ALBERT

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 98〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ying-Yu Tang, Qiu-Ning Liu, Cheng Wang, Ting-Ting Yang, Bo-Ping Tang, Chun-Lin Zhou, Li-Shang Dai〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈em〉Procambarus clarkii〈/em〉 is one of the most important aquatic invertebrates in China and has high commercial value. However, aquaculture has suffered great economic loss due to outbreaks of infectious diseases in 〈em〉P〈/em〉. 〈em〉clarkii〈/em〉. To identify red swamp crayfish related proteins involved in the response to bacterial infection, we analysed immune-related proteins following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation by quantitative proteomics. The proteome of the hepatopancreas of 〈em〉P〈/em〉. 〈em〉clarkii〈/em〉 challenged with LPS and phosphate-buffered saline was analysed to evaluate the immune response. Based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, 16 upregulated and 29 downregulated proteins were identified. A Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated 5 biological process, 11 cellular component, and 6 molecular function subcategories. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the identified proteins were mainly involved in metabolism, phagosome, and ribosome. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that eight immune-related genes were upregulated after LPS stimulation compared to the control. Taken together, the data enhance our understanding of the immune response of crayfish to LPS.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 98〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Mahmoud A.O. Dawood, Safaa E. Abdo, Mahmoud S. Gewaily, Eman M. Moustafa, Moustafa S. SaadAllah, Marwa F. AbdEl-kader, Awatef H. Hamouda, Amira A. Omar, Rasha A. Alwakeel〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The protective role of β-glucan (BG) on liver function, histopathology, immune and antioxidant related gene expressions in Nile tilapia exposed to subacute deltamethrin (DLM) was investigated for 30 days. Fish (28.18 ± 1.34 g) of the 1st and 2nd groups fed the control diet, while the 3rd and 4th groups fed BG at 0.5 g/kg and the 2nd and 4th groups were exposed to DLM (15 μg/L) in rearing water. DLM-treated fish displayed a considerable increase in blood biochemical parameters (creatinine, urea and bilirubin) as well as hepatic enzymes (ALP, AST and ALT) (〈em〉P〈/em〉 〈 0.05). Blood total protein, globulin, albumin, WBCs, RBCs, Hb, phagocytic index, phagocytic and lysozyme activities were significantly decreased in fish subjected to DLM (〈em〉P〈/em〉 〈 0.05). Fish fed BG showed significantly the lowest cortisol and glucose levels, while fish exposed to DLM without feeding BG showed the highest cortisol and glucose levels (〈em〉P〈/em〉 〈 0.05) after 15 and 30 days. Additionally, DLM toxicity caused downregulation in antioxidant (〈em〉CAT〈/em〉 and 〈em〉GPx〈/em〉) and immune (〈em〉IL-1β〈/em〉 and 〈em〉IL-8〈/em〉) related gene expressions, while and 〈em〉IFN-γ〈/em〉, 〈em〉HSP70〈/em〉 and 〈em〉CASP3〈/em〉 were upregulated. The histopathological examination of Nile tilapia exposed to DLM revealed damage in gills, intestine, spleen and liver which confirmed the toxic effects. Conversely, BG presented protective effects and restored the above-mentioned parameters when fish exposed to DLM and fed BG. Thus, BG supplementation exhibited defensive effects against DLM toxicity in Nile tilapia through improving blood biochemical responses, immune, and antioxidant related gene expressions as well as histopathological effects.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 23 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ngang Heok Tang, Kyung Won Kim, Suhong Xu, Stephen M. Blazie, Brian A. Yee, Gene W. Yeo, Yishi Jin, Andrew D. Chisholm〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉mRNA decay factors regulate mRNA turnover by recruiting non-translating mRNAs and targeting them for translational repression and mRNA degradation. How mRNA decay pathways regulate cellular function 〈em〉in vivo〈/em〉 with specificity is poorly understood. Here, we show that 〈em〉C. elegans〈/em〉 mRNA decay factors, including the translational repressors CAR-1/LSM14 and CGH-1/DDX6, and the decapping enzymes DCAP-1/DCP1, function in neurons to differentially regulate axon development, maintenance, and regrowth following injury. In neuronal cell bodies, CAR-1 fully colocalizes with CGH-1 and partially colocalizes with DCAP-1, suggesting that mRNA decay components form at least two types of cytoplasmic granules. Following axon injury in adult neurons, loss of CAR-1 or CGH-1 results in increased axon regrowth and growth cone formation, whereas loss of DCAP-1 or DCAP-2 results in reduced regrowth. To determine how CAR-1 inhibits regrowth, we analyzed mRNAs bound to pan-neuronally expressed GFP::CAR-1 using a crosslinking and immunoprecipitation-based approach. Among the putative mRNA targets of CAR-1, we characterized the roles of 〈em〉micu-1〈/em〉, a regulator of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter MCU-1, in axon injury. We show that loss of 〈em〉car-1〈/em〉 results increased MICU-1 protein levels, and that enhanced axon regrowth in 〈em〉car-1〈/em〉 mutants is dependent on 〈em〉micu-1〈/em〉 and 〈em〉mcu-1.〈/em〉 Moreover, axon injury induces transient calcium influx into axonal mitochondria, dependent on MCU-1. In 〈em〉car-1〈/em〉 loss-of-function mutants and in 〈em〉micu-1〈/em〉 overexpressing animals, the axonal mitochondrial calcium influx is more sustained, which likely underlies enhanced axon regrowth. Our data uncover a novel pathway that controls axon regrowth through axonal mitochondrial calcium uptake.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S096098221931694X-fx1.jpg" width="375" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 23 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Karin Kjernsmo, Heather M. Whitney, Nicholas E. Scott-Samuel, Joanna R. Hall, Henry Knowles, Laszlo Talas, Innes C. Cuthill〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Iridescence is a striking and taxonomically widespread form of animal coloration [1], but that its intense and varying hues could function as concealment [2] rather than signaling seems completely counterintuitive. Here, we show that the color changeability of biological iridescence, produced by multilayer cuticle reflectors in jewel beetle (〈em〉Sternocera aequisignata〈/em〉) wing cases, provides effective protection against predation by birds. Importantly, we also show that the most likely mechanism to explain this increase in survival is camouflage and not some other protective function, such as aposematism. In two field experiments using wild birds and humans, we measured both the “survival” and direct detectability of iridescent and non-iridescent beetle models and demonstrated that the iridescent treatment fared best in both experiments. We also show that an increased level of specular reflection (gloss) of the leaf background leads to an increase in the survival of all targets and, for detectability by humans, enhances the camouflage effect of iridescence. The latter suggests that some prey, particularly iridescent ones, can increase their chance of survival against visually hunting predators even further by choosing glossier backgrounds. Our study is the first to present direct empirical evidence that biological iridescence can work as a form of camouflage, providing an adaptive explanation for its taxonomically widespread occurrence.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈div〉 〈h6〉Video Abstract〈/h6〉 〈p〉〈/p〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 98〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Junjie Nie, Zhixue Yu, Defu Yao, Fan Wang, Chunhua Zhu, Kaihui Sun, Jude Juventus Aweya, Yueling Zhang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The histone deacetylase, sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), plays an essential role in the regulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and inflammation in mammals. However, the specific role of SIRT6 in invertebrate immunity has not been reported. Here, we characterized for the first time, a sirtuin 6 homolog in 〈em〉Litopenaeus vannamei〈/em〉 (〈em〉Lv〈/em〉SIRT6), with full-length cDNA of 2919 bp and 1536 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 511 amino acids, which contains a typical SIR2 domain. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉SIRT6 shares a close evolutionary relationship with SIRT6 from invertebrates. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉SIRT6 transcripts revealed that they were ubiquitously expressed in shrimp and induced in hepatopancreas and hemocytes upon challenge with 〈em〉Vibrio parahaemolyticus〈/em〉, 〈em〉Streptococcus iniae〈/em〉, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), suggesting the involvement of 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉SIRT6 in shrimp immune response. Moreover, knockdown of 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉SIRT6 decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased total ROS level in hemocytes, especially upon 〈em〉V. parahaemolyticus〈/em〉 challenge. Depletion of 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉SIRT6 also increased hemocytes apoptosis in terms of decreased expression of pro-survival 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉Bcl-2, but increased expression of pro-apoptotic 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉Bax and 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉Cytochrome C, coupled with high 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉Caspase3/7 activity. Shrimp were rendered more susceptible to 〈em〉V. parahaemolyticus〈/em〉 infection upon 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉SIRT6 knockdown. Taken together, our present data suggest that 〈em〉Lv〈/em〉SIRT6 plays an important role in shrimp immune response by modulating hemocytes ROS production and apoptosis during pathogen challenge.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 23 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Wilma A. Bainbridge, Chris I. Baker〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Boundary extension, a memory distortion in which observers consistently recall a scene with visual information beyond its boundaries, is widely accepted across the psychological sciences as a phenomenon revealing fundamental insight into memory representations [1, 2, 3], robust across paradigms [1, 4] and age groups [5, 6, 7]. This phenomenon has been taken to suggest that the mental representation of a scene consists of an intermingling of sensory information and a schema that extrapolates the views of a presented scene [8], and it has been used to provide evidence for the role of the neocortex [9] and hippocampus [10, 11] in the schematization of scenes during memory. However, the study of boundary extension has typically focused on object-oriented images that are not representative of our visuospatial world. Here, using a broad set of 1,000 images tested on 2,000 participants in a rapid recognition task, we discover “boundary contraction” as an equally robust phenomenon. Further, image composition largely drives whether extension or contraction is observed—although object-oriented images cause more boundary extension, scene-oriented images cause more boundary contraction. Finally, these effects also occur during drawing tasks, including a task with minimal memory load—when participants copy an image during viewing. Collectively, these results show that boundary extension is not a universal phenomenon and put into question the assumption that scene memory automatically combines visual information with additional context derived from internal schema. Instead, our memory for a scene may be largely driven by its visual composition, with a tendency to extend or contract the boundaries equally likely.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 23 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Ross G. Dwyer, Nils C. Krueck, Vinay Udyawer, Michelle R. Heupel, Demian Chapman, Harold L. Pratt, Ricardo Garla, Colin A. Simpfendorfer〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉No-take marine protected areas (MPAs) are a commonly applied tool to reduce human fishing impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems. However, conservation outcomes of MPAs for mobile and long-lived predators such as sharks are highly variable. Here, we use empirical animal tracking data from 459 individual sharks and baited remote underwater video surveys undertaken in 36 countries to construct an empirically supported individual-based model that estimates the conservation effectiveness of MPAs for five species of coral reef-associated sharks (〈em〉Triaenodon obesus〈/em〉, 〈em〉Carcharhinus melanopterus〈/em〉, 〈em〉Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos〈/em〉, 〈em〉Carcharhinus perezi〈/em〉, and 〈em〉Ginglymostoma cirratum〈/em〉). We demonstrate how species-specific individual movement traits can contribute to fishing mortality of sharks found within MPAs as they move outside to adjacent fishing grounds. We discovered that the world’s officially recorded coral reef-based managed areas (with a median width of 9.4 km) would need to be enforced as strict no-take MPAs and up to 5 times larger to expect protection of the majority of individuals of the five investigated reef shark species. The magnitude of this effect depended on local abundances and fishing pressure, with MPAs required to be 1.6–2.6 times larger to protect the same number of Atlantic and Caribbean species, which occur at lower abundances than similar species in the western Pacific. Furthermore, our model was used to quantify partially substantial reductions (〉50%) in fishing mortality resulting from small increases in MPA size, allowing us to bridge a critical gap between traditional conservation planning and fisheries management. Overall, our results highlight the challenge of relying on abundance data alone to ensure that estimates of shark conservation impacts of MPAs follow the precautionary approach.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 23 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Bryant E. Walker, Jaana Männik, Jaan Männik〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉During the early stages of cytokinesis, FtsZ protofilaments form a ring-like structure, the Z-ring, in most bacterial species. This cytoskeletal scaffold recruits downstream proteins essential for septal cell wall synthesis. Despite progress in understanding the dynamic nature of the Z-ring and its role in coordinating septal cell wall synthesis, the early stages of protofilament formation and subsequent assembly into the Z-ring are still not understood. Here we investigate a sequence of assembly steps that lead to the formation of the Z-ring in 〈em〉Escherichia coli〈/em〉 using high temporal and spatial resolution imaging. Our data show that formation of the Z-ring is preceded by transient membrane-linked FtsZ assemblies. These assemblies form after attachment of short cytosolic protofilaments, which we estimate to be less than 20 monomers long, to the membrane. The attachments occur at random locations along the length of the cell. The filaments treadmill and show periods of rapid growth and shrinkage. Their dynamic properties imply that protofilaments are bundled in these assemblies. Furthermore, we establish that the size of assemblies is sensitively controlled by the availability of FtsZ molecules and by the presence of ZapA proteins. The latter has been implicated in cross-linking the protofilaments. The likely function of these dynamic FtsZ assemblies is to sample the cell surface for the proper location for the Z-ring.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0960982219316185-fx1.jpg" width="375" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 23 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Emma E. George, Filip Husnik, Daria Tashyreva, Galina Prokopchuk, Aleš Horák, Waldan K. Kwong, Julius Lukeš, Patrick J. Keeling〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Genome evolution in bacterial endosymbionts is notoriously extreme: the combined effects of strong genetic drift and unique selective pressures result in highly reduced genomes with distinctive adaptations to hosts [1, 2, 3, 4]. These processes are mostly known from animal endosymbionts, where nutritional endosymbioses represent the best-studied systems. However, eukaryotic microbes, or protists, also harbor diverse bacterial endosymbionts, but their genome reduction and functional relationships with their hosts are largely unexplored [5, 6, 7]. We sequenced the genomes of four bacterial endosymbionts from three species of diplonemids, poorly studied but abundant and diverse heterotrophic protists [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The endosymbionts come from two bacterial families, 〈em〉Rickettsiaceae〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Holosporaceae〈/em〉, that have invaded two families of diplonemids, and their genomes have converged on an extremely small size (605–632 kilobase pairs [kbp]), similar gene content (e.g., metabolite transporters and secretion systems), and reduced metabolic potential (e.g., loss of energy metabolism). These characteristics are generally found in both families, but the diplonemid endosymbionts have evolved greater extremes in parallel. They possess modified type VI secretion systems that could function in manipulating host metabolism or other intracellular interactions. Finally, modified cellular machinery like the ATP synthase without oxidative phosphorylation, and the reduced flagellar apparatus present in some diplonemid endosymbionts and nutritional animal endosymbionts, indicates that intracellular mechanisms have converged in bacterial endosymbionts with various functions and from different eukaryotic hosts across the tree of life.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 23 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Vani Narayanan, Laurel E. Schappell, Carl R. Mayer, Ashley A. Duke, Travis J. Armiger, Paul T. Arsenovic, Abhinav Mohan, Kris N. Dahl, Jason P. Gleghorn, Daniel E. Conway〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Epithelial cells spontaneously form acini (also known as cysts or spheroids) with a single, fluid-filled central lumen when grown in 3D matrices. The size of the lumen is dependent on apical secretion of chloride ions, most notably by the CFTR channel, which has been suggested to establish pressure in the lumen due to water influx. To study the cellular biomechanics of acini morphogenesis and homeostasis, we used MDCK-2 cells. Using FRET-force biosensors for E-cadherin, we observed significant increases in the average tension per molecule for each protein in mature 3D acini as compared to 2D monolayers. Increases in CFTR activity resulted in increased E-cadherin forces, indicating that ionic gradients affect cellular tension. Direct measurements of pressure revealed that mature acini experience significant internal hydrostatic pressure (37 ± 10.9 Pa). Changes in CFTR activity resulted in pressure and/or volume changes, both of which affect E-cadherin tension. Increases in CFTR chloride secretion also induced YAP signaling and cellular proliferation. In order to recapitulate disruption of acinar homeostasis, we induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During the initial stages of EMT, there was a gradual decrease in E-cadherin force and lumen pressure that correlated with lumen infilling. Strikingly, increasing CFTR activity was sufficient to block EMT. Our results show that ion secretion is an important regulator of morphogenesis and homeostasis in epithelial acini. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that, for closed 3D cellular systems, ion gradients can generate osmotic pressure or volume changes, both of which result in increased cellular tension.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0960982219316203-fx1.jpg" width="375" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 20 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology, Volume 30, Issue 2〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kara K. Walker, Anne E. Pusey〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 20 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology, Volume 30, Issue 2〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Juliane Uhlhorn, Mathias F. Wernet〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉A new study shows that the synaptically interconnected axon terminals of colour-sensitive fly photoreceptors that sample the same point in visual space receive additional inhibition from surrounding units; the resulting additional chromatic comparisons result in an optimal decorrelation of photoreceptor inputs. There are striking parallels between newly identified horizontal interactions and those mediated by mammalian horizontal cells.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 20 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology, Volume 30, Issue 2〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Michael Gross〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Lineages changing their mode of locomotion are among the most conspicuous manifestations of evolutionary change. The appearance and disappearance of legs in events like the transition from fish to tetrapods, lizards to snakes, and tetrapods to whales has long fascinated biologists and lay people alike. Now genetics, developmental biology and paleontology are converging on a better understanding of these crucial transitions. 〈strong〉Michael Gross〈/strong〉 reports.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 20 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology, Volume 30, Issue 2〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Francesco Monaca, Johannes Kohl〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉It remains unclear how hormonally mediated internal states affect specific brain circuits to modify behaviour. A new study reveals that a hypothalamic projection pathway critical for female sexual receptivity is extensively remodelled during the estrous cycle.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 20 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology, Volume 30, Issue 2〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sandra Citi〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Two recent studies report that ZO proteins, the main scaffolding proteins of tight junctions, undergo liquid phase separation. This new concept provides understanding at the mechanistic level of how tight junctions are formed and how they participate in mechanochemical signaling in early development.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 16 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): James D. Howard, Rachel Reynolds, Devyn E. Smith, Joel L. Voss, Geoffrey Schoenbaum, Thorsten Kahnt〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Outcome-guided behavior requires knowledge about the current value of expected outcomes. Such behavior can be isolated in the reinforcer devaluation task, which assesses the ability to infer the current value of specific rewards after devaluation. Animal lesion studies demonstrate that orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is necessary for normal behavior in this task, but a causal role for human OFC in outcome-guided behavior has not been established. Here, we used sham-controlled, non-invasive, continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) to temporarily disrupt human OFC network activity by stimulating a site in the lateral prefrontal cortex that is strongly connected to OFC prior to devaluation of food odor rewards. Subjects in the sham group appropriately avoided Pavlovian cues associated with devalued food odors. However, subjects in the stimulation group persistently chose those cues, even though devaluation of food odors themselves was unaffected by cTBS. This behavioral impairment was mirrored in changes in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) activity such that subjects in the stimulation group exhibited reduced OFC network connectivity after cTBS, and the magnitude of this reduction was correlated with choices after devaluation. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of indirectly targeting the human OFC with non-invasive cTBS and indicate that OFC is specifically required for inferring the value of expected outcomes.〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 16 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Chris MacDonald, S. Brookhart Shields, Charlotte A. Williams, Stanley Winistorfer, Robert C. Piper〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉In yeast, the main ubiquitin ligase responsible for the sorting of proteins to the lysosomal vacuole is Rsp5, a member of the Nedd4 family of ligases whose distinguishing features are a catalytic homologous to E6AP C terminus (HECT) domain and 3 central WW domains that bind PY motifs in target proteins. Many substrates do not bind Rsp5 directly and instead rely on PY-containing adaptor proteins that interact with Rsp5. Recent studies indicate that the activities of these adaptors are elevated when they undergo ubiquitination, yet the mechanism whereby ubiquitination activates the adaptors and how this process is regulated remain unclear. Here, we report on a mechanism that explains how ubiquitination stimulates adaptor function and how this process can be regulated by the Rsp5-associated deubiquitinase, Ubp2. Our overexpression experiments revealed that several adaptors compete for Rsp5 〈em〉in vivo〈/em〉. We found that the ability of the adaptors to compete effectively was enhanced by their ubiquitination and diminished by a block of their ubiquitination. Ubiquitination-dependent adaptor activation required a ubiquitin-binding surface within the Rsp5 catalytic HECT domain. Finally, like constitutively ubiquitinated adaptors, a Ubp2 deficiency increased both the adaptor activity and the ability to compete for Rsp5. Our data support a model whereby ubiquitinated Rsp5 adaptors are more active when “locked” onto Rsp5 via its N-lobe ubiquitin-binding surface and less active when they are “unlocked” by Ubp2-mediated deubiquitination.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈h5〉Graphical Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉〈figure〉〈img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S096098221931588X-fx1.jpg" width="375" alt="Graphical abstract for this article" title=""〉〈/figure〉〈/p〉〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 98〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Lang Lang, Minnan Bao, Weixin Jing, Wei Chen, Lan Wang〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉 〈p〉Toll is essential in innate immune system which is important for defense against bacterial, fungal and viral infections in invertebrates. Our previous study showed that cadmium (Cd) could change the expression pattern of ShToll3 in the epithelium (gills and midgut from the freshwater crab 〈em〉Sinopotamon henanense〈/em〉) infected by 〈em〉Aeromonas hydrophila〈/em〉. To investigate the diverse innate immune roles of crustacean homolog Tolls, in this study, we cloned 〈em〉Shtoll1〈/em〉 from 〈em〉S. henanense〈/em〉. The full-length cDNA of 〈em〉Shtoll1〈/em〉 was 4746 bp, with an ORF of 3033 bp encoding a putative protein of 111 amino acids, a 5′-untranslated region of 255 bp and a 3′-untranslated region of 1713 bp. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ShToll1 was clustered into the group of DmToll1, DmToll 4 and DmToll 5. In addition, the tissue distribution results showed that 〈em〉Shtoll1〈/em〉 was expressed widely in different tissues, with the highest expression in heamocytes. Besides, 〈em〉Shtoll1〈/em〉 expressions were upregulated in heamocytes and hepatopancreas after 〈em〉A. hydrophila〈/em〉 infection. At the same time, the increase of 〈em〉Shtoll1〈/em〉 expressions were examined in heamocytes in response to Cd exposure and 〈em〉A. hydrophila〈/em〉 infection in combination. Through western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis, the ShToll1 expressions in heamocytes were increased in response to 〈em〉A. hydrophila〈/em〉 and Cd independently as well as in combination. Moreover, the mRNA level of three antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) 〈em〉alf5, alf6,〈/em〉 and 〈em〉c-lys〈/em〉, which possibly responded to Cd and 〈em〉A. hydrophila〈/em〉 stimulation through 〈em〉Shtoll1,〈/em〉 were analyzed.〈/p〉 〈p〉Thus, we conclude that Cd expand the susceptibility of ShToll1 to 〈em〉A. hydrophila〈/em〉 infection in heamocytes. This suggest that ShToll1 may contribute to the innate immune defense of 〈em〉S. henanense〈/em〉 against 〈em〉A. hydrophila〈/em〉 and Cd in heamocytes.〈/p〉 〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: Available online 13 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): A. Panigrahi, R.R. Das, M.R. Sivakumar, A. Saravanan, C. Saranya, N.S. Sudheer, K.P. Kumaraguru Vasagam, P. Mahalakshmi, S. Kannappan, G. Gopikrishna〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Effect of bio-augmentation of 〈em〉Bacillus spp〈/em〉 in biofloc on growth, survival and immunity in Indian white shrimp 〈em〉Penaeus indicus〈/em〉 was evaluated. Nine 〈em〉Bacillus〈/em〉 strains were isolated and screened individually as well as in the form of a consortia. To maintain a C:N ratio of 12:1 a blend of carbohydrate sources was used. Bio-augmentation with bacterial consortium and 〈em〉Virgibacillus sp.〈/em〉 produced improved growth and immunity. Shrimp survival ranged from 80 to 95% among treatments. Production was higher (35%) in the biofloc tanks with an average body weight (ABW) of 10.89 ± 1.2 g. On evaluating the immune responses, it was found that trypsin significantly (P 〈 0.05) enhanced Prophenoloxidase (PO) activity in 〈em〉Lysinibacillus〈/em〉, 〈em〉Bacillus cereus〈/em〉, 〈em〉Bacillus licheniformis〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Bacillus subtilis〈/em〉 bio-augmented groups. Laminarin induced PO activity was observed in groups supplemented with 〈em〉Oceanobacillus sp.〈/em〉, 〈em〉Bacillus sp.〈/em〉and 〈em〉Bacillus megaterium〈/em〉. The lysozyme (LZ) activity was significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher in 〈em〉B. cereus〈/em〉 and Microbial Consortia (MC), while other treatments were less effective. Total hemocyte count (THC) significantly (P 〈 0.05) increased in all treatment groups compared to the control. Hyaline hemocyte (HH) count was significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher in the control group (14.43%). Semi granular hemocytes (SGH) was higher in groups treated with 〈em〉Lysinibacillus, Bacillus sp., B. licheniformis〈/em〉 and 〈em〉B. subtilis.〈/em〉 The granular hemocyte (GH) count was significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher in 〈em〉Virgibacillus sp.〈/em〉, 〈em〉B. cereus〈/em〉, 〈em〉B.megaterium〈/em〉 and 〈em〉Oceanobacillus sp.〈/em〉 The biofloc alone (BF), treated and augmented with 〈em〉B. megaterium〈/em〉 significantly (P 〈 0.05) increased phagocytic activity. Highly significant phagocytic index (PI) was observed in bio-augmented groups, BF and MC. The relative expression levels of immune genes were found to be significantly up-regulated in shrimps grown in bio-augmented groups. Enhanced immunological parameters implies that bio-augmentation of biofloc with 〈em〉Bacillus spp.〈/em〉 improved immunity in shrimps. Hence, bio-augmentation of probiotics in biofloc may be useful in improving culture conditions to produce 〈em〉P. indicus.〈/em〉〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 98〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Jessica L. Piesz, Sarah E. Barker, Ian R. Bricknell〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉The ectoparasite, 〈em〉Lepeophtheirus salmonis〈/em〉 (Kroyer 1837)〈em〉,〈/em〉 is effective at avoiding elimination from its host, Atlantic salmon, 〈em〉Salmo salar〈/em〉 L., by inhibiting the recruitment of immune cells to the site of attachment. In other ectoparasitic arthropods, numerous factors have been identified that bind or neutralize chemokines preventing their interaction with receptors on the surfaces of immune cells. To determine if 〈em〉L. salmonis〈/em〉 is utilizing a similar mechanism of immune modulation, the chemotactic activity of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) to leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and the secreted/excreted products (SEPs) of the sea louse were investigated 〈em〉in vitro〈/em〉. The results showed that incubation of LTB4 with SEPs reduced leukocyte migration compared to LTB4 immune stimulation alone. Data suggests that one of the mechanisms 〈em〉L. salmonis〈/em〉 may be using to regulate immune cell recruitment in Atlantic salmon is by inhibiting or neutralizing the activity of chemokines.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 98〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Li-Jie Huo, Ming-Chong Yang, Jin-Xing Wang, Xiu-Zhen Shi〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) is a mitochondrial protein that functions as a physiological inhibitor of F〈sub〉1〈/sub〉F〈sub〉0〈/sub〉-ATP synthase. In the present study, a mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor factor 1 (〈em〉Mj〈/em〉ATPIF1) was identified from kuruma shrimp (〈em〉Marsupenaeus japonicus〈/em〉), which was demonstrated to participate in the viral immune reaction of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉ATPIF1 contained a mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor (IATP) domain, and was widely distributed in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestine of shrimp. 〈em〉MjATPIF1〈/em〉 transcription was upregulated in hemocytes and intestines by WSSV. WSSV replication decreased after 〈em〉MjATPIF1〈/em〉 knockdown by RNA interference and increased following recombinant 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉ATPIF1 protein injection. Further study found that 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉ATPIF1 promoted the production of superoxide and activated the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB, Dorsal) to induce the transcription of WSSV RNAs. These results demonstrate that 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉ATPIF1 benefits WSSV replication in kuruma shrimp by inducing superoxide production and NF-κB activation.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 98〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Muting Yan, Zhihao Liu, Kaihang Xu, Wenjing Wang, Lanfen Fan, Han Gong〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Previous studies have indicated that white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection induces apoptosis in many shrimp organs. However, the mechanism by which WSSV causes host apoptosis remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated the function of wsv152, the first mitochondrial protein identified as encoded by WSSV. Glutathione S-transferase pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that wsv152 interacts with the shrimp mitochondrial protein cytochrome 〈em〉c〈/em〉 oxidase 5a (COX5a), a subunit of the COX complex. We also found that wsv152 expression significantly increased the rate of apoptosis, suggesting a role of wsv152 in WSSV-induced apoptosis in shrimp. Knockdown of wsv152 〈em〉in vivo〈/em〉 led to downregulation of several apoptosis-related shrimp genes, including cytochrome 〈em〉c〈/em〉, apoptosis-inducing factor and caspase-3. Suppression of wsv152 also resulted in significant reductions in the number of WSSV genome copies in tissues and in the mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp. Together, these results suggest that wsv152 targets host COX5a and is associated with the expression profiles of apoptosis-related shrimp genes. Wsv152 is likely also involved in WSSV-induced apoptosis, thereby facilitating virus infection and playing a complex role in WSSV pathogenesis.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: March 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Fish & Shellfish Immunology, Volume 98〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Sen Xu, Ming Jing, Wen-Ying Liu, He Dong, De-Min Kong, Ya-Ru Wang, Han-Han Zhang, Zhen Yue, You-Jie Li, Fei Jiao, Shu-Yang Xie〈/p〉 〈div xml:lang="en"〉 〈h5〉Abstract〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉L-type lectins (LTLs) belong to the lectin family and are characterized by a conserved structural motif in their carbohydrate recognition domain. LTLs are homologous to leguminous lectins. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized an LTL from kuruma shrimp 〈em〉Marsupenaeus japonicus〈/em〉. We designated this LTL as 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2. 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2 contains a signal peptide, a Lectin_leg domain, a coiled coil, and transmembrane domain. 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2 is distributed in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gill, stomach, and intestine; higher expression levels are seen in hemocytes and the hepatopancreas than in other tissues. 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2 was upregulated following challenge of shrimp with 〈em〉Vibrio anguillarum〈/em〉 and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2 can agglutinate several bacteria without Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉. In addition, 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2 could bind to several Gram-positive and -negative bacteria by binding to their lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. However, 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2 could not enhance the clearance of 〈em〉V. anguillarum〈/em〉 in vivo. In the presence of WSSV infection, 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2 knockdown by RNA interference resulted in a 7-day lower cumulative mortality of 〈em〉M. japonicus〈/em〉. Moreover, less 〈em〉VP19, VP24, VP26,〈/em〉 and 〈em〉VP2〈/em〉8 mRNAs were extracted from the hemocytes of 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2 knockdown shrimp than from the control. These results suggest that 〈em〉Mj〈/em〉LTL2 is involved in immune responses in shrimp.〈/p〉〈/div〉 〈/div〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 20 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology, Volume 30, Issue 2〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Kristopher J. Kennedy, Michiko E. Taga〈/p〉

Beschreibung: 〈p〉Publication date: 20 January 2020〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Source:〈/b〉 Current Biology, Volume 30, Issue 2〈/p〉 〈p〉Author(s): Andrew Groover〈/p〉 〈h5〉Summary〈/h5〉 〈div〉〈p〉Sometimes the exceptions prove the rule, and lianas show some of the most exceptional stem anatomical variation in plants. New research describes the evolution and development of liana stem anatomical variants, and reveals new rules of woody growth.〈/p〉〈/div〉