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  • Articles  (3,695)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (3,695)
  • Springer  (3,695)
  • Munksgaard International Publishers
  • 1960-1964  (3,139)
  • 1945-1949  (556)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (1,947)
  • Geosciences  (1,748)
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  • Articles  (3,695)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 69-89 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. In using fibre-galvanometers for the measurement of Inclination with the earthinductor oscillations can be observed that do not appear at the use of mirrorgalvanometers, more muted. These relations can not be explained very well with the help of the known simple formulas, as the latter state only the means of EMF. Through the triple-product of the three vectors, i.e. total magnetic force, rotation-axis, vector in the plane of the coil, the general formula can be figured for the induced EMF at any possible positions of the axis. Small deviations from the nullposition show — according to the formula — some dependance of the sensibilities in changing the position of axis from the degree of Inclination. The commutation is taken into very careful consideration, the amplitudes of oscillations are calculated byFourier-Analysis. The current of the induction is computed according to the well known differential-equation. The possibility to fixH orZ in using two earthinductors will be described at the end of the first chapter.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Verwendung von Saitengalvanometern für Inklinationsmessungen mit dem Erdinduktor sind Schwingungen zu beobachten, die bei den viel stärker gedämpften Spiegelgalvanometern nicht auftreten. Die Erklärung dieser Zusammenhänge ist mit den bekannten einfachen Induktionsformeln nicht möglich, weil sie nur Angaben über die Mittelwerte der EMK geben. Ueber das Spatprodukt von drei Vektoren: Totalfeldstärke, Drehachse und Vektor in der Windungsebene, lässt sich die allgemeinste Formel für die induzierte EMK bei beliebiger Achsenstellung berechnen. Kleine Winkelabweichungen aus der Nullage zeigen gemäss Formel Abhängigkeit der Verstellempfindlichkeiten von der Grösse der Inklination. Die Kommutierung wird einer genauen Betrachtung unterzogen; die Amplituden der Schwingungen mit Hilfe derFourier-Analyse berechnet. Der Induktionsstrom wird nach der bekannten Differentialgleichung bestimmt. Eine Möglichkeit der Messung vonH aderZ unter Verwendung von zwei Erdinduktoren wird am Schluss betrachtet. In dem zweiten Teil werden die Korrekturen, welche auf die Spulenkonstante anzuwenden sind, bestimmt. Die Grösse der Windungsflächen hängt von der Drahtstärke und der Konstruktionsart des Induktors ab (Einfach- oder Doppelspule). Der Einfluss des Rahmes auf die Spule wird einer genauen Betrachtung unterzogen. MittelsFourier-Analyse kann die Grössenordnung der Fehler von schlechtjustierten Kommutatoren bestimmt werden. Eine Uebersicht alter und neuer Indikationsmethoden bei Inklinationsmessungen beschliesst den Text.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 37-53 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the distribution of gravity at the Earth's surface the main features are already discernible. So the isostatically corrected gravity is greater than the normal gravity at the area of the ocean, but it is smaller than this on the continent. The difference between both amounts to ca. 60 milligal. One has explained this by the assumption of areal deviation from equilibrium. This hypothesis leads to geologically unsatisfyng conclusions. On the other hand a perfectly equilibrated mass — distribution of the Earth may furnish values of gravity at the sea-level, which are systematically deviating from the normal gravity, and — after careful consideration — such calculated «anomalies» must be almost a rule. In the common model of a 2-layers-isostasy the attraction of the irregularities in the surface-layer outweighs that of the compensation-masses, which are situated in a depth up to 60 (respectively 120) km, in theAiry-Pratt-zone. Therefore positive anomalies must appear on a continent floating in a perfect isostatic equilibrium and negative ones on the ocean. The difference between the two regions is not great (approximately 10 milligal) but has just the opposite sign as it is observed. On the other hand we propose a 3-layers-model of isostasy, in which the mass-irregularities of the surface (layer I.) are intensively (almost up to the double value) overcompensated in theAiry-zone (layer II.), whereupon only then at the layer III. (zone of deep-shocks: −50 to −500 km) the perfect equipoised hydrostatic equilibrium is brought about. Thereform results — with plausible assumptions concerning the densities of the layers etc. — positive anomaly on the ocean and a negative one on the continent; and if we assume the dimensions like that one of the Pacific (respetively Asia), the difference between both amounts in round numbers to 60 milligal — exactly as it has been observed! The new zone of isostatic adjustement was chosen in −500 km, because there is a zone of yielding at this depth. This results from the distribution of thedeep focus earthquakes, the mere occurrence of which already proofs that under the zone of isostatic adjustement assumed byPratt orAiry great deviations from equilibrium take place in contradiction to their fundamental assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium in this depth and still deeper. This is also supported by other geophysical evidence.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Verteilung der Schwere an der Erdoberfläche sind gewisse grosse Züge bereits kenntlich geworden. So sind allgemein die (wie gebräuchlich) isostatisch reduzierten Schwerewerte im Ozeangebiet grösser, im Kontinent kleiner als die Normalschwere, u.z. beträgt Unterschied zwischen beiden ca. 60 mgal. Man hat das dahin gedeutet, dass wirklich eineAbweichung vom Zustand isostatischen Gleichgewichtes vorliege. Das führt zu geologisch unbefriedigenden Folgerungen. Andrerseits kann eine isostatisch vollkommen ausbalanzierte Massenverteilung der Erde im Meeresniveau Schwerewerte liefern, die von der Normalschwere systematisch abweichen, ja — genau besehen — müssen solche rechnungsmässige «Anomalien» die Regel sein. In dem gebräuchlichen Modell der 2-Schichten-Isostasie überwiegt die Gravitationswirkung der Unregelmässigkeiten in der Oberflächenschicht jene der Kompensationsmassen, die in derAiry-(Pratt-) Zone bis 60 (bezw. 120) km tief liegen. Daher muss über einem in vollkommenem isostatischen Gleichgewicht flottierenden Kontinent positive, über dem Ozean negative «Anomalie» aufscheinen. Der Unterschied zwischen beiden Bereichen ist nicht gross (ca. 10 mgal), aber dem Vorzeichen nach das Gegenteil des Beobachteten. Wir schlagen dagegen ein 3-Schichten-Modell vor, in dem die Massenunregelmässigkeiten der Oberfläche (Schicht 1) durch Massen entgegengesetzten Vorzeichens, die in derAiry-Zone (2) liegen, stark — fast bis ans doppelte — überkompensiert werden, worauf erst in Schicht 3 (Tiefherd-Zone, −50 bis −500 km) die vollständige Ausbalanzierung zum hydrostatischen Gleichgewicht herbeigeführt wird. Das ergibt sich — mit plausibeln Annahmen über die Dichten — im Ozean positive, im Kontinent negative «Anomalie», und wenn man die Dimensionen wie die des Pazifik, bezw. Asiens annimmt, beträgt der Unterschied zwischen beiden rund 60 mgal—genau wie beobachtet! Die neue Ausgleichszone wurde in −500 km gewählt, weil in dieser Tiefe eine Sprungschicht von grösserer Nachgiebigkeit liegt. Das ergibt sich aus der Verbreitung der Tiefherdbeben, deren Vorkommen allein schon beweist, dass unter derAiry-(Pratt)schen Ausgleichszone, gegen die Grundannahme von hydrostatischem Gleichgewicht dortselbst und tiefer, grosse Gleichgewichtsstörungen noch viel tiefer auftreten und das recht häufig. Diese Wahl der Ausgleichstiefe wird auch durch andere geophysikalische Ueberlegungen gestützt.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 148-155 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary By means of charts of distribution of amplitude and phase of the first term of harmonic series of the annual pressure variation in the Alps it is shown that it represents a wave which by increasing her amplitude progresses from the outside to the central part of the mountains. Essentially it illustrates the annual process of heating. In renewing earlier studies byConrad about the average change of the annual pressure variation with height illustrated by harmonic dial the altitude of reversing of the sign of this variation is found surprisingly smaller in the Alps than in other regions of the earth probably on account of the maritime influence.
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The idea of the mean free path of small ions is introduced in a theory previously published, and a value of the combination coefficients of these small ions on very small aerosols particles are evaluated. Theoretical results are discussed in comparison with experimental values.
    Notes: Résumé On introduit dans un calcul anciennement publié la notion de libre parcours moyen des petits ions dans l'air, et on en déduit les valeurs de leurs coefficients de fixation sur des aérosols ultrafins, électriquement chargés ou non. Ces résultats théoriques sont discutés et comparés aux résultats expérimentaux actuellement acquis.
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 291-294 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Inside the columns of the Parthenon there have been found prismatic pieces of wood called «έμπόλια». Two of these pieces originated from the same cypress tree, a tree some 200 hundred years old, judging from the number of rings. The study of the thickness of the rings of these pieces of wood, based on theDouglas method, has produced the following results: 1. During the 200 years referred to, which were prior to 440 B.C. (the time when the Parthenon was under construction) the rings of the pieces of wood recently found there showed wide and clearly distinct thickness variations recurring periodically. 2. These variations attest the existence ofBrückner's 35-year and 11-year periods in the precipitation (which occurred some 2,600 years ago). The average values of these two periods are 34.5 and 11.5 years. 3. Two great maxima are noticeable, the gap between which corresponds to 108 years.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 54 (1963), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The relations of the defining parameters of a geodetic system to the deflections of the vertical in this system given byVening Meinesz have been used in the computation of a best fitting ellipsoid. The data was that used byHayford in the computation of the resulting International Ellipsoid. Assuming the undulation (N 0) at Meades Ranch to be zero, the results are: a=6,378,194 m and l/f=299.9. This a is much nearer to modern values than that of the Internaitonal Ellipsoid. If a flattening of 1/298.24 is fixed andN 0=+3m,a=6,378,164 m which differs by one meter from a recent determination given byKaula.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Correlation between some physical and chemical variables, measured at 28 stations of the United States Weather Bureau Network, and seasonal and annual frequencies of precipitation, has been attempted with the aim of gaining insight into the bearing of such variables, on occurrence of precipitation. — Concurrent trends of frequencies with local temperature functions, altitude parameters, precipitable water vapour increments, and some chemical species have been found.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 42-52 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, surface displacements of theSH type of motion due to time-dependent body forces and due to sudden introduction of a discontinuity in the shearing stress in a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic, viscoelastic medium have been worked out by the use of Laplace and Fourier transforms. The displacements due to a point force and due to a stress discontinuity over a fixed region have been calculated numerically.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of the ocean Tides on horizontal pendulum measurements in Sclaigneaux (Belgium), Freiberg (Germany) and Brezove Hory (CSR) is calculated by aid of tidal charts of the corresponding oceans. It is shown that the Northcomponent of Earth Tide Measurements in continental Europe is relatively smally affected by influences of the ocean Tides.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um eine Vorstellung von der Wirkung der Anziehungskräfte der Meeresgezeiten auf die Registrierungen der Erdgezeiten in kontinentalen europäischen Stationen zu gewinnen, wurde die maritime Attraktion für die Horizontalpendelstationen Sclaigneaux (Belgien), Freiberg (Deutschland) und Brezove Hory (CSR) mit Hilfe von Meeresgezeitenkarten berechnet. Es zeigt sich dabei, daß der Meereseinfluß in den Nordkomponenten relativ gering ist, so daß in den kontinentalen (Küstenentfernung 〉800 km) europäischen Stationen lediglich die Westkomponenten der Erdgezeitenregistrierungen stark verfälscht werden.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 16-20 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary From a study of the Love wave dispersion in a single layer model it is shown that the shape of the dispersion curves is very insensitive to the changes in the density ratio. The bilogarithmic grids giving dispersion curves for different shear velocity ratios and a mean density ratio of 1.20 should be sufficient for interpretation by the method of curve matching. Such grids and the numerical data are given both for the phase velocity and the group velocity. An example is given illustrating the use of these grids.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The possibility of propagation of Love waves in a non-homogeneous internal stratum of finite depth lying between two semi-infinite isotropic media has been studied in this paper. The density and rigidity of the internal stratum are taken to vary exponentially with depth.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The stress and strain fields in various earth models are studied under the assumption of an elastic mantle and the existence of thermal stresses which are proportional to the difference between the initial and present temperatures. The thermoelastic equilibrium equation for a 49-layered earth with spherical symmetry is integrated and programmed for various combinations of velocities, densities and temperatures. Results show that the strains in the upper mantle depend to a great extent on the thermal model. Central radial strain ranges from 5.2 to 7.3 per cent and the central pressure ranges between 3.1 and 3.7×1012 dynes/cm2 for all models. It is established that the thermal history of the earth could not have changedBullen's pressures by more than 0.4×1012 dynes/cm2.
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The elastic displacement field around a uniformly moving edge dislocation has been obtained for the case where the dislocation glides on thezx-plane parallel to they-axis in alluvional soil. The corresponding limiting dislocation velocity has been discussed.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Problem of transmission of pressure due to surface waves, to the ocean bottom has been discussed. It has been shown that instability in storm troubled surface area really helps in producing microseisms, for then there is facility for pressure being transmitted to the bottom. Considering non-uniform rate of change of sound velocity inside the ocean, the condition derived for transmission of pressure to the bottom is that waves of at least 700 ft long wavelengths should be produced by the storm.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Propagation of dilational waves in radial directions from a spherical cavity in a medium with velocity varying periodically with distance has been considered. It has been shown that when the wave-length of the propagating wave is twice the wave-length of variation of the velocity in the medium the displacement even at a large distance is very great.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 175-199 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to interpret the observed features of pressure records produced by waves from large explosions in the earth's atmosphere, the writers have obtained numerical solutions of the homogeneous equations governing acoustic-gravity wave propagation in a stratified compressible fluid. Theoretical dispersion curves and variations of perturbation kinetic energy with altitude are presented for 11 normal modes. It is shown that the step-like character of the phase velocity curves in the velocity-period plane can be interpreted as being the result of interference between two families of normal modes-«quasi-horizontal modes» representing energy propagation in the lower atmosphere (below the ozonosphere) and «quasi-vertical modes» representing energy propagation in the upper atmosphere (above the ozonosphere). The theoretical prediction that several normal modes contribute to the observed barogram traces is verified by Fourier analysis of a number of wave records.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 217-238 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The equations concerning the micro- and macroturbulent «austausch» and transport of water in its three phases are represented by using weighted vectors of instantaneous and average velocities. Usual defects in treating the eddy diffusion of water vapour next to the bottom by applying the theory ofWilhelm Schmidt are discussed as well as some problems in the estimation of evaporation minus precipitation of large areas from the transport of water in the atmosphere.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Gleichungen für den mikro- und makroturbulenten Austausch und Transport von Wasser in gasförmiger, flüssiger und fester Form werden unter Benutzung abgewogener Augenblicks- und Mittelwerte des Geschwindigkeitsvektors dargestellt. Fragwürdigkeiten bei der Behandlung des bodennahen Wasserdampfaustausches nach dem Vorgang vonWilh. Schmidt und einige Probleme bei der Ermittlung von Verdunstung minus Niederschlag größerer Gebiete aus dem atmosphärischen Wassertransport werden erörtet.
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  • 19
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 209-216 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Evaluations of wind measurements of the North American Meteorological Rocket Network gave a picture of seasonal variation of the mean winds in stratosphere and mesosphere. The upper part of Fig. 1 refers to the northern stations (Fort Churchill and Fort Greely), the lower part to all others rocket bases. The periods in which the general circulation changes from west to east and from east to west were investigated by half-month means (Figs. 2–4). With the help of the null layer conception — a persistent wind extrem layer reverses the large scale vertical motion — it was possible to derive a scheme of the general circulation of the nontropical latitudes for spring and fall (Figs. 5-a and b).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auswertungen von Raketenmessungen aus den Zeiten der Zirkulationsumstellungen oberhalb 20 km in Frühling und Herbst lassen den Mechanismus dieser Umstellungen erkennen. Sie machen es mit Hilfe der Nullschichtkonzeption möglich, Schemata der allgemeinen Zirkulation der aussertropischen Breiten für die Umstellungszeiten zu gewinnen.
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  • 20
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 200-208 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a utilisé une année d'enregistrement du nombre des noyaux de condensation à l'aide d'un compteur photoéléctrique pour examiner si un effet de lavage se manifeste lors de précipitations, de brouillards ou d'orages. Par temps de pluie, orageuse ou pas, ainsi que par brouillard intense, l'on peut constater un faible effet de lavage, respectivement de sédimentation. Lors de chutes de neige, par contre, un effet d'entraînement de noyaux de condensation ne peut être mis en évidence. Quoiqu'il en soit, un fort apport de nouveaux noyaux doit intervenir durant les phénomènes étudiés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Anhand einer einjährigen Registrierung der Kondensationskerne mit einem photoelektrischen Zähler wurde der Auswascheffekt bei Niederschlägen, Nebeln und Gewittern untersucht. Bei Regen, mit und ohne Gewitter, sowie bei starken Nebeln, zeigt sich ein schwacher Auswasch- bzw. Sedimentationseffekt. Bei Schneefällen ist ein Ausfälleffekt nicht eindeutig feststellbar. Auf jeden Fall ist auch während des Bestehens der hier untersuchten Phänomene ein Kernnachschub noch relativ stark.
    Notes: Summary Recordings of the number of condensation nuclei with a photoelectric counter during one year have been used to examine whether there exist a washout-effect during precipitations, fogs and thunderstorms. Rain, with or without thunderstorm and heavy fog show indeed a weak washout-effect, respectively a sedimentation; during snowfall a precipitation-effect cannot be proved. In any case a strong replacement of condensation nucleis ought to take place during the above mentioned phenomena.
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  • 21
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 262-262 
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  • 22
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 239-248 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The annual variation of circumglobal radiation in El Salvador, depending on the seasonal change of solar height, cloudiness and turbidity, is discussed. The relation between the radiation received on a sphere and a horizontal surface on the other hand, is examined with respect to seasonal change of solar height; global radiation is to be determined from measurements of circumglobal radiation with satisfactory accuracy. The relation between circumglobal radiation and sunshine duration or cloud conditions, changes throughout the year, according to mean solar height; uncomplete series of circumglobal radiation can be reduced after records of the duration of sunshine.
    Abstract: Resumen El transcurso anual de la radiación circumglobal en El Salvador es discutido con referencia a la variación anual de la altura del Sol, la nubosidada y la turbiedad. La relación entre la cantidad de radiación recibida por una esfera y una superficie horizontal, por otra parte, es investigada con respecto al cambio estacional de la altura del sol; resulta que la radiación global es a determiner con satisfactoria exactitud. a base de mediciones de la radiación circunglobal. La relación entre radiación circunglobal y duración del brillo solar o nubosidad, respectivamente, varía segun la estación del año, correspondientemente a la altura media del sol; series cortos o incompletos de la radiación circunglobal pueden ser reducidas segun registros de la duración de la luz solar.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Jahresverlauf der Zirkumglobalstrahlung in El Salvador wird in seiner Abhängigkeit vom Jahresgang der Sonnenhöhe, den Bewölkungs- und Trübungsverhältnissen diskutiert. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Strahlungsgenuss einer Kugel und einer horizontalen Fläche wird im Hinblick auf die jahreszeitlich wechselnde Sonnenhöhe untersucht; es zeigt sich, dass die Globalstrahlung mit befriedigender Genauigkeit aus Messungen der Zirkumglobalstrahlung zu bestimmen ist. Die Beziehung zwischen Zirkumglobalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer bzw. Bewölkungsverhältnissen wechselt jahreszeitlich, entsprechend den mittleren Sonnenhöhen, und gestattet, lückenhafte Messreihen der Zirkumglobalstrahlung nach Registrierungen der Sonnenscheindauer zu reduzieren.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 263-271 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 55 (1963), S. 249-261 
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    Notes: Summary The geometry of the principal Upper High (near the Indian Occean) in the 300–100 mb layer appears to account for the Southern Oscillation (S.O.), and models of its behaviour are presented. Significant features of these models include the equatorial points of upper convergence (C) and divergence (D), a pressure discontinuity (CNDS) forming «arcs» and an «enclosure» around the high, and, lastly, encircling «crescents» both outside and inside the enclosure. The geography of the seasonal sucession can thus—in a qualitative manner—be interpreted in the light of known wind and contour patterns near the tropopause. With a few general principles, the established empirical rules of long-range forecasting then follow by deduction. The models and the terminology are useful likewise in the interpretation of solar-terrestrial relations and of climatic fluctuations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 58-66 
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    Notes: Summary A study is made of the dynamic similarity conditions obtaining in a variety of erosional processes. The pertinent equations for each type of process are written in dimensionless form; the similarity conditions can then easily be deduced. The processes treated are: raindrop action, slope evolution and river erosion.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 179-184 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand der GleichungfoE=K . cos n χ wird festgestellt, dass der Jahresgang der Mittagswerte in gemässigten Breiten durchn=1/4 beschrieben werden kann, der Tagesgang aber einen Exponenten 1/3 erfordert, und zwar für alle Breiten. Wir konnten frühere Feststellungen nicht bestätigen, wonach der Exponent systematische Veränderungen mit der Sonnenaktivität und der (geographischen) Breite erleiden soll. In gemässigten Breiten hatK einen Jahresgang, nicht jedoch am Äquator. Aufgrund dieser Resultate halten wir es für unmöglich, einen weltweiten «Ionisations-Index» aus den Beobachtungen von nur einem Ort zu bestimmen.
    Notes: Summary Applying the equationfoE=K. cos n χ it is found that whilst the seasonal variation of noon values at temperate latitudes can be described byn=1/4, the daily variation needs an exponent 1/3 and this for all latitudes. We have not been able to confirm former statements according to which the exponent should undergo systematic variations with solar activity and (geophysical) latitude. At temperate latitudesK has a seasonal variation but not at the equator. With respect to these results we feel that it is not possible to deduce a world-wide «ionization index» from the observations made at only one place.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 199-214 
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    Notes: Summary The linear scale is often used for frequency distributions of precipitation data. The statistical approach for these distributions is briefly discussed and compared with results obtained using a logarithmic scale. The latter permits a frequency analysis and resolution in partial collectives, which furnishes a more precise climatological description and understanding of precipitation frequency. Fifty years of Asheville, North Carolina, precipitation records (yearly, monthly, daily, six-hourly, hourly amount) serve as a sample.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 31-38 
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    Notes: Summary In this note the surface displacement for an elastic half-space due to a finite cylindrical source has been calculated in exact terms. The source consists of outward body forces acting on the surface of the right circular cylinder, one end of which is parallel to the free surface of the half-space.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 53-57 
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    Notes: Summary The paper deals with the disturbances in an infinite slab of finite thickness, the medium being homogeneous, isotropic and perfectly elastic.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 39-52 
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    Notes: Summary In the present paper the small strain theory has been applied to find the stresses and deformation in the interior of the earth models corresponding to different non-uniform density distributions when the elastic parameters are not constant. The case of uniform density distribution in the interior of the earth assumed to be a self-gravitating isotropic sphere has also been considered in the light of the same theory.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 115-122 
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    Notes: Summary Measurements of thermal gradients and rock conductivity in the steam field of Larderello, along a cross section of about 12 km length, reveal a great anomaly of terrestrial heat flow. Heat flow varies between 6 and 14μ cal-cm2 sec, while thermal gradients are between 200 and 800 deg C-km. The measurements show that heat flow values characterize better the productive areas than thermal gradient anomalies. Knowing the heat flow it is possible to set up the thermal balance of the steam producing area, which is of considerable importance in planning the production of the steam field.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 56 (1963), S. 93-100 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Tiefenabhängigkeit der Deformationsauslösung in allen Erdbeben mit Magnitude 7 und darüber, im Zeitraum 1918–1952 untersucht. Die Deformationsauslösung hat ein ausgesprochenes Maximum in den obersten 75 km. Sie nimmt im Tiefenbereich zwischen 75 und 400 km exponential mit der Tiefe ab, wobei sich ein Minimum, das der Schicht mit niedriger Wellengeschwindigkeit entspricht, schwach andeutet, und ein zweites Minimum bei 275 km liegt. Nach einem ausgeprägten Minimum zwischen 400 und 475 km Tiefe, steigt die Deformationsauslösung erneut, etwa exponential, im Tiefenbereich zwischen 475 und 650 km an, und nimmt danach schnell ab. Der Verlauf der Deformationsauslösung in Abhängigkeit von der Tiefe wird an Hand der physikalischen Verhältnisse im Erdkörper, sowie der Intensität der Deformationsaufspeicherung gedeutet. Insbesondere wird der Anstieg zwischen 475 und 650 km einer Änderung der Temperatur und des Druckes mit der Tiefe, bei Phasensprung und möglicher Änderung in der Zusammensetzung des Materials zugeschrieben. Die Tiefenabhängigkeit der Anzahl der Beben und der Deformationsauslösung verlaufen annähernd parallel; die mittlere Deformationsauslösung pro Erdbeben zeigt lediglich eine unbedeutende Abnahme mit der Tiefe.
    Notes: Summary The world-wide strain release in relation to focal depth has been calculated for all shocks with magnitude 7 and over for the interval 1918–1952. The strain exhibits a strong maximum in the uppermost 75 km of the earth; it decreases exponentially with depth between 75 and 400 km, with an unimportant minimum corresponding to the asthenosphere low-velocity layer and another minimum at 275 km; after a pronounced minimum between 400 and 475 km it increases again approximately exponentially between 475 and 650 km, after which it drops rapidly to zero. The shape of the strain-depth curve is interpreted in terms of the physical conditions and the intensity of strain accumulation. In particular, the increase between 475 and 650 km is ascribed to a combined effect of temperature and pressure variation with depth with related phase changes and possible changes in composition. The depth curve for the number of shocks is nearly parallel to the strain-depth curve, and the average strain per earthquake shows only an insignificant decrease with depth.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 49 (1961), S. 36-42 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper, the propagation of disturbance due to a twisting impulsive force on the surface of a spherical cavity, in a non-homogeneous isotropic medium, in which the rigidity and density vary inversely as the distance from the centre is investigated. Numerical solution is done by the method suggested byKromm.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 49 (1961), S. 43-60 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first part a further simple method is given for the determination of the epicentre of near earthquake. [Equ. (6)–(7)]. For distances or accuracies, by which the earth curvature is already to take in calculation, correction members are given in part 2 and 3. [Equ. (6a)]. For larger distances, resp. greater accuracies we can favourably apply spherical relations [part 4, Equ. (1c)], of which we can gain by series development further members. It will be often advantageous for adjustment to calculate the geographical coordinates of the epicentre [part 5: Equ. (18)–(24)].
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird im ersten Teil ein weiteres einfaches Verfahren zur ebenen Bestimmung der Epizentren von nahen Erdbeben angegeben [Gleichungen (6)–(7)]. Für Entfernungen, oder Genauigkeiten, bei denen die Erdkrümmung schon zu berücksichtigen ist, werden im zweiten und dritten Teil Korrektionsglieder entwickelt: Gleichung (6a). Bei noch grösseren Entfernungen, bzw. Genauigkeitsforderungen geht man vorteilhaft aus sphärischen Beziehungen aus [Vierter Teil: Gleichungen (lc)], aus deren Reihenentwicklung noch weitere Glieder berücksichtigt werden können. Für die Ausgleichung wird es aber meist vorteilhafter sein, die geographischen Koordinaten des Epizentrums zu berechnen [Fünfter Teil: Gleichungen (18–24)].
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    Pure and applied geophysics 49 (1961), S. 119-128 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In pursuance of «Die Laufzeifunktion und ihre Interpretation in der Refraktionsseismik des einachsig inhomogenen Körpers» (4) the special interpretation problem withc o=0 is generally treated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird im Anschluss an «Die Laufzeifunktion und ihre Interpretation in der Refraktionsseismik des einachsig inhomogenen Körpers» (4) die Interpretation von seismischen Refraktionsmessungen im Grenzfallc o=0 eingehend behandelt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 49 (1961), S. 159-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The attempt is made to forecast height changes of the 500 mb contours by a numerical integration of the twodimensional homogenous wave equation provided the phase velocity is known. The result is compared with a forecast obtained by graphical integration of the barotropic vorticity equation. In the case investigated both methods show almost the same accuracy with respect to the contour changes with have actually occured. Appearently in some case it is possible to discribe height variations of an isobaric surface with the aid of the linear twodimensional wave equation with the same success as using the nonlinear vorticity equation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde versucht mittels der numerischen Integration der zweidimensionalen homogenen Wellengleichung bei bekannter Phasengeschwindigkeit Niveauänderungen im 500 mb Niveau vorherzusagen. Gleichzeitig wurde das Ergebnis mit der prognostizierten Niveauänderung, die mittels graphischer Integration der barotropen Wirbelgleichung gewonnen wurde, verglichen. Dabei hat es sich gezeigt, dass die Übereinstimmung der beiden vorhergesagten Änderungen sowohl untereinander, als auch mit der tatsächlich eingetroffenen Änderung recht gut ist. Offenbar kann man in einfachen Fällen die physikalischen Vorgänge in der Atmosphäre mittels der homogenen Wellengleichung beschreiben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 50 (1961), S. 148-154 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen wurden durchgeführt zur Ermittlung der Gleichgewichtsverteilung der elektrischen Ladungen der Aitkenkerne. Die Theorie besagt, daß der Anteil der ungeladenen Teilchen seinen Gleichgewichtszustand nach einer Exponentialfunktion einnimmt, mit einem angenäherten Wert der Halbwertszeit von 0.693Z/4q. Experimente ergaben gute Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie. Die Wirksamkeit einer Polonium-210 alpha-Quelle als Erzeuger des Ionisationsgleichgewichtes wurde geprüft und bestätigt. Die Anwendung dieser Methoden zur Bestimmung der Teilchengröße und zur Erklärung anderer Beobachtungen in der freien Atmosphäre werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Theoretical and experimental investigations were made on the time taken to achieve equilibrium charge distribution on Aitken nuclei. Theory indicates that the fraction of nuclei uncharged approaches its equilibrium value exponentially, with an approximate half time value of 0.693Z/4q and experiment gave good agreement with theory. The efficiency of a polonium-210 alpha ray source in producing ionization equilibrium in aerosols was examined and confirmed. The application of the methods described to the determination of the size of nuclei and to other observations in the free atmosphere are discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 133-142 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The basic equations for the ionisation-neutralisation balance in theE layer have been shown the necessity to take in account the influence of the local ionisation sources on the disk of the sun, the dynamic ionospheric processes and the variations in the equivalent recombination coefficient. The method for determining the characteristic quantities of the ionisation-recombination balance (q 0m ,q d, α) has been exhibited for this purpose are used measurement data from two ionospheric stations located not far from each other, in the period of the solar eclips on 15 February, 1961. The quantity of the recombination coefficient lay between 0.63×10−7 sec−1 cm3 and 2.32×10−7 sec−1 cm3; the electron production under the action of the ionising radiation of the homogen disk showsq 0m ≈1700 sec−1 cm−3.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Grundgleichungen der Ionisations-Neutralisationsbilanz in derE-Schicht präzisiert und auf die Notwendigkeit der Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der lokalen ionisierenden Strahlungsquellen auf der Sonnenscheibe, der dynamischen ionosphärischen Vorgängen und der Veränderungen des äquivalenten Rekombinationskoeffizienten hingewiesen. Ferner wird eine Methodik zur Bestimmung der charakteristischen Grössen der Ionisations-Rekombinationsbilanz (q 0m ,q d, α) dargelegt. Zu dem Zweck werden die Messergebnisse aus der Periode der Sonnenfinsternis von zwei unweit voneinander gelegenen Ionosphärenstationen verwendet. Die Methodik wird auf die während der totalen Sonnenfinsternis am 15. Februar 1961 auf den Ionosphärenstationen in Sofia und Nesebar erhaltenen Ergebnisse angewandt. Für den Rekombinationskoeffizienten werden Werte zwischen 0,63·10−7 cm3sec−1 und 2,32·10−7 cm3sec−1 und für die Elektronenproduktion unter dem Einfluss der ionisierenden Strahlung von der homogenen Sonnenscheibeq 0m ≈1700 cm−3sec−1 erhalten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 143-148 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The kinematics of magnetic field lines in a plasma can be studies by means of the mathematical methods used in the kinematics of vorticity. Starting withFaraday's law of induction for moving circuits the following results can be derived: a necessary and sufficient condition that the magnetic field lines remain material lines; a formula describing the convection and diffusion of the magnetic field lines in a plasma, which is analogous to the «basic vorticity formula» ofC. Truesdell; general theorems containing an arbitrary tensor field of any order, which are analogous to general vorticity theorems ofH. Ertel, especially a «commutation formula» corresponding to the «Euler-Ertel commutation formula» for circulation preserving motions. Given an isentropic ideal plasma it follows that $${d \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {d {dt}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {dt}}({1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 \eta }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \eta }\vec B \cdot grad s) = 0$$ (η denoting the density, $$\vec B$$ the magnetic induction,s the specific entropy, andd/dt the material time derivative).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kinematik der magnetischen Feldlinien im Plasma kann mit denselben mathematischen Hilfsmitteln studiert werden, welche sich in der Kinematik der Wirbel bewährt haben. Ausgehend vom Faradayschen Induktionsgesetz für bewegte Medien können gefolgert werden: eine notwenige und hinreichende bedingung dafür, dass die magnetischen Feldlinien mit materiellen Kurven zusammenfallen; ein Analogon zuC. Truesdells «basic vorticity formula», welches die Mitführung und Diffusion der magnetischen Feldlinien im Plasma beschreibt; Sätze zur Kinematik der Feldlinien, welche eine frei wählbare tensorielle Feldfunktion beliebiger Stufe enthalten und den vonH. Ertel formulierten «allgemeinen Wirbelsätzen» entsprechen, insbesondere Analoga zuErtels «Vertauschungsrelationen». In einem isentropen idealen Plasma ist das mit dem spezifischen Volumen multiplizierte Skalar-produkt aus der magnetischen Induktion und dem Gradienten der Entropiedichte zeitlich individuell konstant.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 161-166 
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    Notes: Summary The possible modes of vertical transport of angular momentum in the atmosphere are considered. Momentum balance calculations for both hemispheres show the possibility of countergradient transport by vertical eddies in the region of the mid-latitude jet. As a consequence, it is pointed out that the transport of momentum downward from the region of maximum westerlies would have to be accomplished by the mean meridional motions, through the action of “Coriolis torques’. The same mechanism may account for a large part of the upward transport in the tropics. The very approximate nature of the calculations must, however, be borne clearly in mind.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 167-180 
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    Notes: Summary The mean zonal and meridional wind components of the northern hemisphere at different pressure levels for the summer season June–August have been determined and the mean meridional mass circulation has been computed as a function of latitude. From the mass circulation the meridional flux of moisture is computed for the latitudinal belt 0°–45° N. Using the horizontal divergence of this flux the average difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration from the earth's surface is evaluated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 189-192 
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    Notes: Summary The definition of a ‘generator’ in atmospheric electricity is considered, and various phenomena are discussed as to whether they can be described as ‘generators’.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 181-188 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Juli 1963 wurde die Konzentration von Kondensationskernen entlang des Little Whiteface Mt. zwischen 1200 und 3670 Fuss ü. d. M. gemessen. Im Mittel nimmt die Konzentration mit der Höhe exponentiell ab und zeigt eine starke Abhängigkeit von der Windrichtung. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss der lokalen Verunreinigung durch einen Autopark und eine Heizanlage eines grösseren Restaurants auf die Kernzahl studiert. Man fand, dass in einer Entfernung von ungefähr 350 m, selbst in der vorherrschenden Windrichtung, die Verunreiningung durch diese Quellen vernachlässigbar ist.
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of condensation nuclei were measured on the slopes of the Little Whiteface Mt. between 1200 and 3670 feet altitude in July 1963. On the average the concentration decreases exponentially with altitude and shows a strong dependence on wind direction. In addition, the influence of local contamination from a car park and a large domestic heating furnace on nuclei counts was studied and it was found that even downwind at a distance of about 1000 feet (or 350 m) the contamination by these sources is negligible.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 206-212 
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    Notes: Summary If needle-shaped ice crystals are grown in an atmosphere containing traces of nitrous gases, the amount of electrical charge generated when sharp crystal points break away, is between 10 and 50 times as high as in the case of crystals grown in absence of nitrous gases A definite relation has been found to exist between the NO 3 ′ ion concentration of the ice crytals and the amount of charge (average value 2.7×10−8, maximum value 13×10−8 coulombs per gram of ice splinters) generated upon fragmentation. The relation found is possibly of importance with respect to thunderstorm electricity generation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 213-220 
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    Notes: Summary We wish to learn whether annual precipitation over the Colorado watershed is determined by occurrence or non-occurrence of a few large storms; or by other controls such as variations in frequency of minor disturbances. It is found that there is a semi-constant ‘noise’ level of about six inches precipitation per year, composed of small rains. Occasional very large storms do contribute to rank order of annual precipitation over the available data sample which covers the period 1930–1960. However, most contribution to the rank order is derived from medium-sized storms yielding 0.3–1.2 inches of precipitation over the basin. Since storm yield depends mainly on duration rather than on precipitation intensity per day, a good correlation exists between annual precipitation and the number of days with precipitation above a certain threshold.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 57 (1964), S. 221-224 
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    Notes: Summary Using the highest global irradiance values (Sun plus sky) at noon derived from the records gathered during the years 1958 to 1963 at Genova, Monte Capellino and Sauze d'Oulx, it is demonstrated that the thermal energy which the Earth receives from the Sun is dependent from the Sun activity. Precisely, an increase of the thermal energy withR Z occurs up toR Z=160–170, whereas for greater values ofR Z the thermal energy received decreases with the increase ofR Z.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 58-74 
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    Notes: Summary The reliability of earthquake fault plane solutions usingP andPKP first motion data is discussed. Effects of the usefulness of the individual data, of the number and distribution of data around the focus, of great velocity contrasts in the focal region, and of the kind of projection technique are considered. The increase of the number of inconsistent data by a change in position of the three principal axes can be used as a more or less objective measure for the reliability of a solution. A selection of 52 mantle shock solutions is presented. More than 75% of these shocks is of the thrust (or block) and the normal or reverse fault motion type. Transcurrent type shocks decrease from 40 to 50% in the upper 200 km of the mantle to less than 15% below this level. Thrust (or block) type fault motions clearly represent the normal reaction of the deeper mantle material to earthquake generating stresses.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 59 (1964), S. 217-224 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with the results of aircraft ascents for the measurement of the vertical distribution of atmospheric trace gases in the free atmosphere. The aircraft ascents permitted for the first time to measure the SO2- and NO2-concentration up to 6000 m. On the basis of the average distribution assumptions on the tropospheric budget of SO2 and NO2 as well as on the average tropospheric residence time of these gases were made.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Ergebnisse von Messflügen zur Bestimmung der Konzentrationsverteilung von Spurengasen in der freien Atmosphäre. Auf Grund dieser Aufstiege war es erstmals möglich, den Gehalt der Atmosphäre an Schwefeldioxyd und Stickstoffdioxyd bis in Höhen von 6000 m zu erfassen. Die gewonnene mittelere Konzentrations-verteilung bietet die Basis zu Abschätzungen über den Haushalt und die mittlere Verweilzeit von SO2 und NO2 in der Troposphäre.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 11-22 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les valeurs moyennes (A) des aires diurnes des taches solaires à chaque année depuis 1878 augmentent plus rapidement du minimum vers le maximum de l'activité solaire que les nombres de Wolf correspondants (R). Elles diminuent aussi plus rapidement que les nombres de Wolf du maximum vers le minimum de l'activité solaire. La relation adoptée (A)=16.7 (R) ne s'applique pas avec une approximation satisfaisante que seulement pour les années voisines celle du maximum de l'activité solaire. L'auteur propose les relations: $$(A) = \left[ {a + b\cos ^2 k\frac{\pi }{{2{\rm T}_R }}} \right] \cdot (R)$$ pour les années qui précédent le maximum, $$(A) = \left[ {a + b\cos ^2 k\frac{\pi }{{2(11 - {\rm T}_R )}}} \right] \cdot (R)$$ pour les années qui suivent le maximum, oùa, b sont des constantes,T R le temps d'ascension du cycle correspondant exprimé en années et la parametrek prend la valeurk=0 à l'année du maximum de l'activité solaire etk=1, 2, 3 ... pour les années qui précédent et qui suivent celle du maximum. Les valeurs moyennes des aires diurnes des taches à chaque mois, suivent la même marche mais dans ce cas le rapportq=A∶R present des larges variations. Il oscille pourtant extre deux limites qui dependent du temps d'ascension.
    Notes: Summary Within each sunspot cycle the yearly means (A) of the daily sunspot areas increase faster than the corresponding sunspot numbers (R) from the minimum to the maximum of solar activity and then decrease also faster than these numbers till the next minimum. Relation (A)=16.7 (R), frequently used so far, is approximately valid only for the years in the vicinity of the sunspot maximum. Instead of that, author gives the relations: $$(A) = \left[ {a + b\cos ^2 k\frac{\pi }{{2{\rm T}_R }}} \right] \cdot (R)$$ for the years preceding the sunspot maximum, $$(A) = \left[ {a + b\cos ^2 k\frac{\pi }{{2(11 - {\rm T}_R )}}} \right] \cdot (R)$$ for the years following the sunspot maximum, wherea andb are constants,T R is the time of rise of the corresponding sunspot cycle expressed in years, andk takes the valuek=0 for the year of maximum solar activity andk=1, 2, 3, ... for the first, second, third ... year preceding or following that of maximum solar activity. The monthly means of the daily sunspot areas show a similar variation, but in this case the ratioq=A∶R varies with a greater amplitude both within each sunspot cycle and from cycle to cycle. The values ofq corresponding to all months of a given year in the sunspot cycle are contained between two limits depending on the time of rise.
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    Notes: Summary The author describes a method of determining the size and shape of a gravitating disturbance, treated as a surface-reaching a) vertical cylinder, b) infinite parallelepipedon, when the local Bouguer anomaly field has a) radial symmetry, b) axial symmetry. He introduces the quantity which e. g. serves the purpose of distinguishing very easily between deepseated and shallow disturbances.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 26-32 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A contribution to the theory of the galvanometric seismographs is given. Two new shaking tables are described and as an example aHiller-Askaniaseismograph is calibrated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Theorie der Pendel-Galvanometer-Seismographen (P. G.-Seismographen) ergänzt, eine neue Eicheinrichtung beschrieben und als Beispiel einHiller-Askania-Seismograph geeicht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 33-36 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The general two-dimensional interpretation-problem of the seismic sounding is exactly solved and a simple example is given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird das ebene Interpretationsproblem der seismischen Lotung in einem zweiachsig inhomogenen Körper exakt gelöst und ein einfaches Beispiel gegeben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 45 (1960), S. 273-297 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ohms Law is used, mostly implicite, in so many calculations and theories of atmospheric electricity that it seems advisable to investigate its validity; this is tried from a theoretical point of view in the present paper. This results in a number of modifications of conceptions which were taken for granted so far. A part of atmospheric electric processes considered as stationary one up to now should be treatened with the more complicated methods valid for instationary phenomena. Furthermore it is shown that the common method of indirect measurement of air-earth current often fails. In some ranges esp. of measuring techniques the possibility of half-saturated currents should be taken into account. Other consequences will be treatened in two future papers.
    Abstract: Résumé La Loi d'Ohm est appliquée — souvent implicitement — dans beaucoup des calculations et théories de l'électricité atmosphérique. C'est pourquoi une recherche sur la validité fut considerée désirable; elle est tentée ici, d'un point de vue théorétique. II résulte que nombreuses idées, qui allaient sans dire, doivent être modifiées. Une partie des procédés électriques atmosphériques considérés comme stationnaires doit être traitée avec les méthodes plus compliquées valables pour les phénomènes non stationnaires. Aussi la méthode indirecte pratiquée si souvent pour des mesures du courant vertical n'est plus justifiée dans certains cas. Dans certains domaines il est nécessaire de considérer la possibilité que les courants soient demi-saturés. Autres conséquences seront traitées en future dans deux autres communications.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Ohmsche Gesetz ist, meistens implizit, in so vielen luft-elektrischen Berechnungen und Theorien enthalten, daß eine Untersuchung über seine Gültigkeit berechtigt erscheint; sie wird hier auf theoretische Weise versucht. Es ergeben sich eine Anzahl von Modifikationen bisher für selbstverständlich gehaltener Vorstellungen. So ist danach ein teil des bisher als stationär betrachteten Gebiets luftelektrischer Prozesse exakt nur mit den komplizierteren Verfahren zu behandeln, die für instationäre Vorgänge gelten. Ferner kann die häufig angewandte Methode der indirekten Vertikalstrombestimmung in vielen Fällen nicht mehr als richtig angesehen werden. In gewissen Bereichen vor allem der Meßtechnik ist u.U. ein Übergang in das halbgesättigte Gebiet zu berücksichtigen. Weitere Folgerungen sollen in zwei späteren Aufsätzen behandelt werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 66-76 
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    Notes: Summary Theories of hydraulic fracturing of wells are usually based upon a model of a well in which the latter is assumed to be equivalent to an infinitely long cylinder. In this fashion, the stress state induced by the pressure in the well turns out to be two-dimensional. This is certainly an oversimplification, and therefore a different model is proposed in the present paper. In this, we assume that the pressure in the well is equivalent to a spherical pressure center. The fracture condition is formulated and the model is applied to the calculation of underground stresses from well data.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 47-65 
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    Notes: Summary An experimental investigation was conducted over 6 widely different types of soil in order to gain some reliable information on the wave propagation properties relevant to seismic prospecting. The elastic constants of the surface layers were also found from the compressional and Rayleigh wave velocities. While the predominant frequencies of the compressional and Rayleigh waves both decrease with distance from the source, they are in most cases of the same order of magnitude. The amplitude of the particle velocity for the compressional wave was found to decrease inversely as the square of the distance, while that for the Rayleigh wave decreased more slowly; wide variations occur between different localities. The significance of these results to seismic prospecting instrumentation is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 77-82 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit wird über ergänzende photomikrographische, thermomagnetische und röntgenanalytische Untersuchungen zu den Ergebnissen vonLauterbach, Jubelt & Mitarbeitern berichtet. Es handelt sich hierbei um antigoritisierten Serpentinit mit eisenoxydhaltigen Zerrklüften. Einige strukturphysikalische Betrachtungen gelten den Antigoritisierungsvorgängen.
    Notes: Summary In this paper the results ofLauterbach, Jubelt & Others are completed by photomicrographic, thermomagnetic and X-ray investigations. The rock samples consists of antigoritisated serpentinite containing veins. The material of the veins consists of magnetite and ψ-Fe2O3. Some crystal physical considerations concerning the process of antigoritisation are represented.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 95-109 
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    Notes: Summary A new magnetic observatory, named the Magnetic Observatory of Pendeli, was established and put in operation in 1958 near Athens (Greece). This Observatory was organized by and belongs to the Greek «Institute for Geology and Subsurface Research». The geographical position of the Pendeli Observatory is given by φ=38° 02′.8, λ=23°51′.8 andh=495 m (above sea level). The gemagnetic coordinates of the same are Φ=36°.2, Λ=102°.0. The Observatory is situated near Pendeli Mt. (18 km NEE of Athens). The site of the Observatory consists of marmor underlain by mica schists, both magnetically inactive. The building of the Observatory is constructed of stone and its roof made of tiles. The magnetograph room is in the underground of the building. The magnetic and thermal conditions in the variometer room are satisfactory enough. The variometers of the Observatory forH andZ are of the magnetic balance type. ForD a fibre suspension declinometer is used. The scale values of the variometers are ε H =7.2 γ/mm, ε D =1′.0/mm (7.6 γ/mm), ε Z =11.5 γ/mm. The speed of recording amounts to 12 mm/h and the width of the record is 9 cm. The Pendeli Observatory has been operating since April 1958. The record is changed every day. The scale and base-line values are determined every 10 days. The room for the absolute measurements is found in the ground floor of the building. A field magnetic theodolite is being used in the absolute measurements.D is measured with two magnets in a fibre suspension declinometer.H is measured by means of the deflection oscillation method and with a QHM as well. For the measurement ofI an earthinductor is available. The values of the magnetic elements are properly corrected in order to represent the external normal field.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 110-124 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Messungen des Gefrierkerngehalts der Luft in Weissenau in den Jahren 1953 bis 1957 werden auf kalendergebundene Maxima untersucht. Die vonBowen postulierten Januarmaxima können teilweise wiedergefunden werden; ihre jährliche Wiederkehr ist aber unbefriedigend und die Zuordnung der Gefrierkernmaxima zu den Meteorströmen während des ganzen Jahres nicht möglich. Dagegen ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der Gefrierkernmaxima im ganzen mittleren Jahresverlauf 1953/57 mit dem Jahresverlauf der Luftdruckdifferenz St. Mathieu-Lerwick während der Beobachtungsjahre und damit eine kollektive Bestätigung des erhöhten Gefrierkerngehalts der polaren Luftmassen, welche bei den durch diese Druckdifferenz beschriebenen Umstellungen der atmosphärischen Zirkulation nach Mitteleuropa geführt werden.
    Notes: Summary The measurements of the concentration of freezing nuclei in the atmosphere made at Weissenau during the years 1953 to 1957 are analysed in order to see, if there are peaks tending to occur on the same dates of calendar. In January the peaks postulated byBowen's hypothesis could be found again in part. But this pattern does not repeat year after year in a satisfying manner and the association of freezing nucleus peaks with meteor showers does not hold for all months. On the other hand it can be shown that a very good coincidence in time exists between the yearly mean freezing nucleus concentration figure, calculated from our values observed in 1953 to 1957 and the yearly mean figure of the daily difference of barometric pressure at St. Mathieu and at Lerwick during the same years. As this barometric pressure difference describes the fluctuations of the atmospheric circulation over. Central Europe, there results a collective confirmation of the fact, already known from the single measurements: that polar air masses coming to Weissenau in the course of these fluctuations have an increased freezing nucleus content.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 125-144 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If simultaneous recordings of the three basic atmospheric electrical elements are comprehended according to Ohm's Law, seeming deviations of this law occur, to a degree no more negligible. Probable causes of these deviations are discussed and illustrated by a number of examples. Consequences for pratical atmospheric electric work are drawn.
    Abstract: Résumé Si l'on mesure les trois éléments basiques de l'électricité atmosphérique simultanément des deviations de la Loi d'Ohm arrivent, qui ne sont plus négligeable. Les causes probables de ces déviations sont discutées et illustrées par des examples. Les conséquences pour la techniques des mesures électriques atmosphériques sont données.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Versucht man aus gleichzeitigen Messungen der drei luftelektrischen Grundelemente das Ohmsche Gesetz abzuleiten, so ergeben sich in der Regel Abweichungen von einer nicht mehr zu vernachlässigenden Größe. Die möglichen Ursachen dieser Abweichungen werden diskutiert und an einer Anzahl von Beispielen erläutert. Die sich daraus für luftelektrische Messungen ergebeneden Folgerungen werden am Schluß der Arbeit zusammengestellt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 193-200 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein kurzer Überblick über die Ergebnisse einiger «Project-Jet-Stream»-Forschungsflüge gegeben. Einige Merkmale der atmosphärischen Struktur in der Umgebung des Strahlstromkernes scheinen für eine Vielzahl der Fälle charakteristisch zu sein und sollen im folgenden noch näher beschrieben werden. Am deutlichsten treten hervor: Die «Jet-Stream-Front»oberhalb und unterhalb des Strahlstromkernes; stabile und barokline Zonen auf der antizyklonalen Seite des Strahlstromes; eine Aufwölbung der Isentropenflächen südlich der Strahlstromachse, der sogenannte «Isentropenbuckel» («isentrope hump»). Einige dieser Merkmale scheinen weitreichende Einflüsse auf die Dynamik der Strahlströmung zu besitzen.
    Notes: Summary A short survey is given of results obtained from «Project Jet Stream» Research Flights. Several features of the atmospheric structure in the vicinity of the jet-stream core seem to be rather characteristic and shall be described in detail. The most prominent among these are: the «Jet-Stream Front»above and below the jet core, stable baroclinic zones on the anticyclonic side of the jet, and an upward bulge of the isentropic surfaces south of the jet stream, the so-called «isentrope hump». Some of theses features seem to have far-reaching implications upon the dynamics of the jet stream.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 201-215 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur, après quelques considérations sur la pollution de l'atmosphère par les aérosols solides, passe en revue les mécanismes susceptibles d'abaisser le temps de résidence des particules radioactives dans l'atmosphère. Il distingue le lessivage par diffusion de vapeur au sein de la masse nuageuse, et les captures par les précipitations au cours de leur chute vers le sol. La neige présente à ce point de vue des anomalies qu'il est intéressant de signaler. Enfin les problèmes de capture par le sol et la végétation sont également envisagés.
    Notes: Summary After making a few remarks on the atmospheric pollution by dust particles, the author reviews the mechanisms able to reduce the time of residence of the radioactive particles in the atmosphere. The washing by vapour diffusion (scavenging) in the midst of a cloud formation is distinguished from the capture by rain (rain out) or snow (snow out) during the fall of the precipitation. From this point of view, snow presents a few anomalies which are interesting to note. Finally the problems of capture by the ground and by vegetation are also discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 231-240 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Резюме Осуществлено сравнение различных радиационных номограмм, предназначенных для расчетов теплового излучения атмосферы. Сделана попытка выяснить, какие номограммы являются наиболее надежными. выполнены расчеты потоков теплового излучения атмосферы для различных условий.
    Notes: Summary The comparison of different radiation charts for computing of atmospheric thermal radiation has been realized. The attempt has been made to find out what charts are more reliable. Calculations of atmospheric thermal radiation fluxes has been fulfilled for different conditions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 216-230 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Резюме Получены новые, более надежные данные по функции процускания атмосферы в области полосы поглощения углекислого газа 12–18μ. На основе этих данных построена номограмма для расчета противоизлучения атмосферы. Путем расчетов по номочрамме изучена изменчивость противоизлучения в зависимости от содержания углекислого газа и водяного пара, а также вертикальното распределения температуры. Показано, что коелбания содержания углекислого газа в атмосфере лишь в огень слабой степени отражаются на величине противоизлучения атмосферы. Определен вклад противоизлучения атмосферы в области 12–18μ винтегральное противоизлучение.
    Notes: Summary The new, more reliable data on transmisson function of the atmosphere in the region of 12–18 μ carbon dioxide absorption band are obtained. The radiation chart for calculations of atmospheric heat radiation is built on the base of this data. The dependence of atmospheric heat radiation on CO2 and H2O contents and also on temperature vertical distribution is investigated with the help of the radiation chart. It is shown, that the heat radiation of the atmosphere almost doesn't depend on variations of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. The income of atmospheric heat radiation in the region of spectra from 12 to 18 μ in integrated atmospheric radiation is determined.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 352-359 
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    Notes: Summary A time cross-section was constructed for Cairo during the period 10–31 Dec. 57. The outstanding feature of this cross-section is the periodic existence of high wind maxima associated with high cloud formation. A method was suggested for the location of high wind centers from the thermal field only. Moreover, the climatological means of high clouds showed quick changes in the period of the Jet Stream migration. This has been taken as an evidence of the relation between the subtropical Jet Stream and high cloud formation in the region.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 46 (1960), S. 360-367 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 7 (1945), S. 16-22 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To the series of yearly values of rainfall happened in Mantua from 1841 to 1941 has been applied the periodal analysis after the method of Vercelli. From this are derived compounded waves almost periodical and almost persistent of 34, 21, 16.5, 11.4, 8, 5.6, 4.2, 3, 2 years. The waves found by these means are compared with the corresponding ones of Triest and Padua.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An Hand der jährlichen Werte der Niederschläge, welche in Mantua von 1841 bis 1941 gefallen sind, wird die Vercelli Periodal-Analyse angewendet. Man erhält fast-periodische und fast-beständige Komponentewellen, die Perioden von 34, 21, 16.5, 11.4, 8, 5.6, 4.4, 3, 2 Jahre haben. Die gefundenen Komponenten werden mit den entsprechenden Wellen von Triest und Padua verglichen.
    Notes: Riassunto Alla serie dei valori annui delle precipitazioni atmosferiche avute a Mantova dal 1841 al 1941 si applica l'analisi periodale del Vercelli. Si ottengono onde componenti quasi-periodiche e quasi-persistenti di anni 34, 21, 16.5, 11.4, 8, 5.6, 4.4, 3, 2. Le onde trovate si confrontano con quelle corrispondenti di Trieste e Padova.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 7 (1945), S. 1-15 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Applying the proceedings of Malkin verified by experiments of Ramsayer is studied the influence on the declination in upper levels of some magnetic anomalies in Italy, for which exist detailed reliefs in the vertical component (Colli Euganei, Stromboli). For the anomalous zones capable to influence the maintaining of the route in compass-airnavigation special maps are proposed containing the position of the isogons at various fondamental heights, an instance of which is presented for the isle of Stromboli. An examination of the magnetic anomalies in Italy shows the zones of probable and those of secure danger for compass-airnavigation as long as it will not be possible to prepare maps in the proposed type. For the rest of the Italian air-space the opportunity is prospected to construct the isogons for the pilots on the basis of the normal field.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Nach dem Malkinschen Verfahren wird der Einfluss einiger magnetischer Störgebiete (Colli Euganei, Stromboli) auf die Flugnavigation berechnet. Es wird vorgeschlagen, wo nötig, spezielle Deklinationskarten mit den Isogonen zu verschiedenen Haupthöhen vorzubereiten; ein Beispiel hiefür wird für die Insel Stromboli gegeben. Die Störgebiete, welche eine Gefahr für die Flugnavigation mit dem Magnetkompass bilden können, werden für Italien begrenzt. In dem übrigen Raum in Italien wird als das beste Verfahren für die Flugnavigation vorgeschlagen, die Isogonen nach dem vom Verf. berechneten Normalfeld darzustellen.
    Notes: Riassunto Con i procedimenti del Malkin, verificati sperimentalmente dal Ramsayer, viene intrapreso lo studio dell'influsso sulla declinazione in quota di alcune anomalie magnetiche in Italia, per cui esistono rilievi di dettaglio nella componente verticale (Colli Euganei, Stromboli). Per le zone anomale, capaci di influenzare il mantenimento della rotta nella navigazione aerea con la bussola, vengono proposte carte speciali con l'andamento delle isogone a varie quote fondamentali, di cui si presenta un saggio per l'isola di Stromboli. Attraverso un esame delle anomalie magnetiche in Italia, si indicano le zone di probabile e quelle di sicuro pericolo per la navigazione aerea con la bussola finchè non si potrà costruire per esse carte del tipo proposto. Per il rimanente spazio aereo italiano si prospetta l'opportunità che le isogone per i piloti siano costruite sulla base del campo normale.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 7 (1945), S. 33-61 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of dry and wet katathermometer observations taken during 18 months at Messina and the Internat. Polar-Year 1932–33 at Mogadiscio are given and analysed. Together with the inference of the general bioclimatic characteristics it is explain the geoclimatic behaviour of the cooling power through its yearly variation. With regard to the equations proposed for the representation of the cooling power it is shown that a great limitation for their validity is necessary. Moreover, to assure a complete synthetical description of the climatic elements it is demonstrated that besides the dry cooling power also the wet should be take into account.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse der katathermometrischen Messungen in Messina und in Mogadiscio werden beschrieben und erörtert. Ausser der Ableitung der bioklimatischen Eigentümlichkteiten, wird gezeigt, wie die Abkühlungsgrösse auch ein geoklimatisches Verhalten aufweist und zwar durch ihren jährlichen Gang. Aus anderen Betrachtungen wird nachher hervorgehoben, dass die Darstellung der Abkühlungsgrösse durch Formeln in Funktion der meteorologischen Faktoren klimatologisch kaum möglich ist und nur bei grosser Vorsicht benutzt werden kann. Zulezt wird die Notwendigkeit der gleichzeitigen Verwendung der feuchten Abkühlungsgrösse zusammen mit der trockenen geprüft.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono analizzati i risultati delle misure catatermometriche eseguite durante 18 mesi a Messina ed in diversi mesi dell'Anno Polare Internazionale 1932–33 a Mogadiscio. Insieme alla deduzione delle caratteristiche bioclimatiche generali si illustra il comportamento geoclimatico del potere refrigerante attraverso il suo andamento annuale. Seguono considerazioni che giustificano la limitazione della validità delle formole per la rappresentazione del potere refrigerante in funzione dei fattori meteorici. Si dimostra inoltre come per la definizione sintetica completa degli elementi climatici occorra far intervenire oltre il potere refrigerante secco anche quello umido.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 54-59 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Here are related and discussed chiefly the values of the radio-active potassium. It is found on the basis of the values accepted that the contribution of potassium in the production of radio-active heat per gr. of substance is of 23.95·10−6 a cal. per year, wherea is the number of grams of K2O present in the considered gr. of substance. The equation given by theUrry for the calculation of the total quantity of radioactive heat developed per year by each gram of the substance becomes: $$H = 2.1 \cdot 10^{ - 9} N + 23.95 \cdot 10^{ - 6} a,$$ whereN is the number of α-particles ejected.
    Notes: Riassunto Si riportano e si discutono principalmente i valori relativi al potassio radioattivo. In base ai valori ritenuti piü accettabili si trova che il contributo del potassio nella produzione di calore radioattivo per gr di sostanza è di 23.95·10−6 a cal. per anno, dovea è il numero di grammi di K2O presenti nel considerato grammo di sostanza. La formula diUrry, per il calcolo della quantità totale di calore radioattivo sviluppato in un anno da un grammo di sostanza diventa: $$H = 2.1 \cdot 10^{ - 9} N + 23.95 \cdot 10^{ - 6} a,$$ doveN è il numero di particelle α emesse.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 12-19 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article est la continuation d'un article précédent de l'auteur. L'autre se rapport aux mesures de nivellement, ceci aux mesures trigonométriques, conduisant à résultats différents. Mais il y a des symétries dans les théories, dépendantes des composantes verticales ou horizontales de la gravitation, et des termes locaux et de ceux attachés à la route. Les relations symétriques ont été démontrées, ajoutant une carte relative à la région montagneuse de l'Harz en Allemagne.
    Notes: Summary This is the continuation of a former article of the author. In the former have been described some maps of physical heights, based on levelling measurements. Here has been done the same with trigonometrical measurements, which show differences to the other. But there are some symmetries in the theory of both's, the one method based on the vertical, the other on the horizontal component of the gravity; moreover based on local and on waybounded terms, repeating in like manner. Those symmetries habe been shown, adding a map concerning the German Harz mountains.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 1-11 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The heights of the Earth offer one of the most difficult problems, when accuracy will be demanded. The problem has been solved hitherto only in connection with single lines of levelling. In the presented paper the problem has been posed on a more general base in connection with cards of the topography and those ofg-anomalies. There has been shown, how to be get different corrections for the heights in form of curves of equal functional sizes, mapped within the original topographical cards. Proposals of several new maps for higher accuracy claims are presented, concerning geophysics, geodesy and hydrography as an addition to the topographical cards: from geometrical ones passing over to physical heights.
    Abstract: Résumé Les hauteurs de la Terre présentent un des problèmes les plus difficiles par rapport à une exactitude exigée. La solution jusqu'à présent connue concerne seulement le nivellement en des directions linéaires. L'auteur a posé ici le problème à une base plus générale en connection des cartes topographiques et celle des anomalies gravimétriques. On a indiqué pour des corrections différentes la méthode de construire des courves de valeurs fonctionelles égaux, signées au bout dans les cartes topographiques originales. On reçoit ainsi plusieures cartes nouvelles de prétentions élevées concernant la géophysique, la géodésie et l'hydrographie en forme d'une addition aux cartes topographiques: les hauteurs de la géométrie changées par là en telles de la physique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die hohe Bedeutung der Beobachtung eines dichten Schwerenetzes und der kartographischen Darstellung aller Ergebnisse in einem Allgemeinen Kartenwerk der Schwere für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung jedes Landes wird durch die hier gegebenenKarten der Höhenverhältnisse erneut unterstrichen. Erst durch diesen vielseitigen Zusatz wird das Topographische Kartenwerk der Geometrie in das wesentlich vollkommenere der Physik übergeführt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 20-26 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To fix points in the continents relatively and absolutely with high accuracy on the globe there exist two methods: a direct and an indirect one. This article treats of the latter, concerning a full-moon method, nearly forgot just now. Several improvements possibles today of theoretical and practical kind may give a new aspect to realize—in addition to the wellknown new-moon method—the important task of fixation the continents on the globe.
    Abstract: Résumé Deux méthodes expérimentelles de fixation des continents sur le globe sont connues, directe et indirecte. L'article s'occupe de la dernière par rapport à la méthode de la lune pleine, prèsque oubliée à présent. Quelques améliorations théoriques et pratiques possibles donnent un aspect nouveau — en addition à la méthode bien connue de la lune nouvelle — pour la réalisation du problème important: la fixation des continents sur le globe.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Vollmond-Methode hat gegenüber der Neumond-Methode voraus, dass sie jederzeit anwendbar ist und zweckmässig gewählte Beobachtungsorte zur Verfügung stehen. Die Neumond-Methode dagegen liefert nur verhältnismässig selten eine Gelegenheit und ist an vorgeschriebene Orte gebunden. Ueber den schliesslichen Erfolg kann beidemal nur die praktische Ausführung Aufschluss geben. Diese Erkenntnisse werden einmal die Grundlage für ein «Weltkoordinatensystem» bilden und Wissenschaft und Praxis (z. B. in Luft- und Seeverkehr) gleichermassen befruchten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 27-36 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown that the picture of a local anomaly in gravity (U z ) may give the basement of structural calculations to an extend that was not known till now. FromU z all other terms and derivations of the field of gravity are obtainable such asU, U x ,U y ,U zz ,U zzz , etc. The knowledge of these terms enables us to pursue the lines of gravity under the surface and thus to recognise immediately the characterising features of the structure itself.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In nachstehender Untersuchung wird in umfassender Weise gezeigt, wie sich aus der Karte der Vertikalintensität einer lokalen, für sich allein betrachteten Schwerestörung sämtliche anderen Feldgrössen und Ableitungen berechnen lassen. Es ergibt sich dadurch die Möglichkeit, den Verlauf des störenden Kraftfeldes auch unter der Erdoberfläche zu berechnen und aus einem Kraftlinienbild unmittelbar den Aufbau der Inhomogenitäten im Untergrund zu erkennen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 60-62 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The area around the Baltic Sea is known as magnetically intensely disturbed. The map shows the distribution of most intensive anomalies, where ΔZ is more than 2000 γ and 5000 γ. The direction of the group of these intensive anomalies can be as appr.N supposed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Gebiet um die Ostsee ist als erdmagnetisch stark gestört bekannt. Die Karte zeigt die Verteilung der intensiven Anomalien, wo ΔZ 2000 γ and 5000 γ überschreitet. Der Gruppierung dieser Anomalien kann man eine ung.N Richtung zuschreiben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 63-68 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The virtual height of the ionospheric F2-layer varies with the location of the ionospheric observatory and with the season. The annual mean of these heights and likewise the annual component of their variation varies with the geographical latitude. The greatest variation appears in high latitude, on the other hand the annual variation disappears on the equator. There remains only a half-yearly component. The maxima of F2-heights appear in high latitude at summer-solstice and on the equator at both solstices.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die mittags gemessenen scheinbaren Höhen (h′F2) der F2-Schicht unterliegen jährlichen Schwankungen, die örtlich verschieden sind. Die Jahresmittelwerte und die Amplitude der ersten Harmonischen (einfache jährliche Periode) zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der geographischen Breite des Beobachtungsortes. Während die Phase der einfachen Periode Höhenmaxima zum höchsten Sonnenstand ergibt, ist die Phase der doppelten Periode um rund 180° verschoben, so dass in äquatorialen Gebieten die Höhenmaxima zu den Solstitien auftreten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 90-110 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Question concerning the bifilar gravimeter: How have we to choose the constants of the apparatus and the dimensions of the instrument in order to promote the function of sensibility (that is to say sensibility depending upon deflection) as far as possible. The function of sensibility should have the most even flowing possible, as high as possible above the abcissa. The theoretical conditions for the best dimesions are derived and the possibility of a practical realisation is demonstrated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Frage behandelt: Wie sind beim Bifilargravimeter die Apparatkonstanten und die Abmessungen des Instruments zu wählen, damit die Empfindlichkeitsfunktion (Abhängigkeit der Empfindlichkeit vom Ausschlag) besonders günstig wird? Die Empfindlichkeitsfunktion soll möglichst hoch über der Abszisse möglichst flach verlaufen. Die theoretischen Bedingungen für die beste Dimensionierung werden abgeleitet und die Möglichkeiten für eine praktische Verwirklichung aufgewiesen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 15 (1949), S. 111-113 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Intervals of large variability in the winter temperatures of Western Europe coincide with a period of solar activity of about 80 or 90 years. The correlation coefficient for the year 1831–1937 amounts to +0.74 at Prague, +82 at De Bilt.
    Notes: Résumé Des intervalles de grande variabilité dans les températures des hivers en Europe occidentale coincident avec une période de l'activité solaire d'environ 80 ou 90 années. Le coefficient de corrélation pour la serie 1831–1937 est +0.74 à Prague, +0.82 à De Bilt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 101-113 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Diagrams are presented for the distance determination of atmospherics from wave form records based on the assumption of fixed altitudes. The calculation was made according to the simple laws of reflection of geometric optics. An application of the diagrams to more extensive data materials shows that the graphic methods meet the requirements of practive to a high degree. The comparison of distance determination with two different methods showed that the ground wave velocity is somewhat lower than the velocity of light.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Diagramme zur Entfernungsbestimmung von Atmospherics aus Wellenformaufnahmen unter Annahme fester Höhen vorgelegt. Die Berechnung erfolgte nach den einfachen Reflexionsgesetzen der geometrischen Optik. Eine Anwendung der Diagramme auf ein größeres Wertematerial zeigt, daß die graphischen Methoden den Anforderungen der Praxis weitgehend genügen. Durch den Vergleich der Entfernungsbestimmung mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden ergab sich, daß die Bodenwellengeschwindigkeit etwas kleiner als die Lichtgeschwindigkeit ist.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 114-122 
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    Notes: Summary Using the divided electrode condenser it was possible to detect the large ion groups formed when small amounts of N2O gas were mixed with atmospheric air. Eight groups appeared with mobilities ranging from 12.50×10−4 to 0.60×10−4 cm/sec: volt/cm. When using the whole electrode condenser the results showed an increase in the total ion concentration of these large ions when small amounts of N2O gas were mixed with air. The results obtained in this work confirm that N2O gas acts as a nucleus for condensation which is changed into a large ion by appropriating an electrical charge.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measurements of the pH-value of precipitations were made at Mt. Hohenpeissenberg (977 m a.s.l.) from August 1956 and in Peissenberg (590 m a.s.l.) from September 1957. Measurements also were made of dew, hoar frost, rime deposits and snow covers. The pH-values are no function of meteorological factors. The pH-value of dew and hoar frost approach pH 5.5. The percentual distribution of pH-values of rime deposits however is identical with that of precipitations. The comparison of pH-values at Mt. Hohenpeissenberg and in Peissenberg shows in summer higher values and in winter lower values at Mt. Hohenpeissenberg.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seit August 1956 werden auf dem Hohenpeissenberg (977 m NN) und seit September 1957 in Peissenberg (Talstation 590 m NN) laufend Messungen des pH-Wertes der Niederschläge durchgeführt. Ausserdem wurden Kondensate wie Tau und Reif auf ihren pH-Wert untersucht. pH-Messungen an Schneedecken liegen ebenfalls vor. Es konnte keine Beziehung der pH-Werte zu meteorologischen Gegebenheiten gefunden werden. Die Kondensate Tau und Reif weisen pH-Werte auf, die in der Nähe des pH-Wertes reinen Wassers im Gleichgewichtszustand mit dem CO2-Gehalt der Luft lagen (pH 5.5). Die prozentuale Verteilung der pH-Werte der Nebelfrostablagerungen dagegen war identisch mit der der Niederschläge. Der Vergleich einer Meßreihe von pH-Werten der Berg- und Talstation zeigt, dass der Berg im Sommer höhere pH-Werte, im Winter dagegen niedrigere pH-Werte aufweist als die Talstation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 172-182 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The origin of some anticyclones can be explained as a consequence of the concentration of the cold air on a smaler area. The concentration of the cold air is caused by a transformation of the kinetic energy of the cold air into the potential energy or by the heating of the cold air. Such anticyclones often appear in mountain regions where the transformation of the mentioned energy is more intense. The intensity of such anticyclogenetical effects is evaluated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Man beobachtet Antizyklonen, die als Folge einer Konzentration von Kaltluftmasssen auf ein kleineres Gebiet gedeutet werden können. Die Konzentration der Kaltluft ist durch die Umwandlung der kinetischen Energie der Kaltluft in potentielle Energie oder durch die Wärmezufuhr der kalten Luft bedingt. Solche Antizyklonen bilden sich oft in Berggebieten, da dort wegen der grossen äusseren Reibung die erwähnte Umwandlung der Energie beschleunigt wird. Wie gross solche antizyklogenetischen Effekte sein können, ist berechnet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 155-171 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a short introduction on the methods of chemical analysis of atmospheric trace substances and a survey on the natural sources of the different atmospheric trace gases, new results of measurements carried out at different continental locations are communicated. The results are compared with those gained byJunge at maritime stations. In particular the data gained on the summit of Zugspitze at 3000 m altitude, were evaluated with respect to the vertical temperature gradient of the atmosphere. In a second chapter the relation between atmospheric trace substances and the chemistry of precipitation is discussed. In this connection the importance of gas-traces for the concentration of chemical matter in rainwater is stressed. Finally the relationship between the concentration of trace-substances in rain and the amount of precipitation of individual rainfalls is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer kurzen Einführung über die Methoden der chemischen Analyse atmosphärischer Spurenstoffe und einer Übersicht über die natürlichen Quellen der verschiedenen Spurengase wird über Meßergebnisse an verschiedenen kontinentalen Meßplätzen berichtet. Die Ergebnisse werden denjenigen vonJunge an maritimen Orten gegenübergestellt. Insbesondere wurden die in 3000 m Höhe auf der Zugspitze ermittelten Daten in Abhängigkeit von der vertikalen Temperaturschichtung ausgewertet. In einem zweiten Abschnitt wird die Beziehung zwischen atmosphärischen Spurenstoffen und der Chemie der Niederschläge behandelt. Dabei wird die Bedeutung der Spurengase für den Gehalt des Regenwassers an verschiedenen chemischen Komponenten herausgestellt. Abschliessend werden die Auswertungen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Konzentration natürlicher Spurenstoffe im Regen und der Niederschlagshöhe besprochen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 195-198 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 191-194 
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    Notes: Summary When votex flow is induced in a stream of gas, as in the Ranque-Hilsch tube, the temperature of the axial portion of the vortex is lowered while the temperature of the peripheral portion is raised. The principle of conservation of angular momentum appears to control the conversion of hat to mechanical energy. A similar mechanism may account for some characteristics of tornadoes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 183-190 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a precedent paper (this Review, Vol 44, 257, 1959) was made a report about the three kinds of Null layers which, by means of empirical-statistical and theoretical investigations, have been found in the atmosphere. The Null layer of the first kind (N 1 ), connected with a wind maximum and the Null layer of the second kind (N 2 ), connected with a wind minimum, reverse the large scale vertical movement, but do not change the direction of the wind. In the improper Null layer (N 3 ) connected with a layer of calm, the vertical movement is also zero. There occurs however no reversal of vertical movement, rather a reversal of wind direction. When the positions of the three Null layers in the atmosphere have been determined, a scheme of the general circulation of the extra-tropical latitudes can be set up. The non-gradient movement of mass of the three Null layers as mentioned in the quoted paper is connected with thermally-indirect circulation. An extension of this scheme to include the tropics requires deeper investigation into the role of the extreme layers of wind with thermally-direct circulation. AN 1 lies in the upper troposphere, aN 2 in winter at about a height of 20 km, aN 3 in summer at about a height of 20 km, aN 1 (winter: west wind maximum, summer: east wind maximum) at about a height of 55 km. The results of the measurements of temperature from the Rocket Grenade Experiments (Fort Churchill, Canada), and especially the striking point of intersection of the winter and summer temperature curves at a height of 60 km, have been found to agrees with the derived results of the circulation scheme. Thus it also follows that the extra-tropical circulation in the stratosphere is thermally-indirect.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf der Basis der Nullschichtkonzeption wurde ein Schema der allgemeinen Zirkulation der außertropischen Breiten bis über 60 km Höhe aufgestellt. Die Temperaturmeßergebnisse, die beim Rocket-Grenade-Unternehmen in Fort Churchill, Canada, erzielt wurden, werden diskutiert im Hinblick auf dieses Zirkulationsschema. Sie stehen mit ihm in völliger Übereinstimmung; außerdem zeigen sie, daß die Zirkulation der außertropischen Breiten auch in der Stratosphäre eine thermischindirekte ist, wie das genannte Zirkulationsschema es angibt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 199-203 
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    Notes: Summary In this paper data are presented concerning the zonal transport of water vapor at several levels in the atmosphere for winter, for summer and for the calendar year of 1950, over the northern hemisphere. Vertical integrals and zonal averages are included in the discussion.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 123-141 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung des Einflusses des Druckes auf die Zählung der Kondensations-Kerne haben wir zwei Fälle zu unterscheiden: den Einfluss des Expansionsverhältnisses im Kernzähler und ein Phänomen,Schlarb-Effekt, demzufolge die Zahl der Kerne, welche bei reduziertem Druck gefunden wird, beträchtlich kleiner ist, als man entsprechend dem Verhältnis der Drucke erwarten würde. Unsere Untersuchung des Einflusses des Überdruckes (der Übersättigung) auf die Zählung der Kerne mittels eines absoluten Kernzählers (vom Aitken Typus) mit mikrophotographischer Registrierung zeigte, dass die perzentuelle Zahl der Tröpfchen im ersten Schauer abnimmt und in den darauffolgenden Schauern zunimmt, wenn der Überdruck von 160 auf 80 mm Hg abnimmt. Eine Verminderung des Überdruckes von 160 auf 80 mm, welche einer Reduktion des Expansions-Druckverhältnisses von 1.21 auf 1.11 (oder der Übersättigung von 345 auf 195%) entspricht, setzt die Zahl der gemessenen Kerne im Mittel um 24% herab. Dies ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Befunden vonFoitzik im Jahre 1950, der für seine Experimente einen grossen Scholz Kernzähler verwendete. Bezüglich desSchlarb-Effekts fanden wir, dass die Abweichungen der gemessenen Konzentrationen von Kondensationskernen beträchtlich sind, wenn die Bedingungen, unter denen die Messungen angestellt werden, sehr verschieden sind von denen, unter welchen die Eichung des photo-elektrischen Kernzählers ausgeführt wurde. Die perzentuelle Herabsetzung der erwarteten Konzentration wächst mit abnehmendem Druck; sie wächst im Mittel aller Fälle von 30 auf 58%, wenn der Druck von 600 auf 200 mm Hg abnimmt. Bei allen Drucken ist die Verminderung etwas grösser bei kleinen Kernen als bei grossen, und mit abnehmendem Druck wächst die Differenz des Effekts für kleine und grosse Kerne. Wir haben ferner Experimente mit einem grossen Gefäss von 283 Litern Inhalt ausgeführt, in welchem die durch Diffusion und Sedimentation verursachten Gesamtverluste während unserer Experimente niemals 1% überstiegen haben und keine Verluste durch Nebelbildung während des Auspumpens vorgekommen sind. Die Resultate dieser Experimente zeigen, dass die durch denSchlarb-Effekt erzeugte Reduktion mit zunehmender Konzentration zunimmt, wenn der Druck auf die Hälfte gesenkt wird. Die mittlere perzentuelle Reduktion der erwarteten Konzentration betrug bei 380 mm Hg 20% für Konzentrationen zwischen 70 und 410 Kernen pro cm3, und 52% für solche von 18900 bis 44000 Kernen. Unsere Experimente haben bewiesen, dass bei niedrigerem Druck die nicht gezählten Kerne vorhanden sind, aber aus irgendwelchen Gründen nicht als Zentren der Kondensation wirken. Der gefundene Verlust von 7% kann wohl dem unvermeidlichen Schwund während der Auspumpens des grossen Gefässes und der nachträglichen Füllung mit filtrierter Luft zugeschrieben werden. Es gibt zwei Wege, den Druckeffekt nachSchlarb zu beseitigen: Der erste, der allein empfohlen werden kann, bringt den Druck einer grossen, rasch in ein Gefäss von beträchtlicher Grösse gesaugten Probe mittels filtrierter Luft auf Normaldruck. Der zweite, bei dem der Druck im Nebelrohr eines photo-elektrischen Kernzählers, welcher die bei niedrigerem Druck gesammelte Probe enthält, auf Normaldruck gebracht wird, muss abgelehnt werden, da die Zahl der Kerne, welche nach Wiederherstellung des Ausgangsdruckes gefunden werde, sehr von der Geschwindigkeit abhängt, mit der der niedrigere Druck auf den ursprünglichen gebracht wird. Die sehr verschiedenen Konzentrationen, welche erhalten werden, sind durch die verschiedene Verteilung der Kernkonzentration und daher der Nebeldichte entlang des Lichtstrahles nach der Expansion bedingt; diese komplizierte Verteilung der Nebeldichte ist durch die verschiedene Geschwindigkeit, mit der die filtrierte Luft ins Nebelrohr strömt, verursacht, welche sich schwer steuern oder standardisieren lässt.
    Notes: Summary When dealing with the influence of pressure on the counting of condensation nuclei we have to distinguish between the influence of expansion ratio applied in the counting instrument and a phenomenon calledSchlarb effect according to which the counts of nuclei made at a reduced pressure are considerably lower than the expected concentration computed from the pressure ratio. Our investigation of the influence of overpressure (super-saturation) on the counting of nuclei by means of an Aitken type absolute counter with stereo-photomicrographic recording showed that the percentage number of droplets in the first shower decreases and in the subsequent showers increases when the overpressure decreases from 160 to 80 mm Hg. Furthermore, a reduction of overpressure from 160 to 80 mm corresponding to a reduction of pressure expansion ratio from 1.21 to 1.11 (or super-saturation from 345 to 195%), reduces the total counts on the average by 24%, in good agreement with findings byFoitzik in 1950 who used a large Scholz counter for his experiments. Regarding theSchlarb effect we found that the anomalies in measuring concentrations of condensation nuclei are considerable when the conditions are very different from those under which the calibration of a photo-electric counter was established. The percentage reduction of the expected concentration increases with decreasing pressure; it increases, in the average of all cases, from 30 to 58% when the pressure decreases from 600 to 200 mm Hg. At all pressures the reduction with small nuclei is somewhat bigger than with large nuclei, and with decreasing pressure the difference of the effect for small and large nuclei increases. Experiments with a big container of 283 litres in which the total loss due to diffusion and sedimentation during the experiments never exceeded 1% and no losses by fog formation during evacuation can occur, showed that the reduction produced by theSchlarb effect increases with increasing concentration when the pressure is lowered to half. The average percentage reduction of the expected concentration at 380 mm Hg was for concentrations of 70 to 410 nuclei/cm3 20% and for concentrations of 18900 to 4400 nuclei/cm3 52%. Our experiments proved also that at the lower pressure the nuclei not counted are present, but for some reason do not act as nuclei for condensation. The loss of 7% found may be attributed to unavoidable waste during evacuating the big container and subsequent filling it with filtered air. Of the two possible ways of eliminating theSchlarb pressure effect, only the one increasing the pressure with filtered air to a standard pressure of a large sample, quickly drawn into a big container, can be recommended. The other method, increasing the pressure in the fog-tube of a photo-electric counter which contains the nuclei sampled at lower pressure, must be rejected because the number of nuclei recovered after restoration of the initial pressure depends very much on the speed with which the lower pressure is raised to the initial pressure. The very different concentrations obtained are due to a different distribution of nucleus concentration and fog-density along the lightpath after expansion, which is caused by the different speed of the filtered air rushing-in and is difficult to control or standardize.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 204-210 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The trends appearing in the annual rainfall of the 14 selected coastal and island stations of the Mediterranean were invetigated by running 30-year averages. The periods used as well as the standard deviation, the average variability and the coefficient of variation of the annual rainfall are given for each of the 14 stations. It was found that in the majority of the stations upward and downward trends in the annual rainfall appeared but in a few only stations these trends coincide in the same intervals. A relative similarity appeared in the stations of Marseille-Trieste, Malta-Tunis, Gibraltar-Rome, Nicosia-Limassol and Beyrut-Alexandria. By examination of the three more important maxima and minima in the course of rainfall it was observed that many of them coincide simultaneously at about the same time in the different stations and also that these coincidences occurred near the maximum or minimum of sunspots.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 219-224 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An exact seismograph is described.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein exakter Seismograph beschrieben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 47 (1960), S. 211-218 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper attempt is made to give some characteristics of the annual march of the air temperature at Athens, on the basis of 1901–1950 24-hrs daily means. A computation of dates at which the average temperature crosses certain thresholds is done through the Conrad's and Pollak's method, and the % frequency of days having certain mean daily temperatures is given. The graphical representation of the monthly relative temperatures is also given and the interannual variability of temperature is discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 16-22 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The propagation of Rayleigh waves in three dimensions in alluvial soils which do not behave like ordinary isotropic elastic solids have been discussed in this paper. The frequency equation has been solved for different soil constants.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Second derivative formulae ofElkins andRosenbach are developed from a unified approach and their merits and demerits are discussed. Some new formulae are suggested, which, from theoretical considerations it is felt, will prove more efficient.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 23-26 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The disturbances produced in a visco-elastic medium by impulsive forces on the surface of a spherical cavity inside the medium have been studied.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The significance of the vertical gradients of gravity is great in geophysics and also in geodesy. In geophysics the observed vertical gradients can give valuable information about mass distributions close to the surface of the earth and in geodesy they may be used in determining the shape of the equipotential surfaces. The observed vertical gradients are very sensitive to masses close to the surface of the earth and they change very rapidly. Therefore, they should not be used for purposes such as the reduction of the observed gravity to the sea level. The normal vertical gradients are not the best either for this purpose because they are much too uniform on the surface of the earth. The best values for practical purposes are probably the regional vertical gradients. This paper presents a method to determine the regional vertical gradient anomalies in large areas from geodetic observations which, added to the normal part, will give the regional vertical gradients.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 53-56 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In some larger lakes in Finland continuous lowering of the water level can be established. This is presumed to be chiefly the consequence of secular changes in climate.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new automatic bubble-level test set for levels of high sensibility is described which was constructed by the Geodetical Research Laboratory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. By the description of the bubble-level test set the construction fundamentals also are given, and finally the checking of the bubble-level test set described too.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neuer automatischer Libellenprüfer für Sekundenlibellen beschrieben, der im Geodätischen Forschungslaboratorium der Ung. Akademie der Wissenschaften entwickelt wurde. Bei der Beschreibung des Libellenprüfers werden auch die Konstruktionsgrundsätze angeführt und zum Schluß die Prüfung des Libellenprüfers selbst angegeben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 49-52 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Several authors have tried to explain the different aspects of pressure waves in water including the phenomenon of «Singing» by assuming another fluid layer below the water column. In this note an attempt has been made to determine the thickness of such a layer.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 40-48 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Measurements have been made of the dieletric anisotropies of a number of rocks for which magnetic anisotropy data have been obtained previously. The purpose was to examine the possible usefulness of dielectric anisotropy as a physical property indicative of rock fabrics. Its advantage over the magnetic method is that it measures an average alignment of crystals of the dominant minerals, whereas magnetic anisotropy is due only to the ferromagnetic grains. Disadvantages are an extreme sensitivity to specimen shape and difficulty in distinguishing the several types of alignment which can give rise to dielectric anisotropy. In a number of strongly foliated rocks the axes of dielectric anisotropy were found to coincide with the axes of magnetic anisotropy. Specimens from a magnesian-pyroxene rich layer in a Tasmanian dolerite sill and from the olivine rich layer of the Palisades dolerite sill, New York, were found to have no systematic anisotropy. The pyroxenes in the Tasmanian dolerite are elongated crystals (about 2: 1) so that the dielectric measurements show that they do not have a preferred horizontal alignment and therefore have probably not settled as individual crystals. Most of the olivines in the Palisades dolerite are more nearly equidimensional so that the absence of measurable anisotropy in this rock is less conclusive evidence against crystal settling.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 48 (1961), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The fluctuation of the acceleration are analysed for several satellites. For the density variations three predominant influences can be distinguished: 1) The varying solar short ultra-violet radiation; 2) The day-night-effect; 3) An annual variation. The latter suggests a significant interaction of the terrestrial upper atmosphere with the interplanetary matter. The annual variation gives some evidence for an interstellar wind due to the solar motion in the local stellar system.
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