ALBERT

Description: The data file `CENOGRID_Loess_20.txt` contains the astronomically tuned deep-sea benthic foraminifer carbon (δ¹³C) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotope reference records uniformly covering the entire Cenozoic. The first column is the tuned age in Ma, the second column the δ¹³C, and the third column the δ¹⁸O record. The original calculations were performed using the CRP Toolbox for MATLAB. In order to avoid installing the toolbox and for better performance, the functions for calculating RP and RQA were here reimplemented, providing identical result. To reproduce the RPs in Fig. 2, use the script `perform_rp.m`, for reproducing the determinism values and upper confidence bounds, use the script `perform_rqa.m`.

Description: This repository contains the source files for processing the datasets, running the analysis, and producing the plots for the following publication: Niklas H. Kitzmann, Pawel Romanczuk, Nico Wunderling and Jonathan F. Donges (2022). Detecting contagious spreading of urban innovations on the global city network. European Physical Journal Special Topics. DOI:10.1140/epjs/s11734-022-00470-4

Description: The files contain MAgPIE 4.3.5 results of reduced wood harvest and forest protection scenarios. MAgPIE requires GAMS (https://www.gams.com/) including licenses for the solvers CONOPT and (optionally) CPLEX for its core calculations. As the model benefits significantly from recent improvements in GAMS and CONOPT4 it is recommended to work with the most recent versions of both. The results of the model run here have been cleaned up to avoid bulky uploads. The fulldata.gdx is the technical output of the GAMS optimization and contains all quantities that were used during the optimization in unchanged form. The mif-file is a CSV file of a specific format and is synthetized from the fulldata.gdx by post-processing scripts. It can be read in any text editor or spreadsheet program and is well suited for a brief look at the results and for further analysis.

Description: This profile provides an overview of the projected climate parameters and related impacts on different sectors in Cameroon until 2080 under different climate change scenarios (called Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs). RCP2.6 represents a low emissions scenario that aims to keep global warming likely below 2 °C above pre-industrial temperatures. RCP6.0 represents a medium to high emissions scenario that is likely to exceed 2 °C. Model projections do not account for effects of future socio-economic impacts unless indicated otherwise.

Description: This profile provides an overview of projected climate parameters and related impacts on different sectors in Senegal until 2080 under different climate change scenarios (called Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs). RCP2.6 represents the low emissions scenario in line with the Paris Agreement; RCP6.0 represents a medium to high emissions scenario. Model projections do not account for effects of future socio-economic impacts.

Description: This profile provides an overview of the projected climate parameters and related impacts on different sectors in Zambia until 2080 under different climate change scenarios (called Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPs). RCP2.6 represents a low emissions scenario that aims to keep global warming likely below 2 °C above pre-industrial temperatures. RCP6.0 represents a medium to high emissions scenario that is likely to exceed 2 °C. Model projections do not account for effects of future socio-economic impacts unless indicated otherwise.

Description: Code and data source to reproduce figures in Brandt & Marwan: "Difference recurrence plots for structural inspection using guided ultrasonic waves", EPJ-ST, 2022, DOI:10.1140/ep js/s11734-022-00701-8

Description: Output data used in the GMD publication: CM2Mc-LPJmL v1.0: Biophysical coupling of a process-based dynamic vegetation model with managed land to a general circulation model, Drüke et al. (https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-436)

Description: Dataset containing all greenhouse gas emissions data submitted by countries under climate change convention (including CRF data) as published by the UNFCCC secretariat at 2021-06-28.

Description: Dataset containing all greenhouse gas emissions data submitted by countries under climate change convention (including CRF data) as published by the UNFCCC secretariat at 2021-12-03.

Description: The simulations of the end‐Cretaceous climate and the effects of the impact are carried out with a coupled climate model consisting of a modified version of the ocean general circulation model MOM3, a dynamic/thermodynamic sea ice model, and a fast statistical‐dynamical atmosphere model. Our impact simulations are based on a climate simulation of the end‐Cretaceous climate state using a Maastrichtian (70 Ma) continental configuration. The solar constant is scaled to 1354 W/m2, based on the present‐day solar constant of 1361 W/m2 and a standard solar model. A baseline simulation with 500 ppm of atmospheric CO2 and a sensitivity experiment at 1000 ppm CO2 concentration. The impact is assumed to release 100 Gt sulfur and 1400 Gt CO2. We simulate stratospheric residence times of 2.1 y, 4.3 y and 10.6 y. More information about the model can be found in the manuscript (https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072241).

Description: We develop a model of optimal carbon taxation and redistribution taking into account horizontal equity concerns by considering heterogeneous energy efficiencies. By deriving first- and second-best rules for policy instruments including carbon taxes, transfers and energy subsidies, we then investigate analytically how horizontal equity is considered in the social welfare maximizing tax structure. We calibrate the model to German household data and a 30 percent emission reduction goal. Our results show that energy-intensive households should receive more redistributive resources than energy-efficient households if and only if social inequality aversion is sufficiently high. We further find that redistribution of carbon tax revenue via household-specific transfers is the first-best policy. Equal per-capita transfers do not suffer from informational problems, but increase mitigation costs by around 15 percent compared to the first-best for unity inequality aversion. Adding renewable energy subsidies or non-linear energy subsidies, reduces mitigation costs further without relying on observability of households’ energy efficiency.

Description: Wasserstoff kann ein wichtiger Baustein für das Ziel der Treibhausgasneu-tralität sein, jedoch nur wenn er umweltfreundlich und nachhaltig hergestellt und sparsam genutzt wird. Die Herstellung von grünem Wasserstoff erfordert große Mengen an erneuerbarem Strom und beansprucht damit indirekt Flächen, Rohstoffe und Wasser. Daher sollte Wasserstoff nur dort eingesetzt werden, wo es keine effizienteren Optionen für Klimaschutz gibt. Eine voll-ständige Dekarbonisierung der Wirtschaft kann nur gelingen, wenn insgesamt weniger Energie verbraucht wird.

Description: RAIN4PE is a novel daily gridded precipitation dataset obtained by merging multi-source precipitation data (satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation, CHIRP (Funk et al. 2015), reanalysis ERA5 (Hersbach et al. 2020), and ground-based precipitation) with terrain elevation using the random forest regression method. Furthermore, RAIN4PE is hydrologically corrected using streamflow data in catchments with precipitation underestimation through reverse hydrology. Hence, RAIN4PE is the only gridded precipitation product for Peru and Ecuador, which benefits from maximum available in-situ observations, multiple precipitation sources, elevation data, and is supplemented by streamflow data to correct the precipitation underestimation over páramos and montane catchments. The RAIN4PE data are available for the terrestrial land surface between 19°S-2°N and 82-67°W, at 0.1° spatial and daily temporal resolution from 1981 to 2015. The precipitation dataset is provided in netCDF format. For a detailed description of the RAIN4PE development and evaluation of RAIN4PE applicability for hydrological modeling of Peruvian and Ecuadorian watersheds, readers are advised to read Fernandez-Palomino et al. (2021).

Description: In “Investigating Mesozoic Climate Trends and Sensitivities with a Large Ensemble of Climate Model Simulations” we study global trends in the climatic evolution through the Mesozoic era (252-66 Ma). The data presented here is the model output on which the results of this manuscript are based. Also included are different boundary condition model input files and scripts to generate the included figures (using the Python programming language in a Jupyter Notebook). The model output is provided in different netcdf files. The data is generated using the coupled ocean-atmosphere model CLIMBER3alpha (Montoya et al. 2005) which models climate globally on a 3.75° x 3.75° (ocean, lon.x lat.) and 22.5° x 7.5° (atmosphere) grid. Please note that data from other research that is shown in the figures in Landwehrs et al. (2021a) is not included in this data publication to avoid copyright issues. Methods The data is model input and output for/from the coupled ocean-atmosphere model CLIMBER3alpha which models climate globally on a 3.75° x 3.75° (ocean, lon.x lat.) and 22.5° x 7.5° (atmosphere) grid.

Description: In "A pronounced spike in ocean productivity triggered by the Chicxulub impact" we study the combined effect of sulfate aerosols, carbon dioxide and dust on the oceans and the marine biosphere after the Chicxulub impact using simulations with a climate model including ocean biogeochemistry. The data presented here is the model output the results of this manuscript are based on. Additionally, the figures of the publication and scripts (Python) to analyse the model output and generate the figures are contained. The model output is provided in different netcdf files. The structure of the model output is explained in a readme file. The data is generated using the coupled ocean-atmosphere model CLIMBER-3α+C which models climate globally on a 3.75° x 3.75° (ocean) and 22.5° (longitude) x 7.5° (latitude) (atmosphere) grid. More information about the model can be found in the manuscript and the README of this data publication.

Description: Model code for the GMD publication: CM2Mc-LPJmL v1.0: Biophysical coupling of a process-based dynamic vegetation model with managed land to a general circulation model, Drüke et al. (https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-436). Further information is provided in README-CM2Mc-LPJmL-v1.0.html.

Description: This repository contains the model output data for the study: "Do details matter? Disentangling the processes related to plant species interactions in two grassland models of different complexity" (Wirth et al., 2021). The data contains results of the LPJmL (Schaphoff et al. 2018; von Bloh et al. 2018; Rolinski et al. 2018) and GRASSMIND (Taubert et al. 2012, 2020a, b) model for the simulation scenarios.

Description: A collaboration between the Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), DOSE v.1 comprises a global data-base of sub-national economic output.

Description: Code for coupling the Parallel Ice Sheet Model PISM with the Modular Ocean Model MOM

Description: In seinem Umweltgutachten 2020 greift der SRU umweltpolitische Themenfelder auf, in denen großer Handlungsbedarf besteht: Klimapolitik, Kreislaufwirtschaft, Gewässerschutz, Lärmschutz, städtische Mobilität und nachhaltige Quartiersentwicklung. Gleichzeitig zeigt der SRU auf, wie ein Umsteuern mit zielgerichteten Maßnahmen möglich ist. Vor dem Hintergrund der deutschen EU-Ratspräsidentschaft analysiert das Gutachten zudem anstehende Weichenstellungen in Europa. In Deutschland wie in der EU muss die Politik unter Beweis stellen, dass sie angesichts der enormen ökologischen und wirtschaftlichen Herausforderungen entschlossen handeln kann. Auf der europäischen Ebene werden ambitionierte Umweltziele, eine fokussierte und zugleich flexible Arbeitsmethodik und klare Vorgaben für Umsetzung und Monitoring benötigt. Auch bislang nicht ausreichend ökologisch ausgerichtete Wirtschaftsbereiche müssen jetzt den Umwelt- und Klimaschutz stärker in den Vordergrund stellen.

Description: For the article “How to Tailor my Process-based Model? Dynamic Identifiability Analysis of Flexible Model Structures” (Pilz et al., submitted) a flexible simulation environment is coupled with an algorithm for dynamic identifiability analysis to form a diagnostic tool for process-based model building. This software publication provides the simulation environment ECHSE along with the new WASA engine. The latter was developed and employed for the associated research article. The original ECHSE software was introduced by Kneis (2015) and can be obtained from http://echse.github.io/

Description: pycascades - a software package to simulate dynamics of tipping cascades on complex networks. This first release of pycascades goes along with the submission of the model description paper.

Description: This repository contains code and data for the reproduction of analysis and figures from: Kotz, Wenz, Stechemesser, Kalkuhl and Levermann (2020).

Description: Mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet constitutes the largest uncertainty in projections of future sea level rise. Ocean-driven melting underneath the floating ice shelves and subsequent acceleration of the inland ice streams is the major reason for currently observed mass loss from Antarctica and is expected to become more important in the future. Here we show that for projections of future mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet, it is essential (1) to better constrain the sensitivity of sub-shelf melt rates to ocean warming and (2) to include the historic trajectory of the ice sheet. In particular, we find that while the ice sheet response in simulations using the Parallel Ice Sheet Model is comparable to the median response of models in three Antarctic Ice Sheet Intercomparison projects – initMIP, LARMIP-2 and ISMIP6 – conducted with a range of ice sheet models, the projected 21st century sea level contribution differs significantly depending on these two factors. For the highest emission scenario RCP8.5, this leads to projected ice loss ranging from 1.4 to 4.0 cm of sea level equivalent in the ISMIP6 simulations where the sub-shelf melt sensitivity is comparably low, opposed to a likely range of 9.2 to 35.9 cm using the exact same initial setup, but emulated from the LARMIP-2 experiments with a higher melt sensitivity based on oceanographic studies. Furthermore, using two initial states, one with and one without a previous historic simulation from 1850 to 2014, we show that while differences between the ice sheet configurations in 2015 are marginal, the historic simulation increases the susceptibility of the ice sheet to ocean warming, thereby increasing mass loss from 2015 to 2100 by about 50 %. Our results emphasize that the uncertainty that arises from the forcing is of the same order of magnitude as the ice dynamic response for future sea level projections.

Description: This software can be used to quantify emissions mitigation targets stated in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). The output includes national targets and emissions pathways and globally aggregated mitigated emissions pathways. Several quantification options are available, including, i.a., the five marker scenarios of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) as baseline trajectories.

Description: This dataset provides country scenarios, downscaled from the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) and SSP (Shared Socio-Economic Pathways) scenario databases, using results from the SSP GDP (Gross Domestic Product) country model results as drivers for the downscaling process harmonized to and combined with up to date historical data.

Description: Input data for the PISM-MOM coupling framework as used in Kreuzer et al., Geoscientific Model Development publication (gmd-2020-230) [Coupling framework (1.0) for the ice sheet model PISM (1.1.1) and the ocean model MOM5 (5.1.0) via the ice-shelf cavity module PICO]

Description: 29 April 2020: Release of Version 0.3 This is an updated version of Reyer et al., (2019, V. 0.1.12, http://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2019.008). All changes and updates are documented in the changelog available via the data download section. Current process-based vegetation models are complex scientific tools that require proper evaluation of the different processes included in the models to prove that the models can be used to integrate our understanding of forest ecosystems and project climate change impacts on forests. The PROFOUND database (PROFOUND DB) described here aims to bring together data from a wide range of data sources to evaluate vegetation models and simulate climate impacts at the forest stand scale. It has been designed to fulfill two objectives: - Allow for a thorough evaluation of complex, process-based vegetation models using multiple data streams covering a range of processes at different temporal scales - Allow for climate impact assessments by providing the latest climate scenario data. Therefore, the PROFOUND DB provides general a site description as well as soil, climate, CO2, Nitrogen deposition, tree-level, forest stand-level and remote sensing data for 9 forest stands spread throughout Europe. Moreover, for a subset of 5 sites, also time series of carbon fluxes, energy balances and soil water are available. The climate and nitrogen deposition data contains several datasets for the historic period and a wide range of future climate change scenarios following the Representative Emission Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5). In addition, we also provide pre-industrial climate simulations that allow for model runs aimed at disentangling the contribution of climate change to observed forest productivity changes. The PROFOUND Database is available freely but we incite users to respect the data policies of the individual datasets as provided in the metadata of each data file. The database can also be accessed via the PROFOUND R-package, which provides basic functions to explore, plot and extract the data. The data (PROFOUND DB) are provided in two different versions (ProfoundData.sqlite download as ProfoundData.zip, ProfoundData_ASCII.zip) accompanied by a change-log to the previous published version (changelog_Profound-DB_v03.pdf), auxiliary data of reconstructed single tree data at the site Sorø (Soroe_DBH_H_AGE_20200428.zip) and documented by the three explanatory documents: (1) PROFOUNDdatabase.pdf: describes the structure, organisation and content of the PROFOUND DB. (2) PROFOUNDsites.pdf: displays the main data of the PROFOUND DB for each of the 9 forest sites in tables and plots. (3) ProfoundData.pdf: explains how to use the PROFOUND R-Package "ProfoundData" to access the PROFOUND DB and provides example scripts on how to apply it.

Description: This archive provides the model result of the AbuMIP experiments: The Antarctic BUttressing Model Intercomparison Project.

Description: We show how normative standpoints determine optimal taxation of wealth. Since wealth is not equal to capital, we find very different welfare implications of land rent-, bequest- and capital taxation. It is mainly land rents that should be taxed. We develop an overlapping generations model with heterogeneous agents and calibrate it to OECD data. We compare three normative views. First, the Kaldor-Hicks criterion favors the laissez-faire equilibrium. Second, with prioritarian welfare functions based on money-metric utility, high land rent taxes are optimal due to a portfolio effect. Third, if society disapproves of bequeathing, bequest taxation becomes slightly more desirable

Description: This is the PISM code version used for the Antarctic Ice Sheet hysteresis simulations published and discussed in Garbe, J., Albrecht, T., Levermann, A., Donges, J. F., and Winkelmann, R. The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature 585(7826), 2020. The code is based on PISM release v1.0, but contains several improvements and modifications

Description: This archive provides the scripts and routines used as part of the publication "ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the 21st century", published in The Cryosphere, https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/14/3033/2020/

Description: For the article “How to Tailor my Process-based Model? Dynamic Identifiability Analysis of Flexible Model Structures” (Pilz et al., submitted) a flexible simulation environment is coupled with an algorithm for dynamic identifiability analysis to form a diagnostic tool for process-based model building. This associated data description describes first which software is needed (R and the ECHSE model) and how to configure your computer in order to run the model and the analysis. Second, the input data provided within this data set are described. Eventually, the R scripts are described, which were used to initialize and run the model and conduct the subsequent identifiability analysis. This publication comprises the ECHSE model, all R packages in their employed versions, the model setup and results, figures and data presented in the associated research paper, and the R scripts used to initialize and run the model and conduct all analyses.

Description: Dataset containing all greenhouse gas emissions data submitted by countries under climate change convention (CRF data) as published by the UNFCCC secretariat at 2020-10-25

Description: Climate change not only impacts production and market consumption, but also the relative scarcity of non-market goods, such as environmental amenities. We study fundamental drivers of the resulting relative price changes, their potential magnitude, and their implications for climate policy in Nordhaus’ prominent DICE model, thereby addressing one of its key criticisms. We propose plausible ranges for these relative prices changes based on best available evidence. Our central calibration reveals that accounting for relative prices is equivalent to decreasing pure time preference by 0.6 percentage points and leads to a more than 50 percent higher social cost of carbon.