ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge of soil mechanics --Basic principles in soil mechanics --Problems concerning shaking of soft ground undergoing earthquake loading --Seismological knowledge --Wave propagation in elastic medium --Earthquake effects --Dynamic response analysis --Pseudostatic limit equilibrium analysis --Field investigation --Dynamic response of complex-modulus model --Laboratory tests on dynamic properties of soils --Stress-strain models --Application of seismic inertia force --Seismic forces exerted on structures --Seismic behavior of slopes and embankments --Landslides --Seismic faults --Features of liquefaction-induced damages --Mechanism of onset of liquefaction --Assessment of liquefaction potential --Behavior of soil undergoing cyclic undrained loading --In-situ tests on liquefaction potential of subsoils --Post-liquefaction behavior of sandy ground --Immediate detection of liquefaction damage and emergency action --Permanent displacement/deformation of liquefied subsoil --Prediction of permanent displacement due to liquefaction --Mitigation of liquefaction-induced damage --Seismic microzonation.

Description / Table of Contents: The fourth edition of Physics of the Earth maintains the original philosophy of this classic graduate textbook on fundamental solid earth geophysics, while being completely revised, updated, and restructured into a more modular format to make individual topics even more accessible. Building on the success of previous editions, which have served generations of students and researchers for nearly forty years, this new edition will be an invaluable resource for graduate students looking for the necessary physical and mathematical foundations to embark on their own research careers in geophysics. Several completely new chapters have been added and a series of appendices, presenting fundamental data and advanced mathematical concepts, and an extensive reference list, are provided as tools to aid readers wishing to pursue topics beyond the level of the book. Table of contens: Preface; 1. Origin and history of the Solar System; 2. Composition of the Earth; 3. Radioactivity, isotopes and dating; 4. Isotopic clues to the age and origin of the Solar System; 5. Evidence of the Earth's evolutionary history; 6. Rotation, figure of the Earth and gravity; 7. Precession, wobble and rotational irregularities; 8. Tides and the evolution of the lunar orbit; 9. The satellite geoid, isostasy and post-glacial rebound; 10. Elastic and inelastic properties; 11. Deformation of the crust: rock mechanics; 12. Tectonics; 13. Convective and tectonic stresses; 14. Kinematics of the earthquake process; 15. Earthquake dynamics; 16. Seismic wave propagation; 17. Seismological determination of Earth structure; 18. Finite strain and high pressure equations of state; 19. Thermal properties; 20. The surface heat flux; 21. The global energy budget; 22. Thermodynamics of convection; 23. Thermal history; 24. The geomagnetic field; 25. Rock magnetism and paleomagnetism; 26. Alternative energy sources and natural climate variations: some geophysical background; Appendix A. General reference data; Appendix B. Orbital dynamics (Kepler's laws); Appendix C. Spherical harmonic functions; Appendix D. Relationships between elastic moduli of an isotropic solid; Appendix E. Thermodynamic parameters and derivative properties; Appendix F. An Earth model: mechanical properties; Appendix G. A thermal model of the Earth; Appendix H. Radioactive isotopes; Appendix I. A geological time scale 2004; Appendix J. Problems; References; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrothermal Properties of Materials: Experimental Data on Aqueous Phase Equilibria and Solution Properties at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures is designed for any scientists and engineers who deal with hydrothermal investigations and technologies. The book is organized into eight chapters, each dealing with a key physical property of behavior of solutions, so that a reader can obtain information on: hydrothermal experimental methods; available experimental data and the main features of properties behavior in a wide range of temperatures and pressures; and possible ways of experimental data processing for obtaining the derivative properties.

Description / Table of Contents: Die Wissenschaft sieht sich zunehmend mit der Anforderung konfrontiert, politik- und handlungsrelevantes Wissen bereitzustellen. Gleichzeitig wird ein Rückgang an Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft beklagt und die Forderung nach risikosensibler sowie problem- und nutzenorientierter Forschung erhoben. Aus diesem Spannungsfeld heraus ergeben sich vielfältige Fragen nach den Grundlagen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Wissenschaft sowie nach der Bedeutung wissenschaftlicher Expertise für politische Entscheidungen.Die Beiträge des Bandes widmen sich diesem Fragenkomplex aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und ermöglichen so neue Einblicke in die Bedeutung des wissenschaftlichen Wissens und der Expertise für Gesellschaft und Politik.

Description / Table of Contents: New edition of best-selling book in this field, thoroughly revised to provide most current knowledge on broadest possible range of topics. * Dr. Kirchman is an internationally recognized top authority in ocean ecology and ecosystem microbiology."I would strongly recommend it for library purchase and the reading list of advanced students in this field." -Microbiology Today, May 2009 Nearly a decade since its landmark publication, this book has been thoroughly revised in this valuable new edition Like the successful first edition, Microbial Ecology of the Oceans, Second Edition is unique and fills a void in the rapidly growing fields of marine microbiology, microbial ecology, and microbial oceanography. Here, a carefully selected team of international experts explores issues of enduring importance to microbial ecologists, including:* Genomes and metagenomes of marine microbes* Microbial evolution, as revealed by molecular techniques* Microbes in carbon budgets and cycles* Viruses and grazers of bacteria* Microbes and N cycle reactions in sediments* The role of microbes in food web dynamics* Biogeochemical cycles in the ocean In addition to drawing on the long history of microbiology, the contributors also include discussions of the latest advances in biological and chemical oceanography to examine the role of microbes and viruses in the oceans.Richly illustrated with black-and-white photographs and drawings, and complemented with a comprehensive list of additional reading for each chapter, this important new edition provides readers with current information in the fields of marine microbiology and microbial ecology. It is designed for students and researchers in biological and chemical oceanography, geochemistry, marine chemistry, freshwater ecology, and general microbiology. It is also appropriate for professionals and advanced students in related fields.

Description / Table of Contents: Sind die Unwetter und Katastrophen der letzten Jahre Ausdruck einer Klimaveränderung oder gab es sie schon immer? Diese 1000 Jahre umfassende Klimadarstellung, die auf den unterschiedlichsten Quellen basiert, ist einmalig für Mitteleuropa. Sie belegt die nachhaltigen Veränderungen des Klimas in den vergangenen Jahrhunderten, die Auswirkungen auf die Gesellschaft und macht deutlich, bis zu welchem Grad der Mensch in jüngerer Zeit Einfluss genommen hat.

Description / Table of Contents: Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Preliminaries 1. 1.1 Random Experiments. 1.2 Conditional Probability and Independence. 1.3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 1.4 Some Important Distributions. 1.5 Expectation. 1.6 Joint Distributions. 1.7 Functions of Random Variables. 1.8 Transforms. 1.9 Jointly Normal Random Variables. 1.10 Limit Theorems. 1.11 Poisson Processes. 1.12 Markov Processes. 1.12.1 Markov Chains. 1.12.2 Markov Jump Processes. 1.13 Efficiency of Estimators. 1.14 Information. 1.15 Convex Optimization and Duality. 1.15.1 Lagrangian Method. 1.15.2 Duality. Problems. References. 2. Random Number, Random Variable and Stochastic Process Generation. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Random Number Generation. 2.3 Random Variable Generation. 2.3.1 Inverse-Transform Method. 2.3.2 Alias Method. 2.3.3 Composition Method. 2.3.4 Acceptance-Rejection Method. 2.4 Generating From Commonly Used Distributions. 2.4.1 Generating Continuous Random Variables. 2.4.2 Generating Discrete Random Variables. 2.5 Random Vector Generation. 2.5.1 Vector Acceptance-Rejection Method. 2.5.2 Generating Variables From a Multinormal Distribution. 2.5.3 Generating Uniform Random Vectors Over a Simplex. 2.5.4 Generating Random Vectors, Uniformly Distributed Over a Unit Hyper-Ball and Hyper-Sphere. 2.5.5 Generating Random Vectors, Uniformly Distributed Over a Hyper-Ellipsoid. 2.6 Generating Poisson Processes. 2.7 Generating Markov Chains and Markov Jump Processes. 2.8 Generating Random Permutations. Problems. References. 3. Simulation of Discrete Event Systems. 3.1 Simulation Models. 3.2 Simulation Clock and Event List for DEDS. 3.3 Discrete Event Simulation. 3.3.1 Tandem Queue. 3.3.2 Repairman Problem. Problems. References. 4. Statistical Analysis of Discrete Event Systems. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Static Simulation Models. 4.3 Dynamic Simulation Models. 4.3.1 Finite-Horizon Simulation. 4.3.2 Steady-State Simulation. 4.4 The Bootstrap Method. Problems. References. 5. Controlling the Variance. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Common and Antithetic Random Variables. 5.3 Control Variables. 5.4 Conditional Monte Carlo. 5.4.1 Variance Reduction for Reliability Models. 5.5 Stratified Sampling. 5.6 Importance Sampling. 5.6.1 The Variance Minimization Method. 5.6.2 The Cross-Entropy Method. 5.7 Sequential Importance Sampling. 5.7.1 Non-linear Filtering for Hidden Markov Models. 5.8 The Transform Likelihood Ratio Method. 5.9 Preventing the Degeneracy of Importance Sampling. 5.9.1 The Two-Stage Screening Algorithm. 5.9.2 Case Study. Problems. References. 6. Markov Chain Monte Carlo. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm. 6.3 The Hit-and-Run Sampler. 6.4 The Gibbs Sampler. 6.5 Ising and Potts Models. 6.6 Bayesian Statistics. 6.7 Other Markov Samplers. 6.8 Simulated Annealing. 6.9 Perfect Sampling. Problems. References. 7. Sensitivity Analysis and Monte Carlo Optimization. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Score Function Method for Sensitivity Analysis of DESS. 7.3 Simulation-Based Optimization of DESS. 7.3.1 Stochastic Approximation. 7.3.2 The Stochastic Counterpart Method. 7.4 Sensitivity Analysis of DEDS. Problems. References. 8. The Cross-Entropy Method. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Estimation of Rare Event Probabilities. 8.2.1 The Root-Finding Problem. 8.2.2 The Screening Method for Rare Events. 8.3 The CE-Method for Optimization. 8.4 The Max-cut Problem. 8.5 The Partition Problem. 8.6 The Travelling Salesman Problem. 8.6.1 Incomplete Graphs. 8.6.2 Node Placement. 8.6.3 Case Studies. 8.7 Continuous Optimization. 8.8 Noisy Optimization. Problems. References. 9. Counting via Monte Carlo. 9.1 Counting Problems. 9.2 Satisfiability Problem. 9.2.1 Random K-SAT (K-RSAT). 9.3 The Rare-Event Framework for Counting. 9.3.1 Rare-Events for the Satisfiability Problem. 9.4 Other Randomized Algorithms for Counting. 9.4.1 Complexity of Randomized Algorithms: FPRAS and FPAUS. 9.5 MinxEnt and Parametric MinxEnt. 9.5.1 The MinxEnt Method. 9.5.2 Rare-Event Probability Estimation Using PME. 9.6 PME for COPs and Decision Making. 9.7 Numerical Results. Problems. References. Appendix A. A.1 Cholesky Square Root Method. A.2 Exact Sampling from a Conditional Bernoulli Distribution. A.3 Exponential Families. A.4 Sensitivity Analysis. A.4.1 Convexity Results. A.4.2 Monotonicity Results. A.5 A simple implementation of the CE algorithm for optimizing the 'peaks' function. A.6 Discrete-time Kalman Filter. A.7 Bernoulli Disruption Problem. A.8 Complexity of Stochastic Programming Problems. Problems. References. Acronyms. List of Symbols. Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Soils long have been taken for granted being so commonplace and lacking often striking features. However, soil is one of the most complex media on Earth, vital for the biogeosphere and human civilization. With increased usage of soil for world food production, building materials, waste repositories, etc awareness has grown for the need of better global understanding of soil and its processes. The Encyclopedia of Soil Science provides a comprehensive, alphabetical treatment of basic soil science in a single volume. It constitutes a wide ranging and authorative collection of about 160 academic articles covering the salient aspects of soil physics, chemistry, biology, fertility, technology, genesis, morphology, classification and geomorphology.The longer articles by leading authorities from around the world are being supplemented by ca 430 definitions of common terms in soil sciences. It should be emphasized though that the volume is not a dictionary but represents a compendium of knowledge.

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen may be the most abundant element in the universe, but in science and in nature oxygen has an importance that is disproportionate to its abundance. Human beings tend to take it for granted because it is all around us and we breathe it, but consider the fact that oxygen is so reactive that in a planetary setting it is largely unstable in its elemental state. Were it not for the constant activity of photosynthetic plants and a minor amount of photo dissociation in the upper atmosphere, we would not have an oxygen-bearing atmosphere and we would not be here. Equally, the most important compound of oxygen is water, without which life (in the sense that we know it) could not exist. The role of water in virtually all geologic processes is profound, from formation of ore deposits to igneous petrogenesis to metamorphism to erosion and sedimentation. In planetary science, oxygen has a dual importance. First and foremost is its critical role in so many fundamental Solar System processes. The very nature of the terrestrial planets in our own Solar System would be much different had the oxygen to carbon ratio in the early solar nebula been somewhat lower than it was, because elements such as calcium and iron and titanium would have been locked up during condensation as carbides, sulfides and nitrides and even (in the case of silicon) partly as metals rather than silicates and oxides. Equally, the role of water ice in the evolution of our Solar System is important in the early accretion and growth of the giant planets and especially Jupiter, which exerted a major control over how most of the other planets formed. On a smaller scale, oxygen plays a critical role in the diverse kinds of physical evolution of large rocky planets, because the internal oxidation state strongly influences the formation and evolution of the core, mantle and crust of differentiated planets such as the Earth. Consider that basaltic volcanism may be a nearly universal phenomenon among the evolved terrestrial planets, yet there are basalts and basalts. The basalts of Earth (mostly), Earth's Moon, Vesta (as represented by the HED meteorites) and Mars are all broadly tholeiitic and yet very different from one another, and one of the primary differences is in their relative oxidation states (for that matter, consider the differences between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series on Earth). But there is another way that oxygen has proven to be hugely important in planetary science, and that is as a critical scientific clue to processes and conditions and even sources of materials. Understanding the formation and evolution of our Solar System involves reconstructing processes and events that occurred more than 4.5 Ga ago, and for which the only contemporary examples are occurring hundreds of light years away. It is a detective story in which most of the clues come from the laboratory analysis of the products of those ancient processes and events, especially those that have been preserved nearly unchanged since their formation at the Solar System's birth: meteorites; comets; and interplanetary dust particles. For example, the oxidation state of diverse early Solar System materials ranges from highly oxidized (ferric iron) to so reducing that some silicon exists in the metallic state and refractory lithophile elements such as calcium exist occur in sulfides rather than in silicates or carbonates. These variations reflect highly different environments that existed in different places and at different times. Even more crucial has been the use of oxygen 3-isotope variations, which began almost accidentally in 1973 with an attempt to do oxygen isotope thermometry on high-temperature solar nebula grains (Ca-, Al-rich inclusions) but ended with the remarkable discovery of non-mass-dependent oxygen isotope variations in high-temperature materials from the earliest Solar System. The presolar nebula was found to be very heterogeneous in its isotopic composition, and virtually every different planet and asteroid for which we have samples has a unique oxygen-isotopic fingerprint. The idea for this book originated with Jim Papike, who suggested the idea of a study initiative (and, ultimately, a published volume) focused on the element that is so critically important in so many ways to planetary science. He recognized that oxygen is such a constant theme through all aspects of planetary science that the proposed initiative would serve to bring together scientists from a wide range of disciplines for the kind of cross-cutting dialogue that occurs all too rarely these days. In this sense the Oxygen Initiative is modeled on the Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, which culminated in what remains to this day a hugely important reference volume (Basaltic Volcanism Study Project 1981). After obtaining community input and feedback, primarily through the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials (CAPTEM) and the Management Operations Working Group for NASA's Cosmochemistry Program, a team of scientists was assembled who would serve as chapter writing leads, and the initiative was formally proposed to and accepted by the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI; Dr. Stephen Mackwell, Director) for sponsorship. A formal proposal was then submitted to and approved by the Mineralogical Society of America to publish the resulting volume in the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG) series. Three open workshops were held as preludes to the book: Oxygen in the Terrestrial Planets, held in Santa Fe, NM July 20-23, 2004; Oxygen in Asteroids and Meteorites, held in Flagstaff, AZ June 2-3, 2005; and Oxygen in Earliest Solar System Materials and Processes (and including the outer planets and comets), held in Gatlinburg, TN September 19-22, 2005. The workshops were each organized around a small number of sessions (typically 4-6), each focusing on a particular topic and consisting of invited talks, shorter contributed talks, and ample time for discussion after each talk. In all of the meetings, the extended discussion periods were lively and animated, often bubbling over into the breaks and later social events. As a consequence of the cross-cutting approach, the final book spans a wide range of fields relating to oxygen, from the stellar nucleosynthesis of oxygen, to its occurrence in the interstellar medium, to the oxidation and isotopic record preserved in 4.56 Ga grains formed at the Solar System's birth, to its abundance and speciation in planets large and small, to its role in the petrologic and physical evolution of the terrestrial planets.

Description / Table of Contents: This is the first reference and handbook since the satellite era began, which describes and derives systematically the orbit theory with analytical solutions of the equations of satellite motion, with respect to all of the extraterrestrial and geopotential disturbances of the second order.The equations of satellite motion perturbed by extraterrestrial disturbances are solved by means of discretization and approximated potential functions as well as Gaussian equations. The equations perturbed by geopotential disturbances are solved by using symbolic mathematical operations. The traditional problem of singularity in the solutions is solved by so-called singularity-free theory. Simplified disturbed equations of motion are proposed to simplify the solutions. Applications of the theory for analytic orbit determination are discussed. The contents cover the complete orbit theory and the analytic solutions of the disturbed satellite orbits as well as their applications. Based on such theory, the algorithms of orbit determination can be greatly renewed; deeper insight into the physics of disturbances becomes possible; the way to a variety of new applications and refinements is opened.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. The seismic reflection method and its constraints. 3. Seismic stratigraphic techniques. 4. Dynamics of basin-wide sedimentation patterns and sea level changes. 5. Hydrocarbon habitat. 6. Seismic reservoir characterisation. 7. Volumetrics and prospect evaluation. 8. Concluding remarks.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Methods of Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis 3. Accommodati and Shoreline Shifts 4. Stratigraphic Surfaces 5. Systems Tracts 6. Sequence Models 7. Time Attributes of Stratigraphic Surfaces 8. Hierarchy of Sequences and Sequence Boundaries 9. Discussion and Conclusions REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

Description / Table of Contents: Contens: 1. Introduction.- 2. Tsunami Dynamics. - 3. Signatures of Tsunami in the Coastal Landscape.- 4. Coastal Landscape Evolution.- 5. Earthquake-Generated Tsunami.- 6. Great Landslides.- 7. Volcanic Eruptions.- 8. Comets and Meteorites.- 9. Risk and Avoidance.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. First Impression.- 2. Present Ocean Circulation.- 3. Mathematical Description.- 4. Vorticity.- 5. Wind-Driven Circulation.- 6. Western Intensification.- 7. Free Waves.- 8. Stratificaton.- 9. Adjustment.- 10. Stability of Zonal Flows.- 11. Equatorial Ocean Circulation, 12. Dynamics of ENSO.- 13. Thermocline Problem.- 14. Antarctic Circumpolar Current.- 15. Arctic Ocean Circulation.- 16. Thermohaline Circulation.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Molodensky Scalar Boundary Value Problem in Spherical Coordinates.- The Slepian Problem on the Sphere.- White Noise Stochastic BVP's and Cimmino's Theory.- Simulation of the Goce Gravity Field Mission.- Quality Improvement of Global Gravity Field Models by Combining Satellite Gradiometry and Airborne Gravimetry.- The Determination of Geopotential Differences from Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking.- The Topographic Effects of Helmert's Method of Condensation.- Distance Measurement with Electromagnetic Wave Dispersion.- A Global Topographic-Isostatic Model Based on a Loading Theory.- Stochastic Modelling of Non-Stationary Smooth Phenomena.- Deformation Detection According to a Bayesian Approach.- Block Elimination and Weight Matrices.- Construction of An-Isotropic Covariance-Functions Using Sums of Riesz-Representers.- New Covariance Models for Local Applications of Collocation.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:1. General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals, and Clay Science 2. Structure and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals 3. Surface and Interface Chemistry of Clay Minerals 4. Synthetic Clay Minerals and Purification of Natural Clays 5. Colloid Clay Science 6. Mechanical Properties of Clays and Clay Minerals 7. Modified Clays and Clay Minerals 8. Properties and Behavior of Iron in Clay Minerals 9. Clays, Microorganisms and Biomineralisation 10. Clays in Industry 11. Clays, Environment and Health 12. Critical Assessment of Some Analytical Techniques 13. Some Other Materials Related to Clays 14. Genesis of Clay Minerals 15. History of Clay Science: A Young Discipline 16. Teaching Clay Science: A Great Perspective

Description / Table of Contents: Einführung in die Grundlagen der Mineralogie, Petrologie und Geochemie. Am Anfang steht eine reich bebilderte Beschreibung der wichtigsten Minerale und Gesteine. Dann stellt der Autor Konzepte und Analysemethoden der Mineralogie vor und erklärt die Bildung und Veränderungen von metamorphen, magmatischen und sedimentären Gesteinen.Das in dieser Auflage neue Kapitel zur Geochemie beleuchtet die Chemie des Kosmos, die Entstehung der Elemente, Meteorite sowie die Zusammensetzung der wichtigsten globalen Reservoire (Erdkern, -mantel, -kruste, Ozeane, Atmosphäre). Eine wichtige Anwendung der Geochemie ist die Messung von Gehalten an Spurenelementen oder stabilen und radiogenen Isotopen in Gesteinen zur Rekonstruktion geologischer Prozesse.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: General considerations for geophysical methods applied to agriculture / Barry J. Allred, M. Reza Ehsani, and Jeffrey J. Daniels -- Past, present, and future trends of soil electrical conductivity measurement using geophysical methods / Dennis L. Corwin -- History of ground-penetrating radar applications in agriculture / M.E. Collins -- Theoretical insight on the measurement of soil electrical conductivity / Dennis L. Corwin, Scott M. Lesch, and Hamid J. Farahani -- Resistivity methods / Barry J. Allred, Douglas Groom, M. Reza Ehsani, and Jeffrey J. Daniels -- Electromagnetic induction methods / Jeffrey J. Daniels, Mark Vendl, M. Reza Ehsani, and Barry J. Allred -- Ground-penetrating radar methods (GPR) / Jeffrey J. Daniels, M. Reza Ehsani, and Barry J. Allred -- Magnetometry, self-potential, and seismic : additional geophysical methods having potentially significant future use in agriculture / Barry J. Allred, Michael Rogers, M. Reza Ehsani, and Jeffrey J. Daniels -- Integration of global positioning systems (GPS) into agricultural geophysics / Dorota A. Grejner-Brzezinska -- Integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with agricultural geophysics / Carolyn J. Merry

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Applications in Climatology and Atmospheric Sciences. - Applications in Oceanography and Seismology. - Applications in Solar-Terrestrial Physics.

Description / Table of Contents: Abstract: Helps you learn about the climate-environment system, its sensitivity, thresholds and feedback. This book presents the science on reconstructions from the Earth System, on methodological advances and on the ability of numerical models to simulate low and high frequency changes of climate, environment, and chemical cycling related to interglacials. Contents: Chapter 1. Forcing mechanisms (ed. M. Claussen) Chapter 2. Methods of palaeoclimate reconstruction and dating (ed. Frank Sirocko) Chapter 3 Climate and vegetation in Europe during MIS5 (M.F. S nchez Goni) Chapter 4. Climate and vegetation history of MIS 5-15 in Europe (Ed. Thomas Litt). Chapter 5. Modelling past interglacial climates (ed. Martin Claussen) Chapter 6. Analysis (F. Sirocko, M,.Claussen, et al.)

Description / Table of Contents: Deals with our understanding of natural climate change, its variability on decadal to centennial time-scales, the extent to which climate models of different kinds simulate past variability, and the role of past climate variability in explaining changes to natural ecosystems and to human society over the later part of the Holocene. Contents: 1. Holocene climate variability and global warming Richard W. Battarbee . 2. Holocene climate research - progress, paradigms, and problems. H. John B. Birks . 3. The role of people in the Holocene. Frank Oldfield. 4. Modelling the climate of the Holocene. Michel Crucifix . 5. The early to mid-Holocene thermal optimum in the North Atlantic. Eystein Jansen, Carin Andersson, Matthias Moros, Kerim H. Nisancioglu, Birgitte F. Nyland, and Richard J. Telford. 6. Holocene climate change and the evidence for solar and other forcings. Juerg Beer and Bas van Geel . 7. Climate of the past millennium: combining proxy data and model simulations. Hugues Goosse, Michael E. Mann, and Hans Renssen. 8. Latitudinal linkages in late-Holocene moisture-balance variation. Dirk Verschuren and Dan J. Charman . 9. Holocene rapid land-cover changes - evidence and theory. Martin Claussen. 10. Holocene perspectives on future climate change. Ray Bradley .

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Isotopes and radioactivity; 2. The principles o radioactive dating; 3. Radiometric dating methods; 4. Dating by cosmogenic isotopes; 5. Uncertainties and results of radiometric dating; 6. Radiogenic isotope geochemistry; 7. Stable isotope geochemistry; 8. Isotope geology and dynamic reservoir analysis

Description / Table of Contents: Inhalt: Einleitung, Einführung in das Konfigurationsmanagement, Konfigurationsmanagement-Werkzeuge, Verwaltung der Konfigurationselemente mit Subversion, Projektautomatisierung mit Ant , Projektautomatisierung mit Maven

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. An overview of Well Logging.- 2. Introduction to Well Log Interpretation.- 3. Basic Resistivity and Spontaneous Potential.- 4. Empiricism: The Cornerstone of Interpretation.- 5. Resistivity: Electrode Devices and How They Evolved.- 6. Other Electrode and Toroid Devices.- 7. Resistivity: Induction Devices.- 8. Multi-array and Triaxial Induction Devices.- 9. Propagation Measurements.- 10. Basic Nuclear Physics for Logging Applications.- 11. Gamma Ray Devices.- 12. Gamma Ray Scattering and Absorption Measurements.- 13. Basic Neutron Physics for Logging Applications.- 14. Neutron Porosity Devices.- 15. Pulsed Neutron Devices and Spectroscopy.- 16. Nuclear Magnetic Logging.- 17. Introduction to Acoustic Logging.- 18. Acoustic Waves in Porous Rocks and Boreholes.- 19. Acoustic Logging Methods.- 20. High Angle and Horizontal Wells.- 21. Clay Quantification.- 22. Lithology and Porosity Estimation.- 23. Saturation and Permeability Estimation.

Description / Table of Contents: Sedimentary basins host, among others, most of our energy and fresh-water resources: they can be regarded as large geo-reactors in which many physical and chemical processes interact. Their complexity can only be well understood in well-organized interdisciplinary co-operations.This book documents how researchers from different geo-scientific disciplines have jointly analysed the structural, thermal, and sedimentary evolution as well as fluid dynamics of a complex sedimentary basin system which has experienced a variety of activation and reactivation impulses as well as intense salt tectonics. In this book we have summarized our geological, geophysical and geochemical understanding of some of the most important processes affecting sedimentary basins in general and our view on the evolution of one of the largest, best explored and most complex continental sedimentary basins on Earth: The Central European Basin System. - Characteristics of complex intracontinental sedimentary basins.- The Central European Basin System.- Strain and temperature in space and time.- Basin fill.- Salt dynamics.- Fluid systems.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 Introduction to Quaternary Dating. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 The development of Quaternary dating. 1.3 Precision and accuracy in dating. 1.4 Atomic structure, radioactivity and radiometric dating. 1.5 The Quaternary: stratigraphic framework and terminology. 1.6 The scope and content of the book. Notes. 2 Radiometric Dating 1: Radiocarbon Dating. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Basic principles. 2.3 Radiocarbon measurement. 2.4 Sources of error in radiocarbon dating. 2.5 Some problematic dating materials. 2.6 Calibration of the radiocarbon timescale. 2.7 Applications of radiocarbon dating. Notes. 3 Radiometric Dating 2: Dating using Long-lived and Short-lived Isotopes. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Potassium argon and Argon argon dating. 3.3 Uranium series dating. 3.4 Cosmogenic nuclide dating. 3.5 Dating using short-lived isotopes. Notes. 4 Radiometric Dating 3: Radiation Exposure Dating. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Luminescence dating. 4.3 Electron spin resonance dating. 4.4 Fission track dating.

Description / Table of Contents: Contens: Preface: H. S. Wheater, S. Sorooshian and K. D. Sharma; 1. Modelling hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas - an introduction H. Wheater; 2. Global precipitation estimation from satellite imagery using artificial neural networks S. Sorooshian, K.-L. Hsu, B. Imam and Y. Hong; 3. Modelling semi-arid and arid hydrology and water resources - the southern Africa experience D. A. Hughes; 4. Use of the IHACRES rainfall-runoff model in arid and semi-arid regions B. F. W. Croke and A. J. Jakeman; 5. KINEROS2 and the AGWA modelling framework D. J. Semmens, D. C. Goodrich, C. L. Unkrich, R. E. Smith, D. A. Woolhiser and S. N. Miller; 6. A distributed spatial sediment delivery model for arid regions K. D. Sharma; 7. The Modular Modeling System (MMS): a toolbox for water and environmental resources management G. H. Leavesley, S. L. Markstrom, R. J. Viger and L. E. Hay; 8. Calibration, uncertainty and regional analysis of conceptual rainfall-runoff models H. Wheater, T. Wagener and N. McIntyre; 9. Real-time flow forecasting P. C. Young; 10. Real-time flood forecasting - Indian experience R. D. Singh; 11. Groundwater modeling in hard-rock terrain in semi-arid areas: experience from India S. Ahmed, J.-C. Maréchal, E. Ledoux and G. de Marsily;

Description / Table of Contents: Minerals are intrinsically resistant to the processes that homogenize silicate liquids—their compositions thus yield an archive of volcanic and magmatic processes that are invisible at the whole rock scale. New experiments, and recent advances in micro-analytical techniques open a new realm of detail regarding the mineralogical record; this volume summarizes some of this progress. The alliance of the sub-fields reviewed in this volume bear upon fundamental issues of volcanology: At what depths are eruptions triggered, and over what time scales? Where and why do magmas coalesce before ascent? If magmas stagnate for thousands of years, what forces are responsible for initiating final ascent, or the degassing processes that accelerate upward motion? To the extent that we can answer these questions, we move towards formulating tests of mechanistic models of volcanic eruptions (e.g., Wilson, 1980; Slezin, 2003; Scandone et al., 2007), and hypotheses of the tectonic controls on magma transport (e.g., ten Brink and Brocher, 1987; Takada, 1994; Putirka and Busby, 2007). Our goal, in part, is to review how minerals can be used to understand volcanic systems and the processes that shape them; we also hope that this work will spur new and integrated studies of volcanic systems. Our review begins by tracing the origins of mineral grains, and methods to estimate pressures (P) and temperatures (T) of crystallization. Hammer shows how "dynamic" experiments (conducted with varying P or T) yield important insights into crystal growth. Chapters by Putirka, Anderson, and Blundy and Cashman review various igneous geothermometers and geobarometers and introduce new calibrations. Among these chapters are many familiar models involving olivine, amphibole, feldspar, pyroxene, and spinel. Blundy and Cashman introduce new methods based on phase equilibria, and in another chapter, Hansteen and Klügel review P estimation based on densities of entrapped fluids and appropriate equations of state. Rutherford's chapter returns to the issue of disequilibrium, with a review of methods to estimate magma ascent rates, and a summary of results. Our volume then moves to a review of melt inclusions. Kent shows how pre-mixed magma compositions can be preserved as inclusions, providing a window into pre-eruptive conditions. Métrich and Wallace review the volatile contents in basaltic melt inclusions and "magma degassing paths". Such methods rely upon vapor saturation pressures, which are derived from experimentally calibrated models. Chapters by Moore and Blundy and Cashman test two of the most important models, by Newman and Lowenstern (2002) (VolatileCalc) and Papale et al. (2006). Moore provides a guide to the appropriate use of these models, and their respective errors. The next four chapters document insights obtained from isotopic studies and diffusion profiles. Ramos and Tepley review developments of micro-analytical isotope measurements, which now have the potential to elucidate even the most cryptic of open system behaviors. Cooper and Reid examine the time scales for such processes through U-series age dating techniques, and Bindeman reviews oxygen isotopes and their uses as tracers of both magmas and crystals. Costa then reviews yet another means to estimate the rates of magmatic processes, using mineral diffusion profiles, with important implications for magma processing. In the next two chapters, Streck reviews an array of imaging methods and mineral textures, and their potential for disentangling mixed magmas, and Armienti takes a new look at the analysis of crystal size distributions (CSD), with applications to Mt. Etna. Our volume concludes with a chapter by Bachmann and Bergantz summarizing compositional zonations and a review of the thermal and compositional forces that drive open system behavior. Finally, descriptions of many of the most common analytical approaches are also reviewed within these chapters. Analytical topics include: secondary ion mass spectrometry (Blundy and Cashman; Kent); electron microprobe (Blundy and Cashman; Kent; Métrich and Wallace; laser ablation ICP-MS (Kent; Ramos and Tepley); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Moore; Métrich and Wallace); microsampling and isotope mass spectrometry (Ramos and Tepley); U-series measurement techniques (Cooper and Reid); Nomarski differential interference contrasts (Streck); micro-Raman spectroscopy (Métrich and Wallace); back-scattered electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence (Blundy and Cashman). As noted, our hope is that integrated studies can bring us closer to understanding how volcanic systems evolve and why eruptions occur. Our primary goal is to review how minerals can be used to understand volcanic systems; we also hope that this review might spur new and integrated studies of volcanic systems.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Biogeohistory and the development of classical biostratigraphy; 2. The biostratigraphy of fossil microplankton; 3. Biostratigraphy: its integration into modern geochronology; 4. Biostratigraphy and biohistorical theory I: evolution and correlation; 5. Systemic stratigraphy: beyond classical biostratigraphy; 6. Biostratigraphy and biohistorical theory II: carving nature at the joints; 7. Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphic classification; 8. On biostratigraphy and biogeohistory