ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Die Wissenschaft sieht sich zunehmend mit der Anforderung konfrontiert, politik- und handlungsrelevantes Wissen bereitzustellen. Gleichzeitig wird ein Rückgang an Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft beklagt und die Forderung nach risikosensibler sowie problem- und nutzenorientierter Forschung erhoben. Aus diesem Spannungsfeld heraus ergeben sich vielfältige Fragen nach den Grundlagen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Wissenschaft sowie nach der Bedeutung wissenschaftlicher Expertise für politische Entscheidungen.Die Beiträge des Bandes widmen sich diesem Fragenkomplex aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und ermöglichen so neue Einblicke in die Bedeutung des wissenschaftlichen Wissens und der Expertise für Gesellschaft und Politik.

Description / Table of Contents: This textbook describes some of the most effective and straightforward quantitative techniques for modeling Earth surface processes. By emphasizing a core set of equations and solution techniques, the book presents state-of-the-art models currently employed in Earth surface process research, as well as a set of simple but practical research tools. Detailed case studies demonstrate application of the methods to a wide variety of processes including hillslope, fluvial, aeolian, glacial, tectonic, and climatic systems. Exercises at the end of each chapter begin with simple calculations and then progress to more sophisticated problems that require computer programming. All the necessary computer codes are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521855976. Assuming some knowledge of calculus and basic programming experience, this quantitative textbook is designed for advanced geomorphology courses and as a reference book for professional researchers in Earth and planetary science looking for a quantitative approach to Earth surface processes.

Description / Table of Contents: Here is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary description of C and N fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere; issues related to C and N management in different ecosystems; and the approaches to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases."Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment" is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary description of C and N fluxes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere; issues related to C and N management in different ecosystems and their implications for the environment and global climate change; and, the approaches to mitigate emission of greenhouse gases. Drawing upon the most up-to-date books, journals, bulletins, reports, symposia proceedings and internet sources documenting interrelationships between different aspects of C and N cycling in the terrestrial environment, "Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment" fills the gap left by most of the currently available books on C and N cycling. They either deal with a single element of an ecosystem, or are related to one or a few selected aspects like soil organic matter (SOM) and agricultural or forest management, emission of greenhouse gases, global climate change or modeling of SOM dynamics.

Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic aperture radar provides broad-area imaging at high resolutions, which is used in applications such as environmental monitoring, earth-resource mapping, and military systems. This book presents the tools required for the digital processing of synthetic aperture radar images. They are of three types: (a) the elements of physics, (b) mathematical models and (c) image processing methods adapted to particular applications.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. The physical basis of synthetic aperture radar imagery (Jean-Marie Nicolas and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 2. The principles of synthetic aperture radar (Jean-Marie Nicolas and Frederic Adragna). Chapter 3. Existing satellite SAR systems (Jean-Marie Nicolas and Frederic Adragna). Chapter 4. Synthetic aperture radar images (Frederic Adragna, Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle and Jean-Marie Nicolas). Chapter 5. Speckle models (Armand Lopes, Rene Garello and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 6. Estimation of reflectivity and filtering of SAR images (Armand Lopes, Florence Tupin and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 7. Classification of SAR images (Danielle Ducrot, Florence Tupin and Sylvie Le Hegarat-Mascle). Chapter 8. Detection of points, contours and lines (Florence Tupin and Armand Lopes). Chapter 9. Geometry and relief (Frederic Adragna). Chapter 10. Radar-grammetry (Henri Maitre). Chapter 11. Radar-clinometry (Henri Maitre). Chapter 12. Interferometry (Frederic Adragna and Jean-Marie Nicolas). Chapter 13. Phase unwrapping (Emmanuel Trouve and Henri Maitre). Chapter 14. Radar oceanography (Jean-Marc Le Caillec and Rene Garello).

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction to Hydrologic Science: Definition and Scope of Hydrology / Development of Scientific Hydrology. - 2. Basic Hydrologic Concepts: Physical Quantities and Laws / Hydrologic Systems / The Conservation Equations / The Watershed (Drainage Basin) / The Regional Water Balance / Spatial Variability / Temporal Variability / Storage, Storage Effects, and Residence Time / Hydrologic Modeling. - 3. Climate, the Hydrologic Cycle, Soils, and Vegetation: A Global Overview: Basic Aspects of Global Climate / The Global Hydrologic Cycle / Climate, Soils, and Vegetation. - 4. Precipitation: Meteorology of Precipitation / Measurement at a Point / Areal Estimation / Precipitation and Rainfall Climatology / Precipitation Quality. - 5. Snow and Snowmelt: Material Characteristics of Snow / Measurement of Snow and Snowmelt / Hydrologic Importance and Distribution of Snow / Snowmelt Processes / Snowmelt Modeling / Water-Quality Aspects. - 6. Water in Soils: Infiltration and Redistribution: Material Properties of Soil / Soil-Water Storage / Soil-Water Flow / Water Conditions in Natural Soils / Infiltration: Measurement and Qualitative Description / Quantitative Modeling of Infiltration at a Point / Redistribution. - 7. Evapotranspiration: Physics of Evaporation and Turbulent Energy Exchange / Classification of Evapotranspiration Processes / Free-Water, Lake, and Wetland Evaporation / Bare-Soil Evaporation / Transpiration / Interception and Interception Loss / Potential Evapotranspiration / Actual Evapotranspiration. - 8. Ground Water in the Hydrologic Cycle: Basic Principles of Ground-Water Flow / Regional Ground-Water Flow / Ground-WaterSurface-Water Reltions / Ground Water in the Regional Water Balance / Evaluation of Ground-Water-Balance Components / Impacts of Ground-Water Development on Basin Hydrology. - 9. Stream Response to Water-Input Events: Basic Aspects of Stream Response / Mechanisms Producing Event Response / Open-Channel Flow and Streamflow Routing / The Stream Network / Rainfall-Runoff Modeling / Rainfall-Runoff Models. - 10. Hydrology and Water-Resource Management: Water-Resource Management / Hydrologic Analysis: Water Supply and Demand / Hydrologic Analysis: Water Quality / Hydrologic Analysis: Floods / Hydrologic Analysis: Low Streamflows and Droughts / Current and Projected Water Use

Description / Table of Contents: Soils long have been taken for granted being so commonplace and lacking often striking features. However, soil is one of the most complex media on Earth, vital for the biogeosphere and human civilization. With increased usage of soil for world food production, building materials, waste repositories, etc awareness has grown for the need of better global understanding of soil and its processes. The Encyclopedia of Soil Science provides a comprehensive, alphabetical treatment of basic soil science in a single volume. It constitutes a wide ranging and authorative collection of about 160 academic articles covering the salient aspects of soil physics, chemistry, biology, fertility, technology, genesis, morphology, classification and geomorphology.The longer articles by leading authorities from around the world are being supplemented by ca 430 definitions of common terms in soil sciences. It should be emphasized though that the volume is not a dictionary but represents a compendium of knowledge.

Description / Table of Contents: Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Preliminaries 1. 1.1 Random Experiments. 1.2 Conditional Probability and Independence. 1.3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 1.4 Some Important Distributions. 1.5 Expectation. 1.6 Joint Distributions. 1.7 Functions of Random Variables. 1.8 Transforms. 1.9 Jointly Normal Random Variables. 1.10 Limit Theorems. 1.11 Poisson Processes. 1.12 Markov Processes. 1.12.1 Markov Chains. 1.12.2 Markov Jump Processes. 1.13 Efficiency of Estimators. 1.14 Information. 1.15 Convex Optimization and Duality. 1.15.1 Lagrangian Method. 1.15.2 Duality. Problems. References. 2. Random Number, Random Variable and Stochastic Process Generation. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Random Number Generation. 2.3 Random Variable Generation. 2.3.1 Inverse-Transform Method. 2.3.2 Alias Method. 2.3.3 Composition Method. 2.3.4 Acceptance-Rejection Method. 2.4 Generating From Commonly Used Distributions. 2.4.1 Generating Continuous Random Variables. 2.4.2 Generating Discrete Random Variables. 2.5 Random Vector Generation. 2.5.1 Vector Acceptance-Rejection Method. 2.5.2 Generating Variables From a Multinormal Distribution. 2.5.3 Generating Uniform Random Vectors Over a Simplex. 2.5.4 Generating Random Vectors, Uniformly Distributed Over a Unit Hyper-Ball and Hyper-Sphere. 2.5.5 Generating Random Vectors, Uniformly Distributed Over a Hyper-Ellipsoid. 2.6 Generating Poisson Processes. 2.7 Generating Markov Chains and Markov Jump Processes. 2.8 Generating Random Permutations. Problems. References. 3. Simulation of Discrete Event Systems. 3.1 Simulation Models. 3.2 Simulation Clock and Event List for DEDS. 3.3 Discrete Event Simulation. 3.3.1 Tandem Queue. 3.3.2 Repairman Problem. Problems. References. 4. Statistical Analysis of Discrete Event Systems. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Static Simulation Models. 4.3 Dynamic Simulation Models. 4.3.1 Finite-Horizon Simulation. 4.3.2 Steady-State Simulation. 4.4 The Bootstrap Method. Problems. References. 5. Controlling the Variance. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Common and Antithetic Random Variables. 5.3 Control Variables. 5.4 Conditional Monte Carlo. 5.4.1 Variance Reduction for Reliability Models. 5.5 Stratified Sampling. 5.6 Importance Sampling. 5.6.1 The Variance Minimization Method. 5.6.2 The Cross-Entropy Method. 5.7 Sequential Importance Sampling. 5.7.1 Non-linear Filtering for Hidden Markov Models. 5.8 The Transform Likelihood Ratio Method. 5.9 Preventing the Degeneracy of Importance Sampling. 5.9.1 The Two-Stage Screening Algorithm. 5.9.2 Case Study. Problems. References. 6. Markov Chain Monte Carlo. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm. 6.3 The Hit-and-Run Sampler. 6.4 The Gibbs Sampler. 6.5 Ising and Potts Models. 6.6 Bayesian Statistics. 6.7 Other Markov Samplers. 6.8 Simulated Annealing. 6.9 Perfect Sampling. Problems. References. 7. Sensitivity Analysis and Monte Carlo Optimization. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 The Score Function Method for Sensitivity Analysis of DESS. 7.3 Simulation-Based Optimization of DESS. 7.3.1 Stochastic Approximation. 7.3.2 The Stochastic Counterpart Method. 7.4 Sensitivity Analysis of DEDS. Problems. References. 8. The Cross-Entropy Method. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Estimation of Rare Event Probabilities. 8.2.1 The Root-Finding Problem. 8.2.2 The Screening Method for Rare Events. 8.3 The CE-Method for Optimization. 8.4 The Max-cut Problem. 8.5 The Partition Problem. 8.6 The Travelling Salesman Problem. 8.6.1 Incomplete Graphs. 8.6.2 Node Placement. 8.6.3 Case Studies. 8.7 Continuous Optimization. 8.8 Noisy Optimization. Problems. References. 9. Counting via Monte Carlo. 9.1 Counting Problems. 9.2 Satisfiability Problem. 9.2.1 Random K-SAT (K-RSAT). 9.3 The Rare-Event Framework for Counting. 9.3.1 Rare-Events for the Satisfiability Problem. 9.4 Other Randomized Algorithms for Counting. 9.4.1 Complexity of Randomized Algorithms: FPRAS and FPAUS. 9.5 MinxEnt and Parametric MinxEnt. 9.5.1 The MinxEnt Method. 9.5.2 Rare-Event Probability Estimation Using PME. 9.6 PME for COPs and Decision Making. 9.7 Numerical Results. Problems. References. Appendix A. A.1 Cholesky Square Root Method. A.2 Exact Sampling from a Conditional Bernoulli Distribution. A.3 Exponential Families. A.4 Sensitivity Analysis. A.4.1 Convexity Results. A.4.2 Monotonicity Results. A.5 A simple implementation of the CE algorithm for optimizing the 'peaks' function. A.6 Discrete-time Kalman Filter. A.7 Bernoulli Disruption Problem. A.8 Complexity of Stochastic Programming Problems. Problems. References. Acronyms. List of Symbols. Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Remote sounding of the atmosphere has proved to be a fruitful method of obtaining global information about the atmospheres of the earth and planets. This book treats the inverse problem of remote sounding comprehensively, and discusses a wide range of retrieval methods for extracting atmospheric parameters of interest from the quantities such as thermal emission that can be measured remotely. Inverse theory is treated in depth from an estimation-theory point of view, but practical questions are also emphasized, for example designing observing systems to obtain the maximum quantity of information, efficient numerical implementation of algorithms for processing of large quantities of data, error analysis and approaches to the validation of the resulting retrievals, The book is targeted at both graduate students and working scientists.

Description / Table of Contents: The fourth edition of Physics of the Earth maintains the original philosophy of this classic graduate textbook on fundamental solid earth geophysics, while being completely revised, updated, and restructured into a more modular format to make individual topics even more accessible. Building on the success of previous editions, which have served generations of students and researchers for nearly forty years, this new edition will be an invaluable resource for graduate students looking for the necessary physical and mathematical foundations to embark on their own research careers in geophysics. Several completely new chapters have been added and a series of appendices, presenting fundamental data and advanced mathematical concepts, and an extensive reference list, are provided as tools to aid readers wishing to pursue topics beyond the level of the book. Table of contens: Preface; 1. Origin and history of the Solar System; 2. Composition of the Earth; 3. Radioactivity, isotopes and dating; 4. Isotopic clues to the age and origin of the Solar System; 5. Evidence of the Earth's evolutionary history; 6. Rotation, figure of the Earth and gravity; 7. Precession, wobble and rotational irregularities; 8. Tides and the evolution of the lunar orbit; 9. The satellite geoid, isostasy and post-glacial rebound; 10. Elastic and inelastic properties; 11. Deformation of the crust: rock mechanics; 12. Tectonics; 13. Convective and tectonic stresses; 14. Kinematics of the earthquake process; 15. Earthquake dynamics; 16. Seismic wave propagation; 17. Seismological determination of Earth structure; 18. Finite strain and high pressure equations of state; 19. Thermal properties; 20. The surface heat flux; 21. The global energy budget; 22. Thermodynamics of convection; 23. Thermal history; 24. The geomagnetic field; 25. Rock magnetism and paleomagnetism; 26. Alternative energy sources and natural climate variations: some geophysical background; Appendix A. General reference data; Appendix B. Orbital dynamics (Kepler's laws); Appendix C. Spherical harmonic functions; Appendix D. Relationships between elastic moduli of an isotropic solid; Appendix E. Thermodynamic parameters and derivative properties; Appendix F. An Earth model: mechanical properties; Appendix G. A thermal model of the Earth; Appendix H. Radioactive isotopes; Appendix I. A geological time scale 2004; Appendix J. Problems; References; Index.

Description / Table of Contents: New edition of best-selling book in this field, thoroughly revised to provide most current knowledge on broadest possible range of topics. * Dr. Kirchman is an internationally recognized top authority in ocean ecology and ecosystem microbiology."I would strongly recommend it for library purchase and the reading list of advanced students in this field." -Microbiology Today, May 2009 Nearly a decade since its landmark publication, this book has been thoroughly revised in this valuable new edition Like the successful first edition, Microbial Ecology of the Oceans, Second Edition is unique and fills a void in the rapidly growing fields of marine microbiology, microbial ecology, and microbial oceanography. Here, a carefully selected team of international experts explores issues of enduring importance to microbial ecologists, including:* Genomes and metagenomes of marine microbes* Microbial evolution, as revealed by molecular techniques* Microbes in carbon budgets and cycles* Viruses and grazers of bacteria* Microbes and N cycle reactions in sediments* The role of microbes in food web dynamics* Biogeochemical cycles in the ocean In addition to drawing on the long history of microbiology, the contributors also include discussions of the latest advances in biological and chemical oceanography to examine the role of microbes and viruses in the oceans.Richly illustrated with black-and-white photographs and drawings, and complemented with a comprehensive list of additional reading for each chapter, this important new edition provides readers with current information in the fields of marine microbiology and microbial ecology. It is designed for students and researchers in biological and chemical oceanography, geochemistry, marine chemistry, freshwater ecology, and general microbiology. It is also appropriate for professionals and advanced students in related fields.

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen may be the most abundant element in the universe, but in science and in nature oxygen has an importance that is disproportionate to its abundance. Human beings tend to take it for granted because it is all around us and we breathe it, but consider the fact that oxygen is so reactive that in a planetary setting it is largely unstable in its elemental state. Were it not for the constant activity of photosynthetic plants and a minor amount of photo dissociation in the upper atmosphere, we would not have an oxygen-bearing atmosphere and we would not be here. Equally, the most important compound of oxygen is water, without which life (in the sense that we know it) could not exist. The role of water in virtually all geologic processes is profound, from formation of ore deposits to igneous petrogenesis to metamorphism to erosion and sedimentation. In planetary science, oxygen has a dual importance. First and foremost is its critical role in so many fundamental Solar System processes. The very nature of the terrestrial planets in our own Solar System would be much different had the oxygen to carbon ratio in the early solar nebula been somewhat lower than it was, because elements such as calcium and iron and titanium would have been locked up during condensation as carbides, sulfides and nitrides and even (in the case of silicon) partly as metals rather than silicates and oxides. Equally, the role of water ice in the evolution of our Solar System is important in the early accretion and growth of the giant planets and especially Jupiter, which exerted a major control over how most of the other planets formed. On a smaller scale, oxygen plays a critical role in the diverse kinds of physical evolution of large rocky planets, because the internal oxidation state strongly influences the formation and evolution of the core, mantle and crust of differentiated planets such as the Earth. Consider that basaltic volcanism may be a nearly universal phenomenon among the evolved terrestrial planets, yet there are basalts and basalts. The basalts of Earth (mostly), Earth's Moon, Vesta (as represented by the HED meteorites) and Mars are all broadly tholeiitic and yet very different from one another, and one of the primary differences is in their relative oxidation states (for that matter, consider the differences between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series on Earth). But there is another way that oxygen has proven to be hugely important in planetary science, and that is as a critical scientific clue to processes and conditions and even sources of materials. Understanding the formation and evolution of our Solar System involves reconstructing processes and events that occurred more than 4.5 Ga ago, and for which the only contemporary examples are occurring hundreds of light years away. It is a detective story in which most of the clues come from the laboratory analysis of the products of those ancient processes and events, especially those that have been preserved nearly unchanged since their formation at the Solar System's birth: meteorites; comets; and interplanetary dust particles. For example, the oxidation state of diverse early Solar System materials ranges from highly oxidized (ferric iron) to so reducing that some silicon exists in the metallic state and refractory lithophile elements such as calcium exist occur in sulfides rather than in silicates or carbonates. These variations reflect highly different environments that existed in different places and at different times. Even more crucial has been the use of oxygen 3-isotope variations, which began almost accidentally in 1973 with an attempt to do oxygen isotope thermometry on high-temperature solar nebula grains (Ca-, Al-rich inclusions) but ended with the remarkable discovery of non-mass-dependent oxygen isotope variations in high-temperature materials from the earliest Solar System. The presolar nebula was found to be very heterogeneous in its isotopic composition, and virtually every different planet and asteroid for which we have samples has a unique oxygen-isotopic fingerprint. The idea for this book originated with Jim Papike, who suggested the idea of a study initiative (and, ultimately, a published volume) focused on the element that is so critically important in so many ways to planetary science. He recognized that oxygen is such a constant theme through all aspects of planetary science that the proposed initiative would serve to bring together scientists from a wide range of disciplines for the kind of cross-cutting dialogue that occurs all too rarely these days. In this sense the Oxygen Initiative is modeled on the Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, which culminated in what remains to this day a hugely important reference volume (Basaltic Volcanism Study Project 1981). After obtaining community input and feedback, primarily through the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials (CAPTEM) and the Management Operations Working Group for NASA's Cosmochemistry Program, a team of scientists was assembled who would serve as chapter writing leads, and the initiative was formally proposed to and accepted by the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI; Dr. Stephen Mackwell, Director) for sponsorship. A formal proposal was then submitted to and approved by the Mineralogical Society of America to publish the resulting volume in the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG) series. Three open workshops were held as preludes to the book: Oxygen in the Terrestrial Planets, held in Santa Fe, NM July 20-23, 2004; Oxygen in Asteroids and Meteorites, held in Flagstaff, AZ June 2-3, 2005; and Oxygen in Earliest Solar System Materials and Processes (and including the outer planets and comets), held in Gatlinburg, TN September 19-22, 2005. The workshops were each organized around a small number of sessions (typically 4-6), each focusing on a particular topic and consisting of invited talks, shorter contributed talks, and ample time for discussion after each talk. In all of the meetings, the extended discussion periods were lively and animated, often bubbling over into the breaks and later social events. As a consequence of the cross-cutting approach, the final book spans a wide range of fields relating to oxygen, from the stellar nucleosynthesis of oxygen, to its occurrence in the interstellar medium, to the oxidation and isotopic record preserved in 4.56 Ga grains formed at the Solar System's birth, to its abundance and speciation in planets large and small, to its role in the petrologic and physical evolution of the terrestrial planets.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Molodensky Scalar Boundary Value Problem in Spherical Coordinates.- The Slepian Problem on the Sphere.- White Noise Stochastic BVP's and Cimmino's Theory.- Simulation of the Goce Gravity Field Mission.- Quality Improvement of Global Gravity Field Models by Combining Satellite Gradiometry and Airborne Gravimetry.- The Determination of Geopotential Differences from Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking.- The Topographic Effects of Helmert's Method of Condensation.- Distance Measurement with Electromagnetic Wave Dispersion.- A Global Topographic-Isostatic Model Based on a Loading Theory.- Stochastic Modelling of Non-Stationary Smooth Phenomena.- Deformation Detection According to a Bayesian Approach.- Block Elimination and Weight Matrices.- Construction of An-Isotropic Covariance-Functions Using Sums of Riesz-Representers.- New Covariance Models for Local Applications of Collocation.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Biogeohistory and the development of classical biostratigraphy; 2. The biostratigraphy of fossil microplankton; 3. Biostratigraphy: its integration into modern geochronology; 4. Biostratigraphy and biohistorical theory I: evolution and correlation; 5. Systemic stratigraphy: beyond classical biostratigraphy; 6. Biostratigraphy and biohistorical theory II: carving nature at the joints; 7. Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphic classification; 8. On biostratigraphy and biogeohistory

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Isotopes and radioactivity; 2. The principles o radioactive dating; 3. Radiometric dating methods; 4. Dating by cosmogenic isotopes; 5. Uncertainties and results of radiometric dating; 6. Radiogenic isotope geochemistry; 7. Stable isotope geochemistry; 8. Isotope geology and dynamic reservoir analysis

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:1. General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals, and Clay Science 2. Structure and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals 3. Surface and Interface Chemistry of Clay Minerals 4. Synthetic Clay Minerals and Purification of Natural Clays 5. Colloid Clay Science 6. Mechanical Properties of Clays and Clay Minerals 7. Modified Clays and Clay Minerals 8. Properties and Behavior of Iron in Clay Minerals 9. Clays, Microorganisms and Biomineralisation 10. Clays in Industry 11. Clays, Environment and Health 12. Critical Assessment of Some Analytical Techniques 13. Some Other Materials Related to Clays 14. Genesis of Clay Minerals 15. History of Clay Science: A Young Discipline 16. Teaching Clay Science: A Great Perspective

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scenarios for CO2 Capture and Storage; 3. CO2 Capture Technologies; 4. CO2 Transport and Storage; 5. Financial, Legal, Regulatory and Public Acceptance Issues; 6. CCS Regional and Country Updates; 7. CCS Technology Roadmaps and Recommendations

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part A: context and principal assumptions; global energy trends; oil market outlook; natural gas market outlook; coal market outlook; power sector outlook; renewable energy outlook; energy use in cities; Part B: turning oil resources into reserves; field-by-field analysis of oil production; natural gas resources and production prospects; upstream investment prospects; the structure of the upstream industry; prospects in oil- and gas-exporting sub-saharan African countries; Part C: implications of the reference scenario for the global climate; the post-2012 climate policy framework; climate policy scenarios; implications for energy investment; Annexes

Description / Table of Contents: Contents :1. Introduction2. Seismicity and linear diffusion of pore pressure 3. Triggering front of seismicity 4. Seismicity and hydraulic anisotropy 5. Seismicity in hydraulically heterogeneous media 6. Back front of seismicity 7. Strength of pre-existing fractures 8. Spatial density of seismicity 9. Magnitudes of induced events 10. Seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Granular Computing. Computing with Uncertain, Imprecise, and Partially True Data, Systems Approaches to Spatial Data Quality. Querying Vague Spatial Objects in Databases with VASA. Assessing the Quality of Data with a Decision Model. Semantic Reference Systems Accounting for Uncertainty: A Requirements Analysis. Elements of Semantic Mapping Quality: A Theoretical Framework. A Multicriteria Fusion Approach for Geographical Data Matching. Geostatistics and Spatial Data Quality for DEMs. A Preliminary Study on Spatial Sampling for Topographic Data. Predictive Risk Mapping of Water Table Depths in a Brazilian Cerrado Area. Modeling Data Quality with Possibility Distributions. A Comparison of Geostatistics and Fuzzy Applications for Digital Elevation Models. Error Propagation. Propagation of Positional Measurement Errors to Field Operations. Error Propagation Analysis Techniques Applied to Precision Agriculture and Environmental Models. Aspects of Error Propagation in Modern Geodetic Networks. Analysis of the Quality of Collection 4 and 5 Vegetation Index Time Series from MODIS. Modeling DEM Data Uncertainties for Monte Carlo Simulations of Ice Sheet Models. Applications. Geostatistical Texture Classification of Tropical Rainforest in Indonesia. Quality Assessment for Polygon Generalization. Effectiveness of High-Resolution LIDAR DSM for Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Flood Modeling in an Urban Area. Uncertainty, Vagueness, and Indiscernibility: The Impact of Spatial Scale in Relation to the Landscape Elements. A Quality-Aware Approach for the Early Steps of the Integration of Environmental Systems. Analyzing and Aggregating Visitor Tracks in a Protected Area. Communication. What Communicates Quality to the Spatial Data Consumer? Judging and Visualizing the Quality of Spatio-Temporal Data on the Kakamega-Nandi Forest Area in West Kenya. A Study on the Impact of Scale-Dependent Factors on the Classification of Landcover Maps. Formal Languages for Expressing Spatial Data Constraints and Implications for Reporting of Quality Metadata.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. First Impression.- 2. Present Ocean Circulation.- 3. Mathematical Description.- 4. Vorticity.- 5. Wind-Driven Circulation.- 6. Western Intensification.- 7. Free Waves.- 8. Stratificaton.- 9. Adjustment.- 10. Stability of Zonal Flows.- 11. Equatorial Ocean Circulation, 12. Dynamics of ENSO.- 13. Thermocline Problem.- 14. Antarctic Circumpolar Current.- 15. Arctic Ocean Circulation.- 16. Thermohaline Circulation.

Description / Table of Contents: In recent years, there have been rapid strides in our understanding of plate-tectonic processes, many developments in methods of basin analysis, and the accumulation of much new surface and subsurface geological and geophysical data. Projects such as COCORP (in the United States) and Lithoprobe (in Canada) have provided essential insights into the deep crustal structure of the continent. Synthesis of all the available information about North America's geological regions has not been attempted systematically since the 'Decade of North American Geology' project undertaken by the Geological Society of America and the Geological Survey of Canada nearly twenty years ago. The book commences with a summary of the Phanerozoic geological history of the United States and Canada, illustrated with a suite of new paleogeographic maps, and tying in each of the subsequent regional chapters by the inclusion of numerous cross-references. This followed by a set of fifteen regional syntheses of the principal tectonic regions of the United States and Canada, focusing on the stratigraphic and tectonic history of the major sedimentary basins.Most of these chapters have been contributed by specialists, drawing on their own research, and providing interpretive summaries of a type not previously attempted. This book features: up to date synthesis of the sedimentary/tectonic history of the major areas of the United States and Canada; up to date references; and, many new coloured maps.

Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge of soil mechanics --Basic principles in soil mechanics --Problems concerning shaking of soft ground undergoing earthquake loading --Seismological knowledge --Wave propagation in elastic medium --Earthquake effects --Dynamic response analysis --Pseudostatic limit equilibrium analysis --Field investigation --Dynamic response of complex-modulus model --Laboratory tests on dynamic properties of soils --Stress-strain models --Application of seismic inertia force --Seismic forces exerted on structures --Seismic behavior of slopes and embankments --Landslides --Seismic faults --Features of liquefaction-induced damages --Mechanism of onset of liquefaction --Assessment of liquefaction potential --Behavior of soil undergoing cyclic undrained loading --In-situ tests on liquefaction potential of subsoils --Post-liquefaction behavior of sandy ground --Immediate detection of liquefaction damage and emergency action --Permanent displacement/deformation of liquefied subsoil --Prediction of permanent displacement due to liquefaction --Mitigation of liquefaction-induced damage --Seismic microzonation.

Description / Table of Contents: Presents a description of major aspects of natural gas hydrates. This book includes a historical perspective and overview of gas hydrates, discussion of the structural and physical properties of natural gas hydrates, and the comparison of these properties between different hydrate structures and ice. Contents: Overview and Historical Perspective. Molecular Structures and Similarities to Ice. Kinetics of Hydrate Formation. Fundamental Phase Equilibria for Natural Gas Hydrates. A Statistical Thermodynamic Approach to Hydrate Phase Equilibria. Experimental Methods and Measurements of Hydrate Properties. Hydrate in the Earth. Hydrates in Natural Gas Production, Transportation, and Processing.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides a comprehensive coverage of the principal extreme soil ecosystems of natural and anthropogenic origin. Extreme soils oppose chemical or physical limits to colonization by most soil organisms and present the microbiologist with exciting opportunities. Described here are fascinating environments, such as permafrost, saline, arid and geothermal soils, peatlands, subsurface geomaterial rich in sulfidic ore, Martian soils, hydrocarbon-contaminated hot desert and Antarctic soils, as well as fire-impacted, heavy-metal and radionuclide contaminated soils. Those environments lend themselves both to timely descriptions of colonizing organisms and their activities, and to thoughtful examination of community structure and microbial evolution. Extreme soils provide invaluable examples of microbial adaptations in coping with hostile habitats. Being home to a remarkable diversity, they are ideal models for scientific exploration and propose solutions to biotechnology and bioremediation challenges.

Description / Table of Contents: Die Tagung beschäftigt sich mit Zukunftsthemen der Geowissenschaften und der Bedeutung geowissenschaftlicher Forschung für Gesellschaft , Wirtschaft und Politik: Die Erde als Planet, die Erde als dynamisches System, als Ökosystem im Wandel, als Nutzungs- und Gestaltungsraum ; Georisiken, Georessourcen, neue Technologien.

Description / Table of Contents: Acoustic Emission (AE) techniques have been studied in civil engineering for more than two decades. The techniques are recently going to be applied to practical applications and to be standardized in the codes. This is because the increase of aging structures and disastrous damages due to recent earthquakes urgently demand for maintenance and retrofit of civil structures in service for example. It results in the need for the development of advanced and effective inspection techniques. Thus, AE techniques draw a great attention to diagnostic applications and in material testing. The book covers all levels from the description of AE basics for AE beginners (level of a student) to sophisticated AE algorithms and applications. Table of contents. - 1. Introduction (Grosse) 2. History and Fundamentals (Ohtsu) 3. Sensors and Instruments (Ohtsu and Grosse) 4. Parametric Analysis (Shiotani, Tobishima Corp., Japan) 5. Signal-Based Analysis (Grosse UCB, Linzer, CSIR, SA) 6. Source Localization (Kurz, Köppel, Linzer, Schechinger, Grosse) 7. Source Mechanisms (Ohtsu) 8. Moment Tensor Analysis (Shigeishi, Kumamoto University, Japan) 9. General Remarks on Applications (Ohtsu) 10. Concrete (Ohtsu) 11. Masonry (Shiotani) 12. Rock (Manthei, GMuG, Germany) 13. Wood (Eric Landis, U. Maine) 14. Superstructures (Shigeishi)15. Substructures (Shiotani) 16. Rock Stability (Manthei) 17. Limitations, Accuracy and Skill (Vogel, Schechinger, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) Synonyms, Notations and Abbreviations (Shiotani and all)

Description / Table of Contents: Welcher Anteil des Niederschlagswassers gelangt von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen in Bäche und Flüsse? Wie stark und mit welchen Stoffen ist dieses abfließende Wasser belastet? Wie sehen die langfristigen Folgen aus? Das Buch ist eine allgemeine und umfassende Darstellung von kleinräumigen hydrologischen Prozessen im punktuellen cm-Bereich bis hin zum kleinen Einzugsgebiet. Diese abgestimmte Kombination von Theorie, Feldmessung und numerischer Modellierung ist zukunftsweisend für die moderne Hydrologie.