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  • Other Sources  (3,158)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (3,158)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (2,240)
  • SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE  (918)
  • 1975-1979  (3,145)
  • 1955-1959  (11)
  • 1900-1904  (2)
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  • Other Sources  (3,158)
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  • NASA Technical Reports  (3,158)
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Kerogen structures in recently-deposited algal mats at Laguna Mormona, Baja California: A model system for the determination of kerogen structures in ancient sediments (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-28
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., Vol. 2, No. 1; 29 p
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  • 2
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    Beat-type pulsations /pearls/ in the earth's electromagnetic field /t approximately 1-4 sec/ (1900)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-26
    Description: Detection and characteristics of beat-type earth magnetic field pulsations from earth current measurements
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 3
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    Mathematical modelling of undrained clay behavior (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The proposed general analytical model describes the anisotropic, elastoplastic, path-dependent, stress-strain properties of inviscid saturated clays under undrained conditions. Model parameters are determined by using results from strain-controlled simple shear tests on a saturated clay. The model's accuracy is evaluated by applying it to predict the results of other tests on the same clay, including monotonic and cyclic loading. The model explains the very anisotropic shear strength behavior observed for weak marine clays.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 95-102
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  • 4
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    Experience with the inversion of Nimbus 4 BUV measurements to retrieve the ozone profile (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The relative merits of pressure increment and partial derivative formulations of the ozone inversion problem are discussed briefly. The height range of validity of the retrieved ozone profile and the effects of adding wavelengths to or of dropping wave-length from the inversion system are indicated. Illustrative results are presented for profiles retrieved from BUV data using Backus-Gilbert, minimum information (Twomey), and quasi-optimum procedures.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 577-597
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  • 5
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    The inversion of stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles from spacecraft solar extinction measurements (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversions of multi-channel solar extinction measurements have been analyzed for the 0.35-1.0 micron wavelength region to retrieve stratospheric aerosol and ozone vertical profiles using both the constrained linear inversion scheme and the iterative scheme. The inversions of the multi-wavelength solar extinction data obtained from spacecraft have been analyzed based on the inversion of computer simulated data using various atmospheric models with differing amounts of aerosol and ozone in the stratosphere. The sensitivities of the inversion schemes to different experimental errors are discussed in terms of accuracy and resolution of the retrieved profiles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 505-527
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  • 6
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    Application of modified Twomey techniques to invert lidar angular scatter and solar extinction data for determining aerosol size distributions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Polarization properties of the angularly scattered laser light from a volume of air are used to determine the size distribution of the aerosol particles within the volume by the use of appropriate inversion techniques. Similar techniques are employed to determine a mean size distribution of the particulates within a vertical column through the atmosphere from determinations of the aerosol optical depth as a function of wavelength. In both of these examples, a modification of an inversion technique originally described by Twomey has been employed. Details of this method are presented as well as results from actual measurements employing bistatic lidar and solar radiometer.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 469-503
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  • 7
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    Application of statistical inversion to ground-based microwave remote sensing of temperature and water vapor profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Surface-based observations of downwelling microwave thermal emission are related to temperature and humidity profiles via a standard integral equation of radiative transfer. Both in clear and in cloudy atmospheres, statistical inversion techniques are used to retrieve profiles from a data vector of brightness observations and surface meteorological constraints. For the clear case, accuracy predictions and profile retrievals are illustrated for: (1) single frequency angular scanned data; (2) multi-frequency angular scanned data; and (3) multi-frequency zenith data. For the last case predicted and achieved accuracies were compared in a recently conducted radiometric experiment. Retrievals of cloud contaminated radiometric data are elaborated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 395-427
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  • 8
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    Comparison of linear inversion methods by examination of the duality between iterative and inverse matrix methods (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Linear numerical inversion methods applied to atmospheric remote sounding generally can be categorized in two ways: (1) iterative, and (2) inverse matrix methods. However, these two categories are not unrelated; a duality exists between them. In other words, given an iterative scheme, a corresponding inverse matrix method exists, and conversely. This duality concept is developed for the more familiar linear methods. The iterative duals are compared with the classical linear iterative approaches and their differences analyzed. The importance of the initial profile in all methods is stressed. Calculations using simulated data are made to compare accuracies and to examine the dependence of the solution on the initial profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 325-360
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  • 9
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    Analytic model approach to the inversion of scattering data (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: An analytic model approach is applied to several simple atmospheric inversion problems. This method gives a sharp determination of aerosol size distribution parameters. It is shown that this analytic approach, together with ground level point sampling data measurements, can be used to infer information on the tropospheric ozone profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 297-324
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  • 10
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    Inversion of infrared limb emission measurements for temperature and trace gas concentrations (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Limb emission measurements are characterized by sharp weighting functions at high altitudes, and for temperature determinations, strongly nonlinear dependence of the weighting function on the temperature. Several methods for inverting this type of measurement have been described and used, including iterative, statistical, nonlinear and approximate direct approaches. These approaches are described and advantages and disadvantages of each are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 195-216
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  • 11
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    Inverse solution of the pseudoscalar transfer equation through nonlinear matrix inversion (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Nonlinear matrix inversion operators have been developed which, applied to observed radiances, infer maximal information regarding atmospheric scattering parameters and vertical distribution of radiant sources and sinks. The algorithm has the attractive feature of noise discrimination, attributing instrumental errors to extra-atmospheric sources.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 139-153
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  • 12
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    Backus-Gilbert theory and its application to retrieval of ozone and temperature profiles (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The inversion method provides a quantitative evaluation of the trade-off between vertical resolution of a retrieved profile and formal root-mean-square (rms) error due to measurement noise propagation. The problem of retrieving the top-side ozone profile from backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) measurements is considered. For measurements of the type currently being obtained with the Nimbus 4 and AE-E BUV experiments, it is found that a vertical resolution of approximately 0.75 scale height can be achieved for a formal volume mixing ratio profile error of 10%. Other examples include treatments of the retrieval of temperature profiles from measurements in the 15 micron CO2 absorption band for both the terrestrial and Martian atmospheres. Finally, the method is applied to the problem of retrieving temperature profiles of the Jovian planets from measurements in the far infrared pressure induced H2 lines to be obtained from the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn fly-by missions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 155-193
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  • 13
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    Statistical principles of inversion theory (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Statistical methods are used to deal with the inverse problem of radiative transfer. All the available information about an unknown profile can be expressed in the form of values of functions of that profile and error estimates of these values. Estimation theory shows how these values are combined to give an estimate of the unknown profile and its error covariance. Many inversion methods are expressed in this form, although the error estimate is not usually carried out. Practical applications are described, both for inversion of individual profiles, and the global analysis of satellite data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 117-138
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  • 14
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    Some aspects of the inversion problem in remote sensing (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Several commonly used methods for inversion--constrained linear inversion, synthesis (Backus-Gilbert) methods and nonlinear iterative techniques for the Chahine type--are discussed. It is demonstrated that a very close connection exists between Backus-Gilbert solutions and those given by constrained linear inversion. A number of examples of the application of such methods are presented, showing that resolution is not greatly different for quite different algorithms, a result quite in accord with general theoretical considerations: more resolution can be achieved at the expense of introducing greater a priori bias in the procedure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 41-65
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  • 15
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    Review of radiative transfer methods in scattering atmospheres (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: The radiative transfer in a scattering plane-parallel atmosphere is discussed, considering the exact analytical, the computational and the approximate methods. Some results of numerical comparisons are given. Finally, the difficulties of realistic atmospheric models are emphasized.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 21-40
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  • 16
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    Hybrid methods are helpful (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-22
    Description: Multiple scattering problems in a plane layer often permit the convenient use of different methods joined together. Sample numerical results to illustrate this point refer to X- and Y-functions, asymptotic fitting, the small-loss approximations, polarization in high orders, and photon path distribution.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Inversion Methods in Atmospheric Remote Sounding; p 1-19
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  • 17
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    Space shuttle (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: The transportation cost associated with space materials processing were studied to determine the feasibility of space manufacturing. The assumptions use to determining the cost estimates for a 12 year planning period are listed, and the orbitor is described in terms of payloads. Shuttle operational costs, ground operational costs, and nonrecurring investment and development costs were analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 8-39
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  • 18
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    Design development of the Apollo command and service module thrust vector attitude control systems (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-02
    Description: Development of the Apollo thrust vector control digital autopilot (TVC DAP) was summarized. This is the control system that provided pitch and yaw attitude control during velocity change maneuvers using the main rocket engine on the Apollo service module. A list of ten primary functional requirements for this control system are presented, each being subordinate to a more general requirement appearing earlier on the list. Development process functions were then identified and the essential information flow paths were explored. This provided some visibility into the particular NASA/contractor interface, as well as relationships between the many individual activities.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA, Washington Fourth Inter-Center Control Systems Conf.; p 63-82
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  • 19
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    Ion production in the D region (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Ionization processes for the D region are reviewed. Levels of ionization range from the fairly steady rates produced through galactic cosmic rays to the large rates generated during solar flares and associated geomagnetic storms. The normal quiescent daytime D region is ionized by solar UV radiation available because of certain windows and solar X-rays, although this later source is generally weak. Cosmic rays are important roughly below 65 km. At night, stellar X-ray sources may be important along with precipitating electrons at high latitudes from the quiet magnetosphere. Solar flares can result in ionization rates due to X-rays, electrons, or nuclei which are greatly enhanced over quiet conditions. Typical ionization production rates from these various sources are illustrated.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 599-616
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  • 20
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    D region predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Present knowledge of D region phenomena is briefly reviewed and the status of current methods of predicting their effects on radio propagation considered. The ELF, VLF and LF navigational and timing systems depend on the stability of the lower part of the D layer where these waves are reflected, whereas MF and HF waves are absorbed as they penetrate the region, in most cases mainly in the upper part of the layer. Possible methods of improving predictions, warnings, and real time operations are considered with particular stress on those which can be implemented in the near future.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 573-598
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  • 21
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    Morphology and phenomenology of the high-latitude E and F regions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Results obtained at high latitude observatories on the behavior of E and F region ionization are presented including a bibliography. Behavior of E and F region ionization during day and night for quiet and disturbed conditions in the auroral and polar regions is described. Daily, seasonal and sunspot variations are also outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 543-561
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  • 22
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    Report of the mid- and low-latitude E and F Region Working Group (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The formation and variation of the ionosphere is addressed with regard to the ability to understand, specify, and predict the low and mid latitude E and F regions. A brief survey of prediction methods and techniques is given for long and short term variability in the E and F regions. It is indicated that the usefulness of theoretical models to predict electron density distribution in the low and mid latitude ionospheric E and F regions is limited by the ability to predict the parameters which enter the relevant equations; i.e., neutral atmospheric constituents, neutral and charged particle temperatures, neutral wind, electric fields, and ionizing sources such as solar (E sub uv) radiation and energetic particles. It is recommended that areas for research include improving knowledge of the input parameters and how they respond to changing solar and geophysical conditions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 562-572
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  • 23
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    On the approach to forecasting polar ionospheric conditions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The major properties of polar ionospheric main anomalous events are summarized. The monitoring of large scale features of the ionization distribution that are the projections of large scale structural characteristics of magnetospheric plasma on the upper ionosphere is suggested as a basic principle of polar ionospheric condition forecasting. It is concluded that the processes of the magnetosphere/ionosphere interaction appear to play a predominant role in the creation of the polar ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 528-542
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  • 24
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    High-latitude E and F region ionospheric predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physical processes and morphology of the high latitude E and F layers are discussed. The existence and adequacy of models, and features to be included are examined, as well as reliability of ionospheric predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 513-527
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  • 25
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    Long term magnetospheric particle variations (1 day T infinity), appendix 2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Effects of solar variations on energetic particle propagation are discussed, as well as prediction techniques for such particles within the magnetosphere. Magnetic field models, magnetic energy stored in the tail, magnetic monitoring measurements in the geostationary orbit and at certain ground based stations are important elements concerning improving such techniques.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 441-445
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  • 26
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    Ionospheric modeling at Air Force Global Weather Central (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The four Dimensional Ionospheric Model (4-D) is described. The 4-D integrates a wide variety of ionospheric data types into a consistent ionospheric specification. At each observing location, the 4-D reduces an entire electron density profile to four weighting coefficients. These weighting coefficients are interconnected in time and space by spectral analysis techniques. The resultant field of spectral coefficients can be used to reconstruct an electron density profile at any latitude, longitude and time.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 367-377
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  • 27
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    Geophysical forecasting at AFGWC (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Methods for forecasting the state of the space environment, Sun, interplanetary field, magnetosphere, and ionosphere are discussed. Areas requiring scientific advancements to support the increasing operational requirements of systems that use or are affected by the environment above 50 km are identified.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 350-366
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  • 28
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    A weekly ionospheric index (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The monthly and weekly T indices are discussed. Some possibilities for improving the reliability of the weekly T index are considered, including extending its applicability to daily variations of the global ionosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 279-287
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  • 29
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    A review of the operation of the IUWDS Regional Warning Centre at the Ionospheric Prediction Service, Sydney (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The operation of the Sydney Regional Warning Centre is reviewed. Routine data reports are issued daily, while disturbance warnings (short-term forecasts) are issued as necessary. An outline of the methods used in forecasting solar activity and geomagnetic disturbances is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 229-238
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  • 30
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    A disturbance forecaster's view of the September 1977 events (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The solar-geophysical events of 1977 September 7-26 are presented. A variety of disturbance forecasting problems, viz, disc transit of a center of activity with high microwave flux but relatively low meter-wave flux, flares in this region near east limb, central meridian, and west limb with major radio events, and the presence of two coronal holes, were observed. The Sydney daily GEOSYD message and IPS Disturbance Warnings issued during this period are related to the solar geophysical data available, at the time, about these events.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 239-248
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  • 31
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    Forecasting ionospheric and geomagnetic conditions at the IAG forecasting center (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A description of the Moscow Regional Warning Center activity in the field of geomagnetic and ionospheric forecasting is presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 104-117
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  • 32
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    A simplified indexing of F-region geophysical noise at low latitudes (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A simple method of deriving an F-region index that can warn the prediction users at low latitudes as to the specific months when they have to be more careful in using the long term predictions is described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 134-139
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  • 33
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    A method of predictions geomagnetic activity based on a coronal model of relations between solar and geomagnetic activities (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A method developed to predict both disturbed and quiet geomagnetic periods is described. The method uses solar situations along the CM with the key role of filaments, giving indirect evidence of types of directly unobservable coronal structures above them. The time lag, not to be interpreted in terms of propagation speed, between the CM activity and the commencement of the geomagnetic response is about one to two days. Solar phenomena serve as indicators within approximately 10 deg of the CM and up to the zone of high latitude filaments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 44-60
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  • 34
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Determinations of tracking station locations and the gravitational constant of the earth, based on Doppler-tracking data from lunar and planetary spacecraft are presented. Two-way Doppler data obtained by the Deep Space Network of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) were used. The Deep Space Station instrumentation that JPL employed is described. How the stations were located is detailed, and the data used are discussed. Results are given together with an analysis of the errors.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 249-292
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  • 35
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    National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) space research program was directed toward modeling the gravitational field of the earth from an analysis of the Doppler shifts on the transmitted frequencies of the satellites as obtained by the tracking stations. Emphasis is on the satellites involved and the methods used in accomplishing this aim.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 89-138
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  • 36
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    Cryogenic helium 2 systems for space applications (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Two cryogenic systems are described which will provide cooling for experiments to be flown on Spacelab 2 in the early 1980's. The first system cools a scanning infrared telescope by the transfer of cold helium gas from a separate superfluid helium storage dewar. The flexible design permits the helium storage dewar and transfer assembly to be designed independent of the infrared experiment. Where possible, modified commerical apparatus is used. The second cryogenic system utilizes a specially designed superfluid dewar in which a superfluid helium experiment chamber is immersed. Each dewar system employs a porous plug as a phase separator to hold the liquid helium within the dewar and provide cold gas to a vent line. To maintain the low vapor pressure of the superfluid, each system requires nearly continuous prelaunch vacuum pump service, and each will vent to space during the Spacelab 2 flight.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: ESA Spacecraft Thermal and Environ. Control Systems; p 507-515
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    Experimental control requirements for life sciences (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Life Sciences dedicated Spacelab will enable scientists to test hypotheses in various disciplines. Building upon experience gained in mission simulations, orbital flight test experiments, and the first three Spacelab missions, NASA will be able to progressively develop the engineering and management capabilities necessary for the first Life Sciences Spacelab. Development of experiments for these missions will require implementation of life-support systems not previously flown in space. Plant growth chambers, animal holding facilities, aquatic specimen life-support systems, and centrifuge-mounted specimen holding units are examples of systems currently being designed and fabricated for flight.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: ESA Spacecraft Thermal and Environ. Control Systems; p 467-472
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    The communications industry's requirements and interests (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Of interest to the communications industry are the amplitude, waveshape, duration and frequency of lightning-originated voltage surges and transients on the communications network, including the distribution system and AC power supply circuits. The cloud-to-ground lightning discharge and its characteristics are thought to be most meaningful. Of specific interest are peak current, waveshape, number of flashes, strokes per flash, and zone of influence. Accurate and meaningful lightning data at the local level (telephone district office) is necessary for a decision on the appropriate protection level. In addition to lightning, the protection engineer must consider other factors such as: AC induction, switching surges, ground potential rise, soil resistivity, bonding and grounding techniques, shielding and isolation, and exposure of the telephone loop.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 115-125
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    The state of technology in electromagnetic (RF) sensors (for lightning detection) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A brief overview of the radio-frequency sensors which were applied to the detection, isolation, and/or identification of the transient electromagnetic energy (sferics) radiated from one or more lightning discharges in the atmosphere is presented. Radio frequency (RF) characteristics of lightning discharges, general RF sensor (antenna) characteristics, sensors and systems previously used for sferic detection, electromagnetic pulse sensors are discussed. References containing extensive bibliographies concerning lightning are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 88-109
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    Thermal integration of Spacelab experiments (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The method of thermally integrating the experiments for Spacelab is discussed. The scientific payload consists of a combination of European and United States sponsored experiments located in the module as well as on a single Spacelab pallet. The thermal integration must result in accomodating the individual experiment requirements as well as ensuring that the total payload is within the Spacelab Environmental Control System (ECS) resource capability. An integrated thermal/ECS analysis of the module and pallet is performed in concert with the mission timeline to ensure that the agreed upon experiment requirements are accommodated and to ensure the total payload is within the Spacelab ECS resources.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: ESA Spacecraft Thermal and Environ. Control Systems; p 545-559
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    An assessment of thermal design procedures for Shuttle payloads (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A review of the thermal design options for unmanned Shuttle payloads is presented. Because many future Shuttle payloads will have budgets and less time available for the definition of their thermal subsystems, simplified design procedures will be the most cost-effective. The thermal interface between an individual payload and the Orbiter is discussed. A simplified, modular thermal control system that will reduce the cost of providing thermal protection by minimizing both the initial procurement cost of any specialized hardware and the need for a detailed thermal interface analysis is described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: ESA Spacecraft Thermal and Environ. Control Systems; p 481-486
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    Lightning hazards overview: Aviation requirements and interests (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A ten-year history of USAF lightning incidents is presented along with a discussion of the problems posed by lightning to current aircraft, and the hazards it constitutes to the electrical and electronic subsystems of new technology aircraft. Lightning technical protection technical needs, both engineering and operational, include: (1) in-flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) tech base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from general aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) pilot reports on lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 126-135
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    State of technology in optical systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The use of silicon photodiode sensors and locator systems for lightning experiments is discussed. Tables are presented on: (1) satellite optical lightning experiments (silicon detectors); (2) reticon photodiode linear arrays; and (3) locator systems (grey code and reticon). An illustration of a grey code locator system for a low altitude satellite is also given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 81-87
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    A review of satellite lightning experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Over the past five years a series of satellite optical experiments were conducted to investigate terrestrial lightning. These experiments were designed to gather statistical information about the optical waveform of lightning, measure occurrence rates, demonstrate the feasibility of detecting lightning from space platforms, and study possible applications for satellite lightning sensors. These experiments are reviewed. Some of the results are presented, and some ideas for future satellite systems are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 61-80
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  • 45
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    Areas where solar-terrestrial coupling may influence or be influenced by the middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The nature of the wave interactions, particularly those induced by transient solar and geomagnetic phenomena is discussed. Solar activity which includes modulations of galactic cosmic ray flux reaching Earth is discussed. Coupling processes involving charged particles and atmospheric electric structure are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 219-249
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    Energy and mass transport in the thermosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Examples illustrating the effects of large scale energy and mass transport in the thermosphere discussed include: (1) The seasonal variations reveal temperature, composition, and ionospheric anomalies involving energy exchange between the thermosphere and mesosphere. (2) The midnight temperature maximum in the thermosphere is interpreted as a signature of tidal waves emanating from the mesosphere and momentum coupling associated with ion drag. (3) The ionospheric storm in the F region illustrates the intricate effects of large scale atmospheric winds driven by magnetospheric energization processes. (4) Atmospheric signatures of Joule heating and electric field momentum coupling are markedly different.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 169-202
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    Middle atmosphere electrodynamics: Report of the Workshop on the Role of the Electrodynamics of the Middle Atmosphere on Solar Terrestrial Coupling (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The middle atmosphere (MA), which is defined as the region bounded below by the tropopause near 10 km and above by the mesopause near 90 to 100 km, is regarded as a passive medium through which electric fields and currents are transmitted from sources above and below. A scientific background is given for: sources of MA electric fields; MA conductivity and currents; and MA plasma characteristics. Recommendations are given for research in MA electrodynamics in the following areas: (1) MA electrodynamical parameters; (2) models and supportive laboratory measurements; and (3) investigation of specific problems in the coupled systems.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 1-25
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    Further development of the multipactor discharge electron source (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A modification to the multipactor electron source used in the study of the behavior of spacecraft insulating materials is described. The electron accelerating system was included within the source, freeing the region between the source and the target of fields produced by the source electrodes.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 881-886
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    The Qualification of a large electron irradiation facility for telecommunication satellite differential charging simulation (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The definition and procurement program is presented for the set up of a test simulating an electron environment on a model of a communication satellite to study the degradation of the thermal insulation materials during electron bombardment.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 819-833
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    Secondary electron effects on spacecraft charging (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Calculations were conducted to determine the effects of electron-produced secondary electrons on the net charging current and the equilibrium voltage of spacecraft surfaces immersed in hot (keV) plasmas. The effects of secondary electrons produced by the primary plasma electrons were examined for aluminum, Teflon, Mylar, and Kapton. The results indicate that it is the primary electron energy region over which the secondary electrons are emitted (rather than the ratio of secondary to primary electrons) which determines the effectiveness of the secondary electrons in limiting the net charging current. While the electron-produced secondary electrons decreased the charging current, they had little effect upon the equilibrium voltages attained.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 756-768
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    Parameter dependence of equilibrium charging potentials (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Equilibrium surface potentials for slab configurations (representative e.g. of a large solar power satellite) are determined under extensive parametric variations of materials, solar exposure and substorm characteristics. The dependence of the charging process for dielectric surfaces on the various material response characteristics is described. The results are used as a guide to the material selection and design of large space systems to minimize dielectric breakdowns and reduce parasitic leakage currents on SPS.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 711-733
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    Thermal blanket metallic film groundstrap and second surface mirror vulnerability to arc discharges (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Available data on the geosynchronous orbit energetic plasma environment were examined, and a crude model was generated to permit an estimation to be made of the number of arc discharges per year to which a thermal blanket groundstrap would be subjected. Laboratory experiments and a survey of the literature on arc discharge characteristics were performed to define typical and worst case arc discharge current waveforms. In-air tests of different groundstrap configurations to a standardized test pulse were performed and a wide variability of durability values were found. A groundstrap technique, not used thus far, was found to be far superior than the others.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 657-681
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    Secondary emission effects on spacecraft charging: Energy distribution considerations (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The conditions under which multiple valued solutions occur by computing the floating potential of an isolated eclipses surface on a geosynchronous orbit spacecraft were examined. Different approximations for the electron spectra during a geomagnetic substorm were used. The result indicates that if the incident electron flux has a Maxwellian energy distribution, the ratio of the secondary emitted current to the incident electron current is independent of the spacecraft potential. In this case a single value solution to the current equation occurs.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 747-755
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    Model for breakdown process in dielectric discharges (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A heuristic model to explain the blowoff of charge during an electron-induced dielectric discharge is presented. It is proposed that blowoff of charge is initiated by a punchthrough or a flashover. The discharge time is assumed to be governed by an LC time constant where L is the inductance of the electrons flowing in the branches of the Lichtenberg figures at an electron range below the irradiated surface and C is the capacitance between the trapped electrons and the substrate for the discharged area. Experiments to verify that blowoff is a consequence of punchthrough or flashover and to measure the punchthrough current and the variation of discharge time with the sample area and thickness were conducted.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 704-710
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    Area scaling investigations of charging phenomena (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The charging and discharging behavior of square, planar samples of silvered, fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP) Teflon thermal control tape was measured. The equilibrium voltage profiles scaled with the width of the sample. A wide range of discharge pulse characteristics was observed, and the area dependences of the peak current, charge, and pulse widths are described. The observed scaling of the peak currents with area was weaker than that previously reported. The discharge parameters were observed to depend strongly on the grounding impedance and the beam voltage. Preliminary results suggest that measuring only the return-current-pulse characteristics is not adequate to describe the spacecraft discharging behavior of this material. The seams between strips of tape appear to play a fundamental role in determining the discharging behavior. An approximate propagation velocity for the charge cleanoff was extracted from the data. The samples - 232, 1265, and 5058 square centimeters in area - were exposed at ambient temperature to a 1- to 2-nA/sq cm electron beam at energies of 10, 15, and 20 kilovolts in a 19-meter-long by 4.6-meter-diameter simulation facility at the Lewis Research Center.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 485-506
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    Plasma particle trajectories around spacecraft propelled by ion thrusters (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The thruster plasma is assumed to be described by a collimated energetic beam and a cloud of ionized thermal propellant produced by charge-exchange. A simple adiabatic model is used to describe the expansion of these neutral plasmas away from the source. As the pressure falls, shielding currents dissipate, and the geomagnetic field takes control of the particles. In low earth orbit, it is concluded that the vehicle easily outruns its thruster plasma. At geosynchronous altitude, the local electric fields around high voltage surfaces collect return current from the thermal plasma that appears to be limited only by the available space charge. Results appropriate to proposed electric propulsion missions and the solar power satellite are presented and operational considerations are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 419-436
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    Effect of parasitic plasma currents on solar-array power output (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Solar-array voltage-current curves are calculated by assuming the existence of parasitic loads that consist of local currents of charged particles collected by the array. Three cases of interest are calculated to demonstrate how the distribution and magnitude of parasitic currents affect output. Solar array performance degradation became significant when the total parasitic current plus the load current exceeded the short-circuit current. Approximate graphical methods were useful for many applications. Power loss, which was calculated by summing the product of parasitic current and the local potential, underestimated the loss in maximum power.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 358-375
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    Magnetic shielding of large high-power-satellite solar arrays using internal currents (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Present concepts for solar power satellites involve dimensions up to tens of kilometers and operating internal currents up to hundreds of kiloamperes. A question addressed is whether the local magnetic fields generated by these strong currents during normal operation can shield the array against impacts by plasma ions and electrons (and from thruster plasmas) which can cause possible losses such as power leakage and surface erosion. One of several prototype concepts was modeled by a long narrow rectangular panel 2 km wide and 20 km long. The currents flow in a parallel across the narrow dimension (sheet current) and along the edge (wire currents). The wire currents accumulate from zero to 100 kiloamp and are the dominant sources. The magnetic field is approximated analytically. The equations of motion for charged particles in this magnetic field are analyzed. The ion and electron fluxes at points on the surface are represented analytically for monoenergetic distributions and are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 376-387
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    Spacecraft potential control on ISEE-1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Active control of the potential of the ISEE-1 satellite by the use of electron guns is reviewed. The electron guns contain a special cathode capable of emitting an electron current selectable between 10 to the -8th power and 10 to the -3rd power at energies from approximately .6 to 41 eV. Results obtained during flight show that the satellite potential can be stabilized at a value more positive than the normally positive floating potential. The electron guns also reduce the spin modulation of the spacecraft potential which is due to the aspect dependent photoemission of the long booms. Plasma parameters like electron temperature and density can be deduced from the variation of the spacecraft potential as a function of the gun current. The effects of electron beam emission on other experiments are briefly mentioned.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 256-267
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    Electron transport model of dielectric charging (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A computer code (SCCPOEM) was assembled to describe the charging of dielectrics due to irradiation by electrons. The primary purpose for developing the code was to make available a convenient tool for studying the internal fields and charge densities in electron-irradiated dielectrics. The code, which is based on the primary electron transport code POEM, is applicable to arbitrary dielectrics, source spectra, and current time histories. The code calculations are illustrated by a series of semianalytical solutions. Calculations to date suggest that the front face electric field is insufficient to cause breakdown, but that bulk breakdown fields can easily be exceeded.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 209-238
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    Design, development, and flight of a spacecraft charging sounding rocket payload (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Results of the flight of the spacecraft charging sounding rocket payload are given. The payload was designed to create charging by the emission of both positive ions and electrons. The relationship between environmental parameters and changes in vehicle potential during periods of emission was also studied.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 80-90
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    The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere is used to obtain vertical profiles and maps of temperature and the concentration of ozone, water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid for the region of the stratosphere bounded by the upper troposphere and the lower mesosphere.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 71-104
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    Microwave radiometer measurement of water vapor path delay: Data reduction techniques (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Data reduction techniques are developed to compensate for water vapor path delay, a limiting error source in geodetic measurements made with very long baseline interferometry and in radio ranging to spacecraft. It is shown that water vapor path delay is proportional to a linear combination of saturation-corrected sky brightness temperatures, measured on and off the water vapor line. The effects of emission from liquid water droplets in clouds as well as most of the oxygen emission are removed by the off-line channel. Sky brightness temperatures are saturation-corrected or 'linearized' using estimates of effective sky temperatures made from surface temperature. Tipping curves are used to remove instrumental error. Coefficients are found by two methods: from a regression analysis of measured brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay, and from a regression analysis of theoretical brightness temperatures versus radiosonde measured delay. In each case the coefficients are adjusted for differing climatic conditions by measurements of surface temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. Regression solutions are constrained to remove liquid water contributions and to give the correct slope for radiometer versus radiosonde path delay.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 22-30
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    Current status of understanding quasi-permanent fields associated with earthquakes (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The basic concepts relating to displacement fields associated with earthquakes are described. Factors discussed include: understanding the geologic and tectonic setting, the discovery of fault creep, and an extended range of possible models of strain buildup. Problems in tectonic modeling reviewed relate to understanding (1) frictional heat generation on faults, (2) the character of stress and strain on faults below the depth of earthquakes, and (3) the predictability of major earthquakes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Ohio State Univ. Res. Found. Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocea; 103-110
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    The geoid: Definition and determination (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The principles and problems relative to the determination of the geoid are outlined. Factors discussed include: gravity data requirements for a precise geoid; mean sea level; and satellite altimetry. It is indicated that geoid undulations can be determined on a global basis to plus or minus 3 m. Application of geoid information to oceanography and the determination of sea surface topography considered.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Proc. of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean; 69-77
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    OGO 3 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 3 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to these experiments.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 8 p
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    OGO 2 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 2 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with a bibliography of papers pertaining to that experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 7 p
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    Forecasts of geomagnetic activity by Ottawa Magnetic Observatory: Their reliabilty and application (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A 27 day forecast of geomagnetic activity based on the forecasts from two locations is presented. To evaluate the reliability of the forecasts, the predicted activity was compared with the actual geomagnetic activity at five geomagnetic observatories located in different magnetic zones: Ottawa (57.0N, 351.5E); Meanook (61.8N, 301.0E); Fort Churchill (68.8N, 322.5E); Cambridge Bay (76.7N, 294.0E); and Resolute Bay (83.1N, 287.7E). Results indicate that the percentage of correct predictions varies with the geomagnetic latitude of the observatory used for comparison. The percentage is on the average highest for lower latitude stations and lowest for the northern stations. The number of incorrect predictions ranges from 4.7% for Ottawa to 8.4% for Churchill.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 398-405
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    Prediction limits for foF2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Some of the factors limiting the prediction of foF2 are investigated using median and hourly foF2 values recorded at stations in the Australian ionosonde network. Different time and spatial scales together with different levels of solar and geomagnetic activity are considered. All data used in the analysis are displayed in a series of scatter diagrams which provide an overall view of the accuracy limits for foF2 predictions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 259-278
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    Introduction: National geodetic satellite program, part 1 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Background for the National Geodetic Satellite Program (NGSP) is presented. An historical summary of the program and its technical structure is given. The technical structure of the program is described in enough detail that the reader can relate the work of the individual contributors to each other and to the NGSP.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Natl. Geodetic Satellite Program, Pt. 1; p 3-85
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    Evolution of spacecraft attitude control concepts before 1952 (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The control of rotational motion of a spacecraft during its free flight regime is traced from pioneer space flight to the year 1952. Essentials of attitude control systems are reviewed and spin stabilization is examined. Other topics include passive stabilization and active closed loop control.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 156-169
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  • 72
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    F. Gomez Arias' rocket vehicle project (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Research done by Spanish pioneer rocket scientists in the 19th century was investigated with major emphasis placed on F. Gomez Arias' rocket vehicle project. Arias, considered the world's first designer of rocket propelled, manned aircraft, was interested in solving the problem of space navigation. Major concerns included ascent and direction of heavier-than-airmachines, as well as ascent and direction of balloons.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 176-185
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  • 73
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    Thermal/environmental control and life support system requirements for future space application (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Thermal/environmental control systems concepts being considered for the power module and manned orbital facilities are described. To assure an economically viable program, the approach being pursued is utilization of existing hardware, where possible, and construction of orbital facilities in modular fashion to meet anticipated growth of space processing, astronomy, life science, solar/terrestrial observation, construction, etc. Configurations include Orbiter tended missions (Orbiter remains attached to orbiting facility) and freeflying manned or unmanned earth-orbiting facilities. Utilization of shuttle hardware, e. g., external tank, or the currently orbiting Skylab vehicle is being considered for orbital facilities. Studies include use of Spacelab hardware with a power module to permit extending on-orbit mission time beyond the capability of the current space transportation system. Power levels of 25 kW are being considered for the power module. Mission duration is not limited due to the modular approach and the concept of utilizing a logistics module to provide consumables' resupply capability to the orbital facility.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: ESA Spacecraft Thermal and Environ. Control Systems; p 575-582
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  • 74
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    The geographical distribution of lightning: Forestry and range requirements and interests (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In an attempt to reduce the response time of the initial attack forces to lightning-caused fire, a lightning detection system that effectively locates accurate directions to lightning discharges to over 200 miles from the detection equipment was developed. The system was first tested in Alaska in 1975. Since that time, further development and operational testing led to the implementation of wide area networks. For the 1979 fire season an eight station network in Alaska is to be implemented that will cover virtually all of the lightning-caused fire areas in the state. In the western United States, an eighteen station network that will cover approximately 85% of eleven states is to be implemented. For the first time, large scale ground discharge lightning distribution information is to be available.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 110-114
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  • 75
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    Lightning properties and associated emissions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A brief overview of the lightning observables and environment is provided. A selective review is presented of those properties of lightning which might be useful as space observables.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 25-60
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    Ion chemistry of the middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Difficulties in making in situ and laboratory measurements of the ion composition of the middle atmosphere are related. An approach is presented which extends theoretical and laboratory results for both negative and positive ions from the D-region down to the stratosphere. In each case, the extension of data from the D-region 'down' to the higher pressure stratosphere is primarily a matter of inquiring into the role of the minor constituents whose absolute concentrations become large enough to allow them to become involved in the ion chemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 71-88
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  • 77
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    Solar-terrestrial coupling through atmospheric electricity (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: There are a number of measurements of electrical variations that suggest a solar-terrestrial influence on the global atmospheric electrical circuit. The measurements show variations associated with solar flares, solar magnetic sector boundary crossings, geomagnetic activity, aurorae, differences between ground current and potential gradients at high and low latitudes, and solar cycle variations. The evidence for each variation is examined. Both the experimental evidence and the calculations made with a global model of atmospheric electricity indicate that there is solar-terrestrial coupling through atmospheric electricity which operates by altering the global electric current and field distribution. A global redistribution of currents and fields can be caused by large-scale changes in electrical conductivity, by alteration of the columnar resistance between thunderstorm cloud tops and the ionosphere, or by both. If the columnar resistance is altered above thunderstorms, more current will flow in the global circuit, changing the ionospheric potential and basic circuit variables such as current density and electric fields. The observed variations of currents and fields during solar-induced disturbances are generally less than 50% of mean values near the earth's surface.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 89-139
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  • 78
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    Direct energy inputs to the middle atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: As a working definition of the extent of the middle atmosphere (MA), the height range from 30 to 100 km was adopted. The neutral and ionic composition and the dynamics within this height range are, for the most part, poorly understood. From available information, the importance of various particle and photon energy sources, including their variability, for ionization of the neutral atmosphere in this height range is assessed. The following topics are discussed: (1) penetration of the MA by particle and electromagnetic energy; (2) ionization sources for the MA; (3) galactic cosmic rays; (4) solar H Ly alpha, other EUV, and X-rays; (5) magnetospheric electrons and bremsstrahlung X-rays; and (6) solar cosmic rays.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Middle Atmosphere Electrodyn.; p 43-70
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  • 79
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    Development of the Transient Pulse Monitor (TPM) for Scatha/P78-2 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An instrumentation system developed for the detection of electrical transients on space vehicles is presented. The pulse monitor measures the electron pulse environment on a spacecraft at synchronous altitude, and characterizes signals produced by arcing between differentially charged elements on the spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 876-880
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  • 80
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    A combined spacecraft charging and pulsed X-ray simulation facility (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A spacecraft charging simulation facility constructed to investigate the response of satellite materials in a typical geomagnetic substorm environment is described. The conditions simulated include vacuum, solar radiation, and substorm electrons. A nuclear threat environment simulation using a flash X ray generator is combined with the spacecraft charging facility. Results obtained on a solar cell array segment used for a preliminary facility demonstration are presented with a description of the facility.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 854-867
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  • 81
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    Investigation of electrostatic discharge phenomena on conductive and non-conductive solar reflectors (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A sample composed of non conductive optical solar reflectors (OSR) was irradiated with low energy electrons at the DERTS facility to study the effects of charge build up on thermal control coating materials. The degration effects on this panel due to electrostatic discharges were investigated to find possible alternatives to limit the amount of damage. The following systems are evaluated: (1) non conductive OSR (non conductive adhesive) (2) non conductive OSR (conductive adhesive); and conductive OSR (conductive adhesive).
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol.; p 682-703
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  • 82
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    Effects of electron irradiation on large insulating surfaces used for European Communications Satellites (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Samples of aluminized Kapton used for passive thermal control on the VHF shield and the antenna dish of ESA's OTS satellite and its derivatives were subjected to an incident electron beam of 25 keV and irradiated for 8 hours at room temperature and at -173 C under a vacuum of the 10 to the minus 6 th power torr. Visual observations during electron irradiation, measurements of leakage current and discharge characteristics, and material degradation following completion of irradiation are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 570-586
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  • 83
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    Electric fields in irradiated dielectrics (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: An existing model for quantitatively predicting electric field build-up in dielectrics is used to demonstrate the importance of material parameters. Results indicate that electron irradiation will produce 10 to the 6th power V/cm in important materials. Parameters which can alter this build-up are discussed. Comparison to known irradiation induced dielectric charging experiments is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 554-569
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    Interactions between spacecraft and the charged-particle environment (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Spacecraft-environment interactions are defined as the responses of a spacecraft surface to a charged-particle environment. This response can influence spacecraft system performance. Interactions can be divided into two broad categories: spacecraft passive, in which the environment acts on the spacecraft; and spacecraft active, in which the spacecraft causes the interaction. Passive interactions include the spacecraft-charging phenomenon. Active interactions include the relatively new interactions arising from the use of very large spacecraft and space power systems in future missions. To illustrate active interactions, a large power system operating at elevated voltages is considered. Possible interactions are described, available experimental data are reviewed, and the effect on power system performance is estimated.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 268-294
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  • 85
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    The calculation of spacecraft potential: Comparison between theory and observation (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A simple charge balance model based on the work of DeForest was adapted for the calculation of spacecraft potentials. The model was calibrated with ATS 5 plasma data. Once calibrated, the model was used to calculate the time-varying potential that was observed as a spacecraft passes in and out of eclipse. Errors on the order of + or - 800 volts were observed over a range of 0 to -10,000 volts. Possible applications of the model to large space structures are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 239-255
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    Spacecraft charging results for the DSCS-3 satellite (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Spacecraft charging results are presented for the DSCS-3 satellite for a severe geomagnetic substorm. Spacecraft charging results were obtained by the use of the electrostatic charging analysis program (ESCAP). The ESCAP computer code which can determine both the transient or steady state differential charging potentials was an engineering design tool that utilized a circuit theory approach to spacecraft charging. Using the ESCAP code, the steady state (static) differential potentials of the outer spacecraft surfaces and metallic structure were obtained for the DSCS-3 satellite when under the influence of a severe geomagnetic substorm during the local midnight-to-dawn quadrant of its geosynchronous orbital path. The results indicated that, in the steady state, most of the DSCS-3 outer surface materials will not achieve differential potentials large enough to produce an electrostatic discharge.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 158-178
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    Comparison of NASCAP predictions with experimental data (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The NASA charging analyzer program (NASCAP) is a three dimensional, finite element computer code capable of simulating the electrostatic charging of an arbitrary body either in a ground test tank or in the space environment. The code incorporated surface property parameters needed to simulate insulating and conducting materials. These parameters are being updated as required to bring the NASCAP predictions into correspondence with data from ground tests. NASCAP predictions are also being compared with data from the ATS 5 spacecraft. The significance of these results is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 144-157
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    Description of the Space Test Program P78-2 spacecraft and payloads (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The P78-2 spacecraft and its payloads are designed to measure the environment at near synchronous altitude and the interactions of the environment on the spacecraft. A brief description of each payload is provided.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 4-10
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  • 89
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    Average plasma environment at geosynchronous orbit (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The average plasma environment at geosynchronous orbit (GSO) is derived from a whole year's worth of plasma data obtained by the UCSD electrostatic electrometer on board ATS 5. The result is primarily intended for use as a general reference for engineers designing a large spacecraft to be flown at GSO. A simple mathematical formula using a 3rd order polynomial is found to be adequate for representing the yearly averaged particle energy spectrum from 70 to 41,000 eV under different geomagnetic conditions. Furthermore, correlation analyses with the geomagnetic planetary index Kp and with the auroral electrojet index AE were carried out in the hope that the ground observations of the geomagnetic field variations can be used to predict the plasma variations in space. Unfortunately, the results indicate that such forecasting is not feasible by use of these two popular geomagnetic parameters alone.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Spacecraft Charging Technol., 1978; p 23-37
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  • 90
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    The Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Thermal emission and solar resonance fluorescence from the atmospheric limb are reported. Global measurements are made of radiation from the molecular species. The gas correlation spectroscopy technique based on the use of gas cells to select emission from chosen spectral lines or from particular parts of spectral lines is used. The source function and departure from the thermodynamic equilibrium between 80 and 130 kilometers associated with CO2 emission bands were investigated. The zonal wind velocity component along the line of sight is measured.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 139-174
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  • 91
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    The Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiment (1978)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The radiation budget of the earth on both synoptic and planetary scales by simultaneous measurement of incoming solar radiation and outgoing earth reflected (shortwave) and emitted (longwave) radiation was determined. Both fixed wide angle sampling of terrestrial fluxes at the satellite altitude, and scanned narrow-angle sampling of the radiance components, dependent on angle are used to determine outgoing radiation. Measurements of radiation are obtained in 22 different optical channels.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Nimbus 7 User's Guide; p 33-58
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    OGO 6 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The OGO 6 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 9 p
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    OGO 5 (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The OGO 5 spacecraft characteristics are briefly described. Brief descriptions of experiments are presented along with bibliographies of papers pertaining to each experiment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 10 p
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    Geodynamics experiment MA-128 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Geodynamics Experiment was performed to assess the feasibility of tracking and recovering high frequency components of the earth gravity field by utilizing a synchronous orbiting tracking station such as Applications Technology Satellite 6. Two prime areas of data collection were selected for this experiment. The first area is the center of the African continent, and the second area is the Indian Ocean depression centered at latitude 5 N and longitude 75 E. Preliminary results show that the detectability objective of the experiment has been achieved in both areas as well as in several additional anomalous areas around the globe. Gravity anomalies of the Karakoram and Himalayan mountain ranges of ocean trenches, and of the Diamantina depth are specific examples.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
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  • 95
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    Overview of the OGO program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The objectives and background, approach and mission profiles are discussed along with the configuration, and accomplishments of the program. The results of experiments for OGO 1,2,3, and 4 are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: OGO Program Summary; 27 p
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  • 96
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    Magnetosphere-ionosphere interactions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The present understanding of magnetosphere ionosphere interactions is described, and present and future predictive capabilities are assessed. Ionospheric features directly coupled to the magnetosphere to a significant degree are considered, with emphasis given to those phenomena of major interest to forecasters and users.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 476-493
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    Energetic solar particle behaviour in the magnetosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The behavior of energetic solar flare particles in the magnetosphere is discussed. In the absence of magnetospheric motion, the problem of particle transport can be treated as simple propagation of charged particles in a stationary magnetic field configuration using, for instance, trajectory calculations in model fields. This single particle approach is the basis for the determination of intensity and anisotropy structures over the polar caps and in the geomagnetic tail from different interplanetary conditions. Particle transport on closed field lines is in addition strongly affected by resonant interaction processes as pitch angle scattering and radial diffusion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 446-463
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  • 98
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    Short term magnetospheric particle variations (1 minute T 1 day), appendix 1 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A schematic representation of the generation and propagation processes for energetic particles of concern in solar terrestrial predictions is given. Particle precipitation at low, mid, and high altitudes is discussed with emphasis on prediction techniques. Methods given for testing of such techniques include traditional collaborations, enhanced collaborations, simulated prediction schemes, and field tests.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 433-440
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    The prediction of AE, ap, and Dst at time lags between 0 and 30 hours (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The magnetic activity indexes AE, ap, and Dst are correlated with approximately 35,000 hours of interplanetary plasma and magnetic field measurements acquired near the Earth (assembled by NASA/NSSDC into a composite data sat). Lag times between the indexes and solar wind parameters ranged from 0 to 30 hours. Correlations at lags less than 6 hours yield results in agreement with previous studies. At greater lags, the correlation coefficients between the solar wind parameters and AE and ap approach these parameters' autocorrelation (persistence) values. For Dst the correlation with solar wind parameters is lower than that with AE and ap in the 3 to 4 hour lag range whereas the autocorrelation of Dst is significantly higher over the entire 0 to 30 hour lag range. The implications of these differences between AE, ap, and Dst are discussed in terms of persistence of solar wind structure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 399-414
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    Dosimetry in the manned space program (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Dosimetric results of the various U.S. manned spaceflight programs are presented along with a description of the instrumentation, trapped radiation environments, and spacecraft shielding models. Analytical dose calculations are included and composed with actual measurements. Future requirements of the solar-terrestrial data user who will support manned spaceflight operations during the space shuttle era are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 121-132
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