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  • Articles
  • Other Sources  (611)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (611)
  • 1925-1929  (611)
  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Part I describes vibration tests, in a wind tunnel, of simple airfoils and of the tail plane of an M0-1 airplane model; it also describes the air flow about this model. From these tests are drawn inferences as to the cause and cure of aerodynamic wing vibrations. Part II derives stability criteria for wing vibrations in pitch and roll, and gives design rules to obviate instability. Part III shows how to design spars to flex equally under a given wing loading and thereby economically minimize the twisting in pitch that permits cumulative flutter. Resonant flutter is not likely to ensue from turbulence of air flow along past wings and tail planes in usual flying conditions. To be flutterproof a wing must be void of reversible autorotation and not have its centroid far aft of its pitching axis, i. e., axis of pitching motion. Danger of flutter is minimized by so proportioning the wing's torsional resisting moment to the air pitching moment at high-speed angles that the torsional flexure is always small. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-285
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: For aircraft engines the three principal operating conditions are idling speed, cruising speed, and diving with the engine stopped. In what follows, we will discuss a method which affords a good idea of the course of pressure for the above mentioned operating conditions. The pressures produced in the driving gear are of three kinds; namely, the pressure due to gases, the pressure due to the inertia of the rotating masses, and the pressure due to the inertia of the reciprocating masses.
    Type: NACA-TM-543
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In order to understand the numerical relations between the air velocity, temperature of the cylinder walls, heat dissipation, cylinder dimensions and type of construction an experimental plant was installed in the Siemens and Halske laboratory. The experimental cylinder was exposed to the air stream of a wind tunnel. The compression chamber was heated by an electrically heated oil bath kept constantly in motion by a stirrer. The wall temperatures were measured by thermocouples. The air stream was produced a seven-watt blower. The air flowed through a current rectifier (honeycomb), diffuser, air chamber with quieting sieves and a nozzle.
    Type: NACA-TM-540
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The present report deals with a series of tests made for the purpose of improving flow conditions about wings by applying the suction principle (increase of the lift coefficient and reduction of the drag about very thick wing sections). Though not conclusive, the report contains interesting results.
    Type: NACA-TM-534
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  • 5
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It would appear that welds in some stainless steels, heat-treated in some practicable way, will probably be found to have all the resistance to corrosion that is required for aircraft. Certainly these structures are not subjected to the severe conditions that are found in chemical plants.
    Type: NACA-TM-532
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The recent trial flights and acceptance tests of the Rohrbach "Romar," the largest seaplane in the world, have yielded results fully confirming the principles followed in its development. Its take-off weight of 19,000 kg, its beating the world record for raising the greatest useful load to 2000 m by almost 2500 kg and its remarkable showing in the seaworthiness tests are the results of intelligent researches, the guiding principles of which are briefly set forth in this article.
    Type: NACA-TM-541
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This part of the report presents a detailed examination of spark prevention, fire extinguishers, and fuel tank location and design. A continued program of investigations and research is also proposed.
    Type: NACA-TM-537
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Strip metal construction of wing spars are presented as well as workshop practices.
    Type: NACA-TM-528
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-TM-527
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  • 10
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-TM-506
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  • 11
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Among the numerous thermodynamic and kinetic problems that have arisen in the application of the gaseous explosive reaction as a source of power in the internal combustion engine, the problem of the mode or way by which the transformation proceeds and the rate at which the heat energy is delivered to the working fluid became very early in the engine's development a problem of prime importance. The work of Becker here given is a notable extension of earlier investigations, because it covers the entire range of the explosive reaction in gases - normal detonation and burning.
    Type: NACA-TM-505
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  • 12
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-AC-102
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of the wings on propulsive efficiency. The wings are shown to cause a reduction of 1 percent to 3 percent in propulsive efficiency, which is about the same for monoplane as well as biplane wings.
    Type: NACA-TN-322
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  • 14
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In order to make a stress analysis of seaplane floats, and especially of the members connecting the floats with the fuselage, it is of great importance to determine the maximum pressure acting on the floats during landing. Here, the author gives a formula for maximum pressures during landing that permits one to apply experimental results to different bodies and different velocities. The author notes that the formula checks very well with experimental results.
    Type: NACA-TN-321
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A wing interference investigation was conducted to determine why the N.A.C.A. cowling did not yield the expected increase in speed when adapted to the outboard nacelles of trimotored airplanes.
    Type: NACA-TN-320
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  • 16
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: These experiments show that the rate of auto rotation of a monoplane airfoil is reduced by sweepback, ceasing entirely when the sweepback is 30 degrees. In addition a very serious increase in rate and range of auto rotation with yaw is shown.
    Type: NACA-TN-319
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Tests were made on the 1927 Williams racer in order to determine the effect of the wing radiator on the airfoil characteristics. It was found that the radiator doubled the minimum drag of the portion of the wing it covered, and also reduced the lift somewhat.
    Type: NACA-TN-318
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Tests were made on four racing type airfoils in order to determine the high speed characteristics of the wings.
    Type: NACA-TN-317
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report describes preliminary wind tunnel tests on a model of a monoplane wing equipped with wing tip floating ailerons. Lift and drag, as well as rolling and yawing moments, were measured.
    Type: NACA-TN-316
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  • 20
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In the development of Diesel engine fuel injection systems it is necessary to have an approximate knowledge of the absolute viscosity of the fuel oil under high hydrostatic pressures. This report presents the results of experimental tests conducted by Mr. Jackson Newton Shore, utilizing the A.S.M.E. high pressure equipment.
    Type: NACA-TN-315
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  • 21
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The flight path followed by an airplane which was being flown by a blindfolded pilot was observed and recorded. When the pilot attempted to make a straight-away flight there was a tendency to deviate from the straight path and to take up a spiral one.
    Type: NACA-TN-314
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report describes the atmospheric conditions under which ice is formed upon the exposed parts of airplanes in flight. It identifies the formation found under different conditions, and describes some studies of preventative means.
    Type: NACA-TN-313
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The air forces on a twenty-centimeter sphere were measured after it had been rebuilt as an open throat type. The results from tests made at widely different densities and airspeeds and also on a smaller sphere are given.
    Type: NACA-TN-312
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This preliminary report furnishes information on the changes in the forces on each wing of a biplane cellule for various combinations of stagger and gap, stagger and sweepback, stagger and decalage, and gap and decalage. The data were obtained from pressure distribution tests made in the atmospheric wind tunnel of the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. Since each test was carried up to 90deg angle of attack, the results may be used in the study of stalled flight and of spinning as well as in the structural design of biplane wings.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-TN-330
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of tests to determine the effect of wheel brakes on the landing run of an airplane under conditions of load and at various wind velocities are presented.
    Type: NACA-TN-311
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Tests were made to determine the effects of air flow on the characteristics of fuel sprays from fuel injection valves. Curves and photographs are presented showing the airflow throughout the chamber and the effects of the air flow on the fuel spray characteristics. It was found that the moving air had little effect on the spray penetration except with the 0.006 inch orifice. The moving air did, however, affect the oil particles on the outside of the spray cone. After spray cut-off, the air flow rapidly distributed the atomized fuel throughout the spray chamber.
    Type: NACA-TN-329
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report is on the changes in forces on each wing of a biplane cellule when either the stagger or the gap is varied. Since each test was carried up to a 90 degree angle of attack, the results may be used in the study of stalled flight and of spinning as well as in the structural design of biplane wings.
    Type: NACA-TN-310
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  • 28
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-TN-309
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Given here are the results of tests made to determine the effect of fuel consumption on the cylinder temperatures and the performance of a cowled Wright J-5 engine. The results of these tests indicate that enriching the mixture by increasing the carburetor size results in a reduction in cylinder head and barrel temperatures. The cylinders shielded by the magnetos or the points on the cylinder that do not receive a free flow of cooling air increase most rapidly in temperature as the mixture is leaned. A free flow of air past the cylinders is essential for satisfactory operation on a lean mixture. The results of these tests show that the Wright J-5 engine can withstand severe temperatures for short periods of operation. The test results also show to what extent destructive temperatures may be avoided by enriching the mixture.
    Type: NACA-TN-328
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The general result indicated by this study is that if desirable from any viewpoint the gap between wing and fuselage may be closed without detrimental aerodynamic effects, and with a given monoplane there is less drag if the wing is directly on top of the fuselage than if it is parasol.
    Type: NACA-TN-327
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Measurements were made in the variable density wind tunnel to determine the pressure distribution over one section of a R.A.F. 31 airfoil with a leading edge slot fully open. To provide data for the study of scale effect on this type of airfoil, the tests were conducted with air densities of approximately one and twenty atmospheres.
    Type: NACA-TN-308
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report deals with pressure distribution tests on an airfoil with a conventional trailing edge flap. These tests were conducted in the Atmospheric Wind Tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Maximum chord loadings were obtained with the flap displaced downward and with the airfoil at large angles of attack. Greater changes were produced in the normal force and in the center of pressure travel by up-flap than by an equal down-flap displacement.
    Type: NACA-TN-326
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-TN-307
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This preliminary report furnishes information on the changes in the forces on each wing of a biplane cellule when the decalage, dihedral, sweepback and overhang are separately varied. The data were obtained from pressure distribution tests made in the Atmospheric Wind Tunnel of the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. Since each test was carried up to 90 degree angle of attack, the results may be used in the study of stalled flight and of spinning and in the structural design of biplane wings.
    Type: NACA-TN-325
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Given here are a set of column strength curves that are intended to simplify the method of determining the size of struts in an airplane structure when the load in the member is known. The curves will also simplify the checking of the strength of a strut if the size and length are known. With these curves, no computations are necessary, as in the case of the old-fashioned method of strut design. The process is so simple that draftsmen or others who are not entirely familiar with mechanics can check the strength of a strut without much danger of error.
    Type: NACA-TN-306
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effect of corrosion on the tensile properties of duralumin while stressed is shown in graphical form. According to the test results, duralumin sheet, coated with aluminum, maintains its initial properties unimpaired for corrosion periods as long as 60 days with an applied tensile stress as high as 20,000 lb/sq.in., which is approximately one-half the stress corresponding to the yield point as defined here. In these tests, that material which had been heat-treated by being quenched in cold water, though far inferior to similar material having the aluminum coating, was superior to the sheet material which was heat treated by being quenched in hot water. These results are in excellent agreement with the results of previous laboratory and exposure tests.
    Type: NACA-TN-305
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  • 37
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This compilation of the outstanding characteristics of the available aircraft engines of the world was prepared as a compact ready reference for desk use. It does not pretend to be anything but a skeleton outline of the characteristics of engines reported in the technical press as being in either the experimental, development, or production stage.
    Type: NACA-TN-303
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In a series of weather exposure tests of sheet duralumin, upon which accelerated corrosion tests in the laboratory by the wet-and-dry corrosion method in a sodium chloride solution has already been carried out, a close parallelism between the results of the two kinds of tests was found to exist. The exposure tests showed that the lack of permanence of sheet duralumin is largely, if not entirely, due to corrosion. A corrosion attack of an intercrystalline nature is very largely responsible for the degree of embrittlement produced. The rate of embrittlement was greatly accelerated by a marine atmosphere and by the tropical climate. Variations in corrosion and embrittlement are noted in relation to heat treatment, cold working, and types of protective coatings.
    Type: NACA-TN-304
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A new method for the prediction of airplane performance in level and climbing flight, together with complete information regarding propeller speeds, is described in this report. Developed from Bairstow's system and making use of American absolute coefficients, this method has advantages of simplicity and brevity.
    Type: NACA-TN-302
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The investigation described in this report is concerned with the changes in the aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil which are produced by a gauze-covered suction slot, located near the leading edge, and connected by an air passage to a split flap at the trailing edge. The tests were conducted at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. At the larger values of lift coefficient where the action of the slot might be expected to be most effective, the pressure differences were such that the air flowed out of the slot rather than in through it, and in consequence, the maximum lift coefficient was decreased.
    Type: NACA-TN-324
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of an investigation to determine the effect of boundary layer control on the lift and drag of an airfoil equipped with a backward opening slot. Various slot locations, widths of opening, and pressures, were used. The tests were conducted in the Five-Foot Atmospheric Wind Tunnel of the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. The greatest increase in maximum lift was 96 per cent, the greatest decrease in minimum drag was 27 per cent, and the greatest increase in the ratio, maximum lift coefficient/minimum drag coefficient, was 151 per cent.
    Type: NACA-TN-323
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  • 42
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-AC-94
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An adjustable blade metal propeller was tested at five different angle settings, forming a series varying in pitch. The propeller was mounted on a VE-7 airplane in the twenty-foot propeller research tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The efficiencies were found to be from 4 to 7 per cent higher than those of standard wood propellers operating under the same conditions. The results are given in convenient form for use in selecting propellers for aircraft.
    Type: NACA-TR-306
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  • 44
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report on a method of analysis of aircraft accidents has been prepared by a special committee on the nomenclature, subdivision, and classification of aircraft accidents organized by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in response to a request dated February 18, 1928, from the Air Coordination Committee consisting of the Assistant Secretaries for Aeronautics in the Departments of War, Navy, and Commerce. The work was undertaken in recognition of the difficulty of drawing correct conclusions from efforts to analyze and compare reports of aircraft accidents prepared by different organizations using different classifications and definitions. The air coordination committee's request was made "in order that practices used may henceforth conform to a standard and be universally comparable." the purpose of the special committee therefore was to prepare a basis for the classification and comparison of aircraft accidents, both civil and military. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-308
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report deals with the results of a series of studies of the kinetics of gaseous explosive reactions where the fuel under observation, instead of being a simple gas, is a known mixture of simple gases. In the practical application of the gaseous explosive reaction as a source of power in the gas engine, the fuels employed are composite, with characteristics that are apt to be due to the characteristics of their components and hence may be somewhat complex. The simplest problem that could be proposed in an investigation either of the thermodynamics or kinetics of the gaseous explosive reaction of a composite fuel would seem to be a separate study of the reaction characteristics of each component of the fuel and then a study of the reaction characteristics of the various known mixtures of those components forming composite fuels more and more complex. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-305
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The investigation described in this report was made primarily to afford a comparison between propeller tests in the new propeller research tunnel and flight tests and small model tests on propellers. Three wood propellers which had been previously tested in flight on a VE-7 airplane, and of which models had also been tested in a wind tunnel, were tested again on a VE-7 airplane in the propeller research tunnel. The results of these tests are in fair agreement with those of the flight and model tests. Tests were also made with the tail surfaces removed, and with both the wing and tail surfaces removed. It was found that the effect of the tail surfaces on the propeller characteristics was negligible, but that the wings reduced the maximum propulsive efficiency about 5 percent. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-301
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report covers the results of an investigation carried on at the Bureau of Standards under a research authorization from, and with the financial assistance of, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The choice of a damping liquid for aircraft instruments is difficult owing to the range of temperature at which aircraft operate. Temperature changes affect the viscosity tremendously. The investigation was undertaken with the object of finding liquids of various viscosities otherwise suitable which had a minimum change in viscosity with temperature. The new data relate largely to solutions. The effect of temperature on the kinematic viscosity of the following liquids and solutions was determined in the temperature interval -18 degrees to +30 degrees C. (1) solutions of animal and vegetable oils in xylene. These were poppy-seed oil, two samples of neat's-foot oils, castor oil, and linseed oil. (2) solutions of mineral oil in xylene. These were Squibb's petrolatum of naphthene base and transformer oil. (3) glycerine solutions in ethyl alcohol and in mixture of 50-50 ethyl alcohol and water. (4) mixtures of normal butyl alcohol with methyl alcohol. (5) individual liquids, kerosene, mineral spirits, xylene, recoil oil. The apparatus consisted of four capillary-tube viscometers, which were immersed in a liquid bath in order to secure temperature control. The method of calibration and the related experimental data are presented.
    Type: NACA-TR-299
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of an investigation of the rolling and yawing moments due to ailerons of various chords and spans on two airfoils having the Clark Y and U. S. A. 27 wing sections. Some attention is devoted to a study of the effect of scale on rolling and yawing moments and to the effect of slightly rounding the wing tips. The results apply to level flight with the wing chord set at an angle of attack of +4 degrees and to conditions of zero pitch, zero yaw, and zero roll of the airplane. It is planned later to extend the investigation to other attitudes for monoplane and biplane combinations. The work was conducted in the 10 foot wind tunnel of the Bureau of Standards on models of 60-inch span and 10-inch chord. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-298
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report shows how the actual performance of an airplane varies with air temperature when the pressure is held constant. This leads to comparatively simple methods of reducing observed data to standard conditions. The new methods which may be considered exact for all practical purposes, have been used by the Navy Department for about a year, with very satisfactory results. The report also contains a brief historical review of the important papers which have been published on the subject of performance reduction, and traces the development of the standard atmosphere. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-297
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report is concerned with the problem of calculation of the horizontal tail area necessary to give a statically stable airplane. Two entirely different methods are developed, and reduced to simple formulas easily applied to any design combination. Detailed instructions are given for use of the formulas, and all calculations are illustrated by examples. The relative importance of the factors influencing stability is also shown. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-293
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of wind-tunnel tests on eight C-class airship hulls with various fineness ratios, conducted in the Navy Aerodynamic Laboratory, Washington. The purpose of the tests was to determine the variation of resistance with fineness ratio, and also to find the pressure and friction elements of the total drag for the model having the least shape coefficient. Seven C-class airship hulls with fineness ratios of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 were made and verified. These models and also the previously constructed original C-class hull, whose fineness ratio is 4.62, were then tested in the 8 by 8 foot tunnel for drag of 0 degree pitch and yaw, at various wind speeds. The original hull, which was found to have the least shape coefficient, was then tested for pressure distribution over the surface at various wind speeds. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-291
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The pressure distribution tests described in this report, covering angles of attack up to 90 degrees, were made on a rectangular monoplane wing model in the atmospheric wind tunnel of the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory. These tests indicate that a rectangular wing, by reason of its large tip loads, is uneconomical aerodynamically and structurally, has pronounced lateral instability above maximum lift, and is not adaptable to accurate calculation based on the classical wing theory. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-288
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Report includes the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics letter of submittal to the president, congressional report, summaries of the committee's activities and research accomplished, bibliographies, and financial report.
    Type: NACA-AR-14
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of preliminary tests made on the effects of supercharging an air-cooled engine under airplane flight conditions. Service training airplanes were used in the investigation equipped with production types of Wright J engines. A N.A.C.A. Roots type supercharger was driven from the rear of the engine. In addition to measuring those quantities that would enable the determination of the climb performance, measurements were made of the cylinder-head temperatures and the carburetor pressures and temperatures. The supercharging equipment was not removed from the airplane when making flights without supercharging, but a by-pass valve, which controlled the amount of supercharging by returning to the atmosphere the surplus air delivered by the supercharger, was left full open. With the supercharger so geared that ground-level pressure could be maintained to 18,500 feet, it was found that the absolute ceiling was increased from 19,400 to 32,600 feet, that the time to climb to 16,00 feet was decreased from 32 to 16 minutes, and that this amount of supercharging apparently did not injure the engine. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-283
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of tests made on three sizes of roots type aircraft engine superchargers. The impeller contours and diameters of these machines were the same, but the length were 11, 8 1/4, and 4 inches, giving displacements of 0.509, 0.382, and 0.185 cubic foot per impeller revolution. The information obtained serves as a basis for the examination of the individual effects of impeller speed and displacement on performance and of the comparative performance when speed and displacement are altered simultaneously to meet definite service requirements. According to simple theory, when assuming no losses, the air weight handled and the power required for a given pressure difference are directly proportional to the speed and the displacement. These simple relations are altered considerably by the losses. When comparing the performance of different sizes of machines whose impeller speeds are so related that the same service requirements are met, it is found that the individual effects of speed and displacement are canceled to a large extent, and the only considerable difference is the difference in the power losses which decrease with increase in the displacement and the accompanying decrease in speed. This difference is small in relation to the net power of the engine supercharger unit, so that a supercharger with short impellers may be used in those applications where the space available is very limited with any considerable sacrifice in performance.
    Type: NACA-TR-284
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  • 56
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: I will attempt to determine mathematically the buckling-strength curves of various centrally loaded light-metal tubes which exhibit conspicuous differences of behavior under compressive loads. For this purpose I will employ Von Karman's method, after adapting it to special conditions.
    Type: NACA-TM-525
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The following examples do not take up the discussion of viewpoints to be heeded in determining the design of a framework for given external conditions. Rather they are methods for determining the forces in airplane fuselages and wings, though similar considerations are applied to certain simple cases of a different kind. The object of this treatise is to summarize and amplify these considerations from definite viewpoints.
    Type: NACA-TM-522
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  • 58
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The most essential phenomena of aircraft should be classified according to their origin and then measured. Information can thus be obtained in a quicker, cheaper, and more reliable way than otherwise would be possible.
    Type: NACA-TM-519
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The present paper treats less of the effect of the union (of spars and ribs, namely, the reduction of the bending moment at the fixed ends of the spars) than of its influence on the torsional rigidity of the wing. The calculations are carried out for a two-spar wing of constant cross section, in which the ribs are replaced by a continuous member of constant rigidity.
    Type: NACA-TM-520
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  • 60
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of tests on two-stroke-cycle Diesel engines to determine the efficiency of the crank case scavenging pump. It was determined that efficiencies were between 95 and 100%.
    Type: NACA-TM-516
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Different methods of constructing light airplanes are presented with a view toward increasing production and efficiency.
    Type: NACA-TM-515
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  • 62
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The present investigation relates to a box-type fuselage with sides consisting of thin smooth sheet metal, stiffened by longitudinal members riveted to the flanged channel-section bulkheads or transverse frames and to the semicircular corrugated corner stiffenings. The results obtained in this particular case can be applied to a great number of similar structures.
    Type: NACA-TM-511
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This investigation of the pressure distribution on the tail surfaces of a pursuit airplane in violent maneuvers was conducted for the purpose of determining the maximum loads likely to be encountered on these surfaces in flight. The information is a part of that needed for a revision of existing loading specifications to bring these into closer agreement with the actual flight conditions. A standard F6C-4 airplane was used and the pressure distribution over the right horizontal and complete vertical tail surfaces was recorded throughout violent maneuvers. The results show that the existing loading specifications do not conform satisfactorily to the loadings existent in critical conditions, and in some cases were exceeded by the loads obtained. An acceleration of 10.5 G. Was recorded in one maneuver in which the pilot suffered severely; it is therefore indicated that the limits of the physical resistance of the pilot to violent maneuvers are being approached. Navy specifications for the structural design of tail surfaces are included as an appendix. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-307
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report describes an investigation made in order to determine the effect of tip speed on the characteristics of a thin-bladed metal propeller. The propeller was mounted on a VE-7 airplane with a 180-HP E-2 engine, and tested in the 20-foot propeller research tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. It was found that the effect of tip speed on the propulsive efficiency was negligible within the range of the tests, which was from 600 to 1,000 feet per second (about 0.5 to 0.9 the velocity of sound in air). (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-302
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of an analytical investigation on the practicability of using mechanically operated discharge valves in conjunction with a manually operated intake control for improving the performance of N. A. C. A. Roots type superchargers. These valves, which may be either of the oscillating or rotating type, are placed in the discharge opening of the supercharger and are so shaped and synchronized with the supercharger impellers that they do not open until the air has been compressed to the delivery pressure. The intake control limits the quantity of air compressed to engine requirements by permitting the excess air to escape from the compression chamber before compression begins. The percentage power saving and the actual horsepower saved were computed for altitudes from 0 to 20,000 feet. These computations are based on the pressure-volume cards for the conventional and the modified roots type superchargers and on the results of laboratory tests of the conventional type. The use of discharge valves shows a power saving of approximately 26 per cent at a critical altitude of 20,000 feet. In addition, these valves reduce the amplitude of the discharge pulsations and increase the volumetric efficiency. With slow-speed roots blowers operating at high-pressure differences even better results would be expected. For aircraft engine superchargers operating at high speeds these discharge valves increase the performance as above, but have the disadvantages of increasing the weight and of adding a high-speed mechanism to a simple machine. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-303
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of wind tunnel tests on four elliptic cylinders with various fineness ratios, conducted in the Navy Aerodynamic Laboratory, Washington. The object of the tests was to investigate the characteristics of sections suitable for streamline wire which normally has an elliptic section with a fineness ratio of 4.0; also to learn whether a reduction in fineness ratio would result in improvement; also to determine the pressure distribution on the model of fineness ratio of 4. Four elliptic cylinders with fineness ratios of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 were made and then tested in the 8 by 8 wind tunnel; first, for cross-wind force, drag, and yawing moment at 30 miles an hour and various angles of yaw; next for drag 0 degree pitch and 0 degree yaw and various wind speeds; then for end effect on the smallest and largest models; and lastly for pressure distribution over the surface of the largest model at 0 degree pitch and 0 degree yaw and various wind speeds. In all tests, the length of the model was transverse to the current. The results are given for standard air density, p = .002378 slug per cubic foot. This account is a slight revised form of report no. 315. A summary of conclusions is given at the end of the text. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-289
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  • 67
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The laws of comparison of dynamically similar fluid motions are derived by three different methods based on the same principle and yielding the same or equivalent formulas. This report outlines the three current methods of comparing dynamically similar motions, more especially of fluids, initiated respectively by Newton, Stokes (or Helmholtz), and Rayleigh. These three methods, viz., the integral, the differential, and the dimensional, are enough alike to be studied profitably together. They are treated in succession then compared. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-287
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Many treatises in regard to construction of airship sheds are lacking in data on air currents, for which reason this phase of the problem will be here thoroughly discussed in connection with the accompanying photographs of currents.
    Type: NACA-TM-512
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  • 69
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents a thermodynamic basis for rating heat engines. The production of work by a heat engine rests on the operation of supplying heat, under favorable conditions, to a working fluid and then taking it away.
    Type: NACA-TM-509
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A nomogram is developed which renders it possible by drawing a few lines, to determine: the location of the center of gravity for zero wing and tail moments; the longitudinal dihedral angle; the tail coefficient F(sub h) iota/F(sub t). Moreover there is no difficulty in determining the magnitude of the restoring moment or of the unstable moment.
    Type: NACA-TM-545
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This investigation was conducted by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at Langley Field, Va., at the request of the Army Air Corps, for the purpose of comparing the full scale lift and drag characteristics of an airplane equipped with several sets of wings of commonly used airfoil sections. A Sperry Messenger Airplane with wings of R.A.F.-15, U.S.A.-5, U.S.A.-27, and Gottingen 387 airfoil sections was flown and the lift and drag characteristics of the airplane with each set of wings were determined by means of glide tests. The results are presented in tabular and curve form. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-304
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report describes in detail the new propeller research tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at Langley Field, Va. This tunnel has an open jet air stream 20 feet in diameter in which velocities up to 110 M. P. H. Are obtained. Although the tunnel was built primarily to make possible accurate full-scale tests on aircraft propellers, it may also be used for making aerodynamic tests on full-size fuselages, landing gears, tail surfaces, and other aircraft parts, and on model wings of large size. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-300
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: At the request of the Army Air Corps, an investigation of the pressure distribution over PW-9 wing models was conducted in the atmospheric wind tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The primary purpose of these tests was to obtain wind-tunnel data on the load distribution on the cellule to be correlated with similar information obtained in flight tests, both to be used for design purposes. Because of the importance of the conditions beyond the stall as affecting the control and stability, this investigation was extended through 90 degree angle of attack. The results for the range of normal flight have been given in NACA Technical Report No. 271. The present paper presents the same results in a different form and includes, in addition, those over the greater range of angle of attack, -18 degrees through 90 degrees. The results show that: (1) at angles of attack above maximum lift, the biplane upper wing pressures are decreased by the shielding action of the lower wing. (2) the burble of the biplane lower wing, with respect to the angle of attack, is delayed, due to the shielding action of the lower wing. (3) the center of pressure of the biplane upper wing (semispan) is, in general, displaced forward and outward with reference to that of the wing as a monoplane, while for the lower wing there is but slight difference for both conditions. (4) the overhanging portion of the upper wing is little affected by the presence of the lower wing.
    Type: NACA-TR-296
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The rate of change in power of aircraft engines with altitude has been the subject of considerable discussion. Only a small amount of data from direct measurements of the power delivered by airplane engines during flight, however, has been published. This report presents the results of direct measurements of the power delivered by a Liberty 12 airplane engine taken with a hub dynamometer at standard altitudes from zero to 13,000 feet. Six flights were made with the engine installed in a modified DH-4 airplane. The experimental relation of brake horsepower to altitude is compared with two theoretical relations and with the experimental results, for a second Liberty 12 engine, given in NACA Technical Report no. 252. The rate of change in power with altitude of a third Liberty engine, measured with a calibrated propeller, is also given for comparison. The data presented substantiate the theoretical relation of brake horsepower to altitude based on the correction of ground level indicated horsepower for change in atmospheric temperature and pressure with the subsequent deduction of friction horsepower corrected for altitude. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-295
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  • 75
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The work presented in this report was undertaken at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics to determine a suitable method for measuring the maximum pressures occurring in aircraft engine cylinders. The study and development of instruments for the measurement of maximum cylinder pressures has been conducted in connection with carburetor and oil engine investigations on a single cylinder aircraft-type engine. Five maximum cylinder-pressure devices have been designed, and tested, in addition to the testing of three commercial indicators. Values of maximum cylinder pressures are given as obtained with various indicators for the same pressures and for various kinds and values of maximum cylinder pressures, produced chiefly by variation of the injection advance angle in high-speed oil engine. The investigations indicate that the greatest accuracy in determining maximum cylinder pressures can be obtained with an electric, balanced-pressure, diaphragm or disk-type indicator so constructed as to have a diaphragm or disk of relatively large area and minimum seat width and mass.
    Type: NACA-TR-294
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  • 76
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The investigation presented in this report was conducted for the purpose of determining the distribution and magnitude of water pressures likely to be experienced on seaplane hulls in service. It consisted of the development and construction of apparatus for recording water pressures lasting one one-hundredth second or longer and of flight tests to determine the water pressures on a UO-1 seaplane float under various conditions of taxiing, taking off, and landing. The apparatus developed was found to operate with satisfactory accuracy and is suitable for flight tests on other seaplanes. The tests on the UO-1 showed that maximum pressures of about 6.5 pounds per square inch occur at the step for the full width of the float bottom. Proceeding forward from the step the maximum pressures decrease in magnitude uniformly toward the bow, and the region of highest pressures narrows toward the keel. Immediately abaft the step the maximum pressures are very small, but increase in magnitude toward the stern and there once reached a value of about 5 pounds per square inch. (author)
    Type: NACA-TR-290
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This collection of data on airfoils has been made from published reports of a number of the leading aerodynamic laboratories of this country and Europe. The information which was originally expressed according to the different customs of the several laboratories is here presented in a uniform series of charts and tables suitable for the use of designing engineers and for purposes of general reference. The authority for the results here presented is given as the name of the laboratory at which the experiments were conducted, with the size of the model, wind velocity, and year of tests.
    Type: NACA-TR-286
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-TM-514
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  • 79
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This paper relates the different types of ice formations that can occur on airplanes and the dangers that they pose.
    Type: NACA-TM-499
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  • 80
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: If fire safety is not to be acquired at the expense of the functioning reliability of the engine, we must try to burn fuels which are less inflammable at their temperature of utilization.
    Type: NACA-TM-494
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  • 81
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It has been less well understood that the induced drag (or, better said, the undesired increase in the induced drag as compared with the theoretical minimum calculated by Prandtl) plays a decisive role in the process of taking off and therefore in the requisite engine power. This paper seeks to clarify the induced drag.
    Type: NACA-TM-544
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  • 82
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In an attempt to treat theoretically the effect of ailerons, difficulty arises because an aileron may begin at any point of the wing. Hence the question arises as to how the transition of the lift distribution proceeds at such a point, since the effect of the aileron (i.e., the moment generated about the longitudinal axis) depends largely on this distribution. In order to answer this question regarding the lift distribution during irregular variations in the angle of attack at first independently of other influences, especially those of the wing tips, we have taken as the basis of the following theoretical discussion a wing of infinite span and constant chord which exhibits at one point an irregular variation in the angle of attack. As regards the mathematical treatment, we will first consider a wing with periodically recurring angle of attack.
    Type: NACA-TM-542
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The information obtained from flight tests in 1927-1928 covers chiefly the effect of the structural features of an airplane on its stability, controllability, maneuverability and spinning characteristics.
    Type: NACA-TM-535
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  • 84
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Various methods for preventing fires in airplanes are presented with most efforts centering around prevention of backfires, new engine and carburetor designs, as well as investigations on different types of fuels.
    Type: NACA-TM-536
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The experiments here described were performed for the purpose of obtaining the essential facts concerning the distribution of the air force along the span. We did not follow, however, the time-consuming method of point-to-point measurements of the pressure distribution on the wing surfaces, but determined directly the moment of mean force about an axis passing through the middle of the span parallel to the direction of flight.
    Type: NACA-TM-530
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-TM-526
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-TM-517
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  • 88
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The following report endeavors to show that aeromechanical experimentation has become an important aid to theory.
    Type: NACA-TM-508
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  • 89
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report provides a description of an automatic control mechanism that consists of an automatic elevator control, aileron control, and a rudder control. Each automatic control can be independently switched on or off.
    Type: NACA-TM-495
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The writer discusses the phenomena of expansion and compression which alternately take place in the cylinders of four-stroke engines during the induction process at a high mean piston speed due to the inertia and elasticity of the mixture in the intake pipe. The present paper is intended to demonstrate theoretically the existence of a most favorable pipe length for charging.
    Type: NACA-TM-501
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  • 91
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This paper calls attention to the desirability of expanding airplane building regulations to include proof of safety for cases of unsymmetrical loading, at least in the structural members which are thereby specially stressed.
    Type: NACA-TM-539
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In the foregoing remarks I have made an attempt to touch on some of the structural problems met with in cantilever wings, and dealt rather fully with a certain type of single-spar construction. The experimental test wing was a first attempt to demonstrate the principles of this departure from orthodox methods. The result was a wing both torsionally stiff and of light weight - lighter than a corresponding biplane construction.
    Type: NACA-TM-538
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  • 93
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In this report Handley Page construction techniques are shown such as: solid-drawn tubular duralumin spars are used in the stabilizer; plain channel sections are used extensively for minor components; and the manner of assembling them into a stabilizer compression strut is shown.
    Type: NACA-TM-533
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-TM-529
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  • 95
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The following experimental results will perhaps increase the knowledge of the process of welding rustproof steels. The experiments were made with two chrome-steel sheets and with two chrome-steel-nickel sheets having the composition shown in Table I.
    Type: NACA-TM-531
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  • 96
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Lautal is a refinable aluminum alloy which, unlike duralumin, contains no magnesium. According to the statements of the Lauta Works, lautal contains: aluminum, 94%; copper, 4%; silicon, 2%. The use of lautal as a construction material is discussed in relation to specific weight, production methods, and riveting tests.
    Type: NACA-TM-524
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  • 97
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Autogenous welding is discussed and various methods of testing those welds are presented.
    Type: NACA-TM-523
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  • 98
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Even before the publication of the results of the Gottingen experiments on the removal of the boundary layer by suction, experiments with nozzle-slotted wings were begun. A report of those experiments will be given here. Taken collectively, the experiments show that, as regards increasing the lift values, the effect of the air flowing from the nozzle-shaped slots is similar to the effect produced in the case of ordinary slotted wings. The high lift values are attained, however, at the smaller angles of attack employed in ordinary flight.
    Type: NACA-TM-521
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  • 99
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents methods by which it is possible to determine, in a simple manner, both pressure atomization and carburetor atomization.
    Type: NACA-TM-518
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The mooring mast is extensively discussed in berthing airships.
    Type: NACA-TM-513
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