O-Zeitreihen 4.3 Einfluß der Korngröße und Artendefinition planktischer Foraminiferen auf SST-Rekonstruktionen in hohen Breiten 4.4 Vergleich der stabilen Isotopenwerte von Cibicides lobatulus und Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi 5. Stratigraphische Grundlagen und Tiefenprofile der Klimasignale 5.1 Stratigraphische Korrelation zwischen parallel-gekernten GKG- und SL-/KL-Profilen 5.2 Flanktische δ18O-/ δ13C-Kurven, 14C-Alter und biostratigraphische Fixpunkte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Kern 23351 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.3 Benthische δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte in Kern PS2644 5.4 Siliziklastische Sedimentkomponenten: Eistransportiertes Material Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.5 Vulkanische Glasscherben in Kern PS2644: Wind- und Eiseintrag 5.6 Geochemie und Alter einzelner Tephralagen als Leithorizonte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.7 Magnetische Suszeptibilität in den Kernen PS2644, PS2646 und PS2647 Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 5.8 Geomagnetische Feldintensität und Richtungsänderungen in Kern PS2644 5.9 Variation von Planktonfauna und -flora Westliches Islandbecken: Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 Vøring-Plateau: Kern 23071 und 23074 5.10 Benthische Foraminiferen in Kern PS2644 6. Entwicklung von Temperatur und Salzgehalt nördlich der Dänemark-Straße 6.1 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Planktonforaminiferen 6.2 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Uk37 6.3 Variation der Oberflächensalinität 7. Die Feinstratigraphie von Kern PS2644 als Basis für eine Eichung der 14C-Altersskala 22 - 55 ka 7.1 Korrelation zwischen den Klimasignalen in Kern PS2644 und der GISP2-Klimakurve zum Kalibrieren der 14C-Alter und Erstellen eines Altersmodells Tephrachronologische Marker Korrelationsparameter und -regeln Sonderfälle/ Probleme bei der Korrelation 7.2 Alters-stratigraphische Korrelation der Klimakurven von Kern 23071 und 23074 7.3 Variation der Altersanomalien zwischen 20 und 55 14C-ka 7.4 Variabilität des planktischen 14C-Reservoiralters in Schmelzwasserbeeinflußten Seegebieten Variation der planktischen 14C-Alter unmittelbar an der Basis von Heinrich-Ereignis 4 Unterschiede zwischen planktischen und benthischen 14C-Altern in der westlichen Islandsee. Zur Erklärung der inversen Altersdifferenzen 7.5 Differenz zwischen 14C- und Kalenderalter: Zeitliche Variation unter Einfluß des Erdmagnetfeldes - Modell und Befund 7.6 Sedimentationsraten der Kerne 23071, 23074 und PS2644 nach dem GISP2-Altersmodell Vøring-Plateau: Kerne 23071 und 23074 Südwest-Islandsee: Kern PS2644 8. Klimaoszillationen im Europäischen Nordmeer in der Zeit und Frequenzdomäne 8.1 "Der Einzelzyklus" in den Klimakurven von Kern PS2644 8.2 Zur Veränderlichkeit der Warm- und Kaltextreme sowie Zyklenlänge Besonderheiten in der Zyklenlänge Variation der Kalt-(Stadiale) Variation der Interstadiale 8.3 Periodizitäten der Klimasignale im Frequenzband der D.-Oe.-Zyklen. Der D.-Oe.-Zyklus von 1470 J., seine Multiplen und harmonischen Schwingungen Weitere Frequenzen: 1000-1150 Jahre- und 490- 510 Jahre-Zyklizitäten Höhere Frequenzen im Bereich von Jahrhunderten und Dekaden 8.4 Phasenbeziehungen und (örtliche) Steuemngsmechanismen der Dansgaard-Oeschger-Zyklen 9. Schlußfolgerungen Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anhang

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Contemporary hydrographic network of the North-East of the Russian Plain: chronology of development / A. S. Lavrov, L. M. Potapenko. - Some distinctions of big and smoll interglacials (by way of example of Western Siberia during Late Pleistocene) / S. A. Laukhin, A. M. Firsov. - Pollen spectra in the lithological facies of lake bottom sediment on the White Sea Coast / N. B. Lavrova, V. V. Kolka, O. P. Korsakova. - Barsova Gora is the unical object of glacial geology and Taiga vegetation in the middle Priobie / N. B. Levina, V. A. Tkachenko, V. N. Turin, N. N. Lavrovich, E. V. Shepetova. - Geological role of ice in formation of the Arctic Ocean recent and quaternary sediments composition / M. A. Levitan, K. V. Syromyatnikov. - Granite protrusions as a relief-forming factor of the activated sections of platforms and mobile belts / M. G. Leonov, E. S. Przhiyalgovsky. - Glacial tectonics and the granulated substance mechanics / M. G. Leonov, O. G. Epshtein. - Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene lake sediments in hollow D'Issyk-kul / O. N. Leflat, T. N. Voskresenskaya. - Complexity and diversity of genetic indication of loose formations and new things in the methods of their identification (according to the results of research of small rivers' valleys of the North of Amur-Zeya Plain, Lower Amur Region and Western Priokhotye / E. Yu. Likutov. - Landscape-geological characteristic of travertine cascade of the ancient thermal source of tract pymvashor / A. A. Ljubas, J. N. Bolotov, M. Y. Gofarov, S. A. lglovskiy. - Lake's lithogenesis: new formations are on the bottom of the drying up Udinsky Streach / L. A. Magaeva, M. T. Ustinov. - Genetic classification of peat deposits based on trophicity degree / G. L. Makarenko. - On the issue of classification of mires based on trophicity degree / G. L. Makarenko. - Some burning issues of a structural interpretation of the plain areas relief / V. I. Makarov, N. V. Makarova, T. V. Sukhanova. - The first experience of the 230Th/U dating of buried wood remains / R. E. Maksimov, V. Yu. Kuznetsov, S. A. Laukhin, I. E. Zherebtsov, S. B. Levchenko, N. G. Baranova. - Variations of the relative intensity of geomagnetic field in bottom sediments of the Bering Sea and North-Western Pacific during the last 380 kyr / M. I. Malakhov, S. A. Gorbarenko, D. Nurnberg, R. Tiedemann, G. Yu. Malakhova, J. Riethdorf. - Using high-resolution records petromagnetic and lithophysic characteristics of the sediments Bering Sea and high-latitude Western Pacific for reconstruction of climate and environment in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene / M. I. Malakhov, S. A. Gorbarenko, D. Nurnberg, R. Tiedemann, G. Yu. Malakhova, J. Riethdorf. - Some information about genetic classification of lakes of the Vepsovsky Hill East of the Leningrad Region / O. V. Malozemova, L. A. Nesterova, D. A. Subetto. - Middle Pleistocene small mammal faunas of Eastern and Central Europe: Chronology, correlation / A. K. Markova, T. van Kolfschoten. - Astronomical and meteorological criteria of defining human activity traces in ancient megalith rock complexes in the North-West Russia / L. S. Marsadolov, G. N. Paranina. - Palynological characteristics of the middle Pleistocene deposits in the Vychegda River Basin, the Komi Republic (preliminary data) / T. I. Marchenko-Vagapova. - Isotope specialization (δ18O, δ13C) of quaternary carbonates from Belarus and potential of palaeoenvironments indication / N. A. Makhnach. - The complex survey of quaternary deposits / A. V. Mashukov, A. E. Mashukova. - Quaternary deposits and construction materials' deposits in the Kaluga Region / S. G. Medvedeva. - Vegetation and climate of Sakhalin in the early Holocene / Yu. A. Mikishin, L. G. Gvozdeva. - Inorganic geochemistry record of stages 6-11 from Elgygytgyn lake sediments (deep drilling data) / P. S. Minyuk, V. Ya. Borkhodoev and Elgygytgyn Scientific Party. - Palaeoshorelines on the Murmansk coast / M. V. Mityaev. - Vertical matter flow in Gulfs on Murmansk and Karelian coasts / M. V. Mityaev, M. V. Gerasimova. - Channel and basin components of sediment yield in the formation of quaternary alluvial suites of rivers of the middle Volga Region / V. V. Mozzherin. - Late Pleistocene interglacial-glacial climatic transition (MIS 5/MIS 4) as derived from palynological analysis and IR-OSL dating of deposits from the Voka Reference Section, Southeastern coast of the Gulf of Finland / A. N. Molodkov, N. S. Bolikhovskaya. - Quaternary sediments in the Central Part of Northern West Siberia / D. V. Nazarov. - Palynological evidences of the postglacial warm event of the Laptev Sea Region / O. D. Naidina. - Some problems of using luminescent methods for absolute dating of glacial deposits (by the example of Chagan Section, SE Altai) / R. K. Nepop, A. R. Agatova, H. Rodnight. - Freshwater travertine-like carbonates of the Izhora Plateau as the natural markers of the structural dislocations / M. U. Nikitin, A. A. Medvedeva. - Fold deformations in late Pleistocene deposits of the Central Part Kola Region and their genesis / S. B. Nikolaeva. - Mammoths and man of stone age in Northern Europe - insight of a question on migrations to European Subarctic by Western paths / A. A. Nikonov. - Formation of present-day deposits in the conditions of technogenic litogenesis / E. N. Ogorodnikova, S. K. Nikolaeva. - Traces cryogenesis of Neopleistocene sediments the lower Irtysh / O. L. Opokina, E. A. Slagoda. - Stratigraphical subdivision of the Eopleistocene deposits of the Simbugino Site and new mollusc finds (Southern Foreurals) / E. M. Osipova, G. A. Danukalova. - Late Pleistocene to Holocene environment and climate in the Upper Ponoy Depression (Kola Peninsula) reconstracted from pollen record of Churozero lake bottom deposits / E. Yu. Pavlova, M. V. Dorozhkina, E. I. Devyatova. - Absolute chronology and climatic conditions of Valdai (Vistulian) terraces formation in the middle Seim River Valley / A. Panin, J.-P. Buylaert, E. Matlakhova, A. Murray, O. Pakholova. - Possibility of reconstruction of climate change in the Mongolian Altai based on analysis of annual records in glaciers and lacustrine sediment / T. S. Papma, E. Yu. Mitrofanova, N. S. Malygina. - Northern labyrinth - thee Gnomon: compass, clock, calendar / G. N. Paranina. - Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleogeography of the coastal lowlands of Is. Paramushir (Kuril Islands) / A. Ju. Pakhomov. - Upper-Kama (Verhnekama) Upland - the newest lifting of the middle Last Pleistocene / M. M. Pakhomov, I. L. Borodatyi. - Dating mass accumulations of Mammoth across Arctic Eurasia / V. V. Pitulko, P. A. Nikolskiy, A. E. Basilyan, E. Y. Pavlova. - Features of vertical distribution of the materials within the marginal zones of permafrost polygonal structures and its importance for dating of quaternary deposits in cryolitozone / V. V. Pitulko, E. Y. Pavlova, A. E. Basilyan, S. G. Kritsuk. - Morfogenesis of the tectonics active area of the Mongolian Altay / S. G. Platonova. - Reference section of the Lichvin interglacial in the North-Western Part of European Russia's Region / E. S. Pleshivtseva, V. L. Garkusha, M. A. Travina. - New radiocarbon dates of Late Quaternary Mammals in the Arkhangelsk Region in connection with reconstructions of the last glaciation in the Eastern Europe / D. V. Ponomarev, T. van Kolfschoten, A. K. Markova, J. van der Plicht. - Geological illustrations of Aral-Caspian Region's latest seismodynamic high activity / V. I. Popkov. - About Karagiinsk closed depression (Mangishlak)'s genesis / V. I. Popkov. - On the issue of formation of the Caucasian mineral waters' modern structural geomorphologic aspect / V. I. Popkov, I. G. Sazonov, D. A. Kolleganova. - Natural climate changes on the border of Late Pleistocene and Holocene / A. N. Popova, D. A. Subetto. - Some problems paleogeomorfologi Volga Region / I. V. Proletkin. - New perspectives on modern geomorphological studies / I. V. Proletkin. - Dynamics of small mammals local assem , In kyrill. Schr. , In engl. und rus. Sprache

Note: Contents Chapter 1. Introduction / Lead authors: Morten Skovgaard Olsen, Lars-Otto Reiersen Chapter 2. Arctic Climate: Recent Variations / Lead authors: John E. Walsh, James E. Overland, Pavel Y. Groisman, Bruno Rudolf Chapter 3. Climate Model Projections for the Arctic / Lead authors: James E. Overland, Muyin Wang, John E. Walsh, Jens H. Christensen, Vladimir M. Kattsov, William L. Chapman Chapter 4. Changing Snow Cover and its Impacts / Lead authors: Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson, Ross D. Brown, Pavel Y. Groisman, Niklas Labba, Vladimir Radionov Chapter 5. Changing Permafrost and its Impacts / Lead authors: Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson, Oleg Anisimov, Hanne H. Christiansen, Arne Instanes, Vladimir Romanovsky, Sharon Smith Chapter 6. Changing Lake and River Ice Regimes: Trends, Effects and Implications / Lead authors: Terry Prowse, Knut Alfredsen, Spyros Beltaos, Barrie Bonsal, Claude Duguay, Atte Korhola, James McNamara, Warwick F. Vincent, Valery Vuglinsky, Gesa Weyhenmeyer Chapter 7. Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps / Lead authors: Martin Sharp, Maria Ananicheva, Anthony Arendt, Jon-Ove Hagen, Regine Hock, Edward Josberger, R. Dan Moore, William Tad Pfeffer, Gabriel J. Wolken Chapter 8. The Greenland Ice Sheet in a Changing Climate / Lead authors: Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Jonathan Bamber, Carl E. Bøggild, Erik Buch, Jens H. Christensen, Klaus Dethloff, Mark Fahnestock, Shawn Marshall, Minik Rosing, Konrad Steffen, Robert Thomas, Martin Truffer, Michael van den Broeke, Cornelis van der Veen Chapter 9. Sea Ice / Lead authors: Walter N. Meier, Sebastian Gerland, Mats A. Granskog, Jeffrey R. Key, Christian Haas, Grete K. Hovelsrud, Kit M. Kovacs, Alexander Makshtas, Christine Michel, Donald Perovich, James D. Reist, Bob E.H. van Oort Chapter 10. Arctic Societies, Cultures, and Peoples in a Changing Cryosphere / Lead authors: Grete K. Hovelsrud, Birger Poppel, Bob E.H. van Oort, James D. Reist Chapter 11. Cross-cutting Scientific Issues / Lead authors: Terry V. Callaghan, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Margareta Johansson, Roland Kallenborn, Jeffrey R. Key, Robie Macdonald, Terry Prowse, Martin Sharp, Konrad Steffen, Warwick F. Vincent Chapter 12. SWIPA Synthesis: Implications of Findings / Lead author: James D. Reist Acronyms and abbreviations

Note: Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., FB Geowiss., Diss., 2011 , INHALT: Inhalt. - Zusammenfassung. - Abstract. - Abkürzungen. - Abbildungen. - Tabellen. - 1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung. - 2 Grundlagen. - 2.1 Die Bedeutung des Stickstoffkreislaufs. - 2.2 Die Nitrifikation - Ein Schlüsselprozess im Stickstoffkreislauf. - 2.2.1 Verbreitung Ammoniak oxidierender Bakterien. - 2.2.2 Verbreitung Ammoniak oxidierender Archaeen. - 2.2.3 Physiologie Ammoniak oxidierender Mikroorganismen. - 2.2.4 Bedeutung Ammoniak oxidierender Mikroorganismen. - 2.3 Psychrophile and psychrotolerante Bakterien. - 2.4 Grundlagen der methodischen Ansätze. - 2.4.1 Bodenklassifikation nach der US Soil Taxonomy. - 2.4.2 Charakterisierung der Ammoniak oxidierenden Mikroorganismen (AOM). - 2.4.3 Nachweis von nitrifizierenden Mikroorganismen. - 2.4.4 Denaturierende Gradienten Gelelektrophorese (DGGE). - 2.4.5 Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH) und Immunofluoreszenz (IF). - 2.4.6 Reverse Transkriptase RCR. - 3. Beschreibung der Untersuchungsgebiete. - 3.1. Untersuchungsgebiet im kalten Klimat – die Insel Samoylov im Lena-Delta. - 3.2. Untersuchungsgebiet im gemäßigten Klimat – Hahnheide bei Hamburg. - 4 Material und Methoden. - 4.1 Probenahme und bodenkundliche Standortaufnahme. - 4.2 Herkunft der verwendeten Anreicherungskulturen. - 4.3 Bodenchemische und -physikalische Laboruntersuchungen. - 4.4 Quantifizierung von gelösten Stickstoffverbindungen in Böden. - 4.4.1 Ammoniumbestimmungen. - 4.4.2 Nitrit- und Nitratbestimmung. - 4.4.3 Bestimmung der gelösten organischen Stickstoffverbindungen (DON). - 4.5 Nährmedien. - 4.6 Nachweis von mikrobiellen N-Umsetzungen in Böden. - 4.6.1 Bestimmung der potentiellen Nitrifikation. - 4.6.2 Bestimmung der potentiellen Mineralisationsaktivitäten. - 4.6.3 Bestimmungen der Temperaturoptima der Nitrifikation. - 4.6.4 Quantifizierung von nitrifizierenden Mikroorganismen mittels MPN. - 4.7 Kulturführungen von Anreicherungen und Reinkulturen. - 4.7.1. Anreicherung von Ammoniak oxidierenden Mikroorganismen (AOM). - 4.7.2. Kulturführung von Reinkulturen. - 4.7.3 Reinheitstest der Anreicherungs- und Reinkulturen. - 4.8 Mikroskopische Verfahren. - 4.9. Molekularbiologische Methoden. - 4.9.1 DNA Extraktion. - 4.9.2 Polymerasenkettenreaktion (PCR). - 4.9.3 Denaturierende Gradienten Gelelektrophorese (DGGE). - 4.9.4 RNA Isolation und Reverse Transkriptase (RT) PCR Anwendungen. - 4.9.5 Klonierung. - 4.9.6 Sequenzanalysen und Stammbäume. - 4.10 Statistische Verfahren. - 5. Ergebnisse. - 5.1. Bodenkundliche Charakterisierung der untersuchten Permafrostböden. - 5.1.1 Böden der Flussterrasse. - 5.1.2 Böden der jüngeren Überflutungsebene. - 5.1.3 Beschreibung des untersuchten Permafrostaufschlusses am Kliff. - 5.2 Bodenkundliche Charakterisierung der Vergleichsböden im gemäßigten Klimat. - 5.3 Gelöste anorganische Stickstoffverbindungen (DIN). - 5.3.1 DIN in den kalten Klimaten. - 5.3.2 DIN-Gehalte in den Böden der gemäßigten Klimaten. - 5.4. Mineralisation. - 5.4.1 Bestimmung der Mineralisationsraten. - 5.4.2 Mineralisation im Mikrokosmos Ansatz. - 5.5 Potentielle Nitrifikation. - 5.5.1 Gesamte potentielle Nitrifikation in den Böden der kalten Klimaten. - 5.5.2 Archaeale potentielle Nitrifikation in den Böden der kalten Klimate. - 5.5.3 Temperaturabhängige potentielle Ammoniakoxidation. - 5.5.4 Potentielle Nitrifikationsaktivität im gemäßigten Klimat. - 5.6 Quantifizierungen von Nitrifikanten. - 5.7. Molekularbiologische Befunde. - 5.7.1. Diversität des bakteriellen und archaealen 16S-rRNA-Gens. - 5.7.2 Nachweis AOB und AOA mittels der Ammoniakmonooxygenase (AMO) 5.8 DGGE Analysen der Anreichungskulturen. - 5.8.1 Anreicherungen bei 4 °C. - 5.8.2 Anreicherungen bei 10 °C. - 5.8.3 Anreicherungen bei 28 °C. - 5.9 Taxonomie der untersuchten Ammoniak oxidierenden Mikroorganismen (AOM). - 5.9.1 Taxonomie der AOB. - 5.9.2 Taxonomie der AOA. - 5.10 Charakterisierungen der Anreicherungskulturen. - 5.10.1 Morphologische Eigenschaften der Anreicherungskulturen. - 5.10.2 Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Anreicherungskulturen. - 5.10.3 Temperaturanpassung als physiologische Eigenschaft der AOM. - 5.11 Zusammenfassender Überblick der Ergebnisse. - 6. Diskussion. - 6.1 Permafrostböden und die Prozesse des Stickstoffkreislaufes. - 6.1.1 Stickstoffumsätze aufgrund kleinräumige Variabilität der Böden Samoylovs. - 6.1.2 Verteilung der gelösten anorganischen Stickstoffverbindungen (DIN). - 6.1.3 N-Limitierung in den Permafrostböden. - 6.1.4 Die Prozesse im Küstenaufschluss am Samoylov-Kliff. - 6.2 Die mikrobielle Diversität in den Permafrostböden. - 6.2.1 Diversität in Permafrostböden. - 6.2.3 Unterscheidung AOB und AOA. - 6.2.4 Wer ist wann aktiv? Die Bewertung der RT PCR Ergebnisse. - 6.3 Temperaturanpassung. - 6.4 Möglicher Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Stickstoffumsetzung. - 7. Schlussbetrachtung und Ausblick. - Literatur. - Veröffentlichungen. - Dank.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Predislovie. - Problems of absolute chronology and correlation of the Pleistocene glaciations in Gorny Altai / A. R. Agatova, R. K. Nepop. - Ecological and geomorphological consequences of mineral deposits development in conditions of the arid zone of Kazakhstan / K. M. Akpambetova. - Forming conditions of bottom sediments of Prokopievskoe Lake (Northern Karelia) according to the diatoms data / A. N. Alekseeva, O. P. Korsakova. - Lithostratigraphy of the quaternary deep sea sediments / T. N. Alekseeva, V. N. Sval'nov. - Climatic records from sediments of Elgygytgyn Lake (Polar Chukotka) / P. M. Anderson, A. V. Lozhkin. - First records of environmental change from lake sediments of the Kuril Archipelago / P. M. Anderson, A. V. Lozhkin, P. S. Minuyk, A. Yu. Pakhomov, T. B. Solomatkina, M. V. Cherepanova. - Late Pliocene / early Pliocene environments of the North-Eastern Siberian Arctic inferred from Lake El'gygytgyn pollen record / A. A. Andreev, M. Melles, V. Wennrich, J. Brigham-Grette. - The middle Neopleistocene of the Timan-Pechora-Vychegda Region / L. N. Andreicheva. - Kargian megainterstadial of the Prebaikalia: geochronology and paleogeography / Kh. A. Arslanov, N. E. Berdnikova, S. B. Chernov, G. A. Vorobioba, I. V. Enuschenko, D. V. Kobylkin, R. E. Maksimov, Yu. V. Ryzhov, A. A. Starikova. - The human and environment of Southeast Baltic on the boundary of the Pleistocene and the Holocene / Kh. A. Arslanov, O. A. Druzhinina, M. A. Kulkova, T. V. Sapelko, D. A. Subetto, I. N. Skhodnov. - Age of soil-pyroclastic sequences and chronology of volcanic activity on Matua Island (Central Kurils) during the Holocene / Kh. A. Arslanov, I. V. Melekestsev, N. G. Razjigaeva, A. V. Degterev, A. V. Rybin. - Summary of the Upper Pleistocene correlations in the Russian North / V. I. Astakhov. - Holocene climatic events in Amur River Basin and their correlation / V. B. Bazarova, L. M. Mokhova, T. A. Grebennikova. - About a western boundary of Dnieper glaciation on the southern east-european platform / M. Bargl. - On the causes of two most significant events of the Holocene / A. A. Barenbaum. - On the issue of the construction of the quaternary stratigraphy scale and frequency of the meteoric impacts / A. A. Barenbaum. - Stratigraphy of the sediments from the Mendeleev Rise, (Central Arctic Ocean), based on benthic foraminifera and ostracoda / V. A. Basov, N. V. Kupriyanova, E. S. Novikhina. - Paleosecular geomagnetic variations and late Weichselian Holocene magnetochronology in N-W Russia / V. G. Bakhmutov. - Biostratigraphy of sediments middle and late Holocene in the basin downstream Ussuri / P. S. Belyanin. - The palynology characteristic of loess loam sediments of Ussuri-Khankarazdolnaya depression in the middle and late Neopleistocene / P. S. Belyanin, N. I. Belyanina. - Glacio-marine deposits on the Northern Prinze Charls Mountains (East Antarctica) / A. S. Birjukov, M. S. Egorov. - Features of environmental and climatic changes in the Northern Caspian Sea Region and Caspian Sea Level fluctuations controlled by climate during the Holocene / N. S. Bolikhovskaya. - "Milankovitch Theory" - What does it mean? / V. A. Bolshakov. - MIS 11 problem and supposed 400-kyr Pleistocene climate cycle / V. A. Bolshakov, I. A. Karevskaya. - Sedimentation in the Kamennoe Lake (Kanin Peninsula) and climate changes during the Holocene according to the lake sediments / D. Yu. Bolshiyanov, P. S. Vakhrameeva, G. B. Fedorov, N. A. Bakunov, T. V. Sapelko, A. V. Ludikova, A. S. Makarov, M. V. Pavlov. - Relief and quaternary deposits of the South-Eastern Part of Taimyr Peninsula / D. Yu. Bolshiyanov, G. B. Fedorov, A. V. Krylov, Kh. A. Arslanov, J. Tide. - Last glaciation of the Russian Arctic / B. A. Borisov, E. A. Minina. - Short-term landscape and climatic oscillations in the late glacial: the main steps, results and future prospects of research / O. K. Borisova. - Late Quaternary Plankton biostratigraphy in the Knipovich Ridge Area (North Atlantic) / M. E. Bylinskaya, L. A. Golovina, E. P. Radionova. - Palaeolimnological investigations in the Laptev Sea Region / P. S. Vakhrameeva, D. A. Subetto, B. Diekmann, B. Biskaborn, L. Heinecke, G. Muller. - Strucute and genesis of Gorodok elevation in North-East Belarus / A. Vashkov. - Present problems in the Quaternary (Postapsheronskii) stratigraphy and geochronology of the Caspian Sea Sediments / S. S. Veliev, E. N. Tagieva. - Problem of paleogeography of East Europe in late Pliocene and early Pleistocene / A. A. Velichko, V. V. Pisareva, M. A. Faustova. - Regularities of modern relief organization of Kolyma lowland tundra landscapes (Northeast Siberia) - Remote sensing and GIS Studies / A. A. Veremeeva. - The joint German-Russian Polygon Project - Environmental studies in East Siberian Tundra wetlands / S. Wetterich, A. Bobrov, U. Herzschuh, H. Joosten, L. Pestryakova, E.-M. Pfeijfer, L. Kutzbach, L. Schirrmeister, D. Subetto, V. Tumskoy. - Interglacial environments of Oyogos Yar (Dmitry Laptev Strait) / S. Wetterich, R. Kienast, S. Kuzmina, A. A. Andreev, L. Nazarova, L. Schirrmeister, V. V. Kunitsky. - Geological significance of section "Ogurtsovo" in district of Novosibirsk / I. A. Volkov, S. P. Kazmin. - Present problems of the Quaternary period stratigraphy of the West and Middle Siberia / V. S. Volkova. - New data on the evolution and age of sediments, enclosing the cultural horizon of middle Paleolithic Site Khotylevo-1 (River Desna Basin) / E. V. Voskresenskaya, L. B. Vishniytskiy, I. S. Zuganova, E. U. Novenko, A. K. Ocherednoy. - The Lake Sedimentogenez and features of the Paleogeography Prihankayskoy depression in Late Cenozoic / T. N. Voskresenskaya. - Relief and loose desposits of the Russian Plain main watershed protected areas in the South-East Onega / A. I. Voskresenskiy, I. S. Voskresenskiy, A. N. Kichigin. - Distribution of cryogenic micro relief in low mountainous massifs of the Kola Peninsula / E. V. Garankina. - Change of landscapes in early Pleistocene histories of East European Plane / N. I. Glushankova. - Some structural and mapping features of water-glacial deposits of the Don horizon / B. V. Glushkov, G. V. Kholmovoy. - Using dem for tasks of Quaternary geology and geomorphology of Siberia / N. V. Glushkova, V. A. Lyamina, I. D. Zolnikov, N. N. Dobretsov, V. P. Afanas'ev, D. A. Samdanov, I. I. Boldirev, S. A. Semenova. - Reference horizons of volcanic ash in Quaternary deposits of the Northern Coast of Okhotsk Sea / O. Yu. Glushkova, V. N. Smirnov. - Problems of the Eopleistocene volumes in the South-Eastern West Siberian Plate in the context of the Quaternary bottom lowering / A. G. Golovina, V. S. Volkova. - An influence of coastal processes on sedimentogenesis in the Tsymlyanskoye reservoir / N. V. Golubova. - Environments during the time of initial human settlement of the Kola Peninsula / I. M. Grekov, E. A. Kosheleva. - Mesostratigraphy of middle- and late valdai loess-like loams as the marker of low-range ecosystematic rearrangements / L. A. Gugalinskaya, V. M. Alifanov. - Relief and quaternary sediments from outer part of East Siberian Sea: new data / E. A. Gusev, A. G. Zinchenko, N. Yu. Anikina, L. G. Derevyanko, V. V. Popov. - The Middle Holocene parastratotype old Kieshki Site and its palaeobotanic characteristic (Southern Foreurals) / G. A. Danukalova, E. G. Lapteva, O. M. Korona. - Results of the Mollusc study of the late Pliocene early Quaternary Novosultanbekovo Site (Southern Foreurals) / G. A. Danukalova, E. M. Osipova. - Natural and anthropogenic factors of formation of chemical composition of sediments of lakes of North Fennoscandia / V. A. Dauvalter, N. A. Kashulin, S. S. Sandimirov. - Difficulties of long-term air temperature time series finding for climatological problems / V. I. Demin. - Diatom complexes changes in academicheskoe lake sediments (Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula) / D. B. Denisov. - Natural features of sedimentogenesis in the lake of the Eastern slope o , In kyrill. Schr. , In engl. und rus. Sprache

Note: Table of Contents: Foreword / Margot Böse. - Depositional architecture and palaeogeographic significance of Middle Pleistocene glaciolacustrine ice marginal deposits in northwestern Germany: a synoptic overview / Jutta Winsemann, Christian Brandes, Ulrich Polom, Christian Weber. - Chronology of Weichselian main ice marginal positions in north-eastern Germany / Christopher Lüthgens, Margot Böse. - Deglaciation of a large piedmont lobe glacier in comparison with a small mountain glacier - new insight from surface exposure dating. Two studies from SE Germany / Anne U. Reuther, Markus Fiebig, Suan Ivy-Ochs, Peter W. Kubik, Jürgen M. Reitner, Hermann Herz, Klaus Heine. - Casting new light on the chronology of the loess/paleosol sequences in Lower Austria / Birgit Terharst, Christine Thiel, Robert Peticzka, Tobias Sprafke, Manfred Frechen, Florian A. Fladerer, Reinhard Roetzel, Christine Neugebauer-Maresch. - Editorial / Markus Fiebig. - Quaternary glaciation history of northern Switzerland / Frank Preusser, Hans Rudolf Graf, Oskar Keller, Edgar Krayss, Christian Schlüchter. - The Quaternary of the southwest German Alpine Foreland (Bodensee-Oberschwaben, Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany) / Dietrich Ellwanger, Ulrike Wielandt-Schuster, Matthias Franz, Theo Simon. - Quaternary Stratigraphy of Southern Bavaria / Gerhard Doppler, Ernst Kroemer, Konrad Rögner, Johannes Wallner, Hermann Jerz, Walter Grottenthaler. - An outline of the quaternary stratigraphy of Austria / Dirk van Husen, Jürgen M. Reitner. , Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache

Note: CONTENT Preface / M. Dergacheva, A. Makeev Description of study area and paleosol / M. Dergacheva, N. Mironycheva-Tokareva, S. Ponomarev, D. Gavrilov LECTURES Essentials of the paleopedology and a review of Quaternary paleosols of the Northern Hemisphere: main items, presented in the lectures / A. Makeev Paleosols in geologic history of the Earth / A. Makeev Possibilites and limits of pedohumus method used at investigations types and environment of ancient pedogenesis / M. Dergacheva Classification system of paleosols / I. Fedeneva Indicating function of pedogenic carbonates in paleoclimatic reconstruction of Holocene and Pleistocene / O. Khokhlova Miromorphological capacities for reseaching of palaeosoils / M. Lebedeva (Verba) Three-dimensional morphology of soil / A. V. Zakharchenko Paleomagnetic method for studing Pliocene and Quaternary deposits of Siberia (current status, problems, prospects) / Z. N. Gnibidenko Specific chemical state anthropogenic transformed soil of the ancient settlements / O. Yakimenko Geochemical peculiarities of soils as an indicator of specific of their formation and anthropogenic transformation / L. Rikhvanov REPORTS Problem of paleosols weed / A. Blagodatnova Spatial distribution of mobile phosphates in Kamennyi Ambar settlement (Chelyabinsk region) / K. Bojtsova Review of literature data for the study of humus horizon chernozem rate formation / E. Burnatova Pedogenic features in paleosols of Samara Volga region archaeological sites / D. Vassilieva Paleosols of Early Iron Age double kurgan of burial ground Kuigenzhar (Northern Kazakhstan) / D. Gavrilov, R. Ishmuratov, A. Toguzbaev Salt soils of Central-Tuva depression / Ch. Danchai-ool Humus composition of Zaural' e forest-steppe and steppe zones on example of archaeological sites / T. Zhdanova Properties variation of the upper part of the modern soils and surface paleosols of key site Volodarka (Barnaul Priobye) / H. Zhaharova Chernozems morphological properties of key area «Volodarka» / O. Kazachenok Comparative characteristics of the modern turf-podzolic soil and the soil buried under centenary dump (Sysert' District, Middle Urals) / L. Kirilyuk Paleopedology: objects and article of researches (review of publications in a «Soil Science» magazine for 2008-2010) / M. Komarova Soils with a buried humus horizon / B. Mongush Paleogeography formation conditions of Tuva sandy landscapes / Ch. Mongush, S. Kurbatskaya The comparative characteristic of 700-year-old and background soil near Sovetskiy city (middle taiga) / O. Nekrasova Humus soil memory: the conditions and time limits for the conservation of steppe / A. Nikiforov Study Holocene evolution of Central Tuva soil and soil formation / K. Ochur Estimation of restoration rate of damaged soils (on materials of studying archaeological objects of the foreststeppe zone) / E. Politova, V. Valdayskih Some polygenetic chernozem characteristics of the Ob Plateau Eastern edge (for example, the key area "Volodarka") / S. Ponomarev Vertical zonality soils in the Sayan mountains in Tuva / V. Sanchaiban Soil physical properties as a soil memory flash / E. Surkova Peculiarities of soddy-alluvial soil of the river Sysert' water-meadow (The Middle Urals) / A. Uchaev Aqueous extract composition of anthropogenically disturbed soils of Kamennyi Am bar settlement / D. Filimonova Environmental conditions of steppe soils for example near the village of Volodarka / H. Cherepanova New investigations at Tokaj-Csorgukut II. Loess section, Northeast Hungary / D. G. Páll, G. Persaits, P. Sümegi P Preliminary results on the phytoliths of the dutch neolithic site Swifterbant as seen from samples retrieved from soils, pig droppings and molars / G. Persaits, D. C. M. Raemaekers , In kyrillischer Schrift , Beiträge teilweise in englischer, teilweise in russischer Sprache

Note: Content: Preface. - Polar ecosystems in a changing climate. - Ice edge blooms - Migrating oases in polar seas. - Antarctic: Krill has evolved adaptation strategies to its extreme environment. - Living at -20 degrees: why sea Ice algae don't freeze up. - ocean acidification and Iron deficiency affect Antarctic phytoplankton communities. - The oceans are acidifying: spIder crabs and Ice fIsh are feeling the repercussions of climate change. - melting glaciers - Changing coastal ecosystems in the West Antarctic. - In the service of science: elephant seals explore the Southern Ocean. - Ocean Acoustics - palaoa broadcasts live from the Southern Ocean. - When ice shelves disintegrate - diversity of life on the Antarctic seabed. - RV 'Polarstern' in Antarctica - observations in the ice. - deep-sea observatory in the Arctic: Climate change affects life on the ocean floor. - plankton rain in the vicinity of the Arctic HAUSGARTEN: What do sinking particles tell us?. - pelagic research in the Arctic faces new challenges. - fram observatory - live conference with the Arctic deep sea in preparation. - dom - the oceans' molecular memory. - siberian forests moving north - impact on the climate and biodiversity. - promoting young talent: High school pupils learn together with AWI scientists. - dream job- polar scientist - How a student achieved her goal over an icy path. - marIne biosciences in the scientific-societal context of the 21st. century. - Contact persons at the AWI. - Imprint. - geographic locatIons of the research reports of this brochure

Note: Contents List of contributors Preface I Introductory Chapters 1 The Ecological Value of Biyophytes as Indicators of Climate Change / NANCY G. SLACK 2 Bryophyte Physiological Processes in a Changing Climate: an Overview / ZOLTÁN TUBA II Ecophysiology 3 Climatic Responses and Limits of Biyophytes: Comparisons and Contrasts with Vascular Plants / MICHAEL C. F. PROCTOR 4 Effects of Elevated Air C02 Concentration on Bryophytes: a Review / ZOLTÁN TUBA, EDIT ÖTVÖS, AND ILDIKÓ JÓCSÁK 5 Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Light and UV Acclimation in Mosses / NIINA M. LAPPALAINEN, ANNA HYYRYLÄINEN, AND SATU HUTTUNEN III Aquatic Bryophytes 6 Ecological and Physiological Effects of Changing Climate on Aquatic Bryophytes / JANICE M. GLIME 7 Aquatic Bryophytes under Ultraviolet Radiation / JAVIER MARTÍNEZ-ABAIGAR AND ENCARNACIÓN NÚÑEZ-OLIVERA IV Desert and Tropical Ecosystems 8 Responses of a Biological Crust Moss to Increased Monsoon Precipitation and Nitrogen Deposition in the Mojave Desert / LLOYD R. STARK, D. NICHOLAS MCLETCHIE, STANLEY D. SMITH, AND MELVIN J. OLIVER 9 Ecology of Bryophytes in Mojave Desert Biological Soil Crusts: Effects of Elevated CO2 on Sex Expression, Stress Tolerance, and Productivity in the Moss Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. / JOHN C. BRINDA, CATHERINE FERNANDO, AND LLOYD R. STARK 10 Responses of Epiphytic Bryophyte Communities to Simulated Climate Change in the Tropics / JORGE JÁCOME, S. ROBBERT GRADSTEIN, AND MICHAEL KESSLER V Alpine, Arctic, and Antarctic Ecosystems 11 Effects of Climate Change on Tundra Bryophytes / ANNIKA K. JÄGERBRAND, ROBERT G. BJÖRK, TERRY CALLAGHAN, AND RODNEY D. SEPPELT 12 Alpine Bryophytes as Indicators for Climate Change: a Case Study from the Austrian Alps / DANIELA HOHENWALLNER, HAROLD GUSTAV ZECHMEISTER, DIETMAR MOSER, HARALD PAULI, MICHAEL GOTTFRIED, KARL REITER, AND GEORG GRABHERR 13 Bryophytes and Lichens in a Changing Climate: An Antarctic Perspective / RODNEY D. SEPPELT VI Sphagnum and Peatlands 14 Living on the Edge: The Effects of Drought on Canada's Western Boreal Peatlands / MELANIE A. VILE, KIMBERLI D. SCOTT, ERIN BRAULT, R. KELMAN WlEDER, AND DALE H . VlTT 15 The Structure and Functional Features of Sphagnum Cover of the Northern West Siberian Mires in Connection with Forecasting Global Environmental and Climatic Changes / ALEKSEI V. NAUMOV AND NATALIA P. KOSYKH 16 The Southernmost Sphagnum-dominated Mires on the Plains of Europe: Formation, Secondary Succession, Degradation, and Protection / JÁNOS NAGY VII Changes in Bryophyte Distribution with Climate Change: Data and Models 17 The Role of Bryophyte Paleoecology in Quaternary Climate Reconstructions / GUSZTÁV JAKAB AND PÁL SÜMEGI 18 Signs of Climate Change in the Bryoflora of Hungary / TAMÁS PÓCS 19 Can the Effects of Climate Change on British Bryophytes be Distinguished from those Resulting from Other Environmental Changes? / JEFFREY W. BATES AND CHRISTOPHER D. PRESTON 20 Climate Change and Protected Areas: How well do British Rare Bryophytes Fare? / BARBARA J. ANDERSON AND RALF OHLEMÜLLER 21 Modeling the Distribution of Sematophyllum substrumulosum (Hampe) E. Britton as a Signal of Climatic Changes in Europe / CECÍLIA SÉRGIO, RUI FIGUEIRA, AND RUI MENEZES 22 Modeling Bryophyte Productivity Across Gradients of Water Availability Using Canopy Form-Function Relationships / STEVEN K. RICE, NATHALI NEAL, JESSE MANGO, AND KELLY BLACK VIII Conclusions 23 Bryophytes as Predictors of Climate Change / L. DENNIS GIGNAC 24 Conclusions and Future Research / NANCY G. SLACK AND LLOYD R. STARK Index

Note: Contents Preface Ackowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition and extent 1.2 The role of the cryosphere in the climate system 1.3 The organization of cryospheric observations and research 1.4 Remote sensing of the cryosphere Part I The terrestrial cryosphere 2A Snowfall and snow cover 2.1 History 2.2 Snow formation 2.3 Snow cover 2.4 Snow cover modeling in land surface schemes of GCMs 2.5 Snow interception by the canopy 2.6 Sublimation 2.7 Snow metamorphism 2.8 In situ measurements of snow 2.9 Remote sensing of snowpack properties and snow-cover area 2.10 Snowmelt modeling 2.11 Recent observed snow cover changes 2B Avalanches 2.12 History 2.13 Avalanche characteristics 2.14 Avalanche models 2.15 Trends' in avalanchf:' conditions 3 Glaciers and ice caps 3.1 History 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Glacier characteristics 3.4 Mass balance 3.5 Remote sensing 3.6 Glacier flow and flowlines 3.7 Scaling 3.8 Glacier modeling 3.9 Ice caps 3.10 Glacier hydrology 3.11 Changes in glaciers and ice caps 4 Ice sheets 4.1 History of exploration 4.2 Mass balance 4.3 Remote sensing 4.4 Mechanisms of ice sheet changes 4.5 The Greenland Ice Sheet 4.6 Antarctica 4.7 Overall ice sheet changes 4.8 Ice sheet models 4.9 Ice sheet and ice shelf interaction 4.10 Ice sheet contributions to sea level change 5 Frozen ground and permafrost 5.1 History 5.2 Frozen ground definitions and extent 5.3 Thermal relationships 5.4 Vertical characteristics of permafrost 5.5 Remote sensing 5.6 Ground ice 5.7 Permafrost models 5.8 Geomorphological features associated with permafrost 5.9 Changes in permafrost and soil freezing 6 Freshwater ice 6.1 History 6.2 Lake ice 6.3 Changes in lake ice cover 6.4 River ice 6.5 Trends in river ice cover 6.6 Icings Part II The marine cryosphere 7 Sea ice 7.1 History 7.2 Sea ice characteristics 7.3 Ice drift and ocean circulation 7.4 Sea ice models 7.5 Leads, polynyas, and pressure ridges 7.6 Ice thickness 7.7 Trends in sea ice extent and thickness 8 Ice shelves and icebergs 8.1 History 8.2 Ice shelves 8.3 Ice streams 8.4 Conditions beneath ice shelves 8.5 Ice shelf buttressing 8.6 Icebergs 8.7 Ice islands Part Ill The cryosphere past and future 9 The cryosphere in the past 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Snowball Earth and ice-free Cretaceous 9.3 Phanerozoic glaciations 9.4 Late Cenozoic polar glaciations 9.5 The Quaternary 9.6 The Holocene 10 The future cryosphere: impacts of global warming 10.1 Introduction 10.2 General observations 10.3 Recent cryospheric changes 10.4 Climate projections 10.5 Projected changes to Northern Hemisphere snow cover 10.6 Projected changes in land ice 10.7 Projected permafrost changes 10.8 Projected changes in freshwater ice 10.9 Projected sea ice changes Part IV Applications 11 Applications of snow and ice research 11.1 Snowfall 11.2 Freezing precipitation 11.3 Avalanches 11.4 Ice avalanches 11.5 Winter sports industry 11.6 Water resources 11.7 Hydropower 11.8 Snow melt floods 11.9 Freshwater ice 11.10 Ice roads 11.11 Sea ice 11.12 Glaciers and ice sheets 11.13 Icebergs 11.14 Permafrost and ground ice I 1.15 Seasonal ground freezing Glossary References Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - Zusammenfassung. - Abstract. - 1. Einleitung. - 1.1. Äußerer und innerer Bau der Torfmoose. - 1.2. Reproduktionsbiologie der Torfmoose. - 1.3. Forschungsgeschichte. - 1.4. Stammesgeschichte. - 1.5. Bestimmungshinweise. - 2. Schlüssel und Kurzbeschreibung der Sektionen. - 2.1. Schlüssel zu den Sektionen. - 2.2. Kurzbeschreibung der Sektionen. - 3. Schlüssel und Regionalfloren. - 3.1. Bestimmungsschlüssel. - 3.1.1. Europa. - 3.1.2. Asien. - 3.1.3. Afrika. - 3.1.4. Nord- und Mittelamerika. - 3.1.5. Südamerika. - 3.1.6. Australien, Neuseeland und Pazifik. - 3.2. Regionalfloren. - 3.2.1. Europa. - 3.2.2. Nordasien. - 3.2.3. Ostasien. - 3.2.4. Südasien. - 3.2.5. Südostasien. - 3.2.6. Westasien. - 3.2.7. Nordafrika. - 3.2.8. Zentralafrika. - 3.2.9. Südafrika. - 3.2.10. Madagaskar. - 3.2.11. Nordamerika. - 3.2.12. Mittelamerika Festland. - 3.2.13. Mittelamerika Antillen. - 3.2.14. Nordwestliches Südamerika. - 3.2.15. Östliches Südamerika. - 3.2.16. Gemäßigtes Südamerika. - 3.2.17. Australien. - 3.2.18. Neuseeland. - 3.2.19. Pazifik. - 4. Artbeschreibungen. - 4.1. Sphagnum sect. Sericea. - 4.2. Sphagnum sect. Lapazensis. - 4.3. Sphagnum sect. Sphagnum. - 4.4. Sphagnum sect. Rigida. - 4.5. Sphagnum sect. lnsulosa. - 4.6. Sphagnum sect. Acutifolia. - 4.7. Sphagnum sect. Squarrosa. - 4.8. Sphagnum sect. Polyclada. - 4.9. Sphagnum sect. Subsecunda. - 4.10. Sphagnum sect. Isocladus. - 4.11. Sphagnum sect. Hemitheca. - 4.12. Sphagnum sect. Cuspidata. - 4.13. Sphagnum sect. Mollusca. - 4.14. Ambuchanania. - 5. Verzeichnis der verwendeten Fachausdrücke. - 6. Literatur. - 7. Verzeichnis der Zeitschriften und Schriftenreihen. - 8. Abbildungsnachweis. - 9. Register. , Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 The environment of the polar regions. - 1.2 The role of the polar regions in the global climate system. - 1.3 Possible implications of high latitude climate change. - 2. Polar climate data and models. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Instrumental observations. - 2.3 Meteorological analysis fields. - 2.4 Remotely sensed data. - 2.5 Proxy climate data. - 2.6 Models. - 3. The high latitude climates and mechanisms of change. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Factors influencing the broadscale climated of the polar regions. - 3.3 Processes of the high latitude climates. - 3.4 The mechanisms of high latitude climate change. - 3.5 Atmospheric circulation. - 3.6 Temperature. - 3.7 Cloud and precipitation. - 3.8 Sea ice. - 3.9 The ocean circulation. - 3.10 Concluding remarks. - 4. The last million years. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 The Arctic. - 4.3 The Antarctic. - 4.4 Linking high latitude climate change in the two hemispheres. - 5. The Holocene. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Forcing of the climate system during the Holocene. - 5.3 Atmospheric circulation. - 5.4 Temperature. - 5.5 The ocean circulation. - 5.6 Sea ice and sea surface temperatures. - 5.7 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 5.8 The cryosphere, precipitation and sea level. - 5.9 Concluding remarks. - 6. The instrumental period. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The main meteorological elements. - 6.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation. - 6.4 The ocean environment. - 6.5 Sea ice. - 6.6. Snow cover. - 6.7 Permafrost. - 6.8 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 6.9 Terrestrial ice and sea level. - 6.10 Attribution of recent changes. - 6.11 Concluding remarks. - 7. Predictions for the next 100 years. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Possible future greenhouse gas emission scenarios and the IPCC models. - 7.3 Changes in the atmospheric circulation and the modes of climate variability. - 7.4 The main meteorological elements. - 7.5 The ocean circulation and water masses. - 7.6 Sea ice. - 7.7 Seasonal snow cover and the terrestrial environment. - 7.8 Permafrost. - 7.9 Atmospheric gases and aerosols. - 7.10 Terrestrial ice, the ice shelves and sea level. - 7.11 Concluding remarks. - 8. Summary and future research needs. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Gaining improved understanding of past climate change. - 8.3 Modelling the high latitude climate system. - 8.4 Data required. - 8.5 Concluding remarks. - References. - Index.

Note: Inhalt Vorwort Einleitung / Sonja Germer, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens Zur gegenwärtigen Situation der Fokusregion Berlin-Brandenburg / Sonja Germer, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens I. Umweltwandel und die Folgen für den Landschaftswasserhaushalt Einleitung / Sonja Germer, Barbara Köstner, Herbert Sukopp, Jost Heintzenberg Temperaturaufzeichnungen in Berlin für die letzten 310 Jahre / Ulrich Cubasch, Christopher Kadow Simulation des gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Regionalklimas von Brandenburg / Eberhard Schaller Simulation von Wasserhaushaltskomponenten unter dem Wandel des regionalen Klimas / Barbara Köstner, Matthias Kuhnert Reaktionen von Seeökosystemen auf Umweltveränderungen / Michael Hupfer, Brigitte Nixdorf, Klement Tockner Anthropogene Einflussfaktoren des Landschaftswasserhaushalts / Gunnar Lischeid Wasserhaushaltliche und wasserwirtschaftliche Bilanzen / Uwe Grünewald Kernaussagen / Barbara Köstner, Sonja Germer, Jost Heintzenberg II. Wandel von Landnutzungen und deren Konsequenzen für Wasserressourcen Einleitung / Inge Broer, Alfred Pühler, Mihaiela Rus Regionale Landwirtschaft im globalen Wandel / Konrad Hagedorn Den Rahmen setzen für die Entwicklung der Kulturlandschaften von morgen. Regionale Antworten auf globale Herausforderungen finden / Werner Konold Strategien zum Integrierten Land- und Wasserressourcenmanagement im märkischen Feuchtgebietsgürtel Oderbruch-Havelland / Joachim Quast Wassermanagement in der Landwirtschaft / Katrin Drastig, Annette Prochnow, Reiner Brunsch Waldbewirtschaftung unter den Bedingungen des Klimawandels in Brandenburg / Ralf Kätzel, Klaus Höppner Erzeugung und Verbrauch von landwirtschaftlichen Produkten aus Brandenburg in Berlin / Hans Kögl Neue Entwicklungen in der Pflanzenzüchtung und Systembetrachtungen der Pflanze-Umwelt-Interaktion / Inge Broer, Reiner Brunsch Kernaussagen / Inge Broer, Alfred Pühler, Mihaiela Rus III. Infrastrukturen neu denken: gesellschaftliche Funktionen und Weiterentwicklung / Eva Barlösius, Karl-Dieter Keim, Georg Meran, Timothy Moss, Claudia Neu Gegenwärtige Situation der Infrastrukturen Ausgangspunkt: LandInnovation Leistungen der Infrastrukturen in der Vergangenheit Wasser- und Bildungsinfrastrukturen: Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede Kernaussagen über Infrastrukturen IV. Handeln unter Bedingungen des globalen Wandels / Sonja Germer, Karl-Dieter Keim, Matthias Naumann, Oliver Bens, Rolf Emmermann, Reinhard F. Hüttl Übergeordnete Herausforderungen des globalen Wandels Brückenprinzipien als Handlungsorientierung für den Umgang mit dem globalen Wandel Stärkung der interdisziplinären Forschung und des Transfers Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Verzeichnis der Autorinnen und Autoren Verzeichnis der Mitglieder der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung Verzeichnis der Diskussionspapiere der interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe Globaler Wandel – Regionale Entwicklung

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ. Diss., 1987

Note: Teilweise in deutscher, englischer, französischer, russischer und spanischer Sprache

Note: Zugleich: Berlin, Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Dissertation A, 1987 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 0. Vorbemerkungen. - 1. Einleitung. - 2. Theoretische Grundlagen der gesteinsmagnetischen Anisotropieuntersuchungen. - 2.1. Suszeptibilitätsanisotropien in Mineralen. - 2.1.1. Magnetische Kristallanisotropie. - 2.1.2. Magnetische Formanisotropie. - 2.2. Suszeptibilitätsanisotropien in Gesteinen. - 2.3. Symmetriebeziehungen. - 3. Untersuchungsmethodik. - 3.1. Probenentnahme. - 3.2. Probenaufbereitung. - 3.3. Meßwertaufnahme. - 3.4. Meßwertbearbeitung. - 3.5. Fehlerbetrachtung. - 4. Gesteinsmagnetische Anisotropieuntersuchungen an Sedimentiten der Thüringischen und Subherzynen Senke und Magmatiten aus dem Südteil der DDR. - 4.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 4.2. Gesteinsmagnetische Anisotropieuntersuchungen in Sedimentiten. - 4.2.1. Genetische Klassifizierung der gesteinsmagnetischen Anisotropien. - 4.2.2. Anwendung der Methode auf Karbonate der Allertal-Grabenzone (Subherzyne Senke). - 4.2.2.1. Geologische Stellung 4.2.2.2. Ergebnisse der Anisotropieuntersuchungen. - 4.2.3. Anwendung der Methode auf Karbonate aus Randstörungen der Thüringischen Senke. - 4.2.3.1. Geologische Stellung. - 4.2.3.2. Ergebnisse der Anisotropieuntersuchungen. - 4.2.4. Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 4.2.5. Schlußfolgerungen. - 4.3. Gesteinsmagnetische Anisotropieuntersuchungen an Magmatiten aus dem Südteil der DDR. - 4.3.1. Genetische Klassifizierung gesteinsmagnetischer Anisotropien in Magmatiten. - 4.3.2. Anwendung der Methode auf die Gesteine des Kirchberger Granits. - 4.3.2.1. Geologische Stellung. - 4.3.2.2. Diskussion der gesteinsmagnetischen Untersuchungsergebnisse. - 4.3.3. Anwendung der Methode auf die Gesteine des Meißener Massivs. - 4.3.3.1. Geologische Stellung. - 4.3.3.2. Diskussion der gesteinsmagnetischen Untersuchungsergebnisse. - 4.3.4. Schlußfolgerungen. - 5. Die Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität in den Ketamorphiten der Schirmacher-Oase (Ostantarktika). - 5.1. Vorbemerkungen. - 5.2. Genetische Klassifizierung gesteinsmagnetischer Anisotropien in Metamorphiten. - 5.2.1. Modellvorstellungen zum Orientierungsverhalten ferromagnetischer Minerale bei Deformation. - 5.2.2. Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität und Regionalmetamorphose. - 5.2.3. Anisotropie der Suszeptibilität und Dynamometamorphose. - 5.3. Petromagnetische und petrographisch/petrochemische Eigenschaften der Tektonite (Kataklasite, Mylonite, Blastomylonite) aus einer Störungszone der Schirmacher Oase. - 5.3.1. Geologisch-geophysikalische Übersicht. - 5.3.2. Strukturelle und stoffliche Untersuchungsergebnisse. - 5.3.2.1. Tektonische und petrographisch/petrochemische Ergebnisse. - 5.3.2.2. Zur Anisotropie der gesteinsmagnetischen Eigenschaften 5.3.2.3. Zur kristallographischen Anisotropie (Textur) des Magnetitanteils. - 5.3.3. Diskussion der Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen. - 5.3.3.1. Parameterbeziehung zwischen den petrophysikalischen und stofflichen Ergebnissen aus methodischer Sicht. - 5.3.3.2. Geowissenschaftliehe Komplexinterpretation zur Kinematik der Störungszone. - 6. Anwendung gesteinsmagnetischer Anisotropieuntersuchungen zur Bewertung paläomagnetischer Meßergebnisse. - 6.1. Anisotropie beim Erwerb einer thermoremanenten Magnetisierung (TRM). - 6.2. Anisotropie beim Erwerb einer Sedimentationsremanenz (DRM). - 6.3. Schlußfolgerungen. - 7. Zusammenfassende Ergebnisdarstellung und Schlußfolgerungen für weiterführende Arbeiten. - Literatur.

Note: Inhalt: Expeditionsleiter. - 8. Juni 1930; Pfingstsonntag. - Reifejahre. - Wohlbehütete Kindheit. - Studienjahre hier und dort. - Weltrekord!. - Ein Leben für die Wissenschaft. - Grönland!. - Auf unbekannten Wegen. - Triumph und Unglück. - Privatdozent in Marburg. - Die epochale Idee. - Neue Pläne. - Probe auf Island. - Wieder Grönland. - Auf dem Rücken des Gletschers. - Quer durch Grönland. - Treue Gefährtin. - Krieg. - Neubeginn. - Professor in Hamburg. - Karibisches Intermezzo. - Ruf nach Graz. - Ein Traum wird wahr. - Vorbereitungen. - Im Motorboot vor Grönland. - Erfolgreicher Aufstieg. - Suche nach einem Zugang. - Auf dem Kgmarujuk. - Mit Hundeschlitten ins Innere. - Der letzte Winter. - 13.6.1930, der 35. Wartetag. - Die Transporte. - Eismitte. - Erinnerungen. - Anhang. - Literaturverzeichnis. - Register.

Note: Karlsruhe, Univ., Diss., 1988 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung. - 2. Geographie - Geologie - Tektonik. - 3. Geologisch-petrographischer Überblick - Geländebeobachtungen. - 4. Probennahme und Aufbereitung. - 5. Analytik. - 5.1. Methoden. - 5.2. Analysengenauigkeit. - 6. Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse. - 6.1. Gabbroide Gesteine. - 6.1.1 Petrographie. - 6.1.2. Chemismus. - 6.1.2.1. Nomenklatur. - 6.1.2.2. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.1.2.3. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.1.2.4. Mineralehemimus. - 6.2. Monzodioritische Gesteine. - 6.2.1. Petrographie. - 6.2.2. Chemismus. - 6.2.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.2.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.2.2.3. Mineralchemismus. - 6.3. Syenitische Gesteine. - 6.3.1. Petrographie. - 6.3.2. Chemismus. - 6.3.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.3.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.3.2.3. Mineralchemismus. - 6.4. Basalte. - 6.4.1. Petrographie. - 6.4.2. Chemismus. - 6.4.2.1. Nomenklatur. - 6.4.2.2. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.4.2.3. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 6.5. Ganggesteine. - 6.5.1. Petrographie und Verbreitung. - 6.5.2. Chemismus. - 6.5.2.1. Haupt- und Spurenelemente. - 6.5.2.2. Seltene Erden und Spider-Diagramme. - 7. Genetische Überlegungen. - 8. Zusammenfassung. - 9. Literaturverzeichnis. - Anhang. - Anmerkungen zu den Probenkarten 1 bis 3 und den Tabellen A bis E. - Probenkarten 1 bis 3. - Tab. A: Probenverzeichnis. - Tab. B: Haupt- und Spurenelementanalysen, normativer Mineralbestand und berechnete Parameter. - Tab. C: SEE-Analysen. - Tab. D: Mineralanalysen der Clinopyroxene. - Tab. E: Mineralanalysen der Olivine. -

Note: Contents: A reader's guide to the Antarctic / James H. W. Hain. - Introduction: The callenge of Antarctic Science / David J. Drewry. - The Antarctic Treaty. - The Antarctic Treaty System / Lee A. Kimball. - The Antarctic Mineral Resources Negotiations / R. Tucker Scully. - The Antarctic Legal Regime and the Law of the Sea / Christopher C. Joyner. - Antarctica: Is there any oil and natural gas? / David H. Elliot. - The Southern Ocean and global climate / Arnold L. Gordon. - The Antarctic Ozone Hole / Mario J. Molina. - The Antarctic Circumpolar current / Thomas Whitworth III. - Antarctic Marine Living Resources / Kenneth Sherman, and Alan F. Ryan. - Whales / Douglas G. Chapman. - Seals / Donald B. Siniff. - The BIOMASS Program / Sayed Z. El-Sayed. - Antarctic Logistics / Alfred N. Fowler. - The Soviet Antarctic Program / Lawson W. Brigham. - The growth of Antarctic Tourism / Paul Dudley Hart. - Protecting the Antarctic Environment / Gerald S. Schatz. - Environmental Threats in Antarctica / Paul S. Bogart. - Letters. - Book reviews.

Note: Contents Preface Symbols Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology Problems and Exercises Chapter 2 Energy Budget near the Surface 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface 2.2 Energy Balance Equations 2.3 Some Examples of Energy Budget 2.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 3 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions 3.2 Shortwave Radiation 3.3 Longwave Radiation 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface 3.5 Radiative Flux Divergence 3.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 4 Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer 4.1 Surface Temperature 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer 4.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 5 Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and Definitions 5.3 Static Stability 5.4 Mixed Layers and Inversions 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles 5.6 Diurnal Variations 5.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 6 Wind Distribution in the PBL 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds 6.3 The Effects of Friction 6.4 The Effects of Stability 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles 6.6 Diurnal Variations 6.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows 7.3 Equations of Motion 7.4 Plane-Parallel Flows 7.5 Ekman Layers 7.6 Developing Boundary Layers 7.7 Heat Transfer in Fluids 7.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 8 Fundamentals of Turbulence 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion 8.7 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 9 Semiempirical Theories of Turbulence 9.1 Mathematical Description of Turbulent Flows 9.2 Gradient-Transport Theories 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories 9.4 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 10 Neutral Boundary Layers 10.1 Velocity-Profile Laws 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters 10.3 Surface Stress and Drag Coefficient 10.4 Turbulence 10.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 11 Momentum and Heat Exchanges with Homogeneous Surfaces 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Coefficients 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes 11.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 12 Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces 12.1 The Process of Evaporation 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation 12.5 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 13 Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.1 Sea-Surface Characteristics 13.2 Momentum Transfer to the Sea Surface 13.3 Parameterization of Air-Sea Exchanges 13.4 Mean Profiles in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 13.5 Turbulence over Water 13.6 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 14 Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects 14.7 Other Topographical Effects 14.8 Applications Problems and Exercises Chapter 15 Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology 15.1 Flux-Profile Relations above Plant Canopies 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields 15.5 Turbulence in Plant Canopies 15.6 Applications Problems and Exercises References Index

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1987

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1987

Note: Contents: List of Figures. - List of Tables. - 1. Introduction. - a. An Overview of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). - b. Outline of the Book. - c. A Brief History of PCA. - d. Acknowledgments. - 2. Algebraic Foundations of PCA. - a. Introductory Example: Bivariate Data Sets. - Monterey, California air temperatures. - Centering and rotating the data set. - Variances in the rotated frame. - Principal angles. - Principal variances. - Principal covariance. - Principal directions. - Principal components; principal directions as basis vectors. - Matrix representation. - The PCA property. - Invariance of the total variance under rotation. - Principal variances for standardized data sets. - PCA and estimates of the statistical parameters of normal populations. - PCA and the construction of Monte Carlo experiments. - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance and scatter matrices. - b. Principal Component Analysis: Real-valued Scalar Fields. - t-centering the data set. - The scatter probe and the scatter matrix. - The eigenstructures of PCA. - The basic data set representations; analysis and synthesis formulas. - The PCA property. - Second-order properties of PCA; the total scatter . - The singular value decomposition (SVD) of a data set. - Second-order properties of PCA; correlations. - PCA characterized by the PCA property. - The asymptotic PCA property and dynamical systems. - PCA of spatial composites of data sets. - PCA of temporal composites of data sets. - c. Principal Component Analysis: Complex-valued Scalar Fields, and Beyond. - PCA of complex-valued data sets (C-PCA). - Complex algebra conventions. - The scatter probe and scatter matrix for C-PCA. - Derivation of the eigenstructures of C-PCA. - The fundamental formulas of C-PCA. - Generalization of PCA to quaternion-valued data sets (Q-PCA). - Matrix representations of complex and quaternion numbers. - PCA of matrix-valued data sets (M-PCA). - Reduction of M-PCA to C-PCA form. - d. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Alternate interpretation of the scatter probe. - Numerical calculations of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Some elementary properties of eigenstructures of a scatter matrix. - Sample space vs. state space: choosing the dual computation. - PCA for continuous domains. - PCA for continuous domains: the viewpoint of empirical orthogonal functions. - The sixteen possible domain pairs for PCA: abstract PCA. - 3. Dynamical Origins of PCA. - a. One-dimensional Hannonic Motion. - A spring-linked-mass model; general form. - A spring-linked-mass model; special form. - A numerical example of the asymptotic PCA property. - Further investigations of the asymptotic PCA property and of EOF's. - b. Two-dimensional Wave Motion. - Solution of a two-dimensional damped-wave model. - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction absent). - Demonstration of the asymptotic PCA property (forcing and friction present). - Physical basis for eigenframe rotations. - c. Dynamical Origins of Linear Regression (LR). - From continuous to discrete solutions to the regression model. - The linear regression procedure. - Comparison of LRA and PCA. - d. Random Processes and Karhunen-Loeve Analysis. - Origins of random processes in linear settings. - Karhunen-Loeve representation of random data sets and comparison with PCA. - e. Stationary Processes and PCA. - Derivation of the PCA representation of a one-dimensional stationary process via a simple wave model. - Connections between PCA and stationary processes: the case of one dimension. - Connections between PGA and stationary processes: extension to two dimensions. - f. Bibliographic Notes. - 4. Extensions of PCA to Multivariate Fields. - a. Categories of Data and Modes of Analysis. - Examples. - Generalized notation: the concepts of "individual" and "variable" in PCA. - b. Local PCA of a General Vector Field. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - Examples. - c. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Time-Modulation Form. - The PGA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Degeneracy of global PGA to local PGA. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - d. Global PCA of a General Vector Field: Space-Modulation Form. - The PCA formalism. - Squared correlations. - Variational origin of the scatter matrix. - e. PCA of Spectral Components of a General Vector Field. - Fourier analysis of the vector field components. - The scatter matrix in the spectral setting. - Example of spectral PCA of a windfield. - f. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - The eight modes of analysis and Cattell's classifications. - Time-modulation PGA as a special case of matrix-valued PGA. - Applications to the PGA of wind fields. - Distinction between time-modulation PGA and complex PGA. - Applications to the PGA of storm tracks. - 5. Selection Rules for PCA. - a. Random Reference Data Sets. - b. Dynamical Origins of the Dominant-Variance Selection Rules. - A dynamical model. - Rationale for selection rules. - c. Rule A4. - Statistical basis and discussion. - Choice of λ0. - d. Rule N . - Statistical basis and discussion. - Adjustments for correlated data: effective sample size. - Asymptotic eigenvalues for large data sets. - e. Rule M. - f. Comments on Dominant-Variance Rules . - g. Dynamical Origins of the Time-History Selection Rules. - h. Rule KS2. - The white spectrum and the cumulative periodogram. - Statement of Rule KS2. - i. Rules AMPλ. - Fisher's test. - Siegel's test. - Statement of Rules AMPλ. - j. Rule Q. - k. Selection Rules for Vector-Valued Fields. - Local PCA rules. - Global PCA (time-modulated) rules. - Global PCA (space-modulated) rules. - I. A Space-map Selection Rule. - Canonic direction angles. - Differential relations between unit vectors and canonic direction angles. - An r-tile metric for comparing canonic direction angles. - Statistical aspects: critical values for class errors. - Statement of the selection rule. - m. Bibliographic Notes and Miscellaneous Topics. - Puzzles and problems underlying Rule N; the logarithmic eigenvalue curve. - Numerical intractability of the classical formulas for the eigenvalues of a random matrix. - Monte Carlo approaches to the eigenvalue distribution problem. - Comparison of Monte Carlo methods and asymptotic formulas for eigenvalue distributions. - The problem of closely spaced eigenvalues; tests for equal eigenvalues. - The generalized basis for dominant variance selection rules. - Parallel work in atomic physics. - 6. Factor Analysis (FA) and PCA. - a. Comparison of PCA, LRA, and FA. - Similarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - Dissimilarities between PCA, LRA, and FA. - The usual algebraic form of FA; its PC and LR interpretations. - b. The Central Problems of FA. - The matrix formulation of FA. - The detailed sub-problems of FA. - c. Bibliographic Notes. - The selection rule problem in FA. - The parameter estimation problem in FA. - 7. Diagnostic Procedures via PCA and FA. - a. Dual Interpretations of a Data Set: State Space and Sample Space. - b. Interpreting E-frames in PCA State Space. - Example: graphical display of eigenvectors. - Rationales for interpreting eigenmaps and time series. - PCA as a means, rather than an end. - c. Informative and Uninformative E-frames in PCA State Space. - d. Rotating E-frames in PCA State Space (varimax). - A two-dimensional example of the varimax procedure. - The general varimax procedure. - The loss of the PCA property for rotated E-frames. - e. Projections onto E-frames in PCA State Space (procrustes). - Derivation of the procrustes technique. - Some observations on the generality of the procrustes technique. - f. Interpreting A-frames in PCA Sample Space. - g. Rotating A-frames in PCA Sample Space (varimax). - h. Projections onto A-frames in PCA Sample Space (procrustes). - i. Detecting Clusters of Points in PCA State or Sample Spaces. - Minimal spanning trees. - Defining cluster pairs, and te

Note: Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 1988 , Inhaltsangabe: 1 Einleitung. - 1.1 Das Backgroundaerosol. - 1.2 Das Aerosol der Antarktis. - 2 Voraussetzungen und Grundlagen. - 2.1 Logistische Voraussetzungen: das Spurenstoffobservatorium. - 2.2 Meßtechnik: Schwermetallanalyse im Ultraspurenbereich. - 2.2.1 Schwermetallanalyse von Aerosolproben. - 2.2.2 Prinzip der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (AAS). - 3 Experimentelles. - 3.1 Probenvorbereitung und Filterbesaugung. - 3.2 Filterextraktion. - 3.3 AAS-Schwermetallanalyse. - 3.4 Überprüfung der Messungen. - 3.4.1 Nullpunktsdrift, Nachweisgrenzen und Reproduzierbarkeit. - 3.4.2 Standardüberprüfung. - 3.4.3 Matrixeffekt. - 3.4.4 Ausbeute der Extraktion. - 3.4.5 Beitrag des Filterblanks. - 3.4.6 Doppelmessungen. - 3.4.7 Zusammenstellung der Messfehler. - 4 Meßergebnisse. - 4.1 Berechnung der Luftkonzentrationen. - 4.2 Aussortieren kontaminierter Filter. - 4.2.1 Pb-Kontaminationen. - 4.2.2 Zn-Kontaminationen. - 4.3 Darstellung der Jahresgänge. - 4.4 Häufigkeitsverteilung der Konzentrationen. - 4.5 Mittelwerte und jahreszeitliche Schwankungen. - 5 Diskussion. - 5.1 Kontaminationen durch den Stationsbetrieb: theoretische Abschätzungen. - 5.1.1 Motorschlitten. - 5.1.2 Dieselgeneratorbetrieb. - 5.1.3 Müllverbrennung. - 5.1.4 Zusammenfassung. - 5.2 Quantitative Bewertung der Luftkonzentrationen. - 5.2.1 Charakterisierung des Meßortes. - 5.2.2 Literaturvergleich. - 5.3 Kurzfristige Variationen. - 6 Mineralstaubtransport und Schwermetall-Geochemie. - 6.1 Mineralstaubtransport in die Antarktis. - 6.2 Beiträge verschiedener Quellen zum Schwermetallbackground an der G.v.N.-Station. - 6.2.1 Maritimer Beitrag. - 6.2.2 Beitrag des Mineralstaubs. - 6.2.3 Vulkanischer Beitrag. - 6.2.4 Anthropogene Pb-Quellen. - 6.3 Anreicherungsfaktoren für Pb und Zn: kritische Betrachtungen. - 6.4 Pb-Flüsse. - 6.4.1 Berechnung des Pb-Flusses und der Pb-Konzentration im Oberflächenschnee an der G.v.N.-Station. - 6.4.2 Betrachtung der globalen atmosphärischen Pb-Flüsse. - 7 Ausblick. - Literaturverzeichnis.

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1988

Note: Zugl.: Münster, Univ., Diss., 1986

Note: Aus d. Engl. übers.

Note: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: Einleitung u. Vorbemerkungen . - I. KNOCHENBRÜCHE UND VERRENKUNGEN. - 1.00 Knochenbrüche (nur die häufigsten). - 1.10 Geschlossene Knochenbrüche. - 1.11 Radiusfraktur. - 1.12 Schlüsselbeinbruch. - 1.13 Fingerbrüche. - 1.14 Zehenbrüche. - 1.15 Außenknöchelbruch (Verletzungen am Außenknöchel). - 1.20 Offene Knochenbrüche (allgemeine Behandlungs­grundsätze). - 2.00 Verrenkungen (Schulter). - 3.00 Nasenbluten (Methoden der Blutstillung). - 4.00 Schädelverletzungen (Allgemeines). - 4.10 Schädelhirntrauma (Leitsymptome). - 4.11 Vorgehen. - 4.20 Befunderhebungsbogen (Glasgow-Coma-Scale). - 5.00 Sonstige Verletzungen. - 5.10 Stark blutendeWunden. - 5.20 Offene Thoraxverletzungen. - 5.30 Offene Bauchverletzungen. - II. THERMISCHE SCHÄDEN. - 1.00 Verbrennungen. - 1.10 Sonnenbrand. - 1.20 Verblitzen der Augen (Schneeblindheit). - 2.00 Erfrierungen. - 3.00 Unterkühlung. - III. SCHÄDIGUNG DURCH CHEMIKALIEN (Vergiftung). - 1.00 Vergiftung durch Benzin und Diesel. - 1.10 Einwirkung von Batteriesäure. - 1.20 Rauch und Reizgasvergiftung. - IV. SONSTIGES. - 1.00 Appendicitis. - 2.00 Zahnschmerzen. - 3.00 Eingeschleppte Infektionserkrankungen. - 3.10 Malaria. - V. TECHNIKEN. - 1.00 Zur Technik der intramuskulären Injektion. - 2.00 Das Anlegen einer Infusion. - 3.00 Die Anwendung der Kramerschiene. - Anhang. - Die Ausstattung der Sankiste.

Note: Inhalt: EINLEITUNG. - Zweck der Exkursion. - Grönland - Godhavn - Arktisk Station. - Vorbereitungen. - Teilnehmerliste. - Reisetagebuch. - ALLGEMEINE VERANSTALTUNGEN. - Exkursionen für alle. - Wanderung zum Inlandeis. - Besuch beim Kommunalrat von Qeqertarssuaq. - BERICHTE DER ARBEITSGRUPPEN. - Rechtliche Bewertung des Meeresumweltschutzes. - Ökologie des Wattengebietes von Nipisat. - Tiefenzonierung der Bodenfauna im Diskofjord. - Fischbiologische Arbeiten. - Algenvegetation von Disko-Island. - Beiträge zur Botanik und Pflanzenökologie. - Liste der beobachteten Vogel- und Säugetierarten. - Homothermische radioaktive Quellen: Die Nematodenfauna. - "Southern" flora and "marine" fauna in the homothermic springs. - Cryptobiosis in arctic tardigrads.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Foreword. - Subject sections. - General articles. - Instruments and methods. - Theory of radio echo-sounding. - Applications to land ice. - Applications to floating ice. - Ancillary methods and observations. - Popular articles. - Theses and abstracts of theses.

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitende Übersicht 2. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit 3. Forschungsarbeiten 3.1 Expeditionen 3.1.1 ANT 1V/3 (mit Kottas-und Filchner-Expeditionen) 3.1.2 ANT IV/4 3.1.3 ANT V/1, 2, 3 Die erste Winter-Weddellmeer-Expedition 3.1.4 ANT V/4 3.1.5 ANT V/5 3.1.6 ARK IV 3.2 Forschungsarbeiten der Sektionen 3.2.1 Biologie I (Zoologie) 3.2.2 Biologie II (Botanik + Mikrobiologie) 3.2.3 Chemie 3.2.4 Geologie 3.2.5 Geophysik, Glaziologie 3.2.6 Meeresphysik und Meßwesen 3.2.7 Theoretische Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre 3.2.8 Experimentelle Physik des Ozeans und der Atmosphäre 3.3 Aus den Forschungsarbeiten 4. Logistik 4.1 Antarktisstationen 4.2 FS "Polarstern" und FS "Victor Hensen" 4.3 Flugzeuge und Hubschrauber 4.4 Schneefahrzeuge 4.5 Hafenlager 5. Zentrale Einrichtungen 5.1 Öffentlichkeitsarbeit 5.2 Bibliothek 5.3 Rechenzentrum 5.4 Elektroniklabor 6. Personeller Aufbau des Instituts und Entwicklung des Institutshaushalts in den Jahren 1986 und 1987 6.1 Personal 6.2 Haushalt Anhang I Anhang II Anhang III Anhang IV Anhang V

Note: Beiträge teilweise in englischer, teilweise in französischer Sprache

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis = Table of contents = Table des matières. - Einleitung = Introduction = Introduction. - Bemerkungen zum Inhalt und zur Gestaltung des Buches = Comments on the Contents and lay-out of the book = Remarques quant au contenue et à la structure du livre. - Methode = Methods = Methode. - Oekogramm = Ecogram = Ecogramme. - Bestimmungsschlüssel = Identification key = Clé d'identification. - Charakterisierung der Makroreste = Description of the macro-remains = Description des macrorestes. - Weitere Makroreste = Further macro-remains = Autres macrorestes. - Literatur = Literature = Litterature. - Index der Arten = Index of species = Index des espèces. , Text dt., engl. u. franz.

Note: Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1988

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1988

Note: Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1987

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1. lntroduction. - Chapter 2. Basic Equations. - 2.1. Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Equations. - 2.2. Equations of the Mean Flow. - 2.3. Equations of the Eddies. - 2.4. Energy Balance. - 2.5. Vorticity and Divergence. - 2.6. Linearization. - 2.7. Eliassen-Palm Flux. - 2.8. Ertel Potential Vorticity. - 2.9. Diffusive Separation of Atmospheric Constituents. - 2.10. Spherical Harmonics. - 2.11. Hermite Functions. - Chapter 3. External Energy Sources. - 3.1. Solar Irradiance. - 3.2. Solar Heat Input into Upper Atmosphere. - 3.3. Solar Heat Input into Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 3.4. Lunar Gravitational Tidal Energy. - 3.5. Solar Wind Energy. - Chapter 4. Internal Energy Sources and Sinks. - 4.1. Eddy Viscosity. - 4.2. Eddy Heat Conduction. - 4.3. Latent Heat. - 4.4. Newtonian Cooling. - 4.5. Rayleigh Friction. - 4.6. Ion Drag. - 4.7. Feedback between Large-Scale Eddies and Mean Flow. - Chapter 5. Horizontal Modal Structure. - 5.1. Separation of Variables. - 5.2. Eigenvalues of Laplace's Equations. - 5.3. Gravity Waves. - 5.4. Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 5.5. Kelvin Waves and Yanai Waves. - 5.6. Low Frequency Waves with Positive Eigenvalues. - 5.7. Class Il Waves of Wavenumber m = 0. - 5.8. Diurnal Tides. - 5.9. Dynamo Action of Tidal Winds. - 5.10. Rossby Waves Migrating within Mean Zonal Flow. - 5.11. Influence of Zonal Mean Flow on Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 5.12. Salutions of Inhomogeneous Laplace Equations. - Chapter 6. Vertical Modal Structure. - 6.1. Characteristic Waves. - 6.2. Vertical Wavenumber. - 6.3. Particular Salutions. - 6.4. Boundary Conditions. - 6.5. Normal Modes. - 6.6. Height Structure of External Waves. - 6.7. Directly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.8. Indirectly Driven Circulation Cells. - 6.9. Height Structure of Internal Waves. - 6.10. Impulsive Heat Input. - 6.11. Ray Tracing of Rossby Waves. - 6.12. Mode Conversion. - 6.13. Baroclinic Instability. - Chapter 7. Nonlinear Wave Propagation. - 7.1. Nonlinear Coupling between Rossby- Haurwitz Waves. - 7.2. Analytic Salutions for Weak Coupling of Rossby-Haurwitz Waves. - 7.3. Rossby- Haurwitz Wave Coupling in Realistic Mean Flow. - 7.4. Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence. - 7.5. Space-Time Analysis. - 7.6. Nonlinear Normal Mode Initialization. - 7.7. Lorenz Attractor. - 7.8. Logistic Difference Equation. - 7.9. Multiple Equilibria. - Chapter 8. Tidal Waves. - 8.1. Seasonal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere (m = 0). - 8.2. Quasi-Stationary Seasonal Waves (m 〉 0). - 8.3. Climatic Mean Flow. - 8.4. Seasonal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.5. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Lower and Middle Atmosphere. - 8.6. Migrating Solar Diurnal Tides within Upper Atmosphere. - 8.7. Nonmigrating Solar Diurnal Tides. - 8.8. Lunar Tides. - 8.9. Electromagnetic Effects of Tidal Waves. - 8.10. Energy and Momentum Deposition of Solar Diurnal Tides. - Chapter 9. Planetary Waves. - 9.1. Extratropical Transients. - 9.2. Southern Oscillation. - 9.3. Forty-Day Oscillations. - 9.4. Transients in the Tropical Middle Atmosphere. - 9.5. Fluctuations of Atmospheric Angular Momentum. - 9.6. Sudden Stratospheric Warnings. - 9.7. Thermospheric Response to Solar EUV Fluctuations. - 9.8. Thermospheric Storms. - 9.9. Solar Activity Effects within Middle and Lower Atmosphere. - Chapter 10. Epilogue. - References. - Subject Index.

Note: Contents INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1. GOING OUT? requirements to be met, minimum equipment, field trips 2. STATIONS AND BASES Macquarie Island, Commonwealth Bay, Casey, Edgeworth David, Davis, Law, Mawson, Heard Island 3. TRAVEL IN ANTARCTICA blizzards, whiteout, revasses, sea ice hazards and emergency 4. LIGHT-WEIGHT TRAVEL IN ANTARCTICA walking, skiing, manhauling, dog sledging 5. MOTORISED TOBOGGANS operation, sledges 6. HEAVY VEHICLE TRAVEL IN ANTARCTICA planning, train methods, navigating, extracting crevassed vehicles, Hagglunds on sea ice 7. AIRCRAFT TRAVEL safety, loading, flying, ground-to-air signals, marshalling, forced landings 8. SMALL BOAT TRAVEL safety, minimum equipment, emergency action 9. CLOTHING AND FIELD EQUIPMENT wearing clothing properly, knot tying, slings, harnesses, karabiners, jumars, anchors, ice axes, crampons, packs, sleeping gear 10. SNOW AND ICE TECHNIQUES step-cutting, descending, self-arresting, roping up for climbing, belays, abseiling, roping up for glacier travel, extraction from crevasses, rescue stretcher use 10. SHELTER tent erection, Apple huts, primus, tilley lamp, emergency shelters, bivouac for a lone person 12. FIELD RATIONS packs, cooking, emergency food 13. NAVIGATION maps, magnetic compass, magnetic variation, bearings, locating south at night, locating north, vehicle compass, trail marking 14. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS VHF channels, VHF repeater, VHF hand-helds and repairs, vehicle VHF, HF frequencies, HF radios, HF antennae, EPIRBs, PIRBs, Radio Box, Selcal, callsigns, schedules, Morse, to ships and aircraft, distress and urgency calls 15. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES AND SEARCH AND RESCUE priorities, lost individual, lost party, searchmasters, SAR phases, search techniques, location by dipole aerial, radio failure on Macquarie Island 16. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION Antarctic Treaty and acts, SPAs, SSSis, offences, Heard and McDonald Islands, Macquarie Island, Southern Ocean APPENDIX I. Field camp equipment list APPENDIX II. Distances, weights and volumes

Note: Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 1986 , Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstract, Kurzfassung. - 1. Untersuchungsraum. - 2. Lage der Profile. - 3. Methoden. - 4. Forschungsgeschichte. - 5. Die Schichtenfolge im Helikon-Gebirge. - 6, Die Domvrena-Schichten. - 7. Perdikovouno-Schichten. - 7.1 Profil am Anadematisma. - 7.2 Profil am Perdikovouno. - 7.3 Profil am Korombili. - 7.4 Stratigraphie der Perdikovouno-Schichten. - 7.5 Ablagerungsraum der Perdikovouno-Schichten. - 7.6 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 7.6.1 Profil am Anadematisma. - 7.6.2 Profil am Perdikovouno. - 7.6.3 Profil am Korombili. - 7.7 Diskussion. - 8. Diakopi-Schichten. - 8.1 Profil am Diakopi. - 8.2 Profil am Süßwasserkanal bei Domvrena. - 8.3 Profil am Steinbruch von Domvrena. - 8.4 Stratigraphie der Diakopi-Schichten. - 8.5 Ablagerungsraum der Diakopi-Schichten. - 8.6 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 8.6.1 Profil am Diakopi. - 8.6.2 Profil am Süßwasserkanal bei Domvrena. - 8.6.3 Profil am Steinbruch von Domvrena. - 8.7 Diskussion. - 9. Vounalakia-Schichten. - 9.1 Profil am Vounalakia. - 9.2 Profil an der Tomatenfabrik. - 9.3 Stratigraphie der Vounalakia-Schichten. - 9.4 Ablagerungsraum der Vounalakia-Schichten. - 9.5 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 9.6 Diskussion. - 10. Makariotissa-Schichten 10.1 Profil am Süßwasserkanal bei Domvrena. - 10.2 Profil bei Makariotissa. - 10.3 Radiolarien aus dem Profil von Makariotissa. - 10.4 Profil an der Sphinx. - 10.5 Stratigraphie der Makariotissa-Schichten. - 10.6 Ablagerungsraum der Makariotissa Schichten. - 10.7 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 10.7.1 Profil am Süßwasserkanal bei Domvrena. - 10.7.2 Profil bei Makariotissa. - 10.7.3 Kalksteine mit Kieselknollen. - 10.7.4 Profil an der Sphinx. - 10.8 Diskussion. - 11. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse. - 11.1 Profilaufbau. - 11.2 Isotopenkurven. - 11.3 Isotopenverhältnisse. - 12. Fossilienliste. - 13. Isotopendaten. - 14. Literatur. - Danksagung. , Zsfassung in engl. Sprache

Note: Contents: 1 Preliminaries. - 1.1 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. - 1.2 The Rossby Number. - 1.3 Density Stratification. - 1.4 The Equations of Motion in a Nonrotating Coordinate Frame. - 1.5 Rotating Coordinate Frames. - 1.6 Equations of Motion in a Rotating Coordinate Frame. - 1.7 Coriolis Acceleration and the Rossby Number. - 2 Fundamentals. - 2.1 Vorticity. - 2.2 The Circulation. - 2.3 Kelvin's Theorem. - 2.4 The Vorticity Equation. - 2.5 Potential Vorticity. - 2.6 The Thermal Wind. - 2.7 The Taylor-Proudman Theorem. - 2.8 Geostrophic Motion. - 2.9 Consequences of the Geostrophic and Hydrostatic Approximations. - 2.10 Geostrophic Degeneracy. - 3 lnviscid Shallow-Water Theory. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Shallow-Water Model. - 3.3 The Shallow-Water Equations. - 3.4 Potential-Vorticity Conservation: Shallow-Water Theory. - 3.5 Integral Constraints. - 3.6 Small-Amplitude Motions. - 3.7 Linearized Geostrophic Motion. - 3.8 Plane Waves in a Layer of Constant Depth. - 3.9 Poincare and Kelvin Waves. - 3.10 The Rossby Wave. - 3.11 Dynamic Diagnosis of the Rossby Wave. - 3.12 Quasigeostrophic Scaling in Shallow-Water Theory. - 3.13 Steady Quasigeostrophic Motion. - 3.14 Inertial Boundary Currents. - 3.15 Quasigeostrophic Rossby Waves. - 3.16 The Mechanism for the Rossby Wave. - 3.17 The Beta-Plane. - 3.18 Rossby Waves in a Zonal Current. - 3.19 Group Velocity. - 3.20 The Method of Multiple Time Scales. - 3.21 Energy and Energy Flux in Rossby Waves. - 3.22 The Energy Propagation Diagram. - 3.23 Reflection and the Radiation Condition. - 3.24 Rossby Waves Produced by an Initial Disturbance. - 3.25 Quasigeostrophic Normal Modes in Closed Basins. - 3.26 Resonant Interactions. - 3.27 Energy and Enstrophy. - 3.28 Geostrophic Turbulence. - Appendix to Chapter 3. - 4 Friction and Viscous Flow. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Turbulent Reynolds Stresses. - 4.3 The Ekman Layer. - 4.4 The Nature of Nearly Frictionless Flow. - 4.5 Boundary-Layer Theory. - 4.6 Quasigeostrophic Dynamics in the Presence of Friction. - 4.7 Spin-Down. - 4.8 Steady Motion. - 4.9 Ekman Layer on a Sloping Surface. - 4.10 Ekman Layer on a Free Surface. - 4.11 Quasigeostrophic Potential Vorticity Equation with Friction and Topography. - 4.12 The Decay of a Rossby Wave. - 4.13 Side-Wall Friction Layers. - 4.14 The Dissipation of Ens trophy in Geostrophic Turbulence. - 5 Homogeneous Models of the Wind-Driven Oceanic Circulation. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Homogeneous Model. - 5.3 The Sverdrup Relation. - 5.4 Meridional Boundary Layers: the Munk Layer. - 5.5 Stommel's Model: Bottom Friction Layer. - 5.6 Inertial Boundary-Layer Theory. - 5.7 Inertial Currents in the Presence of Friction. - 5.8 Rossby Waves and the Westward Intensification of the Oceanic Circulation. - 5.9 Dissipation Integrals for Steady Circulations. - 5.10 Free Inertial Modes. - 5.11 Numerical Experiments. - 5.12 Ekman Upwelling Circulations. - 5.13 The Effect of Bottom Topography. - 5.14 Concluding Remarks on the Homogeneous Model. - 6 Quasigeostrophic Motion of a Stratified Fluid on a Sphere. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The Equations of Motion in Spherical Coordinates: Scaling. - 6.3 Geostrophic Approximation: ε = O(L/r0 ) ≪ 1. - 6.4 The Concept of Static Stability. - 6.5 Quasigeostrophic Potential-Vorticity Equation for Atmospheric Synoptic Scales. - 6.6 The Ekman Layer in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.7 Boundary Conditions for the Potential-Vorticity Equation: the Atmosphere. - 6.8 Quasigeostrophic Potential-Vorticity Equation for Oceanic Synoptic Scales. - 6.9 Boundary Conditions for the Potential-Vorticity Equation: the Oceans. - 6.10 Geostrophic Energy Equation and Available Potential Energy. - 6.11 Rossby Waves in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.12 Rossby-Wave Normal Modes: the Vertical Structure Equation. - 6.13 Forced Stationary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 6.14 Wave-Zonal Flow Interactions. - 6.15 Topographic Waves in a Stratified Ocean. - 6.16 Layer Models. - 6.17 Rossby Waves in the Two-Layer Model. - 6.18 The Relationship of the Layer Models to the "Level" Models. - 6.19 Geostrophic Approximation ε ≪ L/r0 〈 1; the Sverdrup Relation. - 6.20 Geostrophic Approximation ε ≪ 1, L/r0 = O(1). - 6.21 The Thermocline Problem. - 6.22 Layer Models of the Thermocline. - 6.23 Flow in Unventilated Layers: Potential Vorticity Homogenization. - 6.24 Quasigeostrophic Approximation: an Alternative Derivation. - 7 Instability Theory. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Formulation of the Instability Problem: the Continuously Stratified Model. - 7.3 The Linear Stability Problem: Conditions for Instability. - 7.4 Normal Modes. - 7.5 Bounds on the Phase Speed and Growth Rate. - 7.6 Baroclinic Instability: the Basic Mechanism. - 7.7 Eady's Model. - 7.8 Charney's Model and Critical Layers. - 7.9 Instability in the Two-Layer Model: Formulation. - 7.10 Normal Modes in the Two-Layer Model: Necessary Conditions for Instability. - 7.11 Baroclinic Instability in the Two-Layer Model: Phillips' Model. - 7.12 Effects of Friction. - 7.13 Baroclinic Instability of Nonzonal Flows. - 7.14 Barotropic Instability. - 7.15 Instability of Currents with Horizontal and Vertical Shear. - 7.16 Nonlinear Theory of Baroclinic Instability. - 7.17 Instability of Non parallel Flow. - 8 Ageostrophic Motion. - 8.1 Anisotropic Scales. - 8.2 Continental-Shelf Waves. - 8.3 Slow Circulation of a Stratified, Dissipative Fluid. - 8.4 The Theory of Frontogenesis. - 8.5 Equatorial Waves. - Selected Bibliography. - Index.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Part I German oceanographic institutions. - Part II German oceanographic expeditions. - Part III German oceanographers. - References.

Note: Table of Contents List of figures, tables, appendices Introduction Methods Locations of the transects Site factors Soil Chemical properties Soil pH Cations NO3 Total P and SO4 Vegetation sampling Results Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements References Figures Tables Appendices

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Preface. - List of participants. - The West Antarctic Ice Sheet : the need to understand its dynamics / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - Force budget of ice sheets / I. M. WHILLANS. - On the oceanic circulation near a shelf-ice edge / G. J. F. VAN HEIJST. - Quantitative estimates of the mass flux and ice movement along the ice edges in the eastern and southern Weddell Sea / M. A. LANGE. - Some aspects of the flow of the Ronne Ice Shelf / C. S. M. DOAKE. - Unconfined ice-shelf flow / L. W. MORLAND. - Plane and radial ice-shelf flow with prescribed temperature profile / L. W. MORLAND and R. ZAINUDDIN. - Ice-shelf backpressure : form drag versus dynamic drag / D. R. MACAYEAL. - Ice stream-ice shelf interaction in West Antarctica / R. A. BINDSCHADLER, D. R. MACAYEAL and S. N. STEPHENSON. - A few preliminary results from the glaciogeophysical survey of the interior Ross Embayment (GSIRE) / C. R. BENTLEY, S. SHABTAIE, D. D. BLANKENSHIP, R. B. ALLEY and S. T. ROONEY. - On the flow within the transition zone between ice sheet and ice shelf / K. HERTERICH. - The finite-element method applied to a time-dependent flowband model / J. L. FASTOOK. - Longitudinal stresses and basal sliding : a comparative study / C. J. VAN DER VEEN. - A subglacial aquifer bed model and water pressure dependent basal sliding relationship for a West Antarctic ice stream / C. S. LINGLE and T. J. BROWN. - The heat budget of the Ross drainage basin / J. OEKLEMANS. - Numerical modelling of the large-scale basal water flux under the West Antarctic Ice Sheet / W. F. BUDD and D. JENSSEN. - Modelling the response of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a climatic warming / W. F. BUDD, B. J. MCINNES, D. JENSSEN and I. N. SMITH. - Subject index. - Geographic index.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS: I. Objectives. - II. Summary and Points of General Consensus. - III. Report of the Meeting A. Background. - B. Values of Increased Coordination/Collaboration Among Antarctic Scientific Research Programs. - Presentation by Dr. David Drewry. - C. Opportunities for Increased Coordination/Collaboration. - Working Group Chairmen: Dr. Gotthilf Hernpel jointly with Patrick G. Quilty, and Dr. Fred Roots. - D. How to Give Effect to Increased Coordination/Collaboration. - 1. Information and Communication. - 2. Logistics. - List of Specific Opportunities for Increased Coordination/Collaboration. - Working Group Chairmen: Dr. Gotthilf Hernpel jointly with Patrick G. Quilty, and Dr. Fred Roots. - E. Policy and Responsibility. - 1. The Scientific Research Agenda. - 2. New Entrants. - 3. Consultative Status Requirements. - Chairmen: Robert H. Rutford and R. Tucker Scully. - IV. Participants List.

Note: Inhalt: REPORTAGE. - Der Zeit voraus / J. Knorre. - WISSENSCHAFT AUF DEM VORMARSCH. - Molekularbiologie des Krebses / F. Kisseljow. - Das Antlitz der Venus / O. Rshiga, Ju. Alexandrow, A. Sidorenko, A. Basilewski. - Frost und Pflanzen / T. Trunowa. - Mikroexplosionen an der Metalloberfläche / G. Mesjaz, W. Putschkarjow. - ENTDECKUNGEN UND ERFINDUNGEN. - Katalysator des technischen Fortschritts / I. Najaschkow. - Künstliche "Schmierung" für Gelenke / W. Jefimow. - Recht auf Entdeckung / W. Sapelkin, W. Potozki. - NEUES AUS DEM FORSCHUNGSLABOR. - Kälte zur Herzbehandlung / A. Urakow. - AUSZEICHNUNGEN. - "... immer eine Handbreit Wasser unterm Kiel!" / G. Bushinskaja. - WISSENSCHAFT FÜR DIE PRAXIS. - Badekuren / N. Kamenskaja, I. Kasjanowa. - WISSENSCHAFT IM DIENSTE DER PRODUKTION. - Könnten Diamanten reden / W. Kowalski, P. Schamajew. - GESCHICHTE DER WISSENSCHAFT IN GELEHRTENBIOGRAPHIEN. - Boris Lischkow. "In der Wissenschaft wiegen nicht nur Fakten und Logik, sondern auch die Vorstellungskraft, bildhaftes Denken." / R. Balandin. - UNSER HAUS IST DIE ERDE. - Geheimnisse im Inneren der Antarktis / W. Iwanow, G. Grikurow, W. Massolow. - Die wichtigste Naturressource / W. Bobrinew. - BEI UNS ZU GAST. - Die Zeitschrift "spectrum". - Die Zeitschrift "Mikroprozessornyje sredstwa i sistemy". - KONTAKT: LESER-REDAKTION. - LACHPAUSE. - IN FACHZEITSCHRIFTEN GEBLÄTTERT. - "Die verlorene Welt" der Kurilen. - Die diversen Wirkungen des Drucks. - Wo ist das Leben entstanden? Wieviele Erdteile gibt es?

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: AUFGABEN, ZIELE UND RESSOURCEN DES INSTITUTS = Objectives, Targets, and Resources of the Institute. - 1. DAS GEKOPPELTE SYSTEM : OZEAN-ATMOSPHÄRE-KRYOSPHÄRE = The coupled system : Ocean-Atmosphere-Cryosphere. - 1.1 PHYSIKALISCHE PROZESSE IN DEN POLARMEEREN = Physical processes in polar seas. - 1.1.1 Modeliierung der thermohalinen Zirkulation und Spurenstoffausbreitung = Modelling of thermohaline and trace matter circulation. - 1.1.2 Bestimmung der ozeanischen Zirkulation aus Beobachtungen = Determination of ocean circulation from observations. - 1.1.3 Transformation und Ausbreitung von Wassermassen im südlichen Atlantischen Ozean = Transformation and distribution of water masses in the southern Atlantic Ocean. - 1.1.4 Thermohaliner Aufbau und Zirkulation des Nordpolarmeers = Thermohaline structure and circulation of the Arctic Ocean. - 1.1.5 Untersuchung von Küstenpolynyas: Nordwasser-Polynya = lnvestigation of coastal polynyas: North water. - 1.1.6 Transporte und Wassermassenbildung in der Grönlandsee = Transports and formation of water masses in the Greenland Sea. - 1.1.7 Modellierung von Konvektion im Ozean = Modelling of convection in the ocean. - 1.1.8 Variationen des anorganischen Kohlenstoffs in der ozeanischen Deckschicht = Variations of anorganic carbon in the oceanic surface layer. - 1.1.9 Die großräumige Verteilung des Meereises und ihre zeitliche Entwicklung in der Arktis und Antarktis = The large-scale distribution of sea-ice and its evolution in time in the Arctic and Antarctic. - 1.1.10 Die Mikrostruktur des Meereises und ihre physikalischen Auswirkungen = Sea-ice micro-structure and its physical effects. - 1.1.11 Neue Methoden zur Bestimmung der Meereisdicke und ihre Erprobung unter verschiedenen Umgebungsbedingungen = New methods to determine sea-ice thickness and their testing under different environmental conditions. - 1.2 PHYSIKALISCHE UND CHEMISCHE PROZESSE IN DER POLAREN ATMOSPHÄRE = Physical and chemical processes in the polar atmosphere. - 1.2.1 Einfluß heterogener Randbedingungen auf die Turbulenz und die mittleren Größen in der atmosphärischen Grenzschicht = lnfluence of heterogeneaus boundary conditions on turbulence and mean values in the atmospheric boundary layer. - 1.2.2 Die Wirkung von Wolken und Dunst auf den Ozean-Atmosphären-Austausch in Meereisregionen = The effect of clouds and haze on the ocean-atmosphere exchange in sea-ice covered regions. - 1.2.3 Spurenstoffe und Ozon in der polaren Stratosphäre = Trace matters and ozone in the polar atmosphere. - 1.2.4 Die Zirkulation der Stratosphäre über der Arktis und ihr Einfluß auf die Ozonkonzentration = Stratospheric circulation over the Arctic and its influence on ozone concentration. - 1.2.5 Arktischer Dunst und troposphärische Spurenstoffe = Arctic haze and tropospheric trace matter. - 1.2.6 Modellierung von Klimaprozessen der arktischen Tropo- und Stratosphäre = Modelling of climatic processes in the Arctic troposphere and stratosphere. - 1.2.7 Niederfrequente Variabilität der atmosphärischen Zirkulation in polaren Breiten = Low frequency variability of atmospheric eirculation in polar latitudes. - 1.3 PHYSIKALISCHER AUFBAU, MASSENHAUSHALT UND DYNAMIK VON SCHELF- UND INLANDEISEN = Physical structure, mass balance and dynamics of ice shelves and inland-ice. - 1.3.1 Zirkulation und Wassermassentransformation unter dem Filchner-Ronne-Schelfeis = Circulation and transformation of water masses under the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. - 1.3.2 Die physikalischen Eigenschaften, der Massenhaushalt und das Bewegungsfeld des Filchner-Ronne- und des Ekström-Schelfeises = Physical properties, mass balance and dynamics of the Filchner-Ronne and Ekström Ice Shelves. - 1.3.3 Wechselwirkung zwischen Inlandeis und antarktischen Oasen am Beispiel der Schirmacheroase = Interaction between inland ice and Antarctic oases, e.g. at Schirmacher Oasis. - 1.3.4 Numerische Modellierung von Inlandeisen und Schelfeisen = Numerical modelling of inland-ice and ice shelves. - 1.3.5 Struktur, Massenhaushalt, Bewegung und Geschichte des Grönländischen Eisschildes = Structure, mass balance, dynamics and history of the Greenland Ice sheet. - 1.4 KLIMAGESCHICHTE AUS DEM EIS = Climate history derived from ice. - 1.4.1 Klimageschichte aus dem Eis Grönlands: Das Grönländische Eiskern-Projekt (GRIP) = Climate history from the Greenland Ice: The Greenland lce-core Project (GRIP). - 1.4.2 Nördgrönland-Traverse = North Greenland traverse. - 1.4.3 EPICA, Europäisches Eiskern-Programm in der Antarktis = EPICA, European Programme on Polar Ice Coring in the Antarctic. - 1.4.4 Bohrung Berkner Island, Antarktis = Drilling on Berkner lsland, Antarctica. - 2. MARINE ÖKOSYSTEME = Marine Ecosystems. - 2.1 ÖKOLOGIE UND ÖKOPHYSIOLOGIE EINZELNER ARTEN UND GRUPPEN = Ecology and ecophysiology of some species and groups. - 2.1.1 Struktur und Aktivität C-heterotropher Bakterien- und Pilzgesellschaften aus extremen Habitaten = Structures and activities of C-heterotrophic baeteria and fungi communities from extreme habitats. - 2.1.2 Autökologische Untersuchungen zum Planktonwachsturn und zur Planktonmortalität = Auto-ecologieal studies on plankton growth and mortality. - 2.1.3 Genotypische und phenotypische Variationen im Phytoplankton und Phylogenie der Diatomeen und Haptophyten = Genotype and phenotype variations in phytoplankton, and phylogeny of diatoms and haptophytes. - 2.1.4. Vergleiche physiologisch-biochemischer Anpassungen von Benthos- und Nektontieren in polaren und gemäßigten Regionen = Comparison of physiological-biochemieal adaptions of benthic and neotonic animals in polar and moderate regions. - 2.1.5 Ökologie polarer Makroalgen = Ecology of polar macro-algae. - 2.1.6 Lebenszyklen, Lebensstrategien und physiologische Anpassungen polarer Makroalgen und Evertebraten = Life cycles, life strategies and physiological adaptions of polar macro-algae and evertebrates. - 2.2 STRUKTUR UND ENTWICKLUNG MARINER LEBENSGEMEINSCHAFTEN = Structure and evolution of marine living communities. - 2.2.1 Meereis-Lebensgemeinschaften = Sea-ice communities. - 2.2.2 Pelagische Lebensgemeinschaften = Pelagic communities. - 2.2.3 Benthische Lebensgemeinschaften = Benthic communities. - 2.2.4 Biogeographische Zusammenhänge benthischer und planktischer Lebensgemeinschaften der Antarktis mit denen der Magellanregion = Biogeographical connections of benthic and planktonic communities of the Antarctic with those of the Magellan region. - .3 ÖKOLOGISCHE PROZESSE = Ecological processes. - 2.3.1 Nutzungseffizienz der photosynthetisch verwertbaren Unterwasserstrahlung durch das antarktische Phytoplankton = Utilization of the photosynthetically active underwater radiation by Antarctic phytoplankton. - 2.3.2 Messungen und Auswirkungen der UV-B Strahlung auf das Plankton, die Meereisgemeinschaften und die Makroalgen polarer Regionen = Measurements and effects of UV-B radiation on plankton, sea-ice communities, and macro-algae of polar regions. - 2.3.3 Direkte Effekte von CO2 auf das Plankton und deren Auswirkungen auf den marinen Kohlenstoffkreislauf = Direct effects of CO2 on plankton, and their influence on the marine carbon cycle. - 2.3.4 Physikalische und biologische Prozesse an Fronten des Südlichen Ozeans = Physical and biological processes at fronts of the Southern Ocean. - 2.3.5 Biogene Stoffkreisläufe und pelago-benthische Kopplung = Biogeneous cycles and pelago-benthic coupling. - 2.3.6 Energiefluß und Interaktionen in einem antarktischen Flachwasser-System = Energy flux and interactions in an Antarctic shallow water system. - 2.3.7 Robben, Pinguine und ihre Parasiten im Nahrungsnetz antarktischer Schelfgebiete = Seals, penguins and their parasites in the food web of Antarctic shelf areas. - 2.3.8 Biologische Dynamik des Auftriebssystems des Humboldt-Stroms und EI Niño-Einflüsse = Biological dynamics of the upwelling system of the Humboldt Current and influences of "EI N

Note: Contents Report from the Director Research overviews Sea ice studies Glacier geophysics Remote sensing Northern and social affairs Library and information service Aquisitions Archives and museum Teaching, lectures and colloquia International activities Research and visiting scholars Friends of the Polar Institute Gino Watkins Memorial Fund Research Abstracts Sea ice Glacier geophysics Social sciences Institute staff Publications

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction Terms and abbreviations 2 The biogeographlcal setting Geology, physiography, and surface materials The structural framework Pleistocene geology Bioclimates Arctic and its three subzones Subarctic zone Boreal zone Eastern temperate zone Grassland zone Pacific and Cordilleran zones 3 Autecology and pollen representation Introduction Transcontinental, primarily boreal taxa Eastern, primarily temperate taxa Pacific-Cordilleran taxa Arctic taxa Modern regional pollen spectra The Western Interior The eastern plains transect The Pacific-Cordilleran transect General comments on the modern pollen spectra 4 Full-glacial refugla The southern refugia Pacific-Cordilleran refugia Interior plains and eastern region The Beringian refugia 5 Eastern Canada-fossil record and reconstruction Introduction The late glacial - 12,700 to 10,000 yr BP Southern Quebec and New Brunswick Maritime Canada The Great Lakes Basin Vegetation reconstruction The Holocene - 10,000 yr BP to the present Southern Quebec and New Brunswick The Maritimes, Labrador, and Northern Quebec The Great Lakes Vegetation reconstruction Boreal region 6 The Western Interior Sites near the forest-grassland transition Sites within the modern boreal forest Sites near the modern forest-tundra boundary 7 Pacific-Cordilleran region Southern Pacific zone Southern Cordilleran zone Northern Pacific zone Northern Cordilleran zone 8 Vegetation reconstruction and palaeoenvironments Introduction Origins and history Eastern temperate forests Boreal forest Grasslands and parklands Pacific-Cordilleran complex Tundra (arctic) Palaeoenvironmental controls Climate The Milankovitch model Full-glacial conditions Late-glacial and Holocene Fire Pathogens Paludification Problems for the future Climate disequilibrium Spatial resolution Pollen source area Concluding comments Appendix References Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Static Structure of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.2 Zonal Mean Temperature and Wind Distributions. - 1.3 Composition of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.4 The Vertical Distribution of Eddy Amplitudes. - 1.5 Observational Techniques. - References. - Chapter 2 Radiative Processes and Remote Sounding. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Fundamentals. - 2.3 Gaseous Absorption Spectra. - 2.4 Transmission Functions. - 2.5 Infrared Radiative Exchange and Radiative Damping. - 2.6 Departure from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 2.7 Absorption of Solar Radiation. - 2.8 Radiative Equilibrium Temperature and Heating-Rate Distributions. - 2.9 Remote Sounding. - References. - Chapter 3 Basic Dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Beta-Plane Approximation and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory. - 3.3 The Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.4 Linearized Disturbances to Zonal-Mean Flows. - 3.5 The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.6 The Generalized Eliassen-Palm Theorem and the Charney-Drazin Nonacceleration Theorem. - 3.7 The Lagrangian Approach. - 3.8 Isentropic Coordinates. - 3.9 The Zonal-Mean Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3A. Derivation of Some Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3B. Boundary Conditions on the Residual Circulation. - References. - Chapter 4 Linear Wave Theory. - 4.1 Introduction and Classification of Wave Types. - 4.2 Wave Disturbances to a Resting Spherical Atmosphere. - 4.3 Atmospheric Thermal Tides. - 4.4 Free Traveling Planetary Waves. - 4.5 Forced Planetary Waves. - 4.6 Gravity Waves. - 4.7 Equatorial Waves. - Appendix 4A. Ray-Tracing Theory and Wave Action in a Slowly Varying Medium. - References. - Chapter 5 Extratropical Planetary-Scale Circulations. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Observed Annual Cycle. - 5.3 Detailed Linear Models of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere. - 5.4 Detailed Linear Models of Free Traveling Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 5.5 Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability. - 5.6 Planetary-Wave Critical Layers. - References. - Chapter 6 Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Observed Features of Sudden Warmings. - 6.3 Theoretical Modeling of Sudden Warmings. - 6.4 Conclusions. - References. - Chapter 7 The Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Some Simple Zonally Averaged Models of the Middle Atmosphere. - 7.3 The Upper Mesosphere. - 7.4 The Winter Polar Stratosphere. - 7. 5 Interpretation and Generalization. - References. - Chapter 8 Equatorial Circulations. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 The Observed Structure of the Equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.3 Theory of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.4 Observed Structure of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.5 Dynamics of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.6 Inertial Instability in the Equatorial Zone. - References. - Chapter 9 Tracer Transport in the Middle Atmosphere. - 9.1 Introduction: Types of Tracers. - 9.2 Long-Lived Chemical Tracers. - 9.3 Transport in the Meridional Plane. - 9.4 Formulations of Eddy and Mean-Flow Transport. - 9.5 Dispersive Wave Transport: Irreversible Mixing of Tracers. - 9.6 Troposphere-Stratosphere Exchange. - 9.7 Transport Modeling. - Appendix 9A. The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Transport for Small-Arnplitude Eddies. - References. - Chapter 10 The Ozone Layer. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 The Climatology of Ozone. - 10.3 Elementary Aspects of Photochemical Modeling. - 10.4 Photochemistry of Ozone: Catalytic Cycles. - 10.5 Models of the Natural and Perturbed Ozone Layer. - Appendix 10A. The Continuity Equation for Chemical Species. - References. - Chapter 11 General Circulation Modeling. - 11.1 Models of the Lower Stratosphere. - 11.2 The GFDL SKYHI Model. - 11.3 Forecasting of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. - 11.4 Transport Modeling. - References. - Chapter 12 Interaction between the Middle Atmosphere and the Lower Atmosphere. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Links: Deductions from Simple Models. - 12.3 Radiative Links: Deductions from GCMs. - 12.4 Dynamical Links: Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves. - 12.5 Interannual Variability in the Stratosphere. - References. - Bibliography. - Index.

Note: CONTENTS Geology and Structure of the Ross Sea Region / F. J. Davey Recording and Processing Procedures for Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Data Collected in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / S. V. Dadisman, H. F. Ryan, D. M. Mann Seismic Stratigraphy and Structure of the Victoria Land Basin, Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, J. C. Behrendt Extent and Nature of Ross Sea Unconformity in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, B. D. Edwards Structure of Extensionally Rifted Crust Beneath the Western Ross Sea and lselin Bank, Antarctica, from Sonobuoy Seismic Data / A. K. Cooper, F. J. Davey, G. R. Cochrane Gravity Studies of the Victoria Land Basin and lselin Bank / F. J. Davey, A. K. Cooper The Antarctic Continental Margin Magnetic Gradiometer Data: Suppression of Time Variations / R. O. Hansen, J. R. Childs Interpretation of Marine Magnetic Gradiometer and Multichannel Seismic-Reflection Observations over the Western Ross Sea Shelf, Antarctica / J.C. Behrendt, A. K. Cooper, A. Yuan Heat Flow and Tectonics in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica / D. K. Blackman, R. P. Von Herzen, L. A. Lawver Geology and Physical Properties of Ross Sea, Antarctica, Continental Shelf Sediment / B. D. Edwards, H. J. Lee, H. A. Karl, E. Reimnitz, L. A. Timothy Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of Sediments Offshore from Antarctica / J. B. Rapp, K. A. Kvenvolden, M. Golan-Bae Diatoms from the 1984 USGS Antarctic Cruise in the Ross Sea / J. A. Barron, L. H. Burckle Petrography of Rock Samples Dredged from lselin Bank, Ross Sea, Antarctica / F. L. Wong, P. J. Barrett, J. Gamble, D. G. Howell

Note: Contents: Introduction / Professor James H. Zumberge. - 1. First Impressions and the Setting. - 2. Why Are Scientists Interested in the Antarctic?. - 3. First Studies of Antarctica to the Treaty. - 4. Logistics, Transportation, and Telecommunications. - 5. Geodesy and Cartography in Antarctica. - 6. Geology and Solid-Earth Geophysics. - 7. "Land of Mountainous Ice". - 8. Cold Waters Run Deep. - 9. Antarctic Meteorology. - 10. Cold Climates and Frozen Atmospheres. - 11. The Upper Atmosphere from Antarctica. - 12. The Living Edge of Antarctica. - 13. Hostile Environment for Mankind. - 14. Environmental Impact of Man. - 15. Freedom of Exchange of Antarctic Scientific Information. - 16. A Continent for Collaboration. - Appendix 1: SCAR Publications. - Appendix 2: Antarctic Treaty. - Acknowledgements. - Index.