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  • Other Sources  (13,889)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (13,889)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (7,240)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (3,947)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (2,702)
  • 1985-1989  (7,997)
  • 1980-1984  (5,892)
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  • Other Sources  (13,889)
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  • NASA Technical Reports  (13,889)
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Fluid management in space construction (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-10
    Description: The low-g fluids management group with the Center for Space Construction is engaged in active research on the following topics: gauging; venting; controlling contamination; sloshing; transfer; acquisition; and two-phase flow. Our basic understanding of each of these topics at present is inadequate to design space structures optimally. A brief report is presented on each topic showing the present status, recent accomplishings by our group and our plans for future research. Reports are presented in graphic and outline form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: First Annual Symposium. Volume 1: Plenary Session; 30 p
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  • 2
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    Proposed uses of laser light scattering instruments for polymerization studies (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-11
    Description: Microgravity offers a unique environment for studying polymer diffusion and polymer polymerization reactions. The absence of convection currents, which are the major mode of mixing at the molecular level on Earth, are eliminated or reduced in the microgravity environment. More importantly, the prediction of unique copolymer composition development in microgravity allows controlled formation of new compositions of matter. The absence of mixing at the molecular level should produce unique short block copolymers available for the first time for comonomer compositions which normally lead to random or long block copolymer under good mixing. The investigation of fundamental polymer diffusion and polymer polymerization processes in microgravity is proposed. This effort will involve fundamental studies of monomer and polymer diffusion; their effects on initiation, propagation, and especially termination kinetics rate constant; and the accurate evaluation of copolymerization reactivity ratios in microgravity. The experimental design is presented for these studies along with an evaluation technique for in situ monitoring of polymer diffusion and polymerization kinetics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, NASA Laser Light Scattering Advanced Technology Development Workshop, 1988; p 215-227
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  • 3
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    Light scattering instrumentation for micro gravity research (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-11
    Description: The analysis of light scattered from an ensemble of particles has long been a preferred method for characterizing their physical properties. Instrumentation to perform the measurements which forms the basis for such analysis is available in many forms based upon a variety of different experimental techniques. A system is presented which is singularly applicable for making many types of measurements in a microgravity environment. The commercial version of this device, the DAWN-F, has been used in many labs throughout the world to perform analyses of particular importance for both research and production. Light scattering theory is reviewed and the structure and function of the system is described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, NASA Laser Light Scattering Advanced Technology Development Workshop, 1988; p 165-172
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  • 4
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    Photon counting modules using RCA silicon avalanche photodiodes (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-11
    Description: Avalanche photodiodes (APD) are excellent small area, solid state detectors for photon counting. Performance possibilities include: photon detection efficiency in excess of 50 percent; wavelength response from 400 to 1000 nm; count rate to 10 (exp 7) counts per sec; afterpulsing at negligible levels; timing resolution better than 1 ns. Unfortunately, these performance levels are not simultaneously available in a single detector amplifier configuration. By considering theoretical performance predictions and previous and new measurements of APD performance, the anticipated performance of a range of proposed APD-based photon counting modules is derived.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, NASA Laser Light Scattering Advanced Technology Development Workshop, 1988; p 65-80
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  • 5
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    Miniature instrumentation for laser light scattering experiments (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-11
    Description: Traditional optical systems for photon correlation spectroscopy and laser anemometry have relied upon physically large and fairly expensive lasers, bulk-optics such as lenses of a few inches diameter, large mechanical mounts and carefully selected, fragile and bulky photon counting photomultiplier detectors. In some cases, experimental fluid dynamics at a desired position in a flow, perhaps deep inside complex machinery, is physically impossible or very difficult. Similar problems exist with photon correlation spectroscopy, e.g., remote and heterodyne experiments. Various optical and electro optical components were investigated and characterized with the aim of replacing existing photon correlation laser spectroscopy and anemometry techniques in miniaturized form, and with significant cost reduction. Very recently, a range of miniature, modular light scattering systems were constructed from little solid state optical and electro optical components, and experimentally verified measurement performance comparable to standard lab photon correlation spectroscopy and laser anemometry equipment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, NASA Laser Light Scattering Advanced Technology Development Workshop, 1988; p 45-63
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  • 6
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    Satellite/rocket ozone comparisons at Natal, Brazil (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Comparisons are presented of satellite, rocket, and balloon ozone profiles near Natal, Brazil (5.9 deg S, 35.2 deg W). The low variability of stratospheric ozone at Natal during March and April of 1985 has allowed intercomparisons of reasonably large data sets, rather than a small number of paired satellite/in situ comparisons. There are sharp differences between the profile from the SBUV instrument on Nimbus 7 and the in situ measurements. These results support the conclusions of the NASA Ozone Trends Panel that there is an instrumental cause for the very large changes in upper stratospheric ozone seen by SBUV. Along with other comparisons, these results are being used in a reassessment of the SBUV instrument and its data reduction procedures. The agreement between the ozone profiles from the SAGE II instrument on the ERBS satellite and the rocket values is excellent over the full range of comparisons. Both SAGE II and ROCOZ-A must convert from altitude to pressure for intercomparisons with SME and with SBUV-type instruments. The conversion between pressure and altitude is as important as the ozone measurements, especially in the upper stratosphere where the scale height for ozone is approximately half that for pressure.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 7
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    Critical transport parameters for porous media subjected to counterflow (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to determine critical parameters at the onset of nonlinear counterflow in He II below the lambda point of He-4. Critical temperature differences have been measured in porous media for zero net mass flow and for Darcy permeabilities in the order of magnitude range from 10 to the -10th to 10 to the -8th sq cm. The normalized critical temperature gradients, which covered the liquid temperature range of 1.5 K to the lambda temperature, are found to vary with T proportional to the ratio of the superfluid density to the normal fluid density. This liquid temperature dependence appears to be consistent with duct data which are limited at low temperature by a Reynolds number criterion.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Cryogenics (ISSN 0011-2275); 29; 498-502
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  • 8
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    Millimeter-wave sensor image enhancement (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Images from an airborne, scanning radiometer operating at a frequency of 98 GHz have been analyzed. The millimeter-wave images were obtained in 1985-1986 using the JPL millimeter-wave imaging sensor. The goal of this study was to enhance the information content of these images and make their interpretation easier. A visual-interpretative approach was used for information extraction from the images. This included application of nonlinear transform techniques for noise reduction and for color, contrast, and edge enhancement. Results of using the techniques on selected millimeter-wave images are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 9
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    Analysis of turbulence in shear flows using the stabilization principle (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis is made based upon the concept that the velocity fluctuations, and therefore, the Reynolds stresses, driven by the instability of the original flow grow until a new stable state is approached. The Reynolds stresses incorporated into the Orr-Sommerfeld equation are coupled with the main flow such that all the imaginary parts of the complex eigenvalues vanish, i.e., the original instability is eliminated. Using this stabilization principle, it is possible to find the Reynolds stresses as well as the mean velocity for plane Poiseuille flow with the Reynolds number slightly higher than the critical.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Mathematical and Computer Modelling (ISSN 0895-7177); 12; 8, 19
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  • 10
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    1960 Chile - New estimate of polar motion excitation (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A recent reanalysis of the International Latitude Serivce (ILS) polar motion data-day has been processed using Kalman filtering techniques to generate the polar motion excitation function over the time-span from 1960 to 1965. The resulting excitation function has been examined for the effects of 1960 Chile in an attempt to determine experimentally how large earthquake affect polar motion. The resulting upper bound of about 75 x 10 to the 22nd N-m for a 10-deg dip (about 36 x 10 to the 22nd N-m for 20-deg dip) is consistent with results obtained from previous seismic studies, including a recent normal mode excitation result. Following future great earthquakes, monitoring of polar motion by space-based techniques such as VLBI should continue at high temporal resolution for several weeks in order to directly measure the rheological parameters of the upper mantle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 16; 1193-119
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  • 11
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    On the reverse flow ceiling jet in pool fire-ventilation crossflow interactions in a simulated aircraft cabin interior (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The behavior of the reverse flow ceiling jet against the ventilation flow from 0.58 to 0.87 m/s was investigated in a 1/3 scale model of a wide body aircraft interior. For all tests, strong reverse-flow ceiling jets of hot gases were detected well upstream of the fire. Both thicknesses of the reverse-flow ceiling jet and the smoke layer increased with the fire-crossflow parameter. The thickness of the smoke layer where the smoke flows along the main flow below the reverse-flow ceiling jet was almost twice that of the reverse-flow ceiling jet. Detailed spatial and time-varying temperatures of the gas in the test section were measured, and velocity profiles were also measured using a temperature compensated hot film.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 12
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    Interactions in boundary-layer transition (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Certain theoretical studies of boundary-layer transition are described, based on high Reynolds numbers and with attention drawn to the various nonlinear interactions and scales present. The article concentrates in particular on theories for which the mean-flow profile is completely altered from its original state. Two- and three-dimensional flow theory and conjectures on turbulent-boundary-layer structures are included. Specific recent findings noted, and in qualitative agreement with experiments, are: nonlinear finite-time break-ups in unsteady interactive boundary layers; strong vortex/wave interactions; and prediction of turbulent boundary-layer displacement- and stress sublayer-thicknesses.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 13
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    Lithology and structure within the basement terrain adjacent to Clark Mountains, California, mapped with calibrated data from the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Clark Mountains in eastern California form a rugged, highly dissected area nearly 5000 ft above sea level, with Clark Mountain rising to 8000 ft. The rocks of the Clark Mountains and the Mescal Range just to the south are Paleozoic carbonate and clastic rocks, and Mesozoic clastic and volcanic rocks standing in pronounced relief above the fractured Precambrian gneisses to the east. The Permian Kaibab Limestone and the Triassic Moenkopi and Chinle Formations are exposed in the Mescal Range, which is the only place in California where these rocks, which are typical of the Colorado Plateau, are found. To the west, the mountains are bordered by the broad alluvial plains of Shadow Valley. Cima Dome, which is an erosional remnant carved on a batholithic intrusion of quartz monzonite, is found at the south end of the valley. To the east of the Clark and Mescal Mountains is found the Ivanpah Valley, in the center of which is located the Ivanpah Play. Studies of the Clark Mountains with the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer are briefly described.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 14
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    Microwave limb-sounding of earth's upper atmosphere (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Microwave limb-sounding can be used to improve understanding of earth's upper atmosphere. This paper summarizes general features of the technique. An experiment being developed for the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite is described. Plans for the future Earth Observing System are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Research (ISSN 0169-8095); 23; 391-410
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  • 15
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    Uncertainty estimates in geomagnetic field modeling (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents an extension of the conventional uncertainty analysis which characterizes the sources of uncertainty in the coefficients of the geomagnetic field models. The new formalism accounts for the systematic errors introduced by the omission of such sources as the presence of crustal fields, the external fields, and the field from the truncated terms. The usefulness of this formalism depends on two critical conditions. The first of these is the knowledge of the statistical properties of the fields whose parameters are not solved in the analysis, i.e., the crustal field and the external field. The second critical point in the practical use of the method is the approximation used for the weight matrix.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 12281-12
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  • 16
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    Comparative study of high-resolution shock-capturing schemes for a real gas (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1332-134
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  • 17
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    Indicators of transport and vertical motion from correlations between in situ measurements in the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Analysis of small-scale structure in the in situ measurements made from the ER-2 during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment shows the existence of a region at the boundary of the chemiclly perturbed region where the mixing ratios and small-scale structure of trace gases are influenced by transport across the boundary. This transition region is characterized by horizontal interchange and vertical layering of air parcels from within and outside of the chemically perturbed region and negative small-scale correlations between ClO and ozone. The horizontal transport in this region creates large surface areas between dissimilar air masses, providing the potential for substantial mixing. Correlations between ClO and O3 show that the transition region extends to 2-4 deg of latitude to either side of the boundary of the chemically perturbed region. A + or - 4-deg-wide transition region would contain nearly as much air as the chemically perturbed region proper. Analysis of water vapor and nitrous oxide data suggests that diabatic descent is associated with dehydration. This could be caused by strong radiative cooling of those polar stratospheric clouds in which enough water condenses for the particles to fall and dehydrate the air.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11669-11
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  • 18
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    Potential vorticity and mixing in the south polar vortex during spring (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fluid dynamic aspects of the Antarctic ozone hole phenomena are studied. Data collected by the ER-2 aircraft as part of the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (AAOE) are used to calculate the potential vorticity distribution on potential temperature surfaces. Most of the ER-2 flights show a monotonic decrease in potential vorticity and nitrous oxide toward the pole on isentropic surfaces.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11625-11
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  • 19
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    Diagnostic studies of the Antarctic vortex during the 1987 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment - Ozone miniholes (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Localized rapid reductions in total ozone (miniholes), which were observed during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, are studied with particular attention given to meteorological aspects. It is suggested that miniholes are forced by tropospheric weather features and that they are largely reversible distortions to the airflow around the vortex. The relationship between the miniholes and upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric synoptic-scale disturbances is studied. Trajectory calculations are presented which demonstrate the exchange of air from low latitudes with air from within the vortex, with the vortex air subsequently moving to lower latitudes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11641-11
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  • 20
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    Trace gases in the Antarctic Atmosphere (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Whole-air samples collected aboard the NASA ER-2 and DC-8 aircraft as part of the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment were analyzed in a field laboratory set up at Punta Arenas, Chile. Mixing ratios obtained from gas chromatographic analyses of these samples are presented for CH4, CO, N2O, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, C2F3Cl3, CH3CCl3, and CCl4. A comparison of CFCl3/N2O mixing ratios from the flights of September 16-29, 1987 provides evidence of sustained subsidence.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11599-11
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  • 21
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    Ground-based infrared measurements of tropospheric source gases over Antarctica during the 1986 austral spring (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Simultaneous measurements of the atmospheric burdens of CH4, N2O, CO2, CF2Cl2, and CO above McMurdo Station, Antarctica, have been derived from solar absorption spectra obtained by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer. In all cases the burdens are smaller than midlatitude values. Furthermore, retrievals of N2O and CH4 indicate that the tropospheric mixing ratios were normal and that the depletion of the burdens can best be accounted for by a downward shift of the volume mixing ratio profiles by some 6-8 km. This rules out the possibility of large-scale upwelling of ozone-poor tropospheric air into the stratosphere being the cause of the Antarctic springtime ozone depletion.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11613-11
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  • 22
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    Nitrous oxide as a dynamical tracer in the 1987 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In situ N2O measurements were made using an airborne tunable laser absorption spectrometer (ATLAS) on 12 flights into the Antarctic vortex, as well as on five transit flights outside the vortex region in August and September 1987, as part of the Airborne Antartic Ozone Experiment. Vertical profiles of N2O were obtained within the vortex on most of these flights and were obtained outside the vortex on several occasions. Flights into the vortex region show N2O decreasing southward between 53 and 72 S latitude on constant potential temperature surfaces in the lower stratosphere. The data lead to two important conclusions about the vortex region: (1) the lower stratosphere in August/September 1987 was occupied by 'old' air, which had subsided several kilometers during polar winter; (2) the N2O profile in the vortex was in an approximately steady state in August/September 1987, which indicates that the spring upwelling, suggested by several theories, did not occur.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11589-11
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  • 23
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    Quasi-biennial modulation of the Antarctic ozone depletion (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in total ozone and temperature has been extracted from 9 years of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) observations and National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses. Years in which QBO-related variations in the total ozone and temperature are positive are found to correspond to years with smaller September Antarctic total ozone hole decline rates and vice versa. The QBO appears to be responsible for September decline rate deviations up to 0.4 Dobson units (DU) per day. Also, the QBO at mid-latitudes appears to be better correlated with the 30-mbar tropical QBO winds than with those at 50 mbar. Possible mechanisms that would explain these phenomena are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11559-11
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  • 24
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    Lagrangian photochemical modeling studies of the 1987 Antarctic spring vortex. I - Comparison with AAOE observations (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results from the Lagrangian photochemical model integrated along computed air parcel trajectories intersected by the ER-2 aircraft are presented and compared with AAOE observations. According to the model, the BrO observations made from the ER-2 within the dehydrated denitrified region are consistent with there being approximately 5 parts per trillion by volume of BrO(y) at 428 K in spring. Within the high ClO region, ozone destruction rates are expected to exceed 2 percent/d with approximately 80 percent due to the ClO dimer mechanism.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11529-11
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  • 25
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    A chemical definition of the boundary of the Antarctic ozone hole (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A program designed to study the Antarctic ozone hole using ER-2 high-altitude and DC-8 aircraft was conducted out of Punta Arenas, Chile during August 17-September 22, 1987. Graphs are presented of ozone and chlorine monoxide when crossing the boundary of the chemically perturbed region on August 23 and on September 21. Interpretations of ClO, H2O, and N2O measurements are presented, indicating ongoing diabetic cooling and advective poleward transport across the boundary.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11437-11
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  • 26
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    Measurements of ozone in the Antarctic atmosphere during August and September 1987 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Mixing ratios changed dramatically for ozone in the austral polar stratosphere during August and September 1987. Data were obtained with an ultraviolet photometer mounted in the equipment bay of an ER-2 aircraft. Measurements were made between the latitudes of 53 and 72 deg S at pressure altitudes (U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976) up to 21 km in a series of flights from Punta Arenas, Chile, over the Palmer Peninsula. Additional data were obtained between 37 N and 53 deg S on the ferry flights leaving from and returning to Moffett Field, California. The sampling-collecting system and the analytical techniques are described. In September the mixing ratios for ozone at pressure altitudes above 15 km in the southernmost part of the flights over the Palmer Peninsula were significantly lower than values for midlatitudes. The various latitudes of the ER-2 aircraft's encounters with the boundary of the region of depleted ozone lie between 59 and 71 deg S. Near the 425 K potential temperature surface and well within the vortex, the measured mixing ratio of ozone declined from about 2 parts per million by volume (ppmv) to about 0.6 ppmv during the period of the ER-2 flights. The distributions of ozone as a function of altitude indicate the presence of layering of ozone.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11449-11
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  • 27
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    Airborne measurements of stratospheric constituents over Antarctica in the austral spring 1987. I - Method and ozone observations (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A Fourier transform spectrometer was flown aboard a DC-8 on 10 flights over Antarctica during August and September, 1987, as part of the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (AAOE). Observing the sun at infrared wavelengths, it was possible to determine the integrated column amount above the flight altitude for ozone and a number of other chemical species that are believed to be important in the perturbed chemistry of the 'ozone hole'. The paper describes the method, the observations, the data analysis procedure, and the ozone results. During the observation period, ozone developed a steep gradient near the edge of the polar vortex; deep within the vortex, the average ozone column decreased by about 1.6 percent per day during September.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11413-11
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  • 28
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    Filter measurement results from the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Filter samples obtained as part of the AAOE to determine the total nitrate, sulfate, acidic chloride, and acidic fluoride content along the flight path of the NASA ER-2 are studied. These compounds were obtained in the aerosol and vapor phase. The ratio of particulate sulfate observed outside the chemically perturbed region (CPR) of the vortex to that inside the CPR was 2.6. The ratio of total acidic chloride to total acidic flouride within the CPR is near 1, indicating the removal of chloride from the air mass or the partitioning of chloride into an unmeasured species.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11285-11
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  • 29
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    Condensed nitrate, sulfate, and chloride in Antarctic stratospheric aerosols (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The 1987 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, in which the NO3, Cl, and SO4 contents of stratospheric aerosols were estimated, is discussed. The aerosol size and chemical composition measurements were carried out on samples collected during August 17 to September 4, 1987. The data indicate that condensed nitrate is found below a threshold temperature of 193.6 + or - 3.0 K, which is generally found at latitudes exceeding 64 deg S. A negative correlation exists between condensed nitrate and ozone correlation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11271-11
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    Balloon-borne measurements of aerosol, condensation nuclei, and cloud particles in the stratosphere at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, during the spring of 1987 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of the vertical profile of particles with condensation nuclei counters and eight channel aerosol detectors at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, in 1987 verified observations made in 1986 concerning the absence of upwelling in the polar vortex and the presence of a condensation nuclei layer in conjunction with the ozone hole region. New observations of a bimodal aerosol size distribution, consisting of a large-particle mode mixed in with the small-particle sulfate mode, at temperatures below -79 C are consistent with the presence of nitric acid-water particles at low concentrations. Higher concentrations of large particles were observed in association with nacreous clouds. An unusual particle layer which contained enhanced concentrations of both the small-particle (sulfate) mode and the large-particle (nitric acid) mode was detected at temperatures below -85 C, suggesting simultaneous nucleation and growth phenomena. The vortex condensation nuclei layer was observed to form at the same time as the ozone hole, indicating that formation of the layer is triggered by photochemical processes and may be important in controlling ozone depletion above 22 km.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11253-11
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    Observational results using the microwave temperature profiler during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP) measures profiles of air temperature versus altitude. The altitude coverage is about 5 km at a flight altitude of 20 km (66,000 feet), and the profiles are obtained every 14 s. The MTP instrument is installed on NASA's ER-2 aircraft, which flew 13 missions over Antarctica during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment. Altitude temperature profiles were used to derive potential temperature cross sections. These cross sections have been useful in detecting atmospheric waves. Many wave encounters have been identified as 'mountain waves'. The mountain waves are found to extend from the lowest altitudes measured to the highest (about 24 km). The southern part of the Palmer Peninsula was found to be associated with mountain waves more than half the time. Altitude temperature profiles were also used to measure the lapse rate along the flight track. Lapse rate versus latitude plots do not show significant changes at the ozone hole boundary.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11223-11
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    Application of multi-grid methods for solving the Navier-Stokes equations (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents the application of a class of multi-grid methods to the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional laminar flow problems. The methods consists of combining the full approximation scheme-full multi-grid technique (FAS-FMG) with point-, line- or plane-relaxation routines for solving the Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables. The performance of the multi-grid methods is compared to those of several single-grid methods. The results show that much faster convergence can be procured through the use of the multi-grid approach than through the various suggestions for improving single-grid methods. The importance of the choice of relaxation scheme for the multi-grid method is illustrated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Proceedings, Part C - Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science (ISSN 0954-4062); 203; C4, 1; 255-265
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    A method for using a time interval counter to measure frequency stability (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown how a commercial time interval counter can be used to measure the relative stability of two signals that are offset in frequency and mixed down to a beat note of about 1 Hz. To avoid the dead-time problem, the counter is set up to read the time interval between each beat note upcrossing and the next pulse of a 10 Hz reference pulse train. The actual upcrossing times are recovered by a simple algorithm whose outputs can be used for computing residuals and Allan variance. A noise floor-test yielded a delta f-f Allan deviation of 1.3 times 10 to the minus 9th power/tau relative to the beat frequency.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control (ISSN 0885-3010); 36; 478-480
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    Morphology of calcite crystals in clast coatings from four soils in the Mojave desert region (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Pedogenic calcite-crystal coatings on clasts were examined in four soils along an altitudinal gradient on Kyle Canyon alluvium in southern Nevada. Clast coatings were studied rather than matrix carbonate to avoid the effects of soil matrix on crystallization. Six crystal sizes and shapes were recognized and distinguished. Equant micrite was the dominant crystal form with similar abundance at all elevations. The distributions of five categories of spar and microspar appear to be influenced by altitudinally induced changes in effective moisture. In the drier, lower elevation soils, crystals were equant or parallel prismatic with irregular, interlocking boundaries while in the more moist, higher elevation soils they were randomly oriented, euhedral, prismatic, and fibrous. There was little support for the supposition that Mg(+2) substitution or increased (Mg + Ca)/HCO3 ratios in the precipitating solution produced crystal elongation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Soil Science Society of America, Journal (ISSN 0038-0776); 53; 211-219
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    Silicification of holocene soils in northern Monitor Valley, Nevada (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Chemical, physical, and microscopic data for three soils in the northern Monitor Valley are analyzed. The soils ranked in order of increasing age are: Mule, Rotinom, and Nayped. The procedures and techniques used to obtain and study that data are described. It is observed that: (1) redistribution of carbonate is detectable in all soils; (2) clay illuviation is insignificant in the Mule soil, weak but identifiable in the Rotinom soil, and significant in the Nayped soil; and (3) the maximum sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) for the Mule soil is between 64-89 cm, for the Rotinom soil the values are below 100 cm, and for Nayped the maximum SAR values range from 51-117 cm and maximum EC values are between 117-152 cm. The relationship between volcanic glass weathering and the amount of silica cementation in the soils is studied. It is noted that silicification of Monitor Valley holocene soils is due to there being enough moisture to release silica from volcanic glass, but not enough to leach the weathering products from the profile.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Soil Science Society of America, Journal (ISSN 0038-0776); 53; 158-164
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    Distortion of homogeneous turbulence by axisymmetric strain and dilatation (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Rapid distortion theory is applied to study distortion of homogeneous turbulence subject to two different axisymmetric strain modes: the axisymmetric contraction (AC, nozzle-type flow), and the axisymmetric expansion (AE, diffuser-type flow). The paper explores the differences in effects of the two axisymmetric strain modes on the anisotropy of correlations and structures of turbulence; examines the effect of dilatation on the distortion of turbulence; and provides a theoretical background for turbulence model development. It is found that velocity and vorticity fluctuations are enhanced more efficiently by contraction than by expansion; contraction produces much higher anisotropy in velocity and vorticity than expansion; root-mean-square pressure is slightly reduced during contraction, whereas it increases rapidly during expansion; and vortical structures of rodlike shape develop in a contraction flow, while disklike structures develop in an expansion flow. A simple model that reflects the dependence of turbulence evolution on structural parameters such as the Reynolds-stress anisotropy and total strain is proposed, and is shown to outperform all other models for all cases examined, regardless of the mean strain rate.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 1; 1541-155
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    Self-limiting physical and chemical effects in volcanic eruption clouds (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: One-dimensional aerosol microphysical and photochemical models are used to study the chemistry of stratospheric volcanic clouds. The results indicate that the aerosol microphysical processes of condensation and coagulation produce larger particles as the SO2 injection rate is increased. Larger particles have a smaller optical depth per unit mass and settle out of the stratosphere at a faster rate than smaller ones, restricting the total number of particles in the stratosphere. The microphysical processes moderate the impact of volcanic clouds on the earth's radiation budget and climate, suggesting that volcanic effects may be self limiting. It is noted that the injection of HCl into the stratosphere, which could lead to large ozone changes, is limited by a cold trap effect in which HCl and water vapor condense on ash particles in the rising volcanic plume and fall out as ice.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11165-11
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    Stratospheric ozone measurements from the 1985 MAP/GLOBUS NO(x) campaign (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nine experiments obtained stratospheric ozone measurements during the fall 1985 Middle Atmosphere Program (MAP) Global Budget of Stratospheric Trace Constituents (GLOBUS) NO(x) campaign. Measurements are grouped into four sets from four air masses and compared. Agreement between individual experiments and weighted mean profiles is generally within 10 percent and within absolute accuracies. Dobson Umkehr values in layer 5 differ by more than absolute accuracies from weighted mean profiles. Brewer sonde values for one data set are outside absolute accuracies near the ozone peak. Solar UV occultation measurements are 30-35 percent less than the weighted mean profile and outside absolute accuracies. Measurements from the Exospheric Satellite backscattered ultraviolet experiment, not previously compared with other techniques, agree within 10-15 percent of weighted mean profiles. Results of the campaign are generally consistent with those of four previous intercomparison campaigns.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11074-11
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    Secular increase of the total vertical column abundance of carbon monoxide above central Europe since 1950 (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The secular increase of the total vertical column abundance of carbon monoxide has been derived from sets of infrared solar spectra recorded from an altitude of 3.58 km at the Jungfraujoch Station, Switzerland, in 1950-1951 and in 1985-1987. The results are based on equivalent width measurements of the R3 line of the 1-0 vibration-rotation band of (C-12)(0-16) at 2159.30/cm. The set of 1985-1987 observations indicates a strong seasonal cycle in the total column abundance of CO, with a + or - 25 percent modulation between minimum values in late summer and the maximum values in late winter. Variability on shorter time scales is also present in both the old and recent data sets. The mean cumulative rate of increase of the total column abundance of CO above the Jungfraujoch is found to be (0.85 + or - 0.20) percent/yr between 1950-1951 and 1985-1987. The present findings are compared with trends reported in earlier studies.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 11021-11
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    Transition limits for water-droplet crystallization with the NASA Lewis icing nozzle (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 26; 887
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    The morphology of strike-slip faults - Examples from the San Andreas Fault, California (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The dilatational strains associated with vertical faults embedded in a horizontal plate are examined in the framework of fault kinematics and simple displacement boundary conditions. Using boundary element methods, a sequence of examples of dilatational strain fields associated with commonly occurring strike-slip fault zone features (bends, offsets, finite rupture lengths, and nonuniform slip distributions) is derived. The combinations of these strain fields are then used to examine the Parkfield region of the San Andreas fault system in central California.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 10204-10
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    Carrier phase ambiguity resolution for the Global Positioning System applied to geodetic baselines up to 2000 km (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A technique for resolving the ambiguities in the GPS carrier phase data (which are biased by an integer number of cycles) is described which can be applied to geodetic baselines up to 2000 km in length and can be used with dual-frequency P code receivers. The results of such application demonstrated that a factor of 3 improvement in baseline accuracy could be obtained, giving centimeter-level agreement with coordinates inferred by very-long-baseline interferometry in the western United States. It was found that a method using pseudorange data is more reliable than one using ionospheric constraints for baselines longer than 200 km. It is recommended that future GPS networks have a wide spectrum of baseline lengths (ranging from baselines shorter than 100 km to those longer than 1000 km) and that GPS receivers be used which can acquire dual-frequency P code data.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 10187-10
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    A search for five month solar induced periodicity in the stratosphere (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent studies of solar UV spectra and various indices of solar activity indicate a strong period at about 5 months. In the 10.7 cm solar radio flux (F10.7), a conventional index for the solar EUV and UV variabilities, the spectral power of the 5 month period is comparable to the well known 27 day solar period. However, in the solar UV flux at 205 nm, directly measured from the Nimbus-7 SBUV spectrometer, the (spectral) power of the 5 month period is about half that of the 27 day period. This paper examines the possible impact of the 5 month solar period on ozone and temperature at various pressure levels in the stratosphere and discusses the implications of differences in solar forcing at the 27 day and 5 month periods. It is shown that ozone, both in the lower and the upper stratosphere, has a measurable response to solar UV forcing at 27 days. Such a solar response is not observed at 5 month period because of a relatively weaker 5 month solar UV component in the solar signal and a strong interference from dynamical signals associated with planetary wave activity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 16; 711-714
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    Experimental comparison of two hot-wire techniques in supersonic flow (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1074-108
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    Near-wall k-epsilon turbulence modeling (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1068-107
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    SAGE II inversion algorithm (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The operational Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II multichannel data inversion algorithm is described. Aerosol and ozone retrievals obtained with the algorithm are discussed. The algorithm is compared to an independently developed algorithm (Lenoble, 1989), showing that the inverted aerosol and ozone profiles from the two algorithms are similar within their respective uncertainties.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 8339-835
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    SAGE II aerosol validation - Selected altitude measurements, including particle micromeasurements (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The validity of particulate extinction coefficients derived from limb path solar radiance measurements obtained during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II is tested. The SAGE II measurements are compared with correlative aerosol measurements taken during January 1985, August 1985, and July 1986 with impactors, laser spectrometers, and filter samplers on a U-2 aircraft, an upward pointing lidar on a P-3 aircraft, and balloon-borne optical particle counters. The data for July 29, 1986 are discussed in detail. The aerosol measurements taken on this day at an altitude of 20.5 km produce particulate extinction values which validate the SAGE II values for similar wavelengths.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 8367-838
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    SAGE II aerosol data validation and initial data use - An introduction and overview (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The process of validating data from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II and the initial use of the validated data are reviewed. The instruments developed for the SAGE II, the influence of the eruption of El Chichon on the global stratospheric aerosol, and various data validation experiments are discussed. Consideration is given to methods for deriving aerosol physical and optical properties from SAGE II extinction data and for inferring particle size distribution moments from SAGE II spectral extinction values.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 8335-833
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    Application of internal gravitational field equations to geophysical measurement of G (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The spherical harmonic equation for the gravitational potential inside the earth is presented. The equation satisfies Poisson's equation and converges uniformly. It obviates the need for downward continuation of the exterior potential with its attendant convergence difficulties but of course requires some knowledge of the earth's density distribution. The equation is used to derive the general expression for the geophysical measurement of the gravitational constant G made inside the earth, such as in boreholes and mine shafts. Numerical evidence is also presented to show that the long- to intermediate-wavelength gravity anomalies can masquerade as the 'fifth force' if not properly corrected for.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 7563-756
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    An improved correction algorithm for number density measurements made with the forward scattering spectrometer probe (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A correction factor to the number density measured by the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP) which compensates for dead time and coincidence errors was determined by calculating the probabilities of, and the average number of particles in, the six possible types of dead time and coincidence events. These probabilities and averages were calculated by means of a probabilistic model based on Poisson statistics. A Monte Carlo computer simulation of the FSSP operation was also carried out and the number density correction factor was compared with the Monte Carlo data. For an actual number density of 2000/cu cm, it was found that the measured number density was of the order of 300/cu cm.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 60; 1143-115
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    Denitrification in the Antarctic stratosphere (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Rapid loss of ozone over Antarctica in spring requires that the abundance of gaseous nitric acid be very low. Precipitation of particulate nitric acid has been assumed to occur in association with large ice crystals, requiring significant removal of H2O and temperatures well below the frost point. However, stratospheric clouds exhibit a bimodal size distribution in the Antarctic atmosphere, with most of the nitrate concentrated in particles with radii of 1 micron or greater. It is argued here that the bimodal size distribution sets the stage for efficient denitrification, with nitrate particles either falling on their own or serving as nuclei for the condensation of ice. Denitrification can therefore occur without significant dehydration, and it is unnecessary for temperatures to drop significantly below the frost point.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 339; 525-527
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    Operational aspects of CASA UNO '88-The first large scale international GPS geodetic network (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: For three weeks, from January 18 to February 5, 1988, scientists and engineers from 13 countries and 30 international agencies and institutions cooperated in the most extensive GPS (Global Positioning System) field campaign, and the largest geodynamics experiment, in the world to date. This collaborative eperiment concentrated GPS receivers in Central and South America. The predicted rates of motions are on the order of 5-10 cm/yr. Global coverage of GPS observations spanned 220 deg of longitude and 125 deg of latitude using a total of 43 GPS receivers. The experiment was the first civilian effort at implementing an extended international GPS satellite tracking network. Covariance analyses incorporating the extended tracking network predicted significant improvement in precise orbit determination, allowing accurate long-baseline geodesy in the science areas.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (ISSN 0018-9456); 38; 648-651
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    Acoustic temperature profile measurement technique for large combustion chambers (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurement of times of flight of sound waves can be used to determine temperatures in a gas. This paper describes a system, based on this principle, that is capable of giving the temperature profile in a nonisothermal gas volume, for example, prevalent in a large furnace. The apparatus is simple, rugged, accurate, and capable of being automated for process control applications. It is basically an acoustic waveguide where the outside temperature profile is transferred to a chosen gas contained inside the guide.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 111; 461-466
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    Ellipsometric method for the measurement of temperature and optical constants of incandescent transition metals (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The development of a unique noncontact temperature measurement device utilizing rotating analyzer ellipsometry is described. The technique circumvents the necessity of spectral emissivity estimation by direct measurement concomitant with radiance brightness. Simultaneous determinations of dielectric constants and refractive indices allow changes in the physical and chemical state of a heated surface to be monitored. The results of optical property measurements at 633 nm as functions of temperature between 1000 and 2500 K for eight transition metals including Hf, Ir, Mo, Nb, Pd, Pt, Ta, and V are presented together with preliminary results of oxidation studies on iridium.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 28; 1885-189
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    Relation between increasing methane and the presence of ice clouds at the mesopause (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The possiblity is investigated that a substantial change has occurred in middle-atmospheric water vapor as a result of the increase in atmospheric methane over the past century and a half. It is shown from modeling of mesospheric ice-particle formation that noctilucent cloud brightness should be a sensitive indicator of the water content at the high-latitude summertime mesopause. From an examination of the historical record of noctilucent cloud occurrence, it is found that such clouds are absent from the record before 1885, a finding which is consistent with the hypothesis proposed in this paper.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 338; 490-492
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    Numerical simulation of axisymmetric turbulent flow in combustors and diffusers (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Numerical studies of turbulent flow in an axisymmetric 45-deg-expansion combustor and bifurcated diffuser are presented. The Navier-Stokes equations incorporating a k-epsilon model were solved in a nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. A zonal-grid method, where the flow field was divided into several subsections, was developed. This approach permitted different computational schemes to be used in the various zones. In addition, grid generation was made a more simple task. Boundary overlap and interpolating techniques were used, and an adjustment of the flow variables was required to assure conservation of mass flux. Three finite-differencing methods (hybrid, quadratic upwind, and skew upwind) were used to represent the convection terms. Results were compared with existing experimental data. In general, good agreement between predicted and measured values was obtained.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 9; 167-183
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    Impact of heterogeneous reactions on stratospheric chemistry of the Arctic (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The possible depletion of ozone due to heterogeneous reactions occurring in Arctic polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) is fundamentally different from the Antarctic situation. PSCs in the Arctic are relatively short-lived and occur over limited regions of the Arctic stratosphere. The Arctic situation is examined using a model which calculates photochemical processes as a function of longitude in air circulating with fixed velocity around the pole at fixed pressure level and latitude. The model allows sunlight to vary diurnally and PSCs to occur in specified subregions of the domain. Measurements of chemical species including HCl, ClO, NO2 and HNO3 downwind from a PSC should show obvious changes compared to measurements in air unaffected by clouds. These species concentrations are found to be sensitive to sticking coefficients, cloud characteristics including particle number density and surface area, and to the PSC exposure time.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 16; 131-134
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    Design of the polarimeter for the Solar Activity Measurements Experiments (SAMEX) vector magnetograph (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A design concept developed for a polarimeter on the vector magnetograph of the SAMEX satellite that would be very sensitive to solar vector magnetic fields is described. A description of the Poincare sphere is presented, along with the instrument scientific requirements, to provide an understanding of how the polarimeter design has been selected. It is shown that the design goal of a polarimetric sensitivity of 0.0001 can be achieved in the linear measurements using a hybrid analyzer. It is also noted that the systematic errors that produce linear crosstalk into the circular measurement will require the use of the redundant polarization measurements for in-flight calibrations and corrections of the data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 28; 131-140
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    Improved method of analyzing hot-wire measurements in supersonic turbulence (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present analysis method for hot-wire data in supersonic turbulence takes sound field effects into account and yields greater accuracy in its treatment of flow variable fluctuations than existing methods despite requiring only a moderately accurate estimate of static pressure fluctuations. The method demonstrates the way in which neglecting pressure fluctuations will affect hot-wire data analysis, as well as indicating the probable direction the errors will take.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 115-117
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    False-color display of special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) data (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Displays of multifrequency passive microwave data from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) flying on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft are presented. Observed brightness temperatures at 85.5 GHz (vertical and horizontal polarizations) and 37 GHz (vertical polarization) are respectively used to 'drive' the red, green, and blue 'guns' of a color monitor. The resultant false-color images can be used to distinguish land from water, highlight precipitation processes and structure over both land and water, and detail variations in other surfaces such as deserts, snow cover, and sea ice. The observations at 85.5 GHz also add a previously unavailable frequency to the problem of rainfall estimation from space. Examples of mesoscale squall lines, tropical and extra-tropical storms, and larger-scale land and atmospheric features as 'viewed' by the SSM/I are shown.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 70; 146-151
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    Chemistry and transport in a three-dimensional stratospheric model - Chlorine species during a simulated stratospheric warming (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The distributions in the stratosphere of a variety of chemical species were calculated for a 6-day period during the February 1979 stratospheric major warming, using winds derived from a spectral forecast model which included O(x), NO(x), HO(x), and ClO(x) chemistries as well as longitudinally varying reaction rate coefficients and photolysis rates for these molecules. The results obtained indicate a particular importance of chemistry and transport for the Cl-containing species ClO, ClONO2, HCl, and HOCl. Dynamical effects dominate the variability of HCl, while diurnal effects dominate that of ClONO2 and ClO. The effects of strong planetary wave activity may be seen in terms of large longitudinal variability of the total HCl and ClONO columns in the stratosphere; in the middle and high northern latitudes, it is sufficiently large to exceed the diurnal variability of the column.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 1057-108
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    A tenfold increase in the abundance of large solid particles in the stratosphere, as measured over the period 1976-1984 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Representative chemical, structural, and morphological analyses of the large (greater than 1 micron diameter) solid particles from three impaction collection surfaces have been performed. These collections sampled the stratosphere at approximately 17-19 km in altitude during 1976, 1981, and 1984. For these sampling periods, the stratospheric solid-particle number densities have been determined to be 0.089, 0.16, and 1.7 particles/cu m of air, respectively, for particles of greater than 1 micron diameter. This rise in solid-particle number density for the stratosphere over the collection period is likely due to the influx of solid rocket exhaust and rocket and satellite debris into the atmosphere in increasingly larger amounts with time. Some of this material is shed from spacecraft during ascent through the atmosphere, but the majority is probably provided during the descent of material from earth's growing belt of debris in low-earth orbit.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 1047-105
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    Postdispersion system for astronomical observations with Fourier transform spectrometers in the thermal infrared (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A postdispersion system for astronomical observations with Fourier transform spectrometers in the thermal infrared has been developed which improves the sensitivity of radiation noise limited observations by reducing the spectral range incident on the detector. Special attention is given to the first-generation blocked impurity band detector. Planetary, solar, and stellar observations are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 28; 139-145
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    Inspecting our upper atmosphere (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) has been proposed for intensive studies of the 15-100 km-altitude region of the earth's atmosphere, begining in 1991. This 14,000-lb satellite will carry a suite of 10 instruments able to study the energy input and loss, photochemistry, and circulation of the upper atmosphere, as well as the extensive web of interactions among these three processes. UARS's remote sensors will give attention to the atmospheric molecular species of the nitrogen, hydrogen, and chlorine families.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 27; 24-26
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    Geometric bias and time coincidence in 3-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter systems (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The measurement by a three-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter of a turbulent flow has been numerically simulated. Errors associated with the probe volume geometry and the coincidence time window concept are revealed. One type of error occurs for high system data rates when multiple particles lead to system realizations. Another error occurs associated with a geometric bias discovered in the present study. This three-dimensional ldv geometric bias exists even for single-particle realizations and regardless of the system data rate. A technique for the elimination of the geometric bias is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experiments in Fluids (ISSN 0723-4864); 7; 1, 19
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    Computer processing of tunable diode laser spectra (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A computer-controlled tunable diode laser spectrometer and spectral analysis software are described. The three-channel system records simultaneously the transmission of a subject gas, a temperature-stabilized etalon, and a calibration gas. The software routines are applied to diode laser spectra of HNO3 and NO2 to illustrate the procedures adopted for conversion of raw spectral data to useful transmission and harmonic spectra. Extraction of line positions, absorption intensities, collisional broadening coefficients, and gas concentrations from recorded spectra is also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy (ISSN 0003-7028); 43; 834-839
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    A high-speed GaAs MESFET optical controller (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Optical interconnects are being considered for control signal distribution in phased array antennas. A packaged hybrid GaAs optical controller with a 1:16 demultiplexed output that is suitable for this application is described. The controller, which was fabricated using enhancement/depletion mode MESFET technology, operates at demultiplexer-limited input data rates up to 305 Mb/s and requires less than 200 microW optical input power.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Photonics Technology Letters (ISSN 1041-1135); 1; 389-391
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    PC based graphic display real-time particle beam uniformity (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A technique has been developed to support the study of the effects of cosmic rays on integrated circuits. The system is designed to determine the particle distribution across the surface of an integrated circuit accurately while the circuit is bombarded by a particle beam. The system uses photomultiplier tubes, an octal discriminator, a computer-controlled NIM quad counter, and an IBM PC. It provides real-time operator feedback for fast beam tuning and monitors momentary fluctuations in the particle beam. The hardware, software, and system performance are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (ISSN 0018-9499); 36; 1738-174
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    Applications of ground-based radiometric observations of millimeter wave radiation (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A three-channel transportable radiometer that operates at 20.6, 31.65, and 90.0 GHz has been developed. The design of the radiometer is described and the results of various experimental applications of the radiometer are presented. The experiments include a comparison of brightness temperature measurements at various frequencies with the water vapor absorption models of Waters (1976) and Lieve (1989). Measurements of absorption ratios for cloud attenuation are given and the radiometer measurements are compared with oxygen absorption calculated using the Rasenkranz (1988) model.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: (ISSN 0002-6557); 58; 467-474
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    Passive millimeter-wave imaging - A tool for remote sensing (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes a program of airborne radiometric imaging at 90 GHz and 140 GHz. Using high sensitivity (below 1 K) and high angular resolution (0.5-1.0 degree), high quality images have been made. The following measurements are discussed: cloud and fog penetration at 90 GHz, discrimination between agricultural and urban areas, discrimination between different vegetation types, detection of vehicles on roads, detection and classification of airports and airplanes, ship detection and quantitative oil spill sensing. The application of information enhancement techniques with automatic and real time application aspects is also described, and results of applied techniques for contrast and contour enhancement are shown.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: (ISSN 0002-6557); 58; 457-465
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    The interannual variability of polar stratospheric clouds and related parameters in Antarctica during September and October (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) sightings by the orbiting SAM II sensor during September and October show a pronounced quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) signal, and October sightings have increased markedly over the past 10 years in years of westerly QBO phase. The QBO in PSC frequency is likely to affect the rate of Antarctic heterogeneous chemical processes and, hence, ozone depletion. Studies of the observed long-term temperature trend suggest that the decadal PSC trend probably results from the ozone decline, through its effect on stratospheric heating rates. A more detailed analysis of data from 1986 to 1987 shows that there were more PSCs in 1987, and that they persisted much later into the spring season as compared to 1986. Qualitatively similar behavior was found for the OClO column abundances and 18-km ozone depletion observed at McMurdo Station during these 2 years. These observations suggest that both the intensity and duration of heterogeneous chemical processes are likely greater during colder OBQ-westerly phase years.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 16; 1157-116
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    Electron density profile description in the international reference ionosphere (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Problems encountered during efforts to reformulate the IRI description of the electron density profile are examined. Consideration is given to Booker's (1979) proposal that the unique, analytic profile functions should cover the entire ionospheric height range. The IRI topside model is reviewed and the electron density profile of the middle and lower ionosphere are discussed. Rawer's (1983) procedure for combining the topside, middle, and lower ionospheric profiles into one analytic profile is reviewed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics (ISSN 0021-9169); 51; 781-790
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    Growth of Greenland ice sheet - Interpretation (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An observed 0.23 m/year thickening of the Greenland ice sheet indicates a 25 percent to 45 percent excess ice accumulation over the amount required to balance the outward ice flow. The implied global sea-level depletion is 0.2 to 0.4 mm/year, depending on whether the thickening is only recent (5 to 10 years) or longer term (less than 100 years). If there is a similar imbalance in the northern 60 percent of the ice-sheet area, the depletion is 0.35 to 0.7 mm/year. Increasing ice thickness suggests that the precipitation is higher than the long-term average; higher precipitation may be a characteristic of warmer climates in polar regions.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1589-159
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    Concentrations and size distributions of Antarctic stratospheric aerosols (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Particle Measuring Systems laser particle spectrometer (ASAS-X and FSSP) probes were used to measure aerosol particle concentrations and size distributions during 11 ER-2 flights between Punta Arenas (53 deg S) and Antarctica (up to 72 deg S) from August 17 to September 22, 1987. The time resolution was 10 s, corresponding to a spatial resolution of 2 km. The data were divided into two size classes (0.05-0.25 and 0.53-5.5 micron radius) to separate the small particle from the coarse particle populations. Results show that the small-particle concentrations are typical for a background aerosol during volcanic quiescence. This concentration is generally constant along a flight track; in only one instance a depletion of small particles during a polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) encounter was measured, suggesting a nucleation of type I PSC particles on background aerosols. Temporary increases of the coarse particle concentrations indicated the presence of tenuous polar stratospheric clouds that were encountered most frequently at the southernmost portion of a flight track and when the aircraft descended to lower altitudes. During 'particle events', particle modes were found at 0.6-micron radius, corresponding to type I PSCs, and occasionally, at 2.0-micron radius corresponding to type II PSCs.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 16459-16
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    A video atlas of TOMS ozone data, 1978-88 (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), on-board NASA's Nimbus-7 weather satellite, has been observing ozone over the earth once daily for the last 10 yr. A time-lapse atlas of 3440 color-coded images drawn from the TOMS archive from 1978 to 1988 has been visualized on a standard VHS videotape that is now available from NASA. The rapid and complex ozone variations presented demonstrate the difficulty of separating man-induced climate changes from natural variability. This article presents a few images from the atlas and describes interesting features in the animation, such as the correlation between ozone and 'the weather', and the recent deepening of the annual ozone hole over the South Pole. Originally intended as a browsing tool for the TOMS digital database, the videotape is a vivid presentation of the earth's atmospheric dynamics and chemistry that is recommended for scientists, educators, policy makers, and citizens concerned about the global environment.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 70; 1564-156
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    An overview af SAGE I and II ozone measurements (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiments (SAGE) I and II measure Mie, Rayleigh, and gaseous extinction profiles using the solar occultation technique. These global measurements yield ozone profiles with a vertical resolution of 1 km which have been routinely obtained for the periods from February 1979 to November 1981 (SAGE I) and October 1984 to the present (SAGE II). The long-term periodic behavior of the measured ozone is presented as well as case studies of the observed short-term spatial and temporal variability. A linear regression shows annual, semiannual, and quasi-biennial oscillation features at various altitudes and latitudes which, in general, agree with past work. Also, ozone, aerosol, and water vapor data are described for the Antarctic springtime, showing large variation relative to the vortex. Cross-sections in latitude and altitude and polar plots at various altitudes clearly delineate the ozone hole vertically and areally.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 37; 1567-158
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    The global distribution on total ozone - Toms satellite measurements (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The general behavior of total ozone by season and latitude was known before 1930 through the pioneering observations by Dobson. The ozone record at Oxford and other European stations was dominated by an annual cycle and by irregular short term fluctuations. The amplitude and phase of the annual cycle were determined at representative latitudes in both hemispheres. However, the short term variations appeared to be meteorological origin, although the specific cause could not be identified. Data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on the Nimbus 7 spacecraft, with global coverage at an average spatial resolution of 66 km, can now be used to completely map the total ozone field. These maps demonstrate that troughs and ridges in the upper troposphere are responsible for the large, short term ozone variations found at middle latitudes, while in the tropics, the steady, low ozone levels show broad scale structure associated with the Hadley circulation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Planetary and Space Science (ISSN 0032-0633); 37; 1555-156
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    Numerical simulation of thermocapillary bubble migration under microgravity for large Reynolds and Marangoni numbers (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical procedure in which the Navier-Stokes equations are discretized using tightly coupled discretizations of pressure derivatives and continuity equations is used here to extend the range of known terminal velocities of gaseous bubbles in liquids well beyond that in previous investigations. Computations performed for Reynolds numbers up to 2000 and Marangoni numbers up to 1000 show only a modest variation of the scaled bubble velocity between 0.16 and 0.5. The bubble velocity is influenced more by the Marangoni number than by the Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications (ISSN 1040-7782); 16; 2, Se
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    Numerical analysis of natural convection in liquid droplets by phase change (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical analysis is performed on thermocapillary buoyancy convection induced by phase change in a liquid droplet. A finite-difference code is developed using an alternating-direction implicit (ADI) scheme. The intercoupling relation between thermocapillary force, buoyancy force, fluid property, heat transfer, and phase change, along with their effects on the induced flow patterns, are disclosed. The flow is classified into three types: thermocapillary, buoyancy, and combined convection. Among the three mechanisms, the combined convection simulates the experimental observations quite well, and the basic mechanism of the observed convection inside evaporating sessile drops is thus identified. It is disclosed that evaporation initiates unstable convection, while condensation always brings about a stable density distribution which eventually damps out all fluid disturbances. Another numerical model is presented to study the effect of boundary recession due to evaporation, and the 'peeling-off' effect (the removal of the surface layer of fluid by evaporation) is shown to be relevant.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications (ISSN 1040-7782); 16; 2, Se
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    Effects of anisotropic heat conduction on solidification (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two-dimensional solidification influenced by anisotropic heat conduction has been considered. The interfacial energy balance was derived to account for the heat transfer in one direction (x or y) depending on the temperature gradient in both the x and y directions. A parametric study was made to determine the effects of the Stefan number, aspect ratio, initial superheat, and thermal conductivity ratios on the solidification rate. Because of the imposed boundary conditions, the interface became skewed and sometimes was not a straight line between the interface position at the upper and lower adiabatic walls (spatially nonlinear along the height). This skewness depends on the thermal conductivity ratio k(yy)/k(yx). The nonlinearity of the interface is influenced by the solidification rate, aspect ratio, and k(yy/k(yx).
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications (ISSN 1040-7782); 15; 2, 19; 181-195
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    Practical application of HgI2 detectors to a space-flight scanning electron microscope (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Mercuric iodide X-ray detectors have been undergoing tests in a prototype scanning electron microscope system being developed for unmanned space flight. The detector program addresses the issues of geometric configuration in the SEM, compact packaging that includes separate thermoelectric coolers for the detector and FET, X-ray transparent hermetic encapsulation and electrical contacts, and a clean vacuum environment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A - Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment (ISSN 0168-9002); 283; 348-351
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    A multiple-time-scale turbulence model based on variable partitioning of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A multiple-time-scale turbulence model of a single point closure and a simplified split-spectrum method is presented. In the model, the effect of the ratio of the production rate to the dissipation rate on eddy viscosity is modeled by use of the multiple-time-scales and a variable partitioning of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum. The concept of a variable partitioning of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum and the rest of the model details are based on the previously reported algebraic stress turbulence model. Example problems considered include: a fully developed channel flow, a plane jet exhausting into a moving stream, a wall jet flow, and a weakly coupled wake-boundary layer interaction flow. The computational results compared favorably with those obtained by using the algebraic stress turbulence model as well as experimental data. The present turbulence model, as well as the algebraic stress turbulence model, yielded significantly improved computational results for the complex turbulent boundary layer flows, such as the wall jet flow and the wake boundary layer interaction flow, compared with available computational results obtained by using the standard kappa-epsilon turbulence model.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals (ISSN 1040-7790); 16; 2, 19; 193-211
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    Growth of Greenland ice sheet - Measurement (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements of ice-sheet elevation change by satellite altimetry show that the Greenland surface elevation south of 72 deg north latitude is increasing. The vertical velocity of the surface is 0.20 + or - 0.06 meters/year from measured changes in surface elevations at 5906 intersections between Geosat paths in 1985 and Seasat in 1978, and 0.28 + or - 0.02 meters/year from 256,694 intersections of Geosat paths during a 548-day period of 1985 to 1986.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1587-158
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    Sampling stratospheric aerosols with impactors (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Derivation of statistically significant size distributions from impactor samples of rarefield stratospheric aerosols imposes difficult sampling constraints on collector design. It is shown that it is necessary to design impactors of different size for each range of aerosol size collected so as to obtain acceptable levels of uncertainty with a reasonable amount of data reduction.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Aerosol Science and Technology (ISSN 0278-6826); 11; 65-79
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    Some aspects of transient cooling of a radiating rectangular medium (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The emission from a gray radiating medium is analyzed for transient cooling in surroundings at a low temperature. The medium is rectangular with no variations in the direction normal to the cross section. The integral equation for the transient temperature distribution is solved numerically using a two-dimensional Gaussian integration subroutine. The emissive ability for a rectangle at uniform temperature is compared with that for transient cooling where the temperature distribution of the region has reached a fully developed shape, as shown by a separation of variables solution. The two solutions provide the upper and lower bounds for the emittance of a rectangle during transient cooling. The emittances for various aspect ratios are presented as a function of the mean length of the rectangle and are compared with results for a plane layer and a cylinder.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 32; 1955-196
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    Transport-related phenomena for clusters of drops (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Calculations for n-decane drops evaporating in a spherical cluster surrounded by unvitiated ambient air at atmospheric pressure were performed using two previously proposed cluster models. Both cluster models predict that turbulent transport effects are more important in the case of small clusters. This is due to the smaller volume to surface ratio and thus to the greater transport of hot unvitiated gas to the drops in order to promote evaporation. The results obtained are compared with those of two turbulent models for each one of the 'trapping factors' and similarity models.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 32; 2000-200
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  • 87
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    Nonlinear evolution of interacting oblique waves on two-dimensional shear layers (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of critical layer nonlinearity are considered on spatially growing oblique instability waves on nominally two-dimensional shear layers between parallel streams. The analysis shows that three-dimensional effects cause nonlinearity to occur at much smaller amplitudes than it does in two-dimensional flows. The nonlinear instability wave amplitude is determined by an integro-differential equation with cubic type nonlinearity. The numerical solutions to this equation are worked out and discussed in some detail. The numerical solutions always end in a singularity at a finite downstream distance.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 207; 97-120
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  • 88
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    Nonlinear evolution of oblique waves on compressible shear layers (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of critical-layer nonlinearity on spatially growing oblique instability waves on compressible shear layers between two parallel streams are considered. The analysis shows that mean temperature nonuniformities cause nonlinearity to occur at much smaller amplitudes than it does when the flow is isothermal. The nonlinear instability wave growth rate effects are described by an integrodifferential equation which bears some resemblance to the Landau equation, in that it involves a cubic-type nonlinearity. The numerical solutions to this equation are worked out and discussed in some detail. Inviscid solutions always end in a singularity at a finite downstream distance, but viscosity can eliminate this singularity for certain parameter ranges.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 207; 73-96
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  • 89
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    Turbulence spectrum of strongly conductive temperature field in a rapidly stirred fluid (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simulation is performed of a passive scalar field convected by a rapidly fluctuating velocity field whose correlation time approaches zero. By using a code proposed in a previous study (Chasnov et al., 1988), the turbulence spectrum of the passive temperature field in the conductive subrange is determined. A theoretical model is proposed which explains the result obtained by representing the transfer of scalar variance by an eddy conductivity, whose correlation time is limited by the correlation time of the velocity field.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids A (ISSN 0899-8213); 1; 1698-170
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  • 90
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    New spectral features of stratospheric trace gases identified from high-resolution infrared balloon-borne and laboratory spectra (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new Michelson-type interferometer system operating in the infrared at very high resolution has been used to record numerous balloon-borne solar absorption spectra of the stratosphere, ground-based solar absorption spectra, and laboratory spectra of molecules of atmospheric interest. In the present work results obtained for several important stratospheric trace gases, HNO3, CIONO2, HO2NO2, NO2, and COF2, in the 8- to 12-micron spectral region are reported. Many new features of these gases have been identified in the stratospheric spectra. Comparison of the new spectra with line-by-line simulations shows that previous spectral line parameters are often inadequate and that new analysis of high-resolution laboratory and atmospheric spectra and improved theoretical calculations will be required for many bands. Preliminary versions of several sets of improved line parameters under development are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 14945-14
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  • 91
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    Experimental shock-wave interference heating on a cylinder at Mach 6 and 8 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 27; 1557-156
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  • 92
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    Electron tunnel sensor technology (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The recent development of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy technology allows the application of electron tunneling to position detectors for the first time. The vacuum tunnel junction is one of the most sensitive position detection mechanisms available. It is also compact, simple, and requires little power. A prototype accelerometer based on electron tunneling, and other sensor applications of this promising new technology are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: British Interplanetary Society, Journal (ISSN 0007-084X); 42; 474-477
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  • 93
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    Hydrogen-isotope evidence for extrusion mechanisms of the Mount St Helens lava dome (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Hydrogen isotope analyses were used to determine water content and deuterium content for 18 samples of the Mount St Helens dome dacite in an attempt to identify the triggering mechanisms for periodic dome-building eruptions of lava. These isotope data, the first ever collected from an active lava dome, suggest a steady-state process of magma evolution combining crystallization-induced volatile production in the chamber with three different degassing mechanisms: closed-system volatile loss in the magma chamber, open-system volatile release during ascent, and kinetically controlled degassing upon eruption at the surface. The data suggest the future dome-building eruptions may require a new influx of volatile-rich magma into the chamber.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 341; 521-523
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  • 94
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    Stability of Long's vortex at large flow force (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Long's self-similar vortex is known to have two solutions for each supercritical value of the flow force. Each of those solutions is shown to have a double structure if the flow force is large. The inertial instabilities of one of those large-flow-force limit solutions are investigated, showing that they are related to the instabilities of the Bickley jet in one regime. However, the swirl in the vortex becomes important for long waves, very strongly modifying the sinuous and varicose, Bickley modes. The asymptotic results obtained agree well with the numerical solutions for the sinuous mode, but not for the varicose mode, the difficulty in the latter case being apparently due to mode jumping.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 206; 405-432
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  • 95
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    Time-dependent viscous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations - The finite difference Galerkin formulation and streamfunction algorithms (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Numerical techniques are developed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady incompressible flow. The extension of the finite-difference Galerkin (FDG) method of Stephens et al. (1984) to the continuous-time case in two or three space dimensions is explained, and the numerical implementation of the method is discussed with particular attention to the staggered-MAC-grid primitive-variable discretization, the application of discrete mass balance to avoid problems inherent in FDG schemes, the direct interpretation of the FDG expansion variables as a discrete streamfunction, and a mass-balance approach to two-dimensional problems with throughflow or obstacles. Numerical results are presented graphically for the evolution of asymptotic steady flow in a driven cavity at Reynolds number 400, 1000, or 3200; good agreement with published experimental data is demonstrated, with accurate predictions of secondary-vortex formation from wall bubble recirculations at Reynolds number 1000.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 84; 207-241
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  • 96
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    Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) archival and April 1985 results (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data products being made available to the community. The Science Team used ten validation criteria to judge the acceptability of the data for archival. These criteria are listed, and uncertainty estimates based on them for four typical data products are presented. A brief description of the radiation budget for April 1985 from the combined data of ERBE and NOAA-9 concludes this paper.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 70; 1254-126
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  • 97
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    Diurnal variations of mesospheric ozone obtained by ground-based microwave radiometry (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: From December 1986 until April 1987 ground-based microwave observations of the diurnal variation of mesospheric ozone were made over Bern, Switzerland. These data were of sufficient quality to define the characteristics diurnal behavior of the ozone mixing ratio during winter and equinoctial conditions. The observed diurnal variation of ozone peaks at about 74 km, where its amplitude is about a factor of 6. At 65 km the observed diurnal variation is a factor of 3, whereas at 55 km it is only a factor of 1.4. One-dimensional model calculations accurately reproduce the relative diurnal variation of ozone at equinox, suggesting that the model value of the ozone photolysis rate coefficient is accurate to better that 10 percent. For winter conditions, however, the model underpredicts the observed relative diurnal variation by a factor of 2; a major part of this discrepancy is due to an observed postmidnight increase in ozone. Various suggested changes in model parameters to better produce the ozone abundance vertical profile result in only small differences in the relative diurnal variation, indicating that these observations do not provide a sensitive test of the mesospheric chemistry controlling the abundance of odd oxygen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 12819-12
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  • 98
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    Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium effects in stratospheric HF by collisional energy transfer from electronically excited O2 and implications for infrared remote sensing (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A possible nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) effect involving stratospheric HF arising from the direct photochemical excitation of vibrationally excited HF by collisional energy transfer from electronically excited O2 is presented. Although this non-LTE effect is smaller that one associated with the direct solar excitation of both HF(nv = 1) and HF(nv = 2), calculations show that inclusion of the mechanism into retrieval algorithms is necessary if correct daytime upper stratosphere HF profiles are to be inferred in future IR thermal emission measurements.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 28; 4161-416
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  • 99
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    Two-component phase-averaged turbulence statistics downstream of a rotating spoked-wheel wake generator (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Flow-field measurements of unsteady turbulent flow downstream of a rotating spoked-wheel wake generator were performed in a short-duration light-piston tunnel, and the instantaneous-velocity data were phase averaged based on a signal synchronized with the bar-passing frequency. Mean axial velocities were found to agree well with those obtained from measurements behind a stationary cylinder and to be independent of both Reynolds and bar-passing Strouhal numbers. Reynolds stresses were found to be consistent with related cylinder-wake measurements, but were significantly higher than corresponding measurements obtained in large-scale research turbomachines. Phase-averaged triple velocity correlations were calculated from the digital velocity records, revealing the sign and the magnitude of skewness in the velocity probability density distributions for the two components.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Turbomachinery (ISSN 0889-504X); 111; 475-482
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  • 100
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    Bifurcation structure and the Eckhaus instability (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The bifurcation diagram corresponding to the Eckhaus stability curve has been constructed for the one-dimensional Swift-Hohenberg equation in a finite domain. Finite-amplitude solutions with particular spatial wavelength recover linear stability, as predicted by the Eckhaus curve, after a sequence of secondary bifurcations from the branch of solutions with this wavelength. No connectivity between the primary-solution branches is admissible if the stability predicted by this bifurcation diagram is to correspond to the prediction of the Eckhaus analysis. The Eckhaus curve does not exist if nonlinear couplings destroy this pattern. This is demonstrated by analysis of a coupled pair of Swift-Hohenberg equations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 63; 2048-205
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