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  • Other Sources  (1,006)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (1,006)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (486)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (355)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (165)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • General Chemistry
  • 1970-1974  (1,006)
  • 1974  (1,006)
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  • Other Sources  (1,006)
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  • NASA Technical Reports  (1,006)
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  • 1970-1974  (1,006)
Year
  • 101
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    High energy particles and quanta in astrophysics (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-07
    Description: The various subdisciplines of high-energy astrophysics are surveyed in a series of articles which attempt to give an overall view of the subject as a whole by emphasizing the basic physics common to all fields in which high-energy particles and quanta play a role. Successive chapters cover cosmic ray experimental observations, the abundances of nuclei in the cosmic radiation, cosmic electrons, solar modulation, solar particles (observation, relationship to the sun acceleration, interplanetary medium), radio astronomy, galactic X-ray sources, the cosmic X-ray background, and gamma ray astronomy. Individual items are announced in this issue.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 102
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    Cosmic ray experimental observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The current experimental situation in cosmic ray studies is discussed, with special emphasis on the development of new detector systems. Topics covered are the techniques for particle identification, energy measurements, gas Cerenkov counters, magnet spectrometers, ionization spectrometers, track detectors, nuclear emulsions, multiparameter analysis using arrays of detectors, the Goddard ionization spectrometer, charge spectra, relative abundances, isotope composition, antinuclei in cosmic rays, electrons, the measurement of cosmic ray arrival directions, and the prehistory of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 103
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    A discussion of interplanetary postshock flows with two examples (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Plasma and magnetometer observations of two types of flare-associated shock flows are described and compared with present models. One type represents a class of flows in which the shock is followed by a stream and separated from it by a region in which density, temperature, and speed decrease monotonically. Neither the blast wave model nor the two-stage model, in which the stream and the shock are attributed to the same flare, can quantitatively describe this class. The other type is characterized by a complex region between the shock and the following stream, which has many discontinuities and fluctuations but in which there is no increase in helium concentration. This class of event is not describable in terms of the conventional pictures presented, for example, by Hundhausen (1972). These two types of flow can be distinguished by using ground magnetograms, since the first type shows no sudden impulses following the shock, whereas the second type shows many.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 104
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    Possible evidence for structured acceleration of cosmic rays on a galactic scale from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma-ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the region below 30 deg. These data, as unfolded here, imply that the low-energy (1-10 GeV) galactic cosmic-ray flux varies with the radial distance from the galactic center and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region for radial distances between 4 and 5 kpc. We further show that this enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by Fermi acceleration and compression caused by a hydrodynamic shock driven by the expanding gas in the 3-kpc arm and invoked in some versions of galactic structure theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 188; Mar. 1
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  • 105
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    Solar flux and its variations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Current knowledge of the electromagnetic solar spectrum and radiant energy output for conditions of quiet and active sun is summarized. Discussed are temporal behavior and occurrence of solar phenomena such as active regions, calcium plages and flares, X-rays, UV and other energetic emissions, and their relationships to 11- and 22-year solar cycles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 143-187
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  • 106
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    A possible correlation between maxima of the far ultraviolet solar irradiance and central meridian passages of solar magnetic sector boundaries (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite observations of the sun over almost five years have shown that principally two UV active longitudes have persisted over a significant portion. A comparison between the position of solar magnetic sector boundaries and UV enhancements of the sun indicates that the UV maxima tend to occur near the times when a solar sector boundary is near central meridian. An estimate of the magnitude of the variable UV solar energy input into the atmosphere resulting from the rotation of active solar longitudes is that for wavelengths less than 175 nm and down to H. Lyman-alpha it exceeds the annual variation, whereas at longer wavelengths it is less. The total observed peak-to-peak variation in the UV irradiance from 120 to 300 nm over a solar rotation is typically at least 230 ergs/sq cms.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 116-121
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  • 107
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    The particle background observed by the X-ray detectors onboard Copernicus (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design and characteristics of low energy detectors on the Copernicus satellite are described. The functions of the sensors in obtaining data on the particle background. The procedure for processing the data obtained by the satellite is examined. The most significant positive deviations are caused by known weak X-ray sources in the field of view. In addition to small systemic effects, occasional random effects where the count rate increases suddenly and decreases within a few frames are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
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  • 108
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    Geomagnetic background events observed by Uhuru (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems due to sporadic background events observed by Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite - A) do not compromise the study of discrete X-ray sources. Nevertheless, direct particle effects and auroral type X-ray events in the atmosphere may occasionally occur. Therefore, even on the geomagnetic equator, an experiment must be prepared to recognize and eliminate such events when the ultimate level of sensitivity is desired. The test equipment contained in the satellite and the orbital mechanics of Small Astronomy Satellite - A are described. The sporadic events which were observed by the satellite are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron. Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 18 p
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  • 109
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    Electron contamination in a mid-latitude soft X-ray astronomy experiment during an intense magnetic storm (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A large area X-ray sky survey payload was launched from White Sands Missile Range (106 deg W 32 deg N) on 1 Nov. 1972 at 0530 hours U.T. The launch time coincided with intense geomagnetic activity (3 hour K sub p index = 8) following a solar flare. The data have been analyzed to determine possible contamination of X-ray data by large fluxes of low energy electrons that can precipitate down to low altitudes during magnetic storms. There is clear evidence in the data for low energy electrons of 10 - 50 keV contributing appreciably at about 200 km altitude in the 1 - 10 keV X-ray energy channels of the proportional counters used for the X-ray observations. The McIlwain parameters L and B for this altitude at White Sands are 1.25 and 0.46G, respectively.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 21 p
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  • 110
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    AE-LEE measurements at low and mid latitude (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Shortly after the Low Energy Electron Experiment (LEE) on the Atmosphere Explorer-C was turned on following launch, an unexpected phenomenon was encountered at mid-latitudes, a counting rate was acquired with one maximum per roll. Recent analysis shows that these counting rates occur when the detectors are looking in the ram direction of the spacecraft and the spacecraft is near perigee, and are indeed not due to properly analyzed charged particles. After showing the probable cause of these counting rates, some upper limits to true fluxes at low altitudes in the energy range 200 eV to 25 keV from the LEE experiment are shown. OGO-4 data taken at mid-latitudes are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 14 p
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  • 111
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    Quasitrapped electrons in the low L region. Preliminary results of a rocket observation on 22 January 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Suprathermal electrons in the energy range 5 - 100 keV were measured with thin-window proportional counters on board a sounding rocket. The flux of the electrons was found to increase with altitude in the range .100 - 550 km, corresponding to L = 1.15 - 1.22, the angular distribution to be peaked in the direction perpendicular to the geomagnetic line of force, and the energy to be represented by a power law.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Workshop on Electron Contamination in X-ray Astronomy Expt.; 12 p
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  • 112
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    Civil and scientific applications of the geoid (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: SEASAT-A can be used for determining the geoid to much higher accuracy on a world wide basis and in a relatively short time. Two basic objectives can be considered: (1) determination of the geoid to at least 1 meter. This accuracy will satisfy most geodetic requirements for applications purposes; and (2) determination of the geoid to better than 1-meter an oceanographic objective required for measurement of sea surface topography and sea slope, quasi-stationary departure from the geoid, ocean circulation, air and sea interaction, etc. The geodesy objective in this case will be to define a reference equipotential surface as a means by which the oceanographic requirements can be achieved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA, Washington Seasat-A Sci. Contrib.; p 79-84
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  • 113
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    Lyman-alpha imagery of Comet Kohoutek (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrographic imagery of Comet Kohoutek in the 1100-1500 A wavelength range was obtained from a sounding rocket on Jan. 8, 1974, and from the Skylab space station on 13 occasions between Nov. 26, 1973 and Feb. 2, 1974. These images are predominantly due to Lyman-alpha (1216 A) emission from the hydrogen coma of the comet. The rocket pictures have been calibrated for absolute sensitivity and a hydrogen production rate has been determined. However, the Skylab camera suffered degradation of its sensitivity during the mission, and its absolute sensitivity for each observation can only be estimated by comparison of the comet images with those taken by the rocket camera, with imagery of the geocoronal Lyman-alpha glow, of the moon in reflected Lyman-alpha, and of ultraviolet-bright stars. The rocket and geocoronal comparisons are used to derive a preliminary, qualitative history of the development of the cometary hydrogen coma and the associated hydrogen production rate.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 114
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    Interpretation of the anti-tail of Comet Kohoutek as a particle flow phenomenon (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The appearance of a 'sunward' spike, opposite in apparent orientation to the normal Type-II tail in Comet Kohoutek is interpreted as evidence for large particles ejected near perihelion. It is shown that the shape and orientation can be satisfactorily explained in this manner, after consideration of the increased mass flow at decreasing heliocentric distance. The apparent length of the spike can be a measure of the particle size and density, and a value of about 0.004 g/sq cm for the product of particle size and density fits the Skylab observations.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 115
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    A comment on gamma ray lines from He-4 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that excited states of He-4 cannot produce gamma ray line emission of astrophysical significance, contrary to a recent suggestion of Reina et al. (1974). The only possible gamma-ray lines in He-4 are above 25 MeV, but their excitation cross sections appear to be so small that they are probably of little astrophysical significance.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 36; 2, No; Nov. 197
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  • 116
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    Observation and explanation of a 0.3% sunward radial streaming of 1 to 5 GV cosmic radiation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A high-energy proton telescope on board the HEOS-1 satellite obtained quiet-time anisotropy data between December 1968 and April 1970. Analysis of the data showed an integral radial streaming component towards the sun of 0.3% for particles of rigidity greater than 1 GV. This value is not explicable in terms of any experimental defect, the effect of the earth's magnetosphere or energy loss effects under spherical symmetry in the solar cavity. An explanation in terms of a falling off ecliptic gradient in cosmic ray density most affecting the 1-5 GV range would seem to be the most compelling.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 39; Nov. 197
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  • 117
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    Violation of the Vogt-Russell theorem for homogeneous nondegenerate stars (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A systematic study is made of the number and types of solutions of the equilibrium equations of stellar structure, in the case of homogeneous stars of Population I over the mass range 2-1000 solar masses, with four different opacity representations. A variant of the usual fitting method permits the simultaneous investigation of convergence and tendency toward multiplicity of the solutions. Quadratic interpolation and extrapolation of Carson's new opacity tables produces a very large opacity at low temperatures that greatly affects the loose outer layers of massive stars, while leaving the cores practically unaffected. As a result, over a small mass range, well above 100 solar masses, triple solutions exist, always near an effective temperature of log Te = 4.73. A simple classification of the known exceptions to the Vogt-Russell theorem on the uniqueness of stellar structure is given.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 15
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  • 118
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    Neutrino emission from plasmons in strong magnetic fields (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Neutrino pair emission from stellar interiors is investigated. The paper indicates that the proposed enhanced emission mode is a part of a transverse mode spectrum with a refraction index in the limit of infinity. It is concluded that in an astrophysical sense a very strong magnetic field does not have a significant effect on the emission rate of neutrinos from plasmons.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 31; Nov. 197
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  • 119
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    X rays predicted from flares of UV Ceti stars (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 252; Dec
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  • 120
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    Evidence for a corona of beta Geminorum (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A spectrometer was used on the satellite Copernicus to observe a chromospheric L alpha emission from the K0 giant beta Gem at 1218.4 A. This emission appears to be in the corona at temperatures near 260,000 deg K, since the ion it is identified with requires 77.4 eV to be produced.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Nov. 1
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  • 121
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    Tentative identification of U93.174 as the molecular ion N2H/+/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: On the basis of a consideration of the rotation constant and the hyperfine structure together with the results of an ab initio structural calculation it is suggested that the three closely space new interstellar lines near 93.174 GHz reported by Turner (1974) might have been produced by the molecular ion N2H(+). It is pointed out that the identification of N2H(+) is reasonable also in terms of current ideas of interstellar chemistry.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 193; Oct. 15
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  • 122
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    Physics of solar cosmic rays (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A review of the historical development of solar cosmic ray research is presented and details concerning the solar atmosphere, the interplanetary space, and solar activity are considered, giving attention to solar-atmosphere structure, problems of radiative transfer, questions of solar magnetism, solar wind, and interplanetary plasmas. Solar flares and associated phenomena are discussed along with the generation of solar cosmic ray events, the mechanism of solar flares, the acceleration process of solar cosmic rays, the propagation of solar cosmic rays, and relations between the flow of energetic protons and solar active regions. Questions regarding the origin theory of cosmic rays are also explored, taking into account the solar origin theory and problems of flare stars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 123
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    SAS-2 observations of celestial diffuse gamma radiation above 30 MeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The small astronomy satellite, SAS-2, used a 32-deck magnetic core digitized spark chamber to study gamma rays with energies above 30 MeV. Data for four regions of the sky away from the galactic plane were analyzed. These regions show a finite, diffuse flux of gamma rays with a steep energy spectrum, and the flux is uniform over all the regions. Represented by a power law, the differential energy spectrum shows an index of 2.5 + or - 0.4. The steep SAS-2 spectrum and the lower energy data are reasonably consistent with a neutral pion gamma-ray spectrum which was red-shifted (such as that proposed by some cosmological theories). It is concluded that the diffuse celestial gamma ray spectrum observed presents the possibility of cosmological studies and possible evidence for a residual cosmic ray density, and supports the galactic superclusters of matter and antimatter remaining from baryon-symmetric big bang.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 83-88
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  • 124
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    Solar modulation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The important aspects of solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays are outlined. The conditions in the interplanetary medium that affect the modulation are summarized, and equations are developed to describe the behavior of cosmic rays in the solar system, including the effects of diffusion, convection, and energy loss due to adiabatic deceleration in the expanding solar wind. The particle diffusion coefficient is determined from the power spectra of interplanetary magnetic field irregularities. After some solutions for the modulation equations have been derived, the probable forms of the unmodulated cosmic ray spectra are discussed. Other topics include solar cycle variations, energy loss effects, anisotrophies, and gradients.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 125
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    Pioneer 10 observations of the solar wind interaction with Jupiter (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detailed analysis of the Pioneer 10 plasma analyzer experiment flight data during the Jupiter flyby in late November and early December 1973 has been performed. The observations show that the interaction of Jupiter's magnetic field with the solar wind is similar in many ways to that at earth, but the scale size is over 100 times larger. Jupiter is found to have a detached standing bow shock wave of high Alfven Mach number. Like the earth, Jupiter has a prominent magnetopause that deflects the magnetosheath plasma and excludes its direct entry into the Jovian magnetosphere. Unlike that of the earth, the sunward hemisphere of Jupiter's outer magnetosphere is found to be highly inflated with thermal plasma and a high-beta region that is highly responsive to changes in solar wind dynamic pressure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 126
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    The cosmic X-ray background (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: After a phenomenological description of the diffuse X-ray sky the various mechanisms of X-ray generation are discussed. These include radiation by high-energy particles in their interactions with magnetic fields, ambient electromagnetic waves, and interstellar grains and radiation from subrelativistic suprathermal charged particles in collisions with ambient gas. The generation of X-rays by plasmas through thermal electron-ion interactions is noted. The incidence of X-ray emission inside the Galaxy is first examined; then the extragalactic isotropic background is analyzed in the framework of modern cosmology. Interpretations of the X-ray background based on discrete sources as well as metagalactic cosmic rays are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 127
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    Energetic particles in the Jovian magnetosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detail account of the Pioneer 10 encounter with Jupiter as viewed by the Goddard-University of New Hampshire cosmic ray experiment. Flux time histories of electrons and protons are given over a wide energy band. These show a marked variation with magnetic latitude. Significant removal of low-energy protons by Io is apparent in the inner magnetosphere (less than or equal to 6 Jovian radii). Proton and electron energy spectra are given at various Jovicentric distances. The electron spectra are remarkably hard and constant in slope in the 0.12 to 8.0-MeV interval, the electron spectral index having a value of 1.5 to 2.0 in the region outside 25 Jovian radii. Proton spectra are shown to transform from a power law with indices in the 3 to 4.2 range to more nearly exponential forms in the inner regions (less than or equal to 40 Jovian radii). Extensive data are presented on the angular distributions of protons and electrons at various locations in the Jovicentric magnetosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 128
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    Relative abundances of positrons and antiprotons in the primary cosmic ray flux (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations on the ratio of positrons to the electron-positron sum made in the 5 to 50 GeV range by Buffington et al. (1974) are used to put an upper limit on the ratio of antiprotons to protons at various energies. The calculation of the latter ratio is based on detailed measurements of the cross section of antiproton production up to intersecting storage ring energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 251; Sept. 13
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  • 129
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    The unique cosmic-ray history of the Malakal chondrite (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmogenic radionuclides, including Na-22, Al-26, and Mn-54, were measured in a sample of the recently-fallen Malakal hypersthene chondrite. The high Al-26 activity, 79 plus or minus 2 dpm/kg, greatly exceeds the levels expected from elemental production rates, shielding considerations, or comparisons with other ordinary chondrites, and can only be explained by exposure to a uniquely high cosmic-ray flux. Calculations including noble gas, H-3, and Mn-53 data from other laboratories require a two-stage irradiation. Malakal's most probable history is: exposure in excess of 4 m.y. to an effective cosmic-ray flux approximately three times that experienced by other chondrites, an orbit change (very possibly caused by a collision), and a final period of about 2 m.y. during which it was exposed to a normal cosmic-ray flux.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 22; 3, Ju; June 197
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  • 130
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    SAS-2 observations of the high-energy gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 131
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    Energetic particles from the sun (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of solar cosmic ray phenomena and related topics from the solar physical point of view. Since solar cosmic rays are usually produced by solar flares, it is necessary to understand the processes and mechanism of solar flares, especially the so-called proton flares, in order to understand the acceleration mechanism of solar cosmic rays and their behavior in both the solar atmosphere and interplanetary space. For this reason, a detailed discussion is given of various phenomena associated with solar flares, proton flare characteristics, and the mechanism of solar flares. Since the discovery of solar cosmic rays by Forbush, the interplanetary space has been thought of as a medium in which solar cosmic rays propagate. The propagation of solar cosmic rays in this space is therefore discussed briefly by referring to the observed magnetic properties of this space. Finally, some problems related to the physics of galactic cosmic rays are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 28; June 197
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  • 132
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    An interpretation of the observed oxygen and nitrogen enhancements in low-energy cosmic rays (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility is suggested that the enhancement of cosmic-ray oxygen and nitrogen observed at about 10 MeV per nucleon could result from neutral interstellar particles that are swept into the solar cavity by the motion of the sun through the interstellar medium. These particles are subsequently ionized and accelerated. It is pointed out that this mechanism imposes no severe requirements either on the number of particles that have to be accelerated or on the energy that has to be removed from the solar wind to perform this acceleration.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; May 15
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  • 133
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    Observations of the infrared radiation from the nuclei of NGC 1068 and NGC 4151 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data resulting from monitoring the flux of radiation at 11 microns from NGC 1068 and NGC 4151 are presented. There is some evidence for changes of flux of 50% on a time scale of approximately 100 days from NGC 4151. This evidence is suggestive but not compelling. Limits are set on the possible change of the 11-micron flux from NGC 1068. The energy distribution of radiation from NGC 1068 between 8 and 13 microns has been shown to have no spectral features within the accuracy and resolution of our measurement. This is in contrast to energy distributions observed from galactic sources in which the source of energy is generally interpreted as thermal reradiation from grains.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 15
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  • 134
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    Measurement of the positron-electron ratio in the primary cosmic rays from 5 to 50 GeV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Res. in the Space Sci., vol. 1, no. 3,; 4 p
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  • 135
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    Absolute radiometry and the solar constant (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A series of active cavity radiometers (ACRs) are described which have been developed as standard detectors for the accurate measurement of irradiance in absolute units. It is noted that the ACR is an electrical substitution calorimeter, is designed for automatic remote operation in any environment, and can make irradiance measurements in the range from low-level IR fluxes up to 30 solar constants with small absolute uncertainty. The instrument operates in a differential mode by chopping the radiant flux to be measured at a slow rate, and irradiance is determined from two electrical power measurements together with the instrumental constant. Results are reported for measurements of the solar constant with two types of ACRs. The more accurate measurement yielded a value of 136.6 plus or minus 0.7 mW/sq cm (1.958 plus or minus 0.010 cal/sq cm per min).
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
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  • 136
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    Microwave profiling of snowpack free-water content (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A microwave system is proposed to measure the amount of liquid-phase water in a snowpack operating in the range of 1 to 10 GHz. Attenuation of the beam between source and receivers is produced by the water in the snow. The relationships of frequency, distance, and volume percent of water are calculated for an assumed detector sensitivity, together with the estimated cost of a representative system. A laboratory test is described that shows the attenuation for snow at maximum wetness at 9.35 GHz. A configuration is proposed that involves a vertical tube containing microwave and radioactive sources and another vertical tube containing microwave and gamma-ray detectors, so that density and wetness profiles are obtained simultaneously over essentially the same path.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 137
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    An experimental test of the homogeneity of the interstellar medium (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations of nonthermal continuum radio emission at 750 MHz and hydrogen-line emission at 1420 MHz have been compared in order to test the extent to which cosmic-ray electrons, magnetic fields, and hydrogen gas coexist in the interstellar medium. If the interstellar medium is homogeneous in the sense that its constituents are mixed together and can interact, then regions of line and continuum emission should be spatially correlated. The measurements indicate that at most 28% of continuum emission in the Galaxy comes from such a homogeneous medium. The remaining nonthermal emission agrees in magnitude with the residual emission found by Berkhuijsen after subtraction of the polarized component of nonthermal emission. In addition, the data discussed here show that the major filamentary structures found in the two forms of emission rarely coincide spatially. Consequently, both the average and the exceptional structure in the medium indicate that the synchrotron-radiating magnetoplasma and the neutral hydrogen gas are not closely interacting in the present state of the medium.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 194; Dec. 1
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  • 138
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    Origin of fifteen cosmic dust particles intercepted by Pioneer 8 and 9 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Consistent data for more than 8 years have been obtained from two identical cosmic dust particle experiments on board the space probes Pioneer 8 and 9. The two spacecraft are in direct heliocentric orbits with perihelia between 0.75 AU and 1.00 AU. On the basis of the data it is concluded that the majority of dust particles having elliptical orbits detected by the two space probes show orbital characteristics of Apollo group asteroids which originated from residual nuclei of short-period comets.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 252; Dec. 13
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  • 139
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    On the possibility of a geocoronal contribution to the celestial soft X-ray background (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The possibility is investigated that a significant fraction of the X-ray background in the energy range from 0.2 to 0.28 keV originates in the geocorona through bremsstrahlung. It is concluded that the geocoronal flux must be substantial at some times and the possibility exists that an observable geocoronal background exists at all times. The existing data on the soft X-ray background is found to be compatible with the hypothesis of a geocoronal component.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 30; Sept
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  • 140
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    Interplanetary MeV electrons of Jovian origin (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observation of low-energy (0.2- to 8-MeV) electron increases observed in interplanetary space on Pioneer 10 as it approached within 1 AU of Jupiter. These discrete bursts or increases were typically several hundred times the normal quiet-time electron flux and became much more frequent with decreasing distance to Jupiter, the result being the quasi-continuous presence of large fluxes of these electrons in interplanetary space. In view of the likely origin of these electrons at Jupiter and the similarity of these increases to quiet-time electron increases previously observed at earth, the temporal presence of the quiet-time increases has been reexamined. It is found that these increases have a 13-month periodicity, indicating a Jovian origin for the events near the earth as well. It is noted that the integrated flux from quiet-time increase electrons at 1 AU is comparable to the integrated ambient electron flux itself.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 141
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    Charge composition of cosmic rays between 4 and 100 GV (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Balloon-flight measurements were used to determine ratios of cosmic-ray L nuclei (charge Z ranging from 3 to 5) to M nuclei (Z ranging from 6 to 8) and of VH nuclei (Z from 20 to 27) to M nuclei using a magnetic spectrometer. The purpose of the measurements was to establish whether both ratios vary with rigidity as this would provide evidence for more than one basic acceleration mechanism. The results provide no indication that the VH spectrum is steeper than the M spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 249; June 28
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  • 142
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    Solar-flare emission lines in the range from 66 to 171 A; 2sr 2pk - 2s/r-1/ 2p/k+1/ transitions in highly ionized iron (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: New emission lines found in several flare spectra obtained with the Goddard grating spectrometer on the OSO-5 satellite, in 1969, have been listed by wavelength and relative intensity. These new lines, including several as strong as normal quiet-sun lines, are extremely variable in intensity and have been assigned mainly to transitions of the type 2sr 2pk - 2s(r-1) 2p(k+1) in iron ions up to Fe XXIII.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 143
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    Satellite observations of type III solar radio bursts at low frequencies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Type III solar radio bursts have been observed from 10 MHz to 10 kHz by satellite experiments above the terrestrial plasmasphere. Solar radio emission in this frequency range results from excitation of the interplanetary plasma by energetic particles propagating outward along open field lines over distances from 5 earth radii to at least 1 AU from the sun. This review summarizes the morphology, characteristics, and analysis of individual as well as storms of bursts. Substantial evidence is available to show that the radio emission is observed at the second harmonic instead of the fundamental of the plasma frequency. This brings the density scale derived by radio observations into better agreement with direct solar wind density measurements at 1 AU and relaxes the requirement for type III propagation along large density-enhanced regions. This density scale with the measured direction of arrival of the radio burst allows the trajectory of the exciter path to be determined from 10 earth radii to 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 16; June-Jul
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  • 144
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    Absorption of trapped particles by Jupiter's moons (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Inclusion of absorption effects of the four innermost moons in the radial transport equations for electrons and protons in Jupiter's magnetosphere. It is found that the phase space density n at 2 Jupiter radii for electrons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg is reduced by a factor of 42,000 when lunar absorption is included in the calculation. For protons with equatorial pitch angles less than 69 deg the corresponding reduction factor is 2,300,000. The effect of the satellites becomes progressively weaker for both electrons and protons as equatorial pitch angles of 90 deg are approached, because the likelihood of impacting a satellite becomes progressively smaller. The large density decreases found at the orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede result in corresponding particle flux decreases that should be observed by spacecraft making particle measurements in Jupiter's magnetosphere. The characteristic signature of satellite absorption should be a downward-pointing vertex in the flux versus radius curve at the L value corresponding to each satellite.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
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  • 145
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    Dense solar wind cloud geometries deduced from comparisons of radio signal delay and in situ plasma measurements (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The geometries of dense solar wind clouds are estimated by comparing single-location measurements of the solar wind plasma with the average of the electron density obtained by radio signal delay measurements along a radio path between earth and interplanetary spacecraft. Several of these geometries agree with the current theoretical spatial models of flare-induced shock waves. A new class of spatially limited structures that contain regions with densities greater than any observed in the broad clouds is identified. The extent of a cloud was found to be approximately inversely proportional to its density.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; July 1
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  • 146
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    Absorption of infrared radiation by electrons in the field of a neutral hydrogen atom (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analytical expression for the absorption coefficient is developed from a relationship between the cross-section for inverse bremsstrahlung absorption and the cross-section for electron-atom momentum transfer; it is accurate for those photon frequencies v and temperatures such that hv/kT is small. The determination of the absorption of infrared radiation by free-free transitions of the negative hydrogen ion has been extended to higher temperatures. A simple analytical expression for the absorption coefficient has been derived.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 1
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  • 147
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    Laser-plasma spectra of highly ionized fluorine (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Lines between 11.3 and 17.2 A of lithium-like, helium-like, and hydrogen-like fluorine have been observed in spectra of laser-produced plasmas. These lines include nine members of the Lyman series of F IX; eight members of the principal series of F VIII; and satellite lines arising from doubly excited configurations of F VII and F VIII. Similar satellite lines of the abundant solar elements have been identified in soft X-ray spectra of solar flares. A wavelength list of fluorine lines is given, and physical conditions in the plasma are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 15
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  • 148
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    Direct observations in the dusk hours of the characteristics of the storm time ring current particles during the beginning of magnetic storms (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Mar. 1
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  • 149
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    Spatial distribution of soft X-ray and EUV emission associated with a chromospheric flare of importance 1B on August 2, 1972 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 34; Feb. 197
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  • 150
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    Application of very long baseline interferometry to Astrometry and Geodesy: effects of frequency standard instability on accuracy (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The accuracy of geodetic and astrometric information obtained from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations is dependent upon the stability of the frequency standard, or clock, used at each site of VLBI array. The sensitivities of two hydrogen maser frequency standards of different design to pressure, temperature, and magnetic field variations were measured; and, for one of the standards, sensitivity was found to be severe enough to degrade the information content of VLBI measurements. However, the effect on the geometric and astrometric information of such clock instabilities, with time scales of hours or greater, can be sharply reduced through the use of differencing techniques.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Its Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 349-359
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  • 151
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    Jupiter radiation belt electrons and their effects on sensitive electronics (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Data on the electron environment trapped at Jupiter, tests performed to simulate the effects of electrons on Mariner, Jupiter-Saturn 1977 sensitive parts, and test results from those simulations, are summarized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 15 p
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  • 152
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    Radiation effects (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The effects of cosmic radiation and radiation from solar flares on space probe functions are investigated. Long life batteries for probe use were also investigated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 20 p
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  • 153
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    Upper atmospheres and diagnostic measurements (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Candidate space missions to study the temperature profiles, and ratios of hydrogen to helium in outer planet atmospheres are discussed in terms of scientific payloads for optical occultation, radio occultation, and thermometer measurements.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Dynatrend, Inc. Proc. of Outer Planet Probe Technol. Workshop, Sect. 1 through 11; 8 p
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  • 154
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    Estimates of the size of particles in Saturn's rings and their cosmogonic implications (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Near infrared ice band measurements, radar and radio observations, and implications of the size estimates of particles in Saturn's rings are discussed. The measurements are compared to the Poynting-Robetson effect and a possible mechanism by which the size of the particles may significantly change after the initial formulation of the material in the rings is proposed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: The Rings of Saturn; p 107-123
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  • 155
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    The atmosphere of the rings of Saturn (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Outgassing of H and OH from Saturn's rings and the possibility of detecting it are examined. The source gas around the rings is computed after which the products of ice, H2O, H, and OH and the physical mechanisms that produce these species are given. Production rates for the ice products are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 125-129
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  • 156
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    Distribution and size of elements of Saturn's rings as inferred from 12-cm radar observations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A 64m radar antenna was used to observe Saturn's rings at 12.6 cm wavelength, with reduced Doppler spread. The results show a positive radar return corresponding to about a 60 percent return from an isotropic scatterer with the projected area of the rings, allowing for the Cassini division. A radar spectrogram of the rings is shown with power density plotted against Doppler frequency shift.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 73-82
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  • 157
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    Variations in the infrared brightness temperature of Saturn's rings (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: After adjusting for the decreased Sun-Saturn distance and adjusting all measurements to B ring values only, it is shown that the temperature variations are not as large as was thought. Various models of the multilayer agglomerate of particles of Saturn's rings are evaluated. It is recommended that the difference between the 11 and 20 micron brightness temperatures should be explained by a satisfactory model.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 65-72
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  • 158
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    Saturn's ring particles and space vehicle design (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Spacecraft design is discussed for probing Saturn's rings. Ring particles are also considered, emphasizing material outside of ring A and the hazard this might imply to a spacecraft crossing the ring plane beyond ring A.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 29-38
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  • 159
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    Ring particle sizes and composition derived from eclipse cooling curves and reflection spectra (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The probable chemistry of the Saturn rings is reviewed. Reflectance spectra for H20 and NH3 frosts and Saturn's rings are compared, along with temperature dependence of 1.6 microns water frost feature. The reflection spectra of Galilean satellite J2 and water frost are also reviewed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 51-63
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  • 160
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    Model of Saturn's rings that satisfies the observed phase curve for optical scattering (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The effects of multiple anisotropic scattering were calculated, including the solar penumbra effect for shadowing computations. The classical model was matched to observations, including the wavelength dependence, by varying the particle albedo as a function of wavelength. A scattering diagram is also presented showing the relative amount of primary and higher-order scattering necessary to match the B ring brightness and the shape of the phase curve.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 17-28
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  • 161
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    Structure of Saturn's rings: Optical and dynamical considerations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The photometric phase curves of Saturn's rings are considered, as well as a conflict between dynamical and photometric models of the rings. The dependence of ring brightness on angular separation of the earth and sun as viewed from Saturn is discussed. The nonlinear brightness surge is interpreted. Some quantitative calculations were carried out for bodies in and near the asteroidal belt. Predicted density profiles of the ring obtained with Mimas in an eccentric orbit and in a circular orbit are also included.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington The Rings of Saturn; p 3-15
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  • 162
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    Rotating stars (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 1; p 11-34
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  • 163
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    The fission theory of binary stars (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Intern. Colloq. on Drops and Bubbles, Vol. 1; p 1-10
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  • 164
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    Data resolution versus forestry classification (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E80-10189 , NASA-CR-160610
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  • 165
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    Neutron propagation and 2.2 MeV gamma-ray line production in the solar atmosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The 2.2 MeV gamma ray line intensity from the sun was calculated using a Monte Carlo method for neutron propagation in the solar atmosphere. Detailed results are provided on the total gamma ray yield per neutron and on the time profile of the 2.2 MeV line from an instantaneous and monoenergetic neutron source. The parameters which have the most significant effects on the line intensity are the energies of the neutrons, the position of the neutron source on the sun, and the abundance of He-3 in the photosphere. For an isotropic neutron source which is not too close to the limb of the sun, the gamma ray yield is between about 0.02 to 0.2 photons per neutron, provided that the neutron energies are in the range 1 to 100 MeV and the ratio He-3/H is less than about .00005.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70568 , X-660-74-5
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  • 166
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    Limits on the neutral hydrogen content of Coma and other clusters of galaxies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 36; 3, De; Dec. 197
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  • 167
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    Binary stellar winds (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Stellar winds from a binary star will interact with each other along a contact discontinuity. We discuss qualitatively the geometry of the flow and field resulting from this interaction in the simplest case where the stars and winds are identical. We consider the shape of the critical surface (defined as the surface where the flow speed is equal to the sound speed) as a function of stellar separation and the role of shock waves in the flow field. The effect of stellar spin and magnetic sectors on the field configuration is given. The relative roles of mass loss and magnetic torque in the evolution of orbital parameters are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 31; Dec. 197
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  • 168
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    A search for microwave emission from CH in Comet Kohoutek /1973f/ (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A search was conducted for the three 9-cm transitions of the ground state Lambda-doublet of CH in comet Kohoutek, using the CSIRO 64-m radio telescope and the Onsala Space Observatory's 25.6-m telescope. No lines were detected during the observing periods, and upper limits are given for the corresponding antenna temperatures.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 169
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    Molecule searches in Comet Kohoutek /1973f/ at microwave frequencies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Nine transitions of the possible parent molecules H2O, NH3, CH3OH and N2O as well as the OH radical were searched for in Comet Kohoutek (1973f) in the frequency range 22.2-25.2 GHz. These molecules were not detected, but the upper limits for the optical depth, mean column density and the production rate are derived for each of the molecules. These results are discussed and compared with the reported detections of HCN and CH3CN emission and OH absorption.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 170
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    On the nature of the anti-tail of Comet Kohoutek /1973f/. I - A working model (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The model derived for the anti-tail of Comet Kohoutek describes it as a flat formation, confined essentially to the comet's orbit plane and composed of relatively heavy particles (mostly in the size range 0.1-1 mm) whose motions are controlled by solar gravity and solar radiation pressure. Almost all the material was produced by the comet before perihelion at a rate about an order of magnitude higher than for Comets Arend-Roland and Bennett. The latent heat of vaporization of the particle material is estimated at 40-45 kcal/mole or higher.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 171
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    Land use mapping in Erie County, Pennsylvania: A pilot study (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. A pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of mapping land use in the Great Lakes Basin area utilizing ERTS-1 data. Small streams were clearly defined by the presence of trees along their length in predominantly agricultural country. Field patterns were easily differentiated from forested areas; dairy and beef farms were differentiated from other farmlands, but no attempt was made to identify crops. Large railroad lines and major highway systems were identified. The city of Erie and several smaller towns were identified, as well as residential areas between these towns, and docks along the shoreline in Erie. Marshes, forests, and beaches within Presque Isle State Park were correctly identified, using the DCLUS program. Bay water was differentiated from lake water, with a small amount of misclassification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E75-10401 , NASA-CR-143394 , ORSER-SSEL-TR-24-74
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  • 172
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    TERSSE: Definition of the Total Earth Resources System for the Shuttle Era. Volume 5: Detailed system requirements: Two case studies (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Major resource management missions to be performed by the TERSSE are examined in order to develop an understanding of the form and function of a system designed to perform an operational mission. Factors discussed include: resource manager (user) functions, methods of performing their function, the information flows and information requirements embodied in their function, and the characteristics of the observation system which assists in the management of the resource involved. The missions selected for study are: world crop survey and land resources management. These missions are found to represent opposite ends of the TERSSE spectrum and to support the conclusion that different missions require different systems and must be analyzed in detail to permit proper system development decisions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-141771
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  • 173
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    Skylab 4 photographic index and scene identification (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A quick reference guide to the photographic imagery obtained on Skylab 4 is presented. Place names and descriptors used give sufficient information to identify frames for discussion purposes and are not intended to be used for ground nadir or geographic coverage purposes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72440 , JL12-603
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  • 174
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    An upper limit on the evolution of carbon monoxide from Comet Kohoutek (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An upper limit on the rate of evolution of CO from Comet Kohoutek has been obtained from a search for resonant scattering of sunlight near 4.7 microns. The observations were made approximately two months after perihelion. The rate of evolution of CO at that time was apparently less than that of CH3CN observed before perihelion.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Icarus; 23; Dec. 197
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  • 175
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    Interstellar carbon I lines in zeta Ophiuchi (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: With two f-values of C I lines obtained from the spectra of zeta Pup and gamma(2) Vel, it is shown that the interstellar C I spectrum in zeta Oph obeys an optical-depth relation similar to that for Na I, and the relative strengths of 19 multiplets are determined from this relation. The dominant processes which excite neutral carbon are used to calculate populations of the fine-structure levels as functions of the density of H nuclei and the temperature, and evidence is found that the C I lines are formed in the dense cloud in front of zeta Oph at a heliocentric velocity of -14.4 km/s. It is noted that the observed column-density ratios of the neutral carbon fine-structure levels lead to a total H nuclei density of about 220 to 660 per cu cm, while the electron density and observed C(+) abundance indicate a value of 10,000 per cu cm, with a 0.05 pc thick gas layer.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 37; 2, De; Dec. 197
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  • 176
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    CNO abundances and hydrodynamic models of the nova outburst. III - 0.5 solar mass models with enhanced carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Consideration of the evolution of thermonuclear runaways in the hydrogen-rich envelopes of 0.5 solar mass carbon-oxygen white dwarfs. The larger radii of these stars, compared with the 1.00 solar mass white dwarfs, results in a lesser degree of degeneracy at the same depth in the star. Four models of luminosity with .00355 solar luminosity, differing only in the initial abundances of C-12, N-14, and O-16, are presented. The degree of enhancement required to produce mass ejection, and thereby a nova-type outburst, is greater than for the 1.00 solar mass model. Nevertheless, the evolution of the 0.5 solar mass model that ejected material is very similar to that of the 1.00 solar mass models, and it also ejects significant amounts of C-13, N-15, and O-17 into the interstellar medium. The 0.5 solar mass outburst is considerably less intense than the 1.00 solar mass outburst (even under optimum conditions), and this lower mass behavior is interpreted as associated with the observed outburst of the slowest novae.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 177
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    Ultraviolet spectrophotometry of Sirius from Gemini 12 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The spectral energy distribution of Sirius between 2500 and 3700 A at a resolution of 7 A is obtained from plates taken on Gemini 12. The agreement with other observations and the most recent line-blanketed model atmospheres is good. The equivalent width of the Mg II doublet near 2800 A is 6.0 A, if the continuum level is represented by regions near 2650 and 2910 A. This is consistent with expectations for a hot Am star and implies line blocking of up to 15% in this wavelength region.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 15
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  • 178
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    The distribution of cosmic rays in the galaxy and their dynamics as deduced from recent gamma-ray observations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recent data from SAS-2 on the galactic gamma ray line flux as a function of longitude reveal a broad maximum in the gamma ray intensity in the region absolute value of l approximately smaller than 30 deg. These data imply that the low energy galactic cosmic ray flux varies with galactocentric distance and is about an order of magnitude higher than the local value in a toroidal region between 4 and 5 kpc from the galactic center. This enhancement can be plausibly accounted for by first order Fermi acceleration, compression and trapping of cosmic rays consistent with present ideas of galactic dynamics and galactic structure theory. Calculations indicate that cosmic rays in the 4 to 5 kpc region are trapped and accelerated over a mean time of the order of a few million years or about 2 to 4 times the assumed trapping time in the solar region of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70597 , X-640-74-17
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  • 179
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    SAS-2 observations of the high energy gamma radiation from the Vela region (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data from a scan of the galactic plane by the SAS-B high energy gamma ray experiment in the region 250 deg smaller than 12 smaller than 290 deg show a statistically significant excess over the general radiation from the galactic plane for gamma radiation of energy larger than 100 MeV. If the enhanced gamma radiation results from interactions of cosmic rays with galactic matter, as the energy spectrum suggests, it seems reasonable to associate the enhancement with large scale galactic features, such as spiral arm segments in that direction, or with the region surrounding the Vela supernova remnant with which PSR 0833-45 is associated. If the excess is attributed to cosmic rays released from the supernova interacting with the interstellar matter in that region, than on the order of 3 x 10 to the 50th power ergs would have been released by that supernova in the form of cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70602 , X-662-74-58
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  • 180
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    Solar cosmic ray composition above 10 MeV/nucleon and its energy dependence in the 4 August 1972 event (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Observations of the proton, helium (C,N,O) and Fe-group nuclei fluxes made during the large 4 August 1972 solar particle event are presented. The results show a small, but significant variation of the composition of multicharged nuclei as a function of energy in the energy region above 10 MeV/nucleon. In particular, the He/(C,N,O) abundance ratio varies by a factor approximately 2 between 10 and 50 MeV/nucleon, and the Fe-group/(C,N,O) ratio suggests a similar variation. Abundance ratios from the 4 August 1972 event are compared as a function of energy with ratios measured in other solar events. At energies approximately greater than 50 MeV/nucleon, the He/(C,N,O) abundance ratio for August 1972 is consistent with all earlier measurements made above that energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70590 , X-662-74-32
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  • 181
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    Measurement of cosmic ray positron and negatron spectra between 50 and 800 MeV (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A balloon-borne magnetic spectrometer was used to measure the spectra of cosmic ray positrons and negatrons at energies between 50 and 800 MeV. Comparisons of the separate positron and negatron spectra observed near the earth with their expected intensities in interstellar space can be used to investigate the complex (and variable) interaction of galactic cosmic rays with the expanding solar wind. The present measurements, which have established finite values or upper limits for the positron and negatron spectral between 50 and 800 MeV, have confirmed earlier evidence for the existence of a dominant component of negatrons from primary sources in the galaxy. The present results are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that the positron component is in fact mainly attributable to collisions between cosmic ray nuclei and the interstellar gas. The estimate of the absolute intensities confirm the indications from neutron monitors that in 1972 the interplanetary cosmic ray intensities were already recovering toward their high levels observed in 1965.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70580 , X-660-74-16
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  • 182
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    Mapping of the major structures of the African rift system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E75-10215 , NASA-CR-142401
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  • 183
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    Study to demonstrate the feasibility of and determine the optimum method for remote haze monitoring by satellite (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E75-10226 , NASA-CR-142412
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  • 184
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    Application of ERTS-1 imagery to land use, forest density and soil investigations (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E75-10222 , NASA-CR-142408
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  • 185
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    Correlation of ocean truth data with ERTS-1 imagery: California coastal sites in Monterey Bay, Santa Barbara Channel, and Santa Monica Bay (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E75-10220 , NASA-CR-142406
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  • 186
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    Investigations using data in Alabama from ERTS-A, volume 3 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E75-10225 , NASA-CR-142409
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  • 187
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    Investigations using data in Alabama from ERTS-A, volume 1 (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E75-10223 , NASA-CR-142411
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  • 188
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    A new model of atmospheric gamma rays and its implications for measurement of diffuse cosmic gamma rays from within the atmosphere (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A semi-empirical model is discussed which describes atmospheric gamma rays in the range 0.3 less then or equal to E less than or equal to 10 MeV based on the production per unit mass of air. The model is based on the concept of a source strength (photon/g sec MeV) which is energy- and depth-dependent, and derived from measured fluxes. Quantities such as directional fluxes, angular distributions, and growth curves are calculated directly from this model. The source function is described by four energy-dependent parameters determined empirically from fluxes measured with a 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm Nal counter over the atmospheric depth range from 3.5 to 500 g/sq cm. From S(E,x), obtained for both continuum and discrete gamma rays at lambda = 40 deg, the depth and angle dependence of directional fluxes were calculated. Growth-curve predictions needed to separate atmospheric from diffuse cosmic fluxes were determined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESRO The Context and Status of Gamma Ray Astronomy; p 137-145
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  • 189
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    Ionisation structure and transfer of radiation in dusty nebulae (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analytic expressions describing the infrared radiation and hydrogen to helium line intensity ratios from a dusty nebula are presented. Implications of these results are discussed briefly.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO H2 Regions and the Galactic Centre; p 173-178
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  • 190
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    Dust in H2 regions (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects of dust inside H2 regions were studied by means of theoretical models of dusty nebulae. Infrared observations were analyzed and clear evidence was found that the emitting dust is mostly mixed with the ionized gas. Some information about the amount, distribution, and properties of dust grains was also derived.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO H2 Regions and the Galactic Centre; p 163-171
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  • 191
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    Evolutionary characteristics of a bimodal grain model (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A bimodal model of interstellar grains consisting of silicate cores of size approximately 0.06 micron with modified ice mantles of approximately 0.1 micron and very small particles of silicate and/or graphite of size approximately 0.005 micron is followed through various stages of evolution. Starting with a distribution of core-mantle cylinders producing average wavelength dependence of polarization and extinction, changes in physical and optical characteristics of the model are studied going first into regions of dense cloud condensation and coming out at the other end of star formation into young H2 regions. Physical justification is presented to show that not only in dense clouds must the core mantle grains be larger than normal, but also in young H2 regions.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO H2 Regions and the Galactic Centre; p 153-162
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  • 192
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    Expected far infrared polarization of H2 regions and the nuclei of galaxies (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The expected polarization of far infrared sources is discussed, and it is shown that the observed degree of polarization generally depends on two factors: (1) the availability of a mechanism that can produce polarization, and (2) the gain in polarization which absorption or stimulated emission can produce within a source. It is pointed out that stimulated emission could produce sizeable gain changes in compact dust clouds such as those associated with H2 regions and possibly also in dense regions exhibiting OH and H2O masers. Whether such a gain can actually become positive (maser-like behavior) is not clear, but this would in any case depend on the chemical structure of the grain material and the spectral range of interest.
    Keywords: ASTROPHYSICS
    Type: ESRO H2 Regions and the Galactic Centre; p 179-184
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  • 193
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    The effects of soil moisture and plant morphology on the radar backscatter from vegetation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of experimental studies on the backscattering properties of corn, milo, soybeans and alfalfa are presented. The measurements were made during the summer of 1973 over the 8 to 18 GHz frequency band. The data indicate that soil moisture estimation is best accomplished at incidence angles near nadir with lower frequencies, while crop discrimination is best accomplished using two frequencies at incidence angles ranging from 30 deg to 65 deg. It is also shown that temporal plant morphology variations can cause extreme variations in the values of the scattering coefficients. These morphological changes can be caused by growth, heavy rain and in the case of alfalfa, harvesting.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-141684 , RSL-TR-177-51
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  • 194
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    Nineteen hundred seventy three significant accomplishments (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Data collected by the Skylab remote sensing satellites was used to develop applications techniques and to combine automatic data classification with statistical clustering methods. Continuing research was concentrated in the correlation and registration of data products and in the definition of the atmospheric effects on remote sensing. The causes of errors encountered in the automated classification of agricultural data are identified. Other applications in forestry, geography, environmental geology, and land use are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-X-66863 , JSC-09244
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  • 195
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    Meteorological data collection via ERTS-A data retransmission facilities (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Two meteorological data acquisition systems were built to support hydrometeorological programs related to flow forecasting. Data errors were detected in the stream level formation; these errors were caused by sensor difficulties.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E75-10293 , NASA-CR-142837
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  • 196
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    The spectrum of cosmic electron with energies between 6 and 100 GeV (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This experiment was carried out during three balloon flights which provided a total exposure of 3500 + or - 60 sq m sec sterad at an average depth of 4.8 g/sq cm The detector, in which the development of cascade showers in a 33.7 rl absorber was sampled by 10 scintillation counters and 216 Geiger-Muller tubes, was calibrated at the Cornell Electron Synchrotron, the separation of cosmic electrons from the nuclear background was confirmed by extensive analysis of data from the flights, from the calibration and from ground level exposure. The spectral intensity of primary cosmic ray electrons were found in particles/sq m sec sterad GeV. Similarly, the ground level spectrum of secondary cosmic ray electrons was also found. The steepness of the spectrum of cosmic electrons relative to that of nuclei implies one of the following conclusions: either the injection spectrum of electrons is steeper than that of nuclei, or the electron spectrum has been steepened by Compton/synchrotron losses in the energy range covered by the experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-141287 , TR-75-019
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  • 197
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    The economic value of remote sensing of earth resources from space: An ERTS overview and the value of continuity of service. Volume 7: Nonreplenishable natural resources: Minerals, fossil fuels and geothermal energy sources (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The application of remotely-sensed information to the mineral, fossil fuel, and geothermal energy extraction industry is investigated. Public and private cost savings are documented in geologic mapping activities. Benefits and capabilities accruing to the ERS system are assessed. It is shown that remote sensing aids in resource extraction, as well as the monitoring of several dynamic phenomena, including disturbed lands, reclamation, erosion, glaciation, and volcanic and seismic activity.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-141264 , REPT-74-2002-10-VOL-7
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  • 198
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    The economic value of remote sensing of earth resources from space: An ERTS overview and the value of continuity of service. Volume 4: Forestry, wildlife and rangeland (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The economic value of ERS information in the resource management area of extensive use of living resources, forestry, wildlife, and rangeland, is determined. Timber and forage resources are quantitatively evaluated. It is shown that these resources have economic value in the tens of billions of dollars, but the economic benefits of improved management of the forests and rangelands are not limited to efficiency in the production of these commercial resources. Multiple-use values including watershed, wildlife, and recreation are also involved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-141263 , REPT-74-2002-10-VOL-4
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  • 199
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    The economic value of remote sensing of earth resources from space: An ERTS overview and the value of continuity of service. Volume 3: Intensive use of living resources: Agriculture. Part 1: Overview (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Potential economic benefits obtainable from a state-of-the-art ERS system in the resource area of intensive use of living resources, agriculture, are studied. A spectrum of equal capability (cost saving), increased capability, and new capability benefits are quantified. These benefits are estimated via ECON developed models of the agricultural marketplace and include benefits of improved production and distribution of agricultural crops. It is shown that increased capability benefits and new capability benefits result from a reduction of losses due to disease and insect infestation given ERS's capability to distinguish crop vigor and from the improvement in world trade negotiations given ERS's worldwide surveying capability.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-141265 , REPT-74-2002-10-VOL-3-PT-1
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  • 200
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    1-millimeter continuum radiation from Orion Molecular Cloud 2 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The 1-mm continuum flux from Orion Molecular Cloud 2 (OMC-2), measured with a 1-inch beam, is found to be 0.05 plus or minus 0.01 of that from the Becklin-Neugebauer/Kleinmann-Low (BN/KL) complex. This implies that the average density of dust within OMC-2 is about an order of magnitude less than within the BN/KL region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Aug. 15
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