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  • Other Sources  (377)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (377)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (204)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (173)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (377)
  • 1979  (377)
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  • Other Sources  (377)
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  • NASA Technical Reports  (377)
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  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (377)
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  • 1
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    A numerical comparison with an exact solution for the transient response of a cylinder immersed in a fluid (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: The transient response of an elastic cylindrical shell immersed in an acoustic media that is engulfed by a plane wave is determined numerically. The method applies to the USA-STAGS code which utilizes the finite element method for the structural analysis and the doubly asymptotic approximation for the fluid-structure interaction. The calculations are compared to an exact analysis for two separate loading cases: a plane step wave and an exponentially decaying plane wave.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 3; p 23-28
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  • 2
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    The Surface Contour Radar, a unique remote sensing instrument (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 36 GHz computer controlled airborne Surface Contour Radar (SCR) is described, which was developed by the Naval Research Laboratory and NASA. The system uses pulse-compression techniques and dual frequency carriers spaced far enough apart to be decorrelated on the sea surface. The continuous wave transmitter is biphase modulated, the return signal is autocorrelated, and the code length and clock rate are variable, providing selectable range resolutions of 0.15, 0.30, 0.61 and 1.52 m. The SCR generates a false-color coded elevation map of the sea surface below the aircraft in real time, and can routinely produce ocean directional wave spectra with off-line data processing.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 3
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    Detection of hairline cracks in textured silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Using a focused laser scanner, the optical technique described in the present paper can be used to detect hairline cracks of the type occurring in solar cells subjected to surface texturing. The technique is capable of detecting cracks of the order of a few microns, which, otherwise, can be observed only under high magnification using an optical microscope. The technique consists of scanning a solar cell with a finely focused laser beam and recording the photoresponse (short circuit current or open circuit voltage) as a function of beam position. The presence of a crack is manifested by a sharp dip in the photoresponse.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Mar. 1
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  • 4
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    The low-noise 115-GHz receiver on the Columbia-GISS 4-ft radio telescope (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The superheterodyne millimeter-wave radiometer on the Columbia-GISS 4-ft telescope is described. This receiver uses a room-temperature Schottky diode mixer, with a resonant-ring filter as LO diplexer. The diplexer has low signal loss, efficient LO power coupling, and suppresses most of the LO noise at both sidebands. The receiver IF section has a parametric amplifier as its first stage with sufficient gain to overcome the second-stage amplifier noise. A broad-banded quarter-wave impedance transformer minimizes the mismatch between mixer and paramp. At 115 GHz, the SSB receiver noise temperature is 860 K, which is believed to be the lowest figure so far reported for a room-temperature receiver at this frequency.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-27; Mar. 197
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  • 5
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    Numerical solution of compressible viscous flows (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The presented review is concerned with the problem of calculating compressible viscous flows. Basic numerical considerations and problems associated with calculating viscous flows are examined and current numerical approaches toward the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations are discussed. It is pointed out that the numerical solution of the full time-dependent equations for turbulent flow is not practical with present computers. Therefore, turbulence effects must be accounted for by modeling. Developments related to turbulence modeling are described. In connection with a discussion of numerical methods for solving viscous flow equations, attention is given to numerical domains of dependence of typical explicit and implicit methods, the diffusion problem, the convection-diffusion problem, and the split-hybrid method.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 6
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    Geodetic interferometry submission for the IUGG Quadrennial Report (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The present paper reviews the activities of two major VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) groups, within the United States, which have been concentrating on geodetic measurements for a number of years. The activities have resulted in the development of transportable VLBI terminals for regional surveying applications; development of VLBI techniques for obtaining station positions; establishment of relative epochs and rates of the hydrogen maser clocks at the stations; the acquisition of polar motion and earth rotation data in support of deep space tracking functions; and the development of VLBI techniques necessary for tectonic measurements on trans- and intercontinental baselines and for astrometry, polar-motion and earth-rotation observations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 7
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    The effect of external boundary conditions on condensation heat transfer in rotating heat pipes (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental evidence shows the importance of external boundary conditions on the overall performance of a rotating heat pipe condenser. Data are presented for the boundary conditions of constant heat flux and constant wall temperature for rotating heat pipes containing either pure vapor or a mixture of vapor and noncondensable gas as working fluid.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 22; Aug. 197
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  • 8
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    Turbulence generated by the interaction of entropy fluctuations with non-uniform mean flows (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The turbulence generated by random entropy fluctuations in an accelerating stream is analyzed. The results are obtained by using rapid distortion theory together with a high frequency solution of a previously developed wave equation that governs the small-amplitude unsteady vortical and entropic motion on steady potential flows (Goldstein, 1978). Simple results are obtained for the case of symmetric contraction, expansion or combination of the two. It is shown that the energy of the entropy-generated turbulence increases more rapidly with the contraction ratio of a subsonic flow than that of any imposed upstream turbulence. This result indicates that the entropy-generated turbulence may be more significant than the hydrodynamically generated turbulence in the turbine stages of aircraft engines.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 93; July 26
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  • 9
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    Transient ablation of Teflon in intense radiative and convective environments (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: On the basis of this investigation of the high-temperature behavior of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the transient one-dimensional ablation of PTFE has been developed by taking into account the optical transmittance of both the amorphous zone and the crystalline zone of PTFE layer. Results show that although the exposed surface receded at an apparently steady state, both the internal temperature and the thickness of the gel layer increase continuously due to the internal absorption of radiation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 17; June 197
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  • 10
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    Qualitative and quantitative flow visualization technique using ozone (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes a new flow-visualization technique based on the absorption of ultraviolet light by ozone. Ozone is an excellent tracer, because as a gas it has the same effective physical properties as air. Ozone strongly absorbs the principal line (253.7 nm) of a mercury lamp, so that when an ozone-traced flow passes between a mercury lamp and a fluorescent screen, a sharp, shadow-like image of the ozone tracer is cast on the screen. Quantitative photometry can be carried out by replacing the screen with ultraviolet detectors that yield the path-integrated column density of ozone in the flow. High-speed quantitative point monitoring (10 Hz at 10 ppb O3) is possible with capillary probes and chemiluminescent analysis.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; June 197
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  • 11
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    Scattering and distortion of the unsteady motion on transversely sheared mean flows (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It is shown that the pressure and velocity fluctuations of the unsteady motion on a transversely sheared mean flow can be expressed entirely in terms of the derivatives of two potential functions. One of these is a convected quantity that can be specified as a boundary condition and is related to a transverse component of the upstream velocity field. The other can be determined by solving an inhomogeneous wave equation whose source term is also a convected quantity that can be specified as a boundary condition in any given problem. The general theory is used to study the interaction of an unsteady flow with a semi-infinite plate embedded in a shear layer. The acoustic field produced by this interaction is calculated in the limits of low and high frequency. The results are compared with experimental one-third octave sound pressure level radiation patterns. The agreement is found to be excellent, especially in the low frequency range, where the mean-flow and convective effects are shown to have a strong influence on the directivity of the sound.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 91; Apr. 27
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  • 12
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    A high resolution holographic particle sizing system (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper will review briefly the requirements of holography with respect to particle sizing techniques. A holographic construction system and the appropriate reconstruction system will be discussed regarding their characteristics and performance (i.e. system resolution, magnification, system aberration and correction of aberrations, and maximum total test volume). The capabilities of a commercial particle sizing system used to obtain particle sizes and distribution information from reconstructed holograms will be described and characterized. It will be shown that by using the methods described, high resolution throughout large test volumes can be achieved.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 18; May-June
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  • 13
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    Measurement of the polarization effects of an instrument using partially polarized light (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Accuracy of a radiometer is adversely affected by scene polarization if the receiving optical system is sensitive to polarization. It is therefore necessary to specify and measure the sensitivity of the system to polarized light. The Mueller-Stokes matrix of an instrument may be determined experimentally and used to predict the effects of the instrument on any beam. The specification of a maximum polarization sensitivity stated in terms of the degree of polarization produced in an unpolarized beam can be experimentally verified even though an unpolarized beam is not available in the laboratory for direct measurement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Mar. 15
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  • 14
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    Laminar boundary-layer flow of non-Newtonian fluid (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A solution for the two-dimensional and axisymmetric laminar boundary-layer momentum equation of power-law non-Newtonian fluid is presented. The analysis makes use of the Merk-Chao series solution method originally devised for the flow of Newtonian fluid. The universal functions for the leading term in the series are tabulated for n from 0.2 to 2. Equations governing the universal functions associated with the second and the third terms are provided. The solution together with either Lighthill's formula or Chao's formula constitutes a simple yet general procedure for the calculation of wall shear and surface heat transfer rate. The theory was applied to flows over a circular cylinder and a sphere and the results compared with published data.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 22; Oct. 197
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  • 15
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    Evolution of a rotating flow in the vicinity of a surface (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Evolution of a rotating flow in a body of fluid bounded by a stationary flat surface is discussed. The calculated results show that the radial pressure gradient is substantially reduced in the region close to the surface, so that letting that gradient be independent of distance from the surface would be expected to give only rough or qualitative estimates. However, the reduced rotation near the stationary surface is still large enough to cause an inflow near the surface and to set up a recirculation pattern. The concentration of vorticity by the radial inflow is not great enough to increase the tangential velocities near the center of rotation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 16
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    Airborne laser induced fluorescence system for measuring OH and other trace gases in the parts-per-quadrillion to parts-per-trillion range (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Described in detail is a laser induced fluorescence system which has been successfully interfaced with two aircraft sampling platforms (i.e., Sabreliner jet and an L-188C Electra). This system, which has been under development for four years, presently consists of the following major components: (1) a Nd-Yag laser driven oscillator-amplifier dye laser; (2) a sampling manifold with associated fluorescence detection optics; (3) an OH calibration chamber; (4) a laser beam steering assembly; and (5) sampling electronics and data processing hardware. During the last three years, this system has been flown some 50,000 air miles making tropospheric OH radical measurements over the latitude range of 70 N to 57 S. OH concentrations measured during these flights have ranged from 30 parts-per-quadrillion (3.7 x 10 to the 5th molecules/sq cm) at altitudes of 6 km to 0.8 parts-per-trillion (2.0 x 10 to the 7th molecules/sq cm) at 0.5 km. Computations have been completed which indicate that the existing aircraft system with modest modifications should also be capable of detecting natural tropospheric levels of NO, SO2, CH2O, NO2, HNO2, NO3, H2O2 and CS2 by using both conventional laser-induced fluorescence methodology and multiphoton techniques.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Dec. 197
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  • 17
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    Computer image processing and recognition (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A systematic introduction to the concepts and techniques of computer image processing and recognition is presented. Consideration is given to such topics as image formation and perception; computer representation of images; image enhancement and restoration; reconstruction from projections; digital television, encoding, and data compression; scene understanding; scene matching and recognition; and processing techniques for linear systems.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 18
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    Solitary waves in stratified shear flows (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis is described of long, finite-amplitude internal waves in a stratified shear flow. Both regular and singular modes are considered with a nonlinear critical layer employed in the latter case. A three-layer model is used to develop the theory and closed-form expressions are obtained relating the phase speed to the Richardson number, the latter quantity being taken as O(1). The amplitude evolution equation is found to be either the Korteweg-de Vries equation or the Benjamin-Davis-Ono equation depending upon the distance of the more remote boundary from the edge of the shear layer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics; 13; 1-3,; 1979
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  • 19
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    Modification of a Kowa RC-2 fundus camera for self-photography without the use of mydriatics (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Research on retinal circulation during space flight required the development of a simple technique to provide self monitoring of blood vessel changes in the fundus without the use of mydriatics. A Kowa RC-2 fundus camera was modified for self-photography by the use of a bite plate for positioning and cross hairs for focusing the subject's retina relative to the film plane. Dilation of the pupils without the use of mydriatics was accomplished by dark-adaption of the subject. Pictures were obtained without pupil constriction by the use of a high speed strobe light. This method also has applications for clinical medicine.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Brain Research Bulletin; 4; 1979
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  • 20
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    On-axis velocity component measurement with laser velocimeters (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The application of Doppler shifted laser light to the measurement of the two velocity components normal to the optical axis of the system is relatively simple as compared to the measurement of the on-axis velocity component. The present paper deals with the reference-beam (local oscillator) technique and the dual-beam (fringe mode) technique, which have been developed for measuring the on-axis component. Some results obtained for the on-axis component are examined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 17; Sept
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  • 21
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    Remote measurement of the transverse wind velocity component using a laser Doppler velocimeter (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The wind speed transverse to the line-of-sight of a laser Doppler radar has been measured using the intensity fluctuations of the returned signal. These measurements were made at a range of 100 m with a CO2 CW laser Doppler velocimeter, which was simultaneously performing its design function of determining the radial velocity component. The transverse component measurements are compared with those obtained using a u, v, w Gill propeller anemometer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Sept. 1
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  • 22
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    Field-widened pinhole camera (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Wood demonstrated a method in 1906 that allowed 180-deg FOV but required that the film be immersed in a tank of water. This paper presents a technique that yields the same 180-deg FOV without the necessity of wetting the film. Rays from a 180-deg FOV cone are reduced to 84-deg cone due to refraction at the glass surface. If the cone were then incident on another glass/air plane surface, it would be expanded back to 180 deg.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Sept. 1
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  • 23
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    The shape of a pendent liquid drop (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Formal solutions of the static equilibrium equations for the form of the outer surface of a pendent liquid drop are studied. An approach is adopted in which only the one-parameter family determined by vertex height (u sub 0) need be described. Attention is restricted to rotationally symmetric configurations, and all symmetric solutions are characterized for the case where the Lagrange parameter lambda is equal to zero. It is shown that for any u sub 0 the function u(r; u sub 0) can be extended as a parametric solution of a system of equations for all arc lengths, yielding a curve without limit sets or double points, and that the resulting capillary rotation surface spreads out indefinitely away from the axis r = 0. The asymptotic form of the surface in the case of large absolute values of u sub 0 is characterized quantitatively, along with the global structure of all such surfaces.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 24
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    Magnetic shielding in a low temperature torsion pendulum experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new type of ether drift experiment searches for anomalous torques on a permanent magnet. A torsion pendulum is used at liquid helium temperature, so that superconducting cylinders can be used to shield magnetic fields. Lead shields attenuate the earth's field, while Nb-Sn shields fastened to the pendulum contain the fields of the magnet. The paper describes the technique by which the earth's field can be reduced below 0.0001 G while simultaneously the moment of the magnet can be reduced by a factor 7 x 10 to the 4th.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Aug. 197
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  • 25
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    Measurement of turbulent fluctuations in high-speed flows using hot wires and hot films (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper examines the dynamic calibrations of the hot film and modified hot-wire probes with a view to assess their suitability for use in experiments for the measurement of turbulent fluctuations in compressible boundary-layer flows. Results are presented of tests on some sensors in both subsonic and supersonic boundary-layer flows. A simple technique is presented for determining dynamic calibration correction factors for the sensitivities involved.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Aug. 197
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  • 26
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    Polarization-sensitive spectroradiometer - Two methods for overcoming the problems of measuring reflectance spectra (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The spectra obtained using a spectroradiometer are incorrect if the incident light from the sample is polarized, and if, at the same time, polarization is introduced into the transmitted beam by components of the spectroradiometer. Two methods are proposed for obtaining correct power reflectance spectra. One way is to average two incorrect reflectance spectra, which are taken at mutually orthogonal angles of rotation of the radiometer about its optical axis. Another way is by averaging reflectance spectra of mutually orthogonal polarized light components. When the orientation of one component is chosen such that it is in the plane of polarization of the incoming light, the latter method also gives the correct degree of polarization.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Feb. 15
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  • 27
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    Transient thermal response of ablating bodies (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical study of transient thermal response of a blunt-nosed axisymmetric body made of Teflon is presented using a two-layer thermal model. It is shown that phase change and transverse heat conduction have a considerable effect on the internal temperature field. Comparison of the numerical results with experimental data shows that the single-layer thermal model does not predict the real feature of the thermal field, whereas the results of the two-layer thermal model agree reasonably well with the experiment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal; 17; Feb. 197
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  • 28
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    Comparison of a correlation term-discard closure for decaying homogeneous turbulence with experiment (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Turbulence decay is calculated by using experimental initial conditions and discarding quadruple-correlation terms in the correlation equations. Agreement with experiment is good only for moderately small times, but there are no perceptible negative spectral energies even at large times.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 22; Jan. 197
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  • 29
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    Remote sensing using solid-state array technology (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes the design features and capabilities of a remote sensor that uses solid-state linear arrays and operates in a 'pushbroom' scan mode to provide the required performance. Pushbroom scanning is a term describing the technique of using the forward motion of a satellite platform to sweep a linear array of detectors oriented perpendicular to the ground track across a scene being imaged. One array is typically used for each spectral channel. Satellite motion provides one direction of scan and electronic sampling of the detectors in the crosstrack dimension provides the orthogonal scan component to form an image. The detector array is sampled at the appropriate rate so that contiguous lines are produced. The performance of a pushbroom system is discussed relative to radiometric sensitivity, detector array geometric fidelity, and radiometric correction. System advantages are precision geometric positioning of the detectors, very high sensitivity and favorable SNR, low power consumption, and no moving optics.
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  • 30
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    Ray-tracing the convex curved crystal X-ray spectrograph (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The convex curved crystal X-ray spectrograph has recently seen increasing use for the spectral analysis of transient plasmas. The present paper describes the calculation of ray paths through the spectrograph for both localized and extended sources. The method traces a ray from any given source point to its point of diffraction by the curved crystal and then to the imaging circle, where the image point is obtained. Application of the ray tracing method is made to some actual experimental configurations to obtain resolution values and source sizes. Wavelength calibrations are obtainable with the ray tracing method in advance of instrument construction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Feb. 1
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  • 31
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    Graphic design of pinhole cameras (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes a graphic technique for the analysis and optimization of pinhole size and focal length. The technique is based on the use of the transfer function of optical elements described by Scott (1959) to construct the transfer function of a circular pinhole camera. This transfer function is the response of a component or system to a pattern of lines having a sinusoidally varying radiance at varying spatial frequencies. Some specific examples of graphic design are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Feb. 1
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    Development of a portable, high-energy radiographic source (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A two-year program has been undertaken to develop a portable high-energy (3-4 MeV) radiographic system for in-service and repair inspections of components at nuclear power stations. The basic design concept uses a lightweight portable linear accelerator. This paper describes the design objectives, concepts employed, and progress to date. Specific potential applications and accompanying radiographic techniques are discussed, along with novel beam-angulation devices that permit utilization in areas of highly restricted access.
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    Broadband electrostatic acoustic transducer for ultrasonic measurements in liquids (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A broadband capacitive electrostatic acoustic transducer (ESAT) has been developed for use in a liquid environment at megahertz frequencies. The ESAT basically consists of a thin conductive membrane stretched over a metallic housing. The membrane functions as the ground plate of a parallel plate capacitor, the other plate being a dc biased electrode recessed approximately 10 microns from the electrically grounded membrane. An ultrasonic wave incident on the membrane varies the membrane-electrode gap spacing and generates an electrical signal proportional to the wave amplitude. The entire assembly is sealed for immersion in a liquid environment. Calibration of the ESAT with incident ultrasonic waves of constant displacement amplitude from 1 to 15 MHz reveals a decrease in signal response with increasing frequency independent of membrane tension. The use of the ESAT as a broadband ultrasonic transducer in liquids with a predictable frequency response is promising.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Jan. 197
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  • 34
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    Adjacency effects on imaging by surface reflection and atmospheric scattering - Cross radiance to zenith (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper discusses an analytical solution for the nadir radiance as measured from a satellite, based on a simplified single-scattering approximation in which the scattered radiation is not subject to extinction. In the solution, terms can be identified as due to a reflection from the vicinity of the object pixel, and respectively, (1) upward scattering to zenith above the object pixel (cross radiance), and (2) downward scattering from the entire atmosphere to the object pixel (cross irradiance). It is shown that the cross radiance is proportional to the forward scattering optical thickness, as defined, and the cross irradiance to the backscattering optical thickness. In addition, explicit expressions and computer solutions for the cross radiance from annular or from rectangular reflecting areas are presented. It is concluded that the effect depends on the height distribution and on the sharpness of the forward peak of the scattering particles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Aug. 15
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  • 35
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    Microwave sensing from orbit (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Microwave sensors, used in conjunction with the traditional sensors of visible and infrared light to extend present capabilities of global weather forecasts and local storm watches, are discussed. The great advantage of these sensors is that they can penetrate or 'see' through cloud formations to monitor temperature, humidity and wind fields below the clouds. Other uses are that they can penetrate the earth deeper than optical and IR systems; they can control their own angle of incidence; they can detect oil spills; and they can enhance the studies of the upper atmosphere through measurement of temperature, water vapor and other gaseous species. Two types of microwave sensors, active and passive, are examined. Special attention is given to the study of the microwave radiometer and the corresponding temperature resolution as detected by the antenna. It is determined that not only will the microwave remote sensors save lives by allowing close monitoring of developing storms, but also save approximately $172 million/year.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Spectrum; 16; Aug. 197
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  • 36
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    Automated electrical impedance technique for rapid enumeration of fecal coliforms in effluents from sewage treatment plants (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Aplied and Environmental Microbiology; 37; Mar. 197
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  • 37
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    Rapid, single-step most-probable-number method for enumerating fecal coliforms in effluents from sewage treatment plants (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A single-step most-probable-number method for determining the number of fecal coliform bacteria present in sewage treatment plant effluents is discussed. A single growth medium based on that of Reasoner et al. (1976) and consisting of 5.0 gr. proteose peptone, 3.0 gr. yeast extract, 10.0 gr. lactose, 7.5 gr. NaCl, 0.2 gr. sodium lauryl sulfate, and 0.1 gr. sodium desoxycholate per liter is used. The pH is adjusted to 6.5, and samples are incubated at 44.5 deg C. Bacterial growth is detected either by measuring the increase with time in the electrical impedance ratio between the innoculated sample vial and an uninnoculated reference vial or by visual examination for turbidity. Results obtained by the single-step method for chlorinated and unchlorinated effluent samples are in excellent agreement with those obtained by the standard method. It is suggested that in automated treatment plants impedance ratio data could be automatically matched by computer programs with the appropriate dilution factors and most probable number tables already in the computer memory, with the corresponding result displayed as fecal coliforms per 100 ml of effluent.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 37; Mar. 197
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  • 38
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    A computational fluid dynamic technique valid at the centerline for non-axisymmetric problems in cylindrical coordinates (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A technique is described for the numerical solution of non-axisymmetric flow problems posed in cylindrical coordinates when the z-axis is included in the flowfield. The highlight of the technique is the manner in which the singularities at the centerline are handled. Specifically, the governing flowfield equations at r = 0 are put in a special form by applying L'Hospital's Rule. The required radial derivatives are evaluated using a one-sided, second-order accurate, first-difference. This leads to a smooth, convergent calculation of the flowfield at the centerline. This appears to be the first generally applicable numerical method for avoiding coordinate system singularities in the context of a finite-difference scheme, and could have application to many nonaxisymmetric flows. The technique is illustrated by specific results for the time-dependent flowfield inside an internal combustion engine.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics; 30; Mar. 197
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  • 39
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    Tomographical imaging using uniformly redundant arrays (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An investigation is conducted of the behavior of two types of uniformly redundant array (URA) when used for close-up imaging. One URA pattern is a quadratic residue array whose characteristics for imaging planar sources have been simulated by Fenimore and Cannon (1978), while the second is based on m sequences that have been simulated by Gunson and Polychronopulos (1976) and by MacWilliams and Sloan (1976). Close-up imaging is necessary in order to obtain depth information for tomographical purposes. The properties of the two URA patterns are compared with a random array of equal open area. The goal considered in the investigation is to determine if a URA pattern exists which has the desirable defocus properties of the random array while maintaining artifact-free image properties for in-focus objects.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Apr. 1
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  • 40
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    Nuclear Science Symposium, 25th, and Symposium on Nuclear Power Systems, 10th, Washington, D.C., October 18-20, 1978, Proceedings (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Detectors of various types are discussed, taking into account drift chambers, calorimetry, multiwire proportional chambers, signal processing, the use of semiconductors, and photo/optical applications. Circuits are considered along with instrumentation for space, nuclear medicine instrumentation, data acquisition and systems, environmental instrumentation, reactor instrumentation, and nuclear power systems. Attention is given to a new approach to high accuracy gaseous detectors, the current status of electron mobility and free-ion yield in high mobility liquids, a digital drift chamber digitizer system, the stability of oxides in high purity germanium, the quadrant photomultiplier, and the theory of imaging with a very limited number of projections.
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  • 41
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    On the foci of Tandem Wadsworth spectrographs (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The horizontal foci of a Tandem Wadsworth spectrograph are calculated by using the correct ruling densities for both gratings. Results are quite different from those of previous analyses that used approximate ruling densities. Ray tracings confirm the analyses with the correct ruling densities and also indicate that this spectrograph possesses the excellent, nearly stigmatic properties found by the approximate analyses.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America; vol. 69
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  • 42
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    DSN water vapor radiometer: Tropospheric range delay calibration (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A discussion is presented of the Deep Space Network water vapor radiometer by means of simultaneous antenna temperature and radiosonde measurements at Edwards Air Force Base. The calibration of radiometer gain and hot load radiometric noise temperature is also described. Calibration equations are given. It is found that with a selected data set, the RMS error is less than 1 cm over a total delay range of 9 to 38 cm. Limitations on the use of the water vapor radiometer are also given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 136-145
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  • 43
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    Further developments in simple total energy sensors (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A simple total energy probe concept using principles of laminar flow around a cylinder and pressure distribution is reviewed and flow fields around cylinders normal to and inclined to the flow are described. A variety of bent-up probe configurations were tested to explore variations in geometry. Test results are presented on the effects of sensor length, hole location, and angle of sweep. Comparisons are made with other probe tests reported in the literature. Damping restrictors and their use in filtering gusts are summarized. Flow field effects, indicating the variables involved for different mounting locations on aircraft, are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Sci. and Technol. of Low Speed and Motorless Flight, Pt. 1; p 219-246
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  • 44
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    Monitor proportional counter (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An Uhuru class Ar-CO2 gas filled proportional counter sealed with a 1.5 mil beryllium window and sensitive to X-rays in the energy bandwidth from 1.5 to 22 keV is presented. This device is coaligned with the X-ray telescope aboard the Einstein Observatory and takes data as a normal part of the Observatory operations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: HEAO Sci. Symp.; p 347-366
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  • 45
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    Surface tension driven convection (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In a normal gravitational environment, the free surface of a liquid in a container plays a passive role in the transport processes. However, at microgravity, the free surface can become the dominant factor. A simple but meaningful spaceflight experiment is proposed to investigate the nature and extent of flows induced by surface-tension gradients along the free surface. The influences of container geometry, wetability, contamination, and imposed heating modes will be investigated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on Fluids Expt. System; p 43-51
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  • 46
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    Investigations on transparent liquid-miscibility gap systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Sedimentation and phase separation is a well known occurrence in monotectic or miscibility gap alloys. Previous investigations indicate that it may be possible to prepare such alloys in a low-gravity space environment but recent experiments indicate that there may be nongravity dependent phase separation processes which can hinder the formation of such alloys. Such phase separation processes are studied using transparent liquid systems and holography. By reconstructing holograms into a commercial-particle-analysis system, real time computer analysis can be performed on emulsions with diameters in the range of 5 micrometers or greater. Thus dynamic effects associated with particle migration and coalescence can be studied. Characterization studies on two selected immiscible systems including an accurate determination of phase diagrams, surface and interfacial tension measurements, surface excess and wetting behavior near critical solution temperatures completed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on Fluids Expt. System; p 21-35
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  • 47
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    Phase separation in transparent liquid-liquid miscibility gap systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A program to be carried out on transparent liquid-phase miscibility gap materials was developed for the purpose of acquiring additional insight into the separation process occurring in these systems. The transparency feature allows the reaction to be viewed directly through light scattering and holographic methods.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on Fluids Expt. System; p 3-17
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  • 48
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    Measurement of surface velocity fields (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new technique for measuring surface velocity fields is briefly described. It determines the surface velocity vector as a function of location and time by the analysis of thermal fluctuations of the surface profile in a small domain around the point of interest. The apparatus now being constructed will be used in a series of experiments involving flow fields established by temperature gradients imposed along a surface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on Fluids Expt. System; p 36-42
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  • 49
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    The migration of fluid droplets and their interactions in a thermal gradient (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: When materials are processed in free fall, buoyant forces will be substantially reduced. Thus, the buoyant migration of droplets and bubbles which normally occurs on earth is expected to be overshadowed by migration due to other mechanisms in space processing. In particular, capillary forces on droplets due to the variation of interfacial tension around their periphery will play a significant role in governing their motion in space. While such interfacial tension gradients can be caused by thermal, compositional, and/or electrical gradients in the continuous phase, thermal gradients are convenient to use in controlled experimentation. On earth, due to interference from buoyant effects, it is difficult to study thermocapillary migration in sufficient detail. Also, the effects of a thermal gradient on the interactions among droplets are hard to study on Earth. Thus, an orbital facility for conducting experiments on the migration and interactions of fluid droplets in a continuous phase due to the action of a thermal gradient appears attractive.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on Fluids Expt. System; p 53-57
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  • 50
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    Measurement of diffusion coefficients from solution rates of bubbles (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The rate of solution of a stationary bubble is limited by the diffusion of dissolved gas molecules away from the bubble surface. Diffusion coefficients computed from measured rates of solution give mean values higher than accepted literature values, with standard errors as high as 10% for a single observation. Better accuracy is achieved with sparingly soluble gases, small bubbles, and highly viscous liquids. Accuracy correlates with the Grashof number, indicating that free convection is the major source of error. Accuracy should, therefore, be greatly increased in a gravity-free environment. The fact that the bubble will need no support is an additional important advantage of Spacelab for this measurement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on Fluids Expt. System; p 18-20
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  • 51
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    Modular heat pipe radiator system study (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-167829 , NAS 1.26:167829
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  • 52
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    Velocity field near the jet orifice of a round jet in a crossflow (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experimentally determined velocities at selected locations near the jet orifice are presented and analyzed for a round jet in crossflow. Jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios of four and eight were studied experimentally for a round subsonic jet of air exhausting perpendicularly through a flat plate into a subsonic crosswind of the same temperature. Velocity measurements were made in cross sections to the jet plume located from one to four jet diameters from the orifice. Jet centerline and vortex properties are presented and utilized to extend the results of a previous study into the region close to the jet orifice.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-152293
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  • 53
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    AVHRR/1-FM Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The advanced very high resolution radiometer is discussed. The program covers design, construction, and test of a breadboard model, engineering model, protoflight model, mechanical/structural model, and a life test model. Special bench test and calibration equipment was developed for use on the program. The flight model program objectives were to fabricate, assemble and test four of the advanced very high resolution radiometers along with a bench cooler and collimator.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-160059
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  • 54
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    Mobile tile glazing high density radiant heating system Model 1023/8. Preliminary manual and instruction manual (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-163705
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  • 55
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    Self-synchronizing Schlieren photography and interferometry for the visualization of unsteady transonic flows (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The use of self synchronizing stroboscopic Schlieren and laser interferometer systems to obtain quantitative space time measurements of distinguished flow surfaces, steakline patterns, and the density field of two dimensional flows that exhibit a periodic content was investigated. A large field single path stroboscopic Schlieren system was designed, constructed and successfully applied to visualize four periodic flows: near wake behind an oscillating airfoil; edge tone sound generation; 2-D planar wall jet; and axisymmetric pulsed sonic jet. This visualization technique provides an effective means of studying quasi-periodic flows in real time. The image on the viewing screen is a spatial signal average of the coherent periodic motion rather than a single realization, the high speed motion of a quasi-periodic flow can be reconstructed by recording photographs of the flow at different fixed time delays in one cycle. The preliminary design and construction of a self synchronizing stroboscopic laser interferometer with a modified Mach-Zehnder optical system is also reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-164839
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  • 56
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    Bellows flow-induced vibrations (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results of theoretical and experimental investigations of bellows typical of those found in space shuttle external tanks are presented. Correlation parameters are identified which generalize the alternating stress calculations cited in an earlier study. Alternating stress amplitudes and mean stress levels form the basis of a fatigue analysis incorporating seven ordinate charts for 347 stainless steel, alloy 21 6-9, and Inco 718. A crack propagation model is included with a program for computing bellows fatigue life. Two phase flow and material hardness properties are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-161308
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    A gas chromatographic air analyzer fabricated on a silicon wafer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A miniature gas analysis system has been built based on the principles of gas chromatography (GC). The major components are fabricated in silicon using photolithography and chemical etching techniques, which allows size reductions of nearly three orders of magnitude compared to conventional laboratory instruments. The chromatography system consists of a sample injection valve and a 1.5-m-long separating capillary column, which are fabricated on a substrate silicon wafer. The output thermal conductivity detector is separately batch fabricated and integrably mounted on the substrate wafer. The theory of gas chromatography has been used to optimize the performance of the sensor so that separations of gaseous hydrocarbon mixtures are performed in less than 10 s. The system is expected to find application in the areas of portable ambient air quality monitors, implanted biological experiments, and planetary probes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Dec. 197
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  • 58
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    A real-time electronic imaging system for solar X-ray observations from sounding rockets (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A real-time imaging system for displaying the solar coronal soft X-ray emission, focussed by a grazing incidence telescope, is described. The design parameters of the system, which is to be used primarily as part of a real-time control system for a sounding rocket experiment, are identified. Their achievement with a system consisting of a microchannel plate, for the conversion of X-rays into visible light, and a slow-scan vidicon, for recording and transmission of the integrated images, is described in detail. The system has a quantum efficiency better than 8 deg above 8 A, a dynamic range of 1000 coupled with a sensitivity to single photoelectrons, and provides a spatial resolution of 15 arc seconds over a field of view of 40 x 40 square arc minutes. The incident radiation is filtered to eliminate wavelengths longer than 100 A. Each image contains 3.93 x 10 to the 5th bits of information and is transmitted to the ground where it is processed by a mini-computer and displayed in real-time on a standard TV monitor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 5; Dec. 197
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  • 59
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    Portable high-resolution laser monochromator-interferometer with multichannel electronic readout (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A high-resolution 0.4-m monochromator is described for use in wavelength diagnosis of tunable pulsed and CW laser sources in the 3000-10,000-A region. The f/20 design uses an echelle grating in an over-and-under Ebert configuration with a scanned photodiode array to provide a real-time multichannel display of spectral output. Absolute wavelength may be determined to 0.1 A with the monochromator, and a Fabry-Perot interferometer attachment extends linewidth measurement capability to 0.01 A or better. Spectra are displayed on a storage oscilloscope, and calculation of laser parameters is explained. The instrument measures 70 cm long x 15 cm wide x 20 cm high.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Dec. 15
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  • 60
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    Further laboratory studies and stratospheric flight of a mass spectrometer beam system (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A gas expansion system combined with a mass spectrometer has been tested and flown successfully in the stratosphere. Through a sequence of orifices and high speed pumping, gas particles were formed into a molecular beam and analyzed by a sensitive mass spectrometer. During two balloon flights, vertical profiles of all major atmospheric constituents as well as O3, CO2, H2O and others were obtained. Gases such as AR38 and O16;O17 provided in-flight calibration standards. The sensitivity of the system was such that gases with mixing ratios of 10 ppb at an ambient pressure of about 10 mbar were detectable.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 50; Dec. 197
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  • 61
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    Free convection about a rectangular prismatic crystal growing from a solution (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Sodium chlorate crystals growing from unstirred aqueous solutions were observed by Schlieren techniques. Growth rate data were best correlated by a Sherwood number with finite interface kinetics and a characteristic length equal to the crystal height plus the inverse reciprocal sum of the horizontal dimensions. The growth rate was slightly higher when the plume was laminar than when it was irregular. The horizontal growth rate was greater than the vertical growth rate, with the ratio tending to decrease with increasing plume instability. The threshold Grashof number for plume instability was greatly decreased with decreasing height for crystals with the same horizontal dimensions. The velocity of the eddies approached a constant value with increasing distance above the crystal surface, the terminal value being roughly proportional to the ratio of the square root of the Rayleigh number to the crystal characteristic length.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 22; Dec. 197
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    A new approach to the correlation of boundary layer mass transfer rates with thermal diffusion and/or variable properties (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A rational approach to the correlation of boundary layer mass transport rates, applicable to many commonly encountered laminar flow conditions with thermal diffusion and/or variable properties, is outlined. The correlation scheme builds upon already available constant property blowing/suction solutions by introducing appropriate correction factors to account for the additional ('pseudo' blowing and source) effects identified with variable properties and thermal diffusion. Applications of the scheme to the particular laminar boundary layer mass transfer problems considered herein (alkali and transition metal compound vapor transport) indicates satisfactory accuracy up to effective blowing factors equivalent to about one third of the 'blow off' value. As a useful by-product of the variable property correlation, we extend the heat-mass transfer analogy, for a wide range of Lewis numbers, to include variable property effects.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer; 22; Sept
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    Infrared radiometer for the Pioneer Venus orbiter. I - Instrument description (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A ten-channel IR radiometer for the Pioneer Venus orbiter is described. The experimental techniques used and the design of the instrumentation by which they were implemented are considered. Emphasis is placed on temperature sounding, limb sounding, limb darkening, zenith scanning, cloud top temperature, spectral albedo and water vapor measurements. Instrumentation description is also given including optics, detectors, and electronics. Attention is given to data acquisition and handling, calibration, and in-flight performance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Dec. 1
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    Spectral characteristics of vortex breakdown flowfields (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Laser-Doppler anemometer measurements upstream and in the wakes of vortex breakdowns of bubble and spiral types are described. Spectral analysis of the data indicates prominent oscillations in the wakes at less than 10 Hz. These oscillations correspond closely to theoretical predictions of the linearly most unstable normal modes of the time-averaged mean flow profiles. The oscillations are more energetic, and vortex core expansions are greater for flows with a bubble form of vortex breakdown, which is therefore regarded as the stronger form of breakdown.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids; 22; Nov. 197
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    Experimental investigation of flow and heating in a resonance tube (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experiments have been performed to determine the basic mechanism of heating in resonance tubes of square section with constant area excited by underexpanded jet flows. The jet flow between the nozzle exit and the tube inlet plays a key role in the performance of a resonance tube. A detailed and systematic investigation of the unsteady complex shock structure in this part of the flow region has led to a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms associated with the gas heating in such tubes. A study of the effects of tube location in relation to free-jet shock location (without the presence of the resonance tube) has shed further light on the underlying mechanism of sustained oscillations of the flow in a resonance tube.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 94; Oct. 29
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    An experimental study of multiple jet mixing (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Measurements of an incompressible jet issuing from an array of rectangular lobes, equally spaced with their small dimensions in a line, both as a free jet, and as a confined jet, are carried out in three parts: (1) on a single rectangular free jet, (2) on the same jet in a multiple free jet configuration, and (3) on the same jet in a multiple jet configuration with confining surfaces (two parallel plates are symmetrically placed perpendicular to the long dimension of each lobe covering the entire flow field under consideration). In the case of a single rectangular free jet, the flow field of the jet is characterized by the presence of three distinct regions in the axial mean velocity decay and are referred to as: potential core region, two dimensional type region, and axisymmetric type region. In the case of a multiple free jet, the flow field for downstream distance X greater than 60D (D = width of a lobe) resembles that of a jet exiting from a two dimensional nozzle with its short dimension being the long dimension of the lobe.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-166184 , SU-JIAA-TR-23
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    Application of satellite time transfer in autonomous spacecraft clocks (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The conceptual design of a spacecraft clock that will provide a standard time scale for experimenters in future spacecraft., and can be sychronized to a time scale without the need for additional calibration and validation is described. The time distribution to the users is handled through onboard computers, without human intervention for extended periods. A group parallel binary code, under consideration for onboard use, is discussed. Each group in the code can easily be truncated. The autonomously operated clock not only achieves simpler procedures and shorter lead times for data processing, but also contributes to spacecraft autonomy for onboard navigation and data packetization. The clock can be used to control the sensor in a spacecraft, compare another time signal such as that from the global positioning system, and, if the cost is not a consideration, can be used on the ground in remote sites for timekeeping and control.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-80572
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    Homogeneous vortex model for liquid slosh in spinning spherical tanks (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The problem of forced fluid sloshing in a partially filled spinning spherical tank is solved numerically using the finite element method. The governing equations include Coriolis acceleration, empirical fluid damping and spatially homogeneous vorticity first introduced by Pfeiffer. An exponential instability similar to flutter is detected in the present simulation for fill ratios below 50 percent. This instability appears in the model as a result of the homogeneous vortex assumption since the free slosh equations are neutrally stable in the Liapunov sense.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-162725 , JPL-PUB-79-99
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    Effect of streamwise vortices on Tollmien-Schlichting waves (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The method of multiple scales is used to determine a first order uniform expansion for the effect of counter rotating steady streamwise vortices in growing boundary layers on Tollmien-Schlichting waves. The results show that such vortices have a strong tendency to amplify three dimensional Tollmien-Schlichting waves having a spanwise wavelength that is twice the wavelength of the vortices. An analytical expression is derived for the growth rates of these waves. These growth rates increase linearly with increasing amplitudes of the vortices.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-162654 , VPI-E-79-12
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    Relaminarization of fluid flows (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The mechanisms of the relaminarization of turbulent flows are investigated with a view to establishing any general principles that might govern them. Three basic archetypes of reverting flows are considered: the dissipative type, the absorptive type, and the Richardson type exemplified by a turbulent boundary layer subjected to severe acceleration. A number of other different reverting flows are then considered in the light of the analysis of these archetypes, including radial Poiseuille flow, convex boundary layers, flows reverting by rotation, injection, and suction, as well as heated horizontal and vertical gas flows. Magnetohydrodynamic duct flows are also examined. Applications of flow reversion for turbulence control are discussed.
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    Complete supersonic flowfields over blunt bodies in a generalized orthogonal coordinate system (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A general orthogonal coordinate system is used to describe various axisymmetric and two-dimensional shapes. Close approximations to planetary probe configurations are possible. The full Navier-Stokes equations are discretized in this coordinate system in a manner based on Allen and Cheng's numerical procedure. The blow shock is treated as a discontinuity which floats between grid points. Completely coupled flows over the forebody, base, and near wake were calculated over a cylinder, sphere, and an approximation to the Viking Aeroshell. Some problem areas in determining the base flow for increasing Reynolds number are discussed. In particular, it is found that the mean free path of the fluid near the wall immediately below the corner of the Viking Aeroshell, which experiences a severe expansion, can become greater than the local mesh size required to resolve the boundary layer in the forebody.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TM-81784 , LOG-J11338
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    Recent improvements to the spinning body version of the EDDYBL computer program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A conventional mixing length model specialized for thick boundary layers and a general model for pressure-strain correlation terms were added to the spinning version of EDDYBL. The models are discussed and modifications to the code input and output are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-152347 , DCW-R-24-01
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    Toxic level hypergolic vapor detection sensor development (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Development of an electrochemical sensor technology capable of PPB level hypergolic vapor sensing is reported. A portable instrument capable of meeting the design goals is described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-154633 , KSC-TR-28-1
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    Frequency-scanning particle size spectrometer (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A particle size spectrometer having a fixed field of view within the forward light scattering cone at an angle theta sub s between approximately 100 and 200 minutes of arc (preferably at 150 minutes), a spectral range extending approximately from 0.2 to 4.0 inverse micrometers, and a spectral resolution between about 0.1 and 0.2 inverse micrometers (preferably toward the lower end of this range of spectral resolution), is employed to determine the distribution of particle sizes, independently of the chemical composition of the particles, from measurements of incident light, at each frequency, sigma (=1/lambda), and scattered light, I(sigma).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Distributed-switch Dicke radiometers (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A radiometer on an orbiting spacecraft is described which derives high spatial resolution information from terrestrial and atmospheric regions. The N elements or subapertures on the spacecraft transduce electromagnetic energy into electric signals. Many or all of the elements are simultaneously illuminated by electromagnetic energy radiated from the same region. Identical, parallel processing channels are responsive to the N elements. Each of the channels includes a variable gain amplifier responsive to the signal transduced by its corresponding array elements. The gain of each amplifier is controlled as a function of the output difference when the channel is connected periodically to each of a pair of Dicke noise sources, such as resistors maintained at predetermined temperatures.
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    Rough surface wavelength measurement through self mixing of Doppler microwave backscatter (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A microwave backscatter technique is presented that has the ability to sense the dominant surface wavelength of a random rough surface. The purpose of this technique is to perform this measurement from an aircraft or spacecraft, wherein the horizontal velocity of the radar is an important parameter of the measurement system. Attention will be directed at water surface conditions for which a dominant wavelength can be defined, then the spatial variations of reflectivity will have a two dimensional spectrum that is sufficiently close to that of waves to be useful. The measurement concept is based on the relative motion between the water waves and a nadir looking radar, and the fact that while the instantaneous Doppler frequency at the receiver returned by any elementary group of scatterers on a water wave is monotonically changing, the difference in the Doppler frequency between any two scattering 'patches' stays approximately constant as these waves travel parallel to the major axis of an elliptical antenna footprint. The results of a theoretical analysis and a laboratory experiment with a continuous wave (CW) radar that encompasses several of the largest waves in the illuminated area show how the structure in the Doppler spectrum of the backscattered signal is related to the surface spectrum and its parameters in an especially direct and simple way when an incoherent envelope detector is the receiver.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-27; Nov. 197
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    Fiber Ring Optical Gyroscope (FROG) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design, construction, and testing of a one meter diameter fiber ring optical gyro, using 1.57 kilometers of single mode fiber, are described. The various noise components: electronic, thermal, mechanical, and optical, were evaluated. Both dc and ac methods were used. An attempt was made to measure the Earth rotation rate; however, the results were questionable because of the optical and electronic noise present. It was concluded that fiber ring optical gyroscopes using all discrete components have many serious problems that can only be overcome by discarding the discrete approach and adapting an all integrated optic technique that has the laser source, modulator, detector, beamsplitters, and bias element on a single chip.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-163387 , PUBL-79-014
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    Pressure Modulator Radiometer (PMR) tests (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The pressure modulator technique was evaluated for monitoring pollutant gases in the Earth's atmosphere of altitude levels corresponding to the mid and lower troposphere. Using an experimental set up and a 110 cm sample cell, pressure modulator output signals resulting from a range of gas concentrations in the sample cell were examined. Then a 20 cm sample cell was modified so that trace gas properties in the atmosphere could be simulated in the laboratory. These gas properties were measured using an infrared sensor.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-159175
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    Displacement probes with self-contained exciting medium (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A transducer that combines a noncontacting displacement probe with a self-contained target is described. The target is held in position against a vibrating surface by a housing which also supports the noncontacting probe. The target vibrates with the surface and the probe senses the vibrations of the target.
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    The transfer of carbon fibers through a commercial aircraft water separator and air cleaner (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The fraction of carbon fibers passing through a water separator and an air filter was determined in order to estimate the proportion of fibers outside a closed aircraft that are transmitted to the electronics through the air conditioning system. When both devices were used together and only fibers 3 mm or larger were considered, a transfer function of .001 was obtained.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-159183
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    Potential heat exchange fluids for use in sulfuric acid vaporizers (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A series of perhalocarbons are proposed as candidate heat exchange fluids for service in thermochemical cycles for hydrogen production that involve direct contact of the fluid with sulfuric acid and vaporization of the acid. The required chemical and physical criteria of the liquids are described and the results of some preliminary high temperature test data are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-162548 , JPL-PUB-79-81
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    GIM code user's manual for the STAR-100 computer (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The General Interpolants Method (GIM), a three dimensional, time dependent, hybrid procedure for generating numerical analogs of the conversion laws, is described. The Navier-Stokes equations written for an Eulerian system are considered. The conversion of the GIM code to the STAR-100 computer, and the implementation of 'GIM-ON-STAR' is discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-3157 , LMSC-HREC-0568850
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    Instrument error analysis as it applies to wind-tunnel testing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Errors resulting from the instrumentation used to measure wind tunnel model parameters are analyzed. The pertinent parameters, their standard deviations, and the theoretical derivation of them, are given. Some BASIC programs and plots for the standard deviations of dynamic pressure, Mach number, and Reynolds number are included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1572 , L-13222
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    A low energy electron magnetometer (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The concept of a highly sensitive magnetometer based on the deflection of low energy electron beams in magnetic fields is analyzed. Because of its extremely low mass and consequently high e/m ratio, a low energy electron is easily deflected in a magnetic field, thus providing a basis for very low field measurement. Calculations for a specific instrument design indicate that a low energy electron magnetometer (LEEM) can measure magnetic fields as low as 1000 nT. The anticipated performance of LEEM is compared with that of the existing high resolution magnetometers in selected applications. The fast response time of LEEM makes it especially attractive as a potential instrument for magnetic signature analysis in large engineering systems.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-80172 , L-13329
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    A fundamental study of liquid spray evaporation at a heated surface (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The influence of feedwater temperature and the influence of pulsing nozzle flow on the heat transfer characteristics in the spray evaporative cooling process were investigated. A commercial water circulation heater was installed in the feedwater line between the supply reservoir and the nozzle. A pass through the heater provided water at temperatures up to 50 C at the nozzle; higher temperatures were obtained by multiple heater passes. A thermocouple installed in the water line just upstream of the nozzle provided a measure of the feedwater temperature. Initial tests were run with belljar exhaust orifice number two which provided a pressure in a range about 7mm Hg abs. The feedwater temperature was heated to a temperature of 45 C. Results indicate that for a given system operating pressure, there is an upper limit on the feedwater temperature above which the spray will flash to vapor before hitting the surface to be cooled.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-160409
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    Evaporative cooling on a grooved surface (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The transition point where water begins to accumulate on the surface during spray evaporative cooling was investigated experimentally to determine the temperatures and corresponding heat flux at which this transition occurs. Several pressure ranges were considered including one below the triple point of water. Additionally, the results using a grooved surface were compared to those using a smooth surface. It was determined that a grooved surface has no effect on the heat transfer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-160410
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    Aerothermal performance of radiatively and actively cooled panel at Mach 6.6 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A flight-weight radiative and actively cooled honeycomb sandwich panel (RACP) was subjected to multiple cycles of both radiant and aerothermal heating. The 0.61 m by 1.22 m test specimen incorporated essential features of a full scale 0.61 m by 6.10 m RACP designed to withstand a heat flux of 136 kW/sq m. The panel consisted of heat shields, a thin layer of high temperature insulation, and an aluminum honeycomb sandwich panel with coolant tubes next to the sandwich skin. A 60/40 mass solution of ethylene glycol/water was used to cool the panel which successfully withstood a total of 3.5 hr of radiant heating and 137 sec exposure to an M = 6.6 test stream. Heat shield temperatures reached 1080 K (1945 deg R), and cooled-panel temperatures reached 382 K (687 deg R) midway between coolant tubes. Simulation of the full scale panel indicated that the full scale RACP would perform as expected. The tests revealed no evidence of coolant leakage or hot gas ingress which would seriously degrade the RACP performance.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-TP-1595 , L-13355
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    Determination of noise equivalent reflectance for a multispectral scanner: A scanner sensitivity study (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The methods used to calculate the sensitivity parameter noise equivalent reflectance of a remote-sensing scanner are explored, and the results are compared with values measured over calibrated test sites. Data were acquired on four occasions covering a span of 4 years and providing various atmospheric conditions. One of the calculated values was based on assumed atmospheric conditions, whereas two others were based on atmospheric models. Results indicate that the assumed atmospheric conditions provide useful answers adequate for many purposes. A nomograph was developed to indicate sensitivity variations due to geographic location, time of day, and season.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-1575 , S-497
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    Experimental study of low-energy charge transfer in nitrogen (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Total charge transfer cross sections were obtained for the N2(+)-N2 system with relative translational ion energies between 9 and 441 eV. Data were obtained to examine the dependence of total cross section on ion energy. The effect of ion excitation on the cross sections was studied by varying the electron ionization energy in the mass spectrometer ion source over an electron energy range between 14.5 and 32.1 eV. The dependence of total cross section on the neutralization chamber gas pressure was examined by obtaining data at pressure values from 9.9 to 0.000199 torr. Cross section values obtained were compared with experimental and theoretical results of other investigations.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-80156 , L-13246
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    A simplified model for the viscous crossflow in a slotted test section (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simplified physical model was constructed which simulates the viscous crossflow in a fluid layer near the slots at a fixed streamwise location in a slotted wind tunnel. For low to moderate Reynolds numbers, numerical solutions of the two dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in stream function and vorticity, which govern the model flow, were obtained. Fairly general slot geometry was incorporated by means of the Thompson-Thames-Mastin transformation. An approximate factorization scheme with cyclic acceleration parameters was employed to solve a finite difference analog of the stream function equation. The vorticity equation was numerically solved with a modified version of the classical alternating direction implicit scheme. Although no quantitative assessment of solution accuracy can be made, numerical results for variations in incremental wall pressure around the slat are at least qualitatively similar to some experimental results.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA-CR-3206
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    Application of data acquisition systems for on-line definition and control of wind tunnel shape (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Improvements in wind tunnel design to reduce test and flight discrepancies are analyzed. Flexible wall streamlining, criteria for tunnel streamlining, and error assessment are discussed. It is concluded that the concept of self-streamlining wind tunnels is suited for on-line computer control.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dyn. Data Acquisition Systems and Data Analysis in Fluid Dyn.; 46 p
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    A method of estimating self-diffusion coefficients in liquids (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIChE Journal; 25; Jan. 197
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    Calibration of long wavelength Exotech model 20C spectroradiometer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A brief description of the Exotech model 20C field spectroradiometer, which measures the spectral radiance of a target in the wavelength ranges from 0.37 to 2.5 microns (short wavelength unit), 2.8 to 5.6 microns, and 7.0 to 14 microns (long wavelength unit) is given. It is a rugged field instrument which uses four circular-variable-filters to get wavelength scan. Wavelength calibration of the long wavelength unit was done by use of the strong, sharp, and accurately known absorption bands of polystyrene, atmospheric carbon dioxide, and methyl cyclohexane (liquid) in the IR wavelength region. The spectral radiance calibration was done by recording spectral scans of the hot and the cold blackbody targets and assuming that spectral radiance varies linearly with the signal.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; July 1
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    A statistical model of turbulence in two-dimensional mixing layers (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A statistical model of turbulence in fully developed two-dimensional incompressible turbulent mixing layers is proposed. The development of this model is largely motivated by the recent experimental observations of Brown and Roshko (1974). The model is based on the proposition that the turbulence of a fully developed two-dimensional incompressible mixing layer is in a state of quasi-equilibrium. The model is used to predict the second-order turbulence statistics of the flow including single-point turbulent Reynolds stress distribution, intensity of turbulent velocity components, rms turbulent pressure fluctuations, power spectra and two-point space-time correlation functions. It is shown that numerical results compare favorably with available experimental measurements.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics; 92; May 28
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  • 95
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    Scattering of emitted radiation from inhomogeneous and nonisothermal layers (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A parametric study is performed for the exiting monochromatic intensities scattered from finite plane-parallel inhomogeneous layers that are driven solely by a distribution of thermal sources. Intensities are obtained by invariantly imbedding the standard and thermal scattering functions. The single-scattering albedo and the Henyey-Greenstein phase-function parameter are varied independently, and both linear and exponential profiles are considered. Linear temperature profiles are used, including temperature inversions. The resulting intensities, as a function of the direction cosine of propagation, are discussed from a remote-sensing point of view. For an isothermal and homogeneous medium, the gross characteristics of the exiting intensity, represented by its overall slope, mean value (magnitude), and an interior maximum value, can be related to the total optical depth, single-scattering albedo, and phase function, respectively. For a homogeneous medium, linearly decreasing (in the line of sight) temperature profiles tend to obscure the phase-function information and decrease the apparent optical depth. On the other hand, linearly increasing temperature profiles tend to retain phase-function information and increase the apparent optical depth. Temperature inversion profiles give intensities very similar to those for purely linear profiles.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 21; Mar. 197
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    A far-infrared photometer for the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A high-angular-resolution multiaperture far-IR photometric instrument for multicolor observations of a variety of objects at effective wavelengths of 40 to 160 microns is described which is ideal for use on NASA's Kuiper Airborne Observatory. The operational principles of the instrument are discussed, along with the far-IR radiometer and the offset guiding module. System performance is evaluated on the basis of the noise-equivalent flux of the radiometer, guiding accuracy capability, the suitability to the scientific objectives of the filter bandpasses and focal-plane aperture sizes, the ease of operation, and operating efficiency. Some examples of recent observations with this instrument are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    A liquid-helium-cooled grating spectrometer for far infrared astronomical observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A liquid-helium-cooled grating spectrometer has been developed for low-resolution far-infrared spectrometric measurements of astronomical sources conducted by the 30-cm NASA Lear Jet telescope. Simple MOSFET coupled transimpedance preamplifiers were adopted for the spectrometer design. The infrared spectrometer has resolving powers from 10 to 150 over the wavelength range from 45 to 115 microns.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 91
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Design of an extended-range, three-wavelength distance-measuring instrument (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The paper describes an extension of current multiwavelength electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) techniques which should allow the range of multiwavelength measurements to be extended to approximately 50 km. The basic modification needed is the replacement of the retroreflector commonly used by an active station containing lasers and a microwave source. Because the system will always be operated as a full three-wave-length instrument, accuracies of about 5 x 10 to the -8th at 50 km should be obtainable on a routine basis under reasonably clear weather conditions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Tectonophysics; 52; 1979
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Numerical results for the thermal scattering functions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A recent formulation in radiative transfer defined the thermal scattering functions that characterize radiative transfer from a general plane-parallel finite medium driven solely by an internal distribution of thermal sources. Exiting diffuse intensities are expressed as space convolutions of the thermal scattering functions with any thermal source distribution. A parametric study is presented to obtain the basic structure of these scattering functions. The independent variables of these azimuthally independent functions are the direction cosine and source location, while the parameters are the single-scattering albedo, total optical depth, and the asymmetry factor in the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. The basic functional trends are discussed by using various parametric plots, and selected results are given to allow numerical checks. The computational method is invariant imbedding.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; 21; Mar. 197
    Format: text
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  • 100
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    Sealed position sensitive hard X-ray detector having large drift region for all sky camera with high angular resolution (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A sealed position sensitive proportional counter filled with two atmospheres of 95% xenon and 5% methane, and containing a drift region of 24 atm cm, has operated in a stable manner for many months. The detector contains G-10 frames to support the anode and cathode wires. The detector was sealed successfully by a combination of vacuum baking the G-10 frames at 150 C for two weeks followed by assembly into the detector in an environment of dry nitrogen, and the use of passive internal getters. The counter is intended for use with a circumferential cylindrical collimator. Together they provide a very broad field of view detection system with the ability to locate cosmic hard X-ray and soft gamma ray sources to an angular precision of a minute of arc. A set of instruments based on this principle have been proposed for satellites to detect and precisely locate cosmic gamma ray bursts.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Format: text
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