ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Section 1 -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- Section 2. Plant Diversity -- Chapter 2. Status, issues and challenges of biodiversity:Lower plants (Non-vascular) -- Chapter 3. Status, issues and Challenges of Biodiversity:Higher Plants -- Chapter 4. Status, issues and challenges of biodiversity: Trees and Shrubs -- Chapter 5. Underutilized Plant Strength of India -- Section 3. Faunal Diversity -- Chapter 6. Status, Issues and Challenges of Biodiversity: Invertebrate -- Chapter 7. Diversity, Distribution and Endemicity of Herpetofauna in Different Biogeographic Zones and Biodiversity Hotpots of India -- Chapter 8. Status, Issues, and Challenges of Biodiversity: Wild Animals -- Chapter 9. Indian Avian Diversity:Status, Challenges and Solutions -- Chapter 10. Status, Issues and Challenges of Indian Livestock Biodiversity -- Section 4. Ecosystem Diversity -- Chapter 11. Agricultural Crop Diversity: Status, Challenges and Solutions -- Chapter 12. Biodiversity of Agriculturally Important Insects: Status, Issues and Challenges -- Chapter 13. Biodiversity Issues and Challenges:Non-Agriculture Insects -- Chapter 14. Status, issues and challenges of biodiversity: Forest Insects -- Chapter 15. Status, Issues and Challenges of Biodiversity: Marine Biota -- Chapter 16. Diatoms the living jewels their biodiversity, phycosphere and associated phenotypic plasticity: a lesson to learn from current pandemic of corona virus -- Chapter 17. Plant Diversity at Ecosystems level in India: Dynamics and Status -- Chapter 18. Faunal Diversity at Ecosystems level in India: Dynamics and Status -- Section 5. Challenges and reasons of Biodiversity loss -- Chapter 19. Challenges on Account of Invasive Alien Terrestrial Plants -- Chapter 20. Alien Invasive Aquatic Fauna:Challenges and Mitigation -- Chapter 21. Reasons of Biodiversity Loss in India -- Section 6. Efforts Conservation -- Chapter 22. Conservation of National Biodiversity: Efforts of the Indian Government -- Chapter 23. Legal Framework for Conservation of Biodiversity in India -- Chapter 24. Index.

Description / Table of Contents: 0. Introduction - Ecologist in Wonderland -- Part 1. Linking Ecotoxicology and Ecology -- Chapter 1. Basic Concepts of Ecological Risk Assessment -- Chapter 2. Population-level assessment -- Chapter 3. Population models of extinction -- Chapter 4. Population level assessment using the canonical model -- Part 2. Models for ecotoxicology -- Chapter 5. Species Sensitivity Distribution in Ecological Risk Assessment -- Chapter 6. BLM: A model for predicting metal toxicities -- Chapter 7.Mathematical models for chemical mixtures -- Chapter 8.Statistics and related topics.

Description / Table of Contents: PRELIMINARY (ToC of second edition) 1 Plant ecology at high elevations -- The concept of limitation -- A regional and historical account -- The challenge of alpine plant research -- 2 The alpine life zone -- Altitudinal boundaries -- Global alpine land area -- Alpine plant diversity -- Origin of alpine floras -- Alpine growth forms -- 3 Alpine climate -- Which alpine climate -- Common features of alpine climates -- Regional features of alpine climates -- 4 The climate plants experience -- Interactions of relief, wind and sun -- How alpine plants influence their climate -- The geographic variation of alpine climate -- 5 Life under snow: protection and limitation -- Temperatures under snow -- Solar radiation under snow -- Gas concentrations under snow -- Plant responses to snowpack -- 6 Alpine soils -- Physics of alpine soil formation -- The organic compound -- The interaction of organic and inorganic compounds -- 7 Alpine treelines -- About trees and lines -- Current altitudinal positions of climatic treelines -- Treeline-climate relationships -- Intrazonal variations and pantropical plateauing of alpine treelines -- Treelines in the past -- Attempts at a functional explanation of treelines -- A hypothesis for treeline formation -- Growth trends near treelines -- Evidence for sink limitation -- 8 Climatic stress -- Survival of low temperature extremes -- Avoidance and tolerance of low temperature extremes -- Heat stress in alpine plants -- Ultraviolet radiation — a stress factor -- 9 Water relations -- Ecosystem water balance -- Soil moisture at high altitudes -- Plant water relations — a brief review of principles -- Water relations of alpine plants -- Desiccation stress -- Water relations of special plant types -- 10 Mineral nutrition -- Soil nutrients -- The nutrient status of alpine plants -- Nutrient cycling and nutrient budgets -- Nitrogen fixation -- Mycorrhiza -- Responses of vegetation to variable nutrient supply -- 11 Uptake and loss of carbon -- Photosynthetic capacity of alpine plants -- Photosynthetic responses to the environment -- Daily carbon gain of leaves -- The seasonal carbon gain of leaves -- C4 and CAM photosynthesis at high altitudes -- Tissue respiration of alpine plants -- Ecosystem carbon balance -- 12 Carbon investments -- Non-structural carbohydrates -- Lipids and energy content -- Carbon costs of leaves and roots -- Whole plant carbon allocation -- 13 Growth dynamics and phenology -- Seasonal growth -- Diurnal leaf extension -- Rates of plant dry matter accumulation -- Functional duration of leaves and roots -- 14 Cell division and tissue formation -- Cell size and plant size -- Mitosis and the cell cycle -- From meristem activity to growth control -- 15 Plant biomass production -- The structure of alpine plant canopies -- Primary productivity of alpine vegetation -- Plant dry matter pools -- Biomass losses through herbivores -- 16 Plant reproduction -- Flowering and pollination -- Seed development and seed size -- Germination -- Alpine seed banks and natural recruitment -- Clonal propagation -- Alpine plant age -- Community processes -- 17 Global change at high elevation -- Alpine land use -- The impact of altered atmospheric chemistry -- Climatic change and alpine ecosystems -- References (with chapter annotation) -- Taxonomic index (genera) -- Geographical index -- Color plates -- Plant life forms -- The alpine life zone -- Environmental stress -- The human dimension.

Description / Table of Contents: Part 1: Historical and biogeographical aspects -- The Atlantic Forest: an introduction to the megadiverse forest of Southern America -- The Atlantic Forest Ecological History: from pre-history to the Anthropocene -- The North-eastern Atlantic Forest: biogeographical, historical and current aspects in the Sugarcane Zone -- The Hileia Baiana - an assessment of natural and historical aspects of the land use and degradation of the central corridor of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest -- The southern Atlantic Forest: Use, degradation, and perspectives for conservation -- Part II – Biodiversity -- Tree diversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: biases and general patterns using different sources of information -- Vascular Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest: diversity and community ecology -- Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest -- Tetrapod diversity in the Atlantic Forest: maps and gaps -- Freshwater Studies in Atlantic Forest: general overview and prospects -- Part III – Threats -- Land-cover changes and an uncertain future: will the Brazilian Atlantic Forest lose the chance to become a hopespot? -- Climate change and biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest: best climatic models, predicted changes and impacts, and adaptation options -- Non-native species introductions, invasions, and biotic homogenization in the Atlantic Forest -- Causes and consequences of large-scale defaunation in the Atlantic forest -- Pollination systems in the Atlantic Forest: characterization, threats, and opportunities -- IV - Opportunities -- Atlantic Forest: ecosystem services linking people and biodiversity -- Changing the agriculture paradigm in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: the importance of agroforestry -- Engaging people for large-scale forest restoration: Governance lessons from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil -- The Atlantic Forest Trail: connecting people, biodiversity and protected areas -- Conservation initiatives in the Brazilian Atlantic forest -- Financing conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest -- Integrating researchers for understanding the biodiversity in Atlantic Forest -- The future of the Atlantic Forest.

Description / Table of Contents: Part I. Soil and Sediment Contaminants, Risk Assessment and Remediation -- Chapter 1. Introduction to Part I: Soil and Sediment Contaminants, Risk Assessment and Remediation -- Chapter 2. Combating Arsenic Pollution in Soil Environment via Alternate Agricultural Land Use -- Chapter 3. Temporal and Seasonal Variation in Leachate Pollution Index (LPI) in Sanitary Landfill Sites- A Case study of Baidyabati landfill, West Bengal, India -- Chapter 4.Quantification of Landfill Gas Emission and Energy Recovery Potential: A Comparative Assessment of LandGEM and MTM Model for Kolkata -- Chapter 5. Assessment of natural enrichment of heavy minerals along coastal placers of India: Role of lake and river mouth embayment and its implications -- Chapter 6. Assessment the Impact of Plastic Contaminated Fertilizers on Agricultural Soil Health: A Case Study in Memari II C.D.Block, Purba Bardhaman,West Bengal, India -- Chapter 7. Determining the Role of Leaf Relative Water Content and Soil Cation Exchange Capacity in Phytoextraction Process – Using Regression Modelling -- Chapter 8. Phytoremediation of Arsenic using Allium sativum as Model System -- Chapter 9. Spatio-temporal analysis of open waste dumping sites using Google Earth: A case study of Kharagpur City, India -- Part II. Water Contaminants, Risk Assessment and Remediation -- Chapter 10. Introduction to Part II: Water Contaminants, Risk Assessment and Remediation -- Chapter 11. Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Zone based on geospatial modeling, risk and remediation -- Chapter 12. Geospatial assessment of surface water pollution and industrial activities in Ibadan, Nigeria -- Chapter 13. Aquaculture-based water quality assessment and risk remediationalong the Rasulpur River belt, West Bengal -- Chapter 14. Heavy Metal Contamination in Groundwater and Impact on Plant and Human -- Chapter 15. Emerging Threats of Microplastic contaminant in freshwater environment -- Chapter 16. Exploring Particle Size Transport Variability of Suspended Sediments in two Alpine Catchments over the Lesser Himalayan Region, India -- Chapter 17. Salinity and corrosion potential of groundwater in Mewat district of Haryana, India -- Chapter 18. Threats to quality in the coasts of the Black Sea: heavy metal pollution of seawater, sediment, macro-algae and sea-grass -- Chapter 19. Geospatial assessment of groundwater quality for drinking through Water Quality Index and Human Health Risk Index in an upland area of Chotanagpur Plateau of West Bengal, India -- Chapter 20. Existence of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the conventional water treatment process -- Chapter 21. Arsenic-rich surface and groundwater around eastern parts of Rupnagar district, Punjab, India -- Part III. Environmental Contaminants, Impacts and Sustainable Management -- Chapter 22. Introduction to Part III: Environmental Contaminants, Risk Assessment and Remediation -- Chapter 23. Dynamics of ultra-fine particles in indoor and outdoor environments: a modelling approach to study the evolution of particle characteristics -- Chapter 24. Environmental impacts of coal-mining and coal-fired power-plant activities in a developing country with global context -- Chapter 25. Overview of Indoor air pollution: A human health perspective -- Chapter 26. Mineralogy and Morphological characterization of Technogenic Magnetic Particles (TMP) from industrial dust: Insights into environmental implications -- Chapter 27. Pesticides: Recent Updates on Types Toxicity and Bioremediation Strategies -- Chapter 28. Commonly available plant neem (Azadirachtaindica A. Juss) ameliorates dimethoate induced toxicity in climbing perch Anabas testudineus -- Chapter 29. Estimating Particulate Matter concentrations from MODIS AOD considering meteorological parameters using Random Forest Algorithm -- Chapter 30 Bio-monitoring and bioremediation of a trans-boundary river in India: Functional roles of benthic mollusks and fungi -- Chapter 31 Assessing the Maximum Aerobic Biodegradation Potential of Leaf Litter, an Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste, Under Optimum Nutrient Conditions -- Chapter 32. Rising trend of air pollution and its decadal consequences on meteorology and thermal comfort over Gangetic West Bengal, India.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Prologue: What is Satoumi? -- Chapter 2. The History and Future of Satoumi Concept -- Chapter 3.Global Effect of the Satoumi Concept – Harmony of Human Society with the Ocean Biome -- Chapter 4. Roles of Women in Satoumi -- Chapter 5. Enlivening Ecosystems with Human Hands: Building Satoumi through Coral Reef Culture -- Chapter 6. Restoring Eelgrass Beds and Culturing Oysters -- Chapter 7. Reviving Abandoned Aquaculture Ponds and Coastal Areas by Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture -- Chapter 8. Conserving Multiple Coral Reef Resources -- Chapter 9. Villagers Managing Lake Fisheries Resources by Themselves: Mbenji Islands in Lake Malawi -- Chapter 10. Protecting Fisheries Resources through Marine Protected Area Networks – Fiji -- Chapter 11. Connecting Local Regions and Cities through Mozuku Seaweed Farming and Coral Reef Restoration: Onna Village, Okinawa -- Chapter 12. Divers and Fishermen Working Together to Create Satoumi -- Chapter 13. Models for Implementing the Satoumi Concept via Residential Research Institute Collaborations with Citizen Scientists in the United States -- Chapter 14. Epilogue: Opening the Way to Sustainable Futures with Satoumi.

Description / Table of Contents: 1 Introduction -- Part I: Forest and woodland biomes -- 2 White sand ecosystems in the Amazon basin: geographic distribution, distinctive features, and ecology. An overview -- 3 The forests of the Rio Negro basin in the north-western Amazon: a phytosociological classification -- 4 Amazon caatinga complex: sclerophyllous vegetation on nutrient-poor white sand soils -- Part II: Meadow biomes -- 5 Mapping white-sand ecosystems by integrating Global PALSAR-2 and SENTINEL-1 with NDVI (LANDSAT data) -- 6 The study areas: landscapes and soils -- 7 Soil properties, formation, distribution, and classification -- 8 Origin and sources of sand: from highlands to lowlands -- 9 Sand dynamics and distribution: a geo-sedimentological approach -- 10 Features and trends of meadow landscape evolution -- 11 Meadow phytodiversity: flora, endemism, vegetation types, and geographic distribution patterns -- 12 Synthesis: white-sand and meadow-vegetation relationships.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Part I. Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Sea Otters -- Taxonomy and Evolution of Sea Otters -- Sea Otter Behavior: Morphologic, Physiologic, and Sensory Adaptations -- Sea Otter Foraging Behavior -- Social Structure of Marine Otters: Inter and Intraspecific Variation -- Reproductive Behavior of Male Sea Otters -- Reproductive Behavior of Female Sea Otters and Their Pups -- Sea Otter Behavior and Its Influence on Littoral Community Structure -- Sea Otter Predator Avoidance Behavior -- Sea Otters and the Maritime Fur Trade -- Part II. Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Polar Bears -- Polar Bear Taxonomy and Evolution -- Polar Bear Behavior: Morphologic and Physiologic Adaptations -- Polar Bear Foraging Behavior -- Polar Bear Reproductive and Denning Behavior -- Polar Bear Maternal Care, Neonatal Development, and Social Behavior -- Polar Bear Behavior in Response to Climate Change -- Human-Polar Bear Interactions.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction: aquatic insects in Australia’s environments -- 1.1. The background to concern -- References -- 2. Major habitats -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Ponds and lakes -- 2.3. Streams and rivers -- References -- 3. Australian inland waters -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Waterfalls -- 3.3. Subterranean aquifers -- 3.4. Rock pools -- 3.5. Mound springs -- 3.6. Lakes -- 3.7. Billabongs -- 3.8. Streams and rivers -- 3.9. Exposed riverine sediments -- References -- 4. Monitoring freshwater macroinvertebrates -- 4.1. Scope and needs for assessments -- References -- 5. Threats: the background variations in condition -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Drought -- 5.3. Flood -- References -- 6. Major imposed threats -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Water temperature -- 6.3. Sedimentation -- 6.3.1. Mining -- 6.4. Pollution -- 6.5. Salinisation -- 6.6. Exploitation -- 6.7. Electrofishing -- 6.8. Changes to riparian vegetation -- 6.8.1. Emergent vegetation -- 6.9. Alien species -- 6.9.1. Plants -- 6.9.2. Fish -- 6.9.3. Mammals -- 6.10. River regulation -- 6.11. Fire -- 6.12. Urbanisation -- 6.13. Recreation -- 6.14. Ecological traps -- 6.15. Climate change -- References -- 7. Macroinvertebrates of inland waters -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The variety of aquatic insects -- 7.3. Other macroinvertebrates -- 7.3.1. Crustaceans -- 7.3.2. Molluscs -- References -- 8. Insects of Australia’s inland waters -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Ephemeroptera -- 8.3. Odonata -- 8.4. Plecoptera -- 8.5. Hemiptera -- 8.6. Coleoptera -- 8.7. Mecoptera -- 8.8. Megaloptera -- 8.9. Neuroptera -- 8.10. Lepidoptera -- 8.11. Trichoptera -- 8.12. Diptera -- 8.12.1. Control of aquatic pest flies -- References -- 9. Australia’s flagship freshwater insects -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Selected flagship taxa -- References -- 10. Ecology and management -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Dispersal -- 10.2.1. Impacts of urban lighting -- 10.2.2. Pond colonization -- References -- 11. Conservation -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Protected areas -- 11.3. Management and restoration -- 11.4. Fish conservation -- 11.5. Education and involvement -- 11.6. Artificial water bodies -- 11.7. Temporary ponds -- 11.8. Intermittent streams -- 11.9. Stormwater retention ponds -- 11.10. Refuges -- 11.11. Woody debris -- 11.12. Riparian zones -- 11.13. Perspective and prospects -- References -- Appendix 1 -- Index.

Description / Table of Contents: 1.Introduction -- 2. The Process of Population Expansion of Sika Deer -- 3. The Impact of Sika Deer on Vegetation in Japan -- 4.Estimation of Sika Deer Abundance by Harvest-based Model and the Characteristics of their Population Dynamics -- 5. Variation in the local sika deer density between three areas of Japan with diverse climatic conditions -- 6. Ecological and evolutionary response of sika deer morphology to varying habitat environments: from body size to tooth wear -- 7. Reproductive variation of sika deer -- 8. Movement Patterns of Sika Deer in Hokkaido Region -- 9. Movement Patterns of Sika Deer in Tohoku Region -- 10. Movement patterns of sika deer in the mountainous regions of central Honshu -- 11. Movement Characteristics and Habitat Use of Sika Deer in Kanto Region, Central Japan -- 11. Movement patterns and activity range characteristics of sika deer in the Tanzawa Mountains, central Japan -- 13. Movement patterns of sika deer around Mt. Fuji, central Japan -- 14. Movement Patterns of Sika deer in Western Japan -- 15. Behavior of sika deer in clear-cut areas, plantations, and their surroundings -- 16. Effects of high densities of sika deer on vegetation and the restoration goal: Lessons from deer-vegetation interactions on Nakanoshima Island, Lake Toya -- 17. Irruptive Dynamics of Sika Deer: Search for the Mechanism -- 18. Food habits and body condition of the sika deer population in the Tanzawa Mountains, central Japans -- 19. Effects of sika deer and the unique relationship with forest vegetation in Yakushima Island -- 20. Conserving The Plant Community and Its Resilience Using Deer-Proof Fences in Japan -- 21. Vertebrate Scavenging on Sika Deer Carcasses and Its Effects on Ecological Processes -- 22. Impacts of Sika Deer Overabundance on The Structure and Functions of Dung Beetle Communities in Forest Ecosystems -- 23. Impact of Sika Deer on Soil Properties and Erosion -- 24. Responses of Ground-layer Vegetation and Soil Properties to Increased Population Density of Sika Deer and Environmental Conditions -- 25. Successional Pathways of a Warm-Temperate Forest After Disturbance: Effects of Clearcutting and Herbivory -- 26. Effect of Different Periods of Chronic Deer Herbivory on both Tall Forbs and Soil Seed Banks Following Deer Exclusions in a Damp Beech Forest -- 27. Indirect effects of deer overgrazing on stream ecosystems -- 28. Activity Patterns and Habitat Use Between Sika Deer and Japanese Serow -- 29. Sika in the British Isles: Population Ecology -- 30. History and Management of Sika Deer on the Delmarva Peninsula -- 31. The future of sika deer management in New Zealand; Invasive deer or hunting resource? -- 32. Adaptive Management of Sika Deer Populations on Hokkaido Island, Japan -- 34.Adaptive Management of Sika Deer in Hyogo Prefecture -- 35.Subpopulation Structure Based on Landscape Genetics as a Management Unit -- 36. Future Challenges for Research and Management of Sika Deer.

Description / Table of Contents: SECTION I. Natural and human environment of coastal ecosystems -- Chapter 1. Ecological modelling and conservation on the coasts of Mexico -- Chapter 2. SE Pacific: the ecosystem and its use along the Chilean and Peruvian coast -- SECTION II. Marine ecosystem models in the South East Pacific coast -- Chapter 3. Modelling the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem; from winds to predators -- Chapter 4. Marine ecosystem models in the South Pacific coast -- Chapter 5. Keystone Species Complexes and macroscopic properties for improving ecosystem-based conservation practices in kelp forest along the north-central Chilean coast -- Chapter 6. Exploring alternative management policies for benthic ecological systems of northern Chile (SE Pacific) -- SECTION III. Central Pacific, Caribbean and Atlantic coastal ecosystem models -- Chapter 7. How much biomass must remain at the sea after fishing to conserve ecosystem -- functioning? The case of the Monterey sardine in the Gulf of California, Mexico -- Chapter 8. Dynamic and spatial model of the coral reef of Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve (Caribbean Sea) for assessment harvest scenarios: short-term responses -- Chapter 9. Ecological role of sharks assessed by Ecopath models -- SECTION IV. System-based conservation and management: conclusions -- Chapter 10. Graph theory in food webs: uses and applications for conservation of marine ecosystems -- Chapter 11. Modelling aim the conservation of coastal marine ecosystem in Latin America.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Biomes: Concepts, Characteristics and Terminology -- Profiles of Angola’s Biomes and Ecoregiens -- Landscapes: Geology, Hydrology and Geomorphology.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1 - Ecosystem services as a tool for decision-making in Patagonia -- Chapter 2- Assessment of provisioning ecosystem services in terrestrial ecosystems of Santa Cruz province, Argentina -- Chapter 3 - Grazing management and provision of ecosystem services in Patagonian arid rangelands -- Chapter 4 - Synergies and trade-offs among ecosystem services and biodiversity in different forest types inside and off-reserve in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina -- Chapter 5 - Shrubland management in northwestern Patagonia: an evaluation of its short-term effects on multiple ecosystem services -- Chapter 6 - Silvopastoral systems in northern Argentine-Chilean Andean Patagonia: Ecosystem services provision in a complex territory -- Chapter 7 - Ecosystem services values of the northwestern Patagonian natural grasslands -- Chapter 8 - The ecosystem services provided by peatlands in Patagonia -- Chapter 9 - Restoration for provision of ecosystem services in Patagonia-Aysén, Chile -- Chapter 10 - The North American beaver invasion and the impact over the ecosystem services in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago -- Chapter 11 - Social links for a nexus approach from an ecosystem services perspective in Central-East Patagonia -- Chapter 12 - Salmon farming: is it possible to relate its impact to the waste remediation ecosystem service? -- Chapter 13 - Using the ecosystem services approach to understand the distributional effects of marine protected areas in the Chilean Patagonia -- Chapter 14 - Socio-cultural valuation of ecosystem services in Southern Patagonia, Argentina -- Chapter 15 - Looking beyond ecosystem services supply: co-production and access barriers in marine ecosystems of the Chilean Patagonia -- Chapter 16 - Ecosystem services and human well-being: a comparison of two Patagonian social-ecological systems -- Chapter 17 - Urban Planning In Arid Northern Patagonia Cities To Maximize Local Ecosystem Services Provision -- Chapter 18 - Land size, native forests and ecosystem services inequalities in the rural Chilean Patagonia -- Chapter 19 - Imaginaries, transformations and resistances in Patagonian territories from a socio-ecological perspective -- Chapter 20 - The challenges of implementing ecosystem services in the Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia -- Chapter 21 - Natural capital and local employment in Argentine Patagonia -- Chapter 22 - Ecosystem services in Patagonia: a synthesis and future directions. .

Description / Table of Contents: Ch. 1. Earthworm Morphology -- Ch. 2. Earthworm Physiology -- Ch. 3. Earthworm Diversity, Dispersal, and Geographical Distribution -- Ch. 4. Earthworm Life Histories and Biology -- Ch. 5. Earthworm Ecology: Populations -- Ch. 6. Earthworm Ecology: Communities -- Ch. 7. The Influence of Environmental Factors on Earthworms -- Ch. 8. The Role of Earthworms in Organic Material and Nutrient Cycles -- Ch. 9 -- Interactions Between Earthworms, Microorganisms, and Other Invertebrates -- Ch. 10. Role of Earthworms in Soil Structure, Fertility and Productivity -- Ch.11. Adverse and Beneficial Aspects of Earthworms -- Ch. 12. Earthworms in Environmental Management -- Ch.13. Earthworms in Organic Waste Management -- Ch.14. Effects of Agricultural Practices and Chemicals on Earthworms. .

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction to Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation -- Part I Rangeland Ecosystems and Processes -- 2. Rangelands of Western North America -- 3. A History of North American Rangelands -- 4. Western Rangeland Livestock Production Systems and Grazing Management -- 5. Manipulation of Rangeland Wildlife Habitats -- 6. Role and Management of Fire in Rangelands -- 7. Water is Life: Importance and Management of Riparian Areas for Rangeland Wildlife -- 8. Rangeland Biodiversity -- Part II Species Accounts -- 9. Prairie Grouse -- 10. Sage-Grouse -- 11. Quails -- 12. Rangeland Songbirds -- 13. Wetland Birds of Rangelands -- 14. Avian Predators in Rangelands -- 15. Burrowing Rodents -- 16. Mesocarnivores of Western Rangelands -- 17. Black-tailed and Mule Deer -- 18. White-tailed Deer -- 19. Pronghorn -- 20. Elk -- 21. Feral Equids -- 22. Mountain Ungulates -- 23. American Bison -- 24. Large Carnivores -- 25. Amphibians and Reptiles -- 26. Insects in Grassland Ecosystems -- Part III Social-Ecological Considerations -- 27. Wildlife, Rural Communities, and the Rangeland Livelihoods they Share: Opportunities in a Diverse Economies Approach -- 28. Living with Predators: A 20-year Case Study in the Blackfoot River Watershed of Montana -- 29. A Perspective on Rangeland and Wildlife Disciplines: Similarities Over Differences -- 30. Future of Rangeland Wildlife in North America.

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Microplastics in the freshwater and earthbound conditions: Prevalence, destinies, impacts and supportable arrangements -- Chapter 2. Effect of microplastics on microbial network -- Chapter 3.Quick estimation of microplastic in meat -- Chapter 4.Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil -- Chapter 5.Impact of microplastics on nutrient -- Chapter 6.Agricultural plastic mulching as a source of microplastics in the terrestrial condition -- Chapter 7.Worldly and spatial varieties of microplastics in side of the road dust from provincial and urban area, : Implications for diffuse contamination -- Chapter 8.Microplastic particles in the Persian/Arabian Gulf -- Chapter 9.Impacts of microplastic biofilms on supplement cycling in recreated freshwater frameworks -- Chapter 10.Conveyance, bounty and dangers of microplastics in nature -- Chapter 11.Accumulation system of antibiotic medication hydrochloride from fluid arrangements by nylon microplastics -- Chapter 12.Expulsion of microplastics by means of drinking water treatment: Current information and future headings -- Chapter 13.Impacts of polystyrene microplastics on larval advancement, settlement, and transformation -- Chapter 14.Bioaccumulation of microplastics and its in vivo connections -- Chapter 15.Microplastics in oceanic situations: Toxicity to trigger biological results -- Chapter 16.Waterfront sea elements decrease the fare of microplastics to the vast sea -- Chapter 17.Barnacles as potential bioindicator of microplastic contamination in Hong Kong -- Chapter 18.Microplastic accumulation in remote ocean dregs from the Rockall Trough -- Chapter 19.Environmental microplastics: A survey on current status and points of view -- Chapter 20.The joined poisonous quality impact of microplastics and nonylphenol on microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa -- Chapter 21.Daylight interceded cadmium discharge from shaded microplastics containing cadmium color in watery stage -- Chapter 22.Environmental microplastic testimony in a urban environment and an assessment of transport -- Chapter 23.Biofilm modifies antibiotic medication and copper adsorption practices onto polyethylene microplastics.

Description / Table of Contents: Part I: Conceptualizing human-nature interactions -- Chapter 1. Conceptualizing human-nature interactions – an overview -- Chapter 2. Environmental Values and Nature’s Contributions to People: Towards methodological pluralism in evaluation of sustainable ecosystem services -- Chapter 3. Disentangling trade-offs between the state of coastal ecosystems with human well-being and activities as a strategy addressing sustainable tourism -- Chapter 4. From human-nature dualism towards more integration in socio-ecosystems studies -- Chapter 5. A network approach to Green Infrastructure: how to enhance ecosystem services provision? -- Chapter 6. Transformations of urban coastal nature(s): Meanings and paradoxes of Blue Urbanism and nature-based solutions for climate adaptation in Southeast Asia -- Part II: Mountain systems -- Chapter 7. Values of mountain landscapes: Insights about the Blue Mountains National Park, Australia from Twitter -- Chapter 8. Earth observations of human-nature interactions from a cultural ecosystem service perspective -- Chapter 9. Gendered Values, Roles, and Challenges for Sustainable Provision of Forest-based Ecosystem Services in Nepal -- Chapter 10. Environmental [in]equity: Accessibility to green spaces in a rapidly urbanizing mountain-city -- Chapter 11. Ecosystem services and sustainable development in the European Alps: spatial patterns and mountain-lowland relationships -- Chapter 12. Human-nature relationships for the Flathead Wild and Scenic River System: Analyzing diversity, synergies, and tensions in a mountainous region of Montana, USA -- Chapter 13. Resilience and sustainability of the Maloti-Drakensberg mountain system: a case study on the upper uThukela catchment -- Chapter 14. Invasive alien plants in the montane areas of South Africa: impacts and management options -- Part III: Urban systems -- Chapter 15. Ecosystem service flows across the rural-urban spectrum -- Chapter 16. A typology for green infrastructure planning to enhance multifunctionality incorporating peri-urban agricultural land -- Chapter 17. Urban green spaces in a post-apartheid city: challenges and opportunities for nature-based solutions -- Chapter 18. Green infrastructure and ecosystem services within spatial structure of city – examples from Poznań, Poland -- Chapter 19. Accessibility to and fragmentation of urban green infrastructure: importance for adaptation to climate change -- Chapter 20. Social Demand for Urban Wilderness in Purgatory -- Chapter 21. The Role of Allotment Gardens for Connecting Nature and People -- Chapter 22. Green spaces and their social functions: specific challenges in urban spaces of arrival -- Chapter 23. The link between urban green space planning tools and distributive, procedural and recognition justice -- Part IV: Coastal-marine systems -- Chapter 24. Can local knowledge of Small-scale fishers be used to monitor and assess changes in marine ecosystems in a European context? -- Chapter 25. Marine ecological democracy: participatory marine planning in Indigenous marine areas in Chile -- Chapter 26. The Socio-Ecological Dimension of Ocean Multi-Use -- Chapter 27. Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals for marine and coastal management in Norway: A venture overdue -- Chapter 28. Coastal-Marine ecosystem accounting to support Integrated Coastal Zone Management -- Chapter 29. Exposure of coastal ecosystem services to natural hazards in the Bangladesh coast -- Chapter 30. Adaptations to climate variability in fisheries and aquaculture social-ecological systems in the Northern Humboldt Current Ecosystem: challenges and solutions -- Chapter 31. Socio-Ecological transformations in coastal wetlands: an approach from the south-central zone of Chile -- Chapter 32. A Nature-based Solution for coastal foredune restoration: The Case Study of Maghery, County Donegal, Ireland.

Description / Table of Contents: C ontents -- Part 1. Theory -- To Understand Economics, Follow the Money: To Understand Ecosystems, Follow the Energy -- Two Views of Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation -- Why I Wrote this Book -- Dualities Still Impede Conservation Efforts -- The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform of Biodiversity -- Targets for Conservation -- Evolving Objectives -- Literature Review -- Updating Ecosystem Ecology -- References -- What Can We Learn by Studying Ecosystems that We Can’t Learn from Studying Populations? -- The Predator-Prey Conundrum -- The Serengeti Ecosystem -- Evolution in the “Ecological Theater” -- Predator-Prey Interactions Tell Only Part of the Story -- Evolution in the “Thermodynamic Theater” -- References -- A Thermodynamic Definition of Ecosystems -- Ecosystems in the 20th Century -- Cycling of Strontium-90 -- Cesium-137 in Food Chains -- Recycling of Isotopes in Norwegian Sheep -- Ecological Energetics -- Is it Time to Bury the Ecosystem Concept? -- A Thermodynamic Definition of Life -- A Thermodynamic Definition of Ecosystems -- The Phase Transition between Order and Chaos -- References -- Thermodynamic Characteristics of Ecosystems -- Equilibrium -- The Equilibrium Law -- Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- Open Thermodynamic Systems -- Ecosystems are Thermodynamically Open Non-Equilibrium Systems -- Work is Performed by Non-equilibrium Systems -- Advantage of a Thermodynamically Open System -- 4.3 Ecosystems are Entropic -- 4.4 Ecosystems are Cybernetic -- Cybernetic Systems -- Economic Systems are Cybernetic Ecosystems are Cybernetic -- The Ecosystem Feedback Function -- Indirect vs. Direct Feedback -- Deviation Dampening and Amplifying Feedback -- Set Points -- Ecosystems are Autocatalytic -- Ecosystems have Boundaries -- Ecosystems are Hierarchical -- Hierarchy in Physical Systems -- Hierarchy in Ecological Systems -- Common Currencies -- Macro-and Micro-System Models -- Why an Ecosystem Model that Includes Everything is not Possible -- A Nested Marine Community -- Ecosystems are Deterministic -- Ecosystems are Information Rich -- An Engineering Definition of Information -- Information to Facilitate Exchange -- High Energy Information -- Low Energy Information -- Information Theory -- Genetic Information -- Ecosystems are Non-Teleological -- Criticisms of Ecosystem Models -- References -- Ecosystem Control: A Top-Down View -- Two Ways to Look at Systems -- Composing and Decomposing Trophic Webs -- Decomposers in Soil Organic Matter -- Decomposers in Marshes and Mangroves -- Control of Systems -- Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up -- Top-Down Exogenous Control -- Exogenous Impacts and Stability -- Top-Down Endogenous Control -- Endogenous Control through Nutrient Recycling -- Autocatalysis -- Control of Microbial Activity -- Inhibition of Microbial Activity by Leaf Sclerophylly -- Inhibition of Microbial Activity Chemical Defenses -- Inhibition of Microbial Activity by Ecological Stoichiometry -- The Synchrony Principle -- The Decay Law -- Direct Nutrient Cycling -- The Role of Animals -- Indirect Interactions -- Marine Systems -- Nutrient and Energy Recycling -- Exogenous Control -- Control in Lakes -- Control in Managed Ecosystems -- References -- Ecosystem Control: A Bottom-Up View -- Species as Arbitrageurs of Energy -- Relation Between Rate of Flow and Mass in Hydraulic Systems -- Relation Between Population Biomass and Rate of Energy Flow -- Equilibrium -- Mechanisms of Adjustment -- Adjustments and Climate Change -- Bird Populations -- Dis-equilibrium -- Population Instability vs. Ecosystem Instability -- Control by Interactions: Direct vs. Indirect -- Indirect Interactions -- Direct Interactions -- Predator – Prey -- Mutualisms -- Competition -- Decomposition -- Parasitism and Disease -- Commensalism and Amensalism -- Persistence of Negative Interactions -- References -- Ecosystem Stability -- Background -- A Thermodynamic Definition -- Regime Shift -- Metastability -- Pulsed Stability -- Resistance and Resilience -- Species Richness and Functional Stability -- Species Richness and Cultural Values -- Keystone Species, and Population and Ecosystem Stability -- 7.5.1 Keystone Species in the Yellowstone region of Wyoming -- References -- 8. Case Studies of Ecosystem Control and Stability -- Walden -- “Harmony in Nature” -- Feedback Produces Nature’s “Harmony” -- Feedback Mechanisms -- Perturbations in Amazon Rain Forests -- Top-Down Control -- The San Carlos Project: A Small-scale, Low Intensity, Short Duration Disturbance -- 8.3.2 The Jarí Project: A Large-scale, High Intensity, Long Duration Disturbance -- Bottom-Up Control -- The El Verde Project -- The Long-Term Ecological Research Project in Puerto Rico -- The Lago Guri Island Project -- The Biological Dynamics of Tropical Rainforest Fragments Project -- What have Case Studies Taught us about Stability of Tropical Ecosystems? -- Tropical Ecosystems are Stable -- Tropical Ecosystems are Unstable -- Energy Flow in Tropical Savannas and Rain Forests -- Insects in Tropical Ecosystems -- Application of Lessons to Other Regions -- Relevance to Temperate Zones -- Relevance to Aquatic Ecosystems -- The Experimental Lakes Project (Ecosystem Control of Species) -- Lake Mendota Studies (Species Control of Ecosystems) -- 8.7 Case Studies as Tests of Thermodynamic Theory -- References -- Entropy and Maximum Power -- Entropy -- 9.2 Entropy in a Steel Bar -- Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- Entropic Gradients -- Capturing and Storing Entropy -- Evapotranspiration and Entropy Reduction -- Life is a Balance between Storing and Releasing Entropy -- The Law of Maximum Entropy Production -- Energy for Metabolism as well as Growth -- Unassisted Entropy Capture is a Unique Characteristic of Life.-9.6Entropy Storage by Ecosystems -- 9.6.1 What Causes Entropy to be Stored? -- 9.7 Capturing Pressure -- 9.8 Entropy and Time -- 9.8.1 Time’s Speed Regulator -- Efficiency of Energy Transformations -- Passage of Time for Cats -- 9.9The Maximum Power Principle.-9.10 Optimum Efficiencies for a Truck and its Driver.-9.11 Sustainability -- References -- A Thermodynamic View of Succession -- 10.1 The Population View -- 10.2 The Thermodynamic View -- 10.2.1 Leaf Area Index and Succession -- 10.2.2 Power Output as a Function of Leaf Area Index -- 10.2.3 What Causes Changes in Leaf Area Index? -- 10.2.4 Maximum Entropy Production Principle -- 10.2.5 Successional Ecosystems Move Further from Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- 10.2.6 Entropy Storage by Animals -- 10.3 The Strategy of Ecosystem Development -- A Problem with Odum’s Strategy -- Why Power Output Continues to Increase -- Revised Definition of Maximum Power -- Costs of Ecosystem Stabilization -- Transactional Costs -- Succession, Power Output, and Efficiency -- 10.5.1 Kleiber’s Law -- Are Ecosystems Spendthrifts? -- Interactions Between Species Facilitate Increase in Power Output -- Facilitation -- Tolerance -- Inhibition -- Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis -- Nutrient Use Efficiency during Succession -- Succession Following Logging vs Following Agriculture -- 10.10 Thermodynamic View of Succession: Implications for Resource Management -- References -- Panarchy -- The Universal Cycle of Systems -- Panarchy -- Thermodynamic Interpretation of the Sacred Rules -- 11.2.1 Growth and Consolidation -- 11.2.2 Collapse -- Renewal -- Sub-systems -- Panarchy over 2 Billion Years of Evolution -- Consolidation, Bureaucracy and System Collapse -- Bureaucracy in Action (Case Studies) -- Case Study: Panarchy in the Georgia Piedmont -- Thermodynamic Interpretation -- References -- 12. A Thermodynamic View of Evolution -- 12.1 Life – A Physicist's View -- 12.1.1 Life is Produced by Capturing Entropy -- 12.1.2 The Origin of Life -- 12.2 Two Approaches to Evolution -- 12.2.1 The Eco-Evo-Devo View -- 12.2.2 The Thermodynamic View -- 12.2.3 Fitness -- 12.2.4 The “Goal” of Evolution -- 12.3 The Relationship between Species and Environment -- 12.3.1 Evolution’s “Theater” -- 12.3.2 Is Evolution Stochastic or Deterministic? -- 12.4 Ecosystem Evolution -- 12.4.1 Succession was the Clue -- 12.4.2 Ecosystems Moved away from Equilibrium -- 12.4.3 Thermodynamic Mechanisms -- 12.4.4 Biological Mechanisms -- 12.4.5 Ecosystem Fitness -- 12.4.6 Ecosystems Evolve One Step at a Time -- 12.5. The Origin of Ecosystems -- 12.5.1 Origin of Feedback Loops -- 12.5.2 Origin of Trophic Levels -- 12.5.3 Why are there Trophic Levels? -- 12.6 The “Goal” of Ecosystem Evolution -- 12.6.1 Conflicting Goals? -- 12.6.2 “Motivations” of Species -- 12.6.3 The Earth Ecosystem -- 12.6.4 Why is there Resistance to the Idea of Ecosystem Evolution? -- 12.6.5 Evolution of Economic Systems -- 12.7 A Thermodynamic Model of Ecosystem Evolution -- 12.7.1 Network Models -- 12.7.2 Increase in Complexity of Trophic Webs -- 12.7.3 Evolution of Trophic Webs -- 12.7.4 Life Moves Ashore -- 12.8 Biodiversity and the Five Great Extinctions -- 12.8.1 The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Boundary Extinction -- 12.8.2The Amazing Sustainability of Trophic Chains -- 12.8.3 A Test of Thermodynamic Theory -- 12.9 Panarchy and Evolution -- 12.10 Thermodynamic Requirements for Living Systems on Other Planets -- References -- -- Why is Species Diversity Higher in the Tropics? -- 13.1 Tropical Explorations -- 13.2 A Few Theories -- 13.3 A Thermodynamic Explanation -- 13.3.1 The Latitudinal Energy Gradient -- 13.3.2 The Latitudinal Productivity Gradient -- 13.3.3 The Data -- 13.3.4 Other Factors Affecting Productivity -- 13.4 Empirical Evidence for a High Productivity High Diversity Correlation -- 13.5 Humboldt’s Enigma -- 13.5.1 Are Productivity and Species Richness Correlated on Tropical -- Mountains? -- 13.6 The Mechanism Linking Productivity and Diversity -- 13.7 Answer to “Why is Species Diversity Higher in the Tropics?” -- 13.7.1 Differences within the Tropics -- 13.8 Why is Species Diversity Low at High Latitudes? -- 13.9 An Economic Perspective on D.

Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: Taxonomy, distribution and conservation status of wild guanaco’s populations -- 1. Zooarchaeological and socio-anthropological perspective of the human - guanaco (Lama guanicoe) interaction over the last 6000 years in the Patagonia, Argentina -- 2. Interspecific competition between guanacos and livestock and its impact on Patagonian rangelands: review and synthesis -- 3. Health status of Patagonian guanaco and its relevance for conservation -- 4. Patagonian pumas and their ungulate prey in the 21st century, a key interaction in a degraded environment -- 5. International policies and national legislation concerning guanaco conservation, management and trade in Argentina -- 6. Guanaco sustainable management as a conservation strategy and socioeconomic rural development -- 7. Historical perspective and current advances in ecology, conservation and management of the guanaco in the Chilean Patagonia -- 8. Lessons for the future of conservation and sustainable use of guanacos.

Description / Table of Contents: Ecosystem Collapse and Climate Change: An Introduction -- PART I. Polar and Boreal Ecosystems -- Ecosystem Collapse on a Sub-Antarctic Island -- Permafrost Thaw in Northern Peatlands: Rapid Changes in Ecosystem and Landscape Functions -- Post-fire Recruitment Failure as a Driver of Forest to Non-forest Ecosystem Shifts in Boreal Regions -- A Paleo-perspective on Ecosystem Collapse in Boreal North America -- PART II. Temperate and Semi-arid Ecosystems -- The 2016 Tasmanian Wilderness Fires: Fire Regime Shifts and Climate Change in a Gondwanan Biogeographic Refugium -- Climate-Induced Global Forest Shifts due to Heatwave-Drought -- Extreme Events Trigger Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystem Collapses in the Southwestern USA and Southwestern Australia -- PART III. Tropical and Temperate Coastal Ecosystems -- Processes and Factors Driving Change in Mangrove Forests: An Evaluation Based on the Mass Dieback Event in Australia’s Gulf of Carpentaria -- Recurrent Mass-Bleaching and the Potential for Ecosystem Collapse on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef -- Sliding Toward the Collapse of Mediterranean Coastal Marine Rocky Ecosystems -- Marine Heatwave Drives Collapse of Kelp Forests in Western Australia -- Impact of Marine Heatwaves on Seagrass Ecosystems.

Description / Table of Contents: Part I. General Concepts -- 1. From Parks for Landscapes: Reading of a Long Process -- 2. Landscape: Re-assessing the Conservation Paradigm -- 3. Biodiversity Conservation in Human-prone Landscapes: Social and Ethical Issues -- 4. Landscapes require new Legal Framework to Conserve Biodiversity -- Part II. Data to Support the Conservation Action -- 5. Qualitatively Describing Forests of the Landscape -- 6. Bonobos in the Lake Tumba: Describing the Landscape Species -- 7. Genetics of Bonobos in the Lake Tumba Landscape -- 8. Forest Refugia Theory, Density-Dependence and Stress Syndrome and the Proto-pan -- 9. Wild Bonobos and Wild Chimpanzees and Human Diseases -- 10. Alternative Cheaper Methods to Estimate Bonobos -- 11. Chimpanzees of the Ngiri Triangle -- 12. Lions of Malebo: Population and Conflicts with Humans -- 13. Diurnal Primates: Estimates and Conservation Issues -- 14. Elephants in Lake Tumba Landscape: Malebo, Ngiri and Bolombo-Losombo -- 15. Developing a Threat Index for Documented Large Mammal Species -- 16. Synopsis of Freshwaters, Species Diversity and Conservation Issues -- 17. An Abridgement of the Birds Throughout the Diversity of Habitats -- Part III. Not Only Biodiversity but also Human Communities -- 18. The Political Economy of Landscape -- 19. Assessing the Needs in Lands in the Lake Tumba Landscape -- Part IV. Using the Data to Strategize and Manage the Landscape -- 20. Planning for the Management of the Landscape -- 21. Setting Habitats Aside for Biodiversity Conservation -- 22. Protected Areas: Defining the Optimum Law Enforcement Resources -- 23. Planning to Mobilization of Resources via Sustainable Tourism -- 24. Decent Knowledge for Future Directions in the Landscape Management -- 25. Are there Good Ethical Reasons to Preserve Biodiversity at the Expense of the Needs of Local Communities Who Could Benefit from Exploiting those Natural Resources?

Description / Table of Contents: Part I. Soils, Geographical and Climatic Features, Eco-Resources, and Desertification -- Chapter 1. Potential Threats to Soil Functions and Mitigation Options for Sustainable Uses -- Chapter 2. Perspectives of Geography, Environment, and Physiography of Kuwait -- Chapter 3. Climate and Climate Change Aspects of Kuwait -- Chapter 4. Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity of Kuwait and Proposed Eco-Resources Management Strategies – A Review -- Chapter 5. Desertification – A Central Problem to Restore Ecosystems -- Part II. Water Resources, Salinization Aspects and Modeling -- Chapter 6. Current Status, Challenges and Future Management Strategies for Water Resources of Kuwait -- Chapter 7. Groundwater Salinization in Kuwait: A Major Threat to Indigenous Ecosystems -- Chapter 8. Predicting the Behavior of the Salt/Fresh-Brackish Water Transition Zone During Scavenger Well Pumping: 1. Numerical Model Development and Testing -- Chapter 9. Predicting the Behavior of the Salt/Fresh-Brackish Water Transition Zone During Scavenger Well Pumping: 2. Model Application in Kuwait and Pakistan -- Part III. Terrestrial Ecosystems and their Management -- Chapter 10. Terrestrial Habitats and Ecosystems of Kuwait -- Chapter 11. Native Vegetation and Flora of Kuwait -- Chapter 12. Wildlife of the Terrestrial Ecosystems of Kuwait -- Chapter 13. Major Threats to the Terrestrial Ecosystems and Proposed Conservation Practices -- Chapter 14. Kuwait Deserts and Ecosystems in the Context of Changing Climate -- Part IV. Agriculture, Food Security and Water Footprint of Crops -- Chapter 15. Prospective of Agricultural Farming in Kuwait and Energy-Food-Water-Climate Nexus -- Chapter 16. Agricultural Water Footprint of Major Crops in Kuwait Compared to the World Average – A Review.