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  • Articles  (46,923)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (46,923)
  • Springer  (46,923)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 1990-1994  (31,344)
  • 1965-1969  (15,579)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (42,112)
  • Geography  (2,673)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (2,595)
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  • Articles  (46,923)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Operator and integro-differential representations of conditional and unconditional stochastic subsurface flow (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 157-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Operator representations of stochastic subsurface flow equations allow writing their solutions implicitly or explicitly in terms of integro-differential expressions. Most of these representations involve Neumann series that must be truncated or otherwise approximated to become operational. It is often claimed that truncated Neumann series allow solving groundwater flow problems in the presence of arbitrarily large heterogeneities. Such claims have so far not been backed by convincing computational examples, and we present an analysis which suggests that they may not be justified on theoretical grounds. We describe an alternative operator representation due to Neuman and Orr (1993) which avoids the use of Neumann series yet accomplishes a similar purpose. It leads to a compact integro-differential form which provides considerable new insight into the nature of the solution. When written in terms of conditional moments, our new representation contains local and nonlocal effective parameters that depend on scale and information. As such, these parameters are not unique material properties but may change as more is learned about the flow system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589896
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Groundwater contaminant transport including adsorption and first order decay (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 185-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Contaminant transport ; adsorption ; decay ; random walk ; killing ; Kolmogorov equations ; contamination of a well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study deals with the transport of a contaminant in groundwater. The contaminant is subject to first order decay or linear adsorption. Its displacement can be modeled by a random walk process in which particles are killed at exponentially distributed times. Dirichlet problems are derived for the rate and mean time at which contaminated particles reach a particular part of the boundary of a certain domain. These Dirichlet problems are solved asymptotically for two types of 2D-flow patterns: flow parallel to the boundary of a domain and arbitrary flow towards a well in an aquifer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587234
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonequilibrium statistical mechanical derivation of a nonlocal Darcy's Law for unsaturated/saturated flow (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 109-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unsaturated ; nonlocal ; memory ; statistical physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As illustrated variously by wetting and drying scanning curves, flow in unsaturated porous media is inherently nonlocal. This nonlocality is also manifest in hysteresis in the classical Darcy conductivity. It is the authors' belief that most current theories of unsaturated/saturated flow are often inadequate, as they do not account for spatial nonlocality and memory. Here we provide a fundamental theory in which nonlocality of the flow constitutive theory is a natural consequence of force balances. The results are derived from general principles in statistical physics and under appropriate limiting conditions, the classical Darcy's Law is recovered for saturated flow. A notable departure in this theory from other nonlocal flow theories is that a classical Darcy type equation on a small scale need not exist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589892
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information frameworks for conceptual engineering design (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Database ; Frameworks ; Information management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An information modeling approach is used to gain an understanding of the information and decision content of conceptual engineering design. Information frameworks are presented that attempt to represent the key decisions made during conceptual design. Elements of the frameworks are derived from results from design theory and methodology and decision theory. Using a number of products, the frameworks are demonstrated in simulated design situations. The models provide an explicit, generic and consistent perspective for identifying the information content of conceptual designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206537
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium electrolytic cells: A computer simulator for training and supervision (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Aluminium electrolysis ; Expert systems ; Modelling ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A workstation-based simulator of an aluminium electrolytic cell has been constructed. A mathematical model of the cell is integrated with a database and a knowledge base, and the simulator serves as a tool for the training of personnel and for research related to cell dynamics and cell control. When used in conjunction with an expert system, it provides a powerful decision-making tool or an efficient supervisory system. The mathematical model, the simulator itself, the user environment, the interactive simulation procedure as well as examples of the use of the simulator are presented in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206536
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of automatic dimensioning and tolerancing schemes (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Dimensioning ; Tolerancing ; Variational geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dimensioning and tolerancing are very important issues in product design and manufacture. This paper gives a survey and review of the current state-of-the-art solutions to the problem of finding a meaning for dimensions and tolerances. Dimensioning and tolerancing in current engineering practices and researches in these topics are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200178
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new programming paradigm for engineering design software (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Engineering design ; Formal ; Functional programming ; Object orientation ; Programming language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Currently available programming and database systems are insufficient for engineering applications. The authors contend that a logical progression from a formal conceptual model of the engineering domain to a computational model will lead to new programming paradigms capable of directly supporting engineering applications in a rigorous, concise manner. A formal domain model devised by the authors, theHybrid Model (HM) of design information, is briefly introduced. It is an extension of axiomatic set theory and is discussed in detail elsewhere. HM forms the basis ofDesigner, a prototype-based object-oriented programming language supporting a signature-based canonical message-passing mechanism and multiple inheritance. Designer is implemented using the Scheme programming language. Because Designer satisfies a formal conceptual model, and because it is based on a formally specified language, its robustness and logical validity are superior to those of other languages not founded on formal principles. Designer combines concepts of functional and object-oriented programming to provide the formal rigor and flexibility to capture the complex and strongly interrelated information that designers use. Examples demonstrate how Designer represents design information. The results of the authors' research indicate that Designer can capture design information (including aspects of functional requirements and design intent) effectively and efficiently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200180
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rule-based design of a material processing component (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 81-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design ; Expert system ; Extension ; Material processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The main thrust of this research is in developing aknowledge-based system for the design of components for a material processing system. In particular, this paper concentrates on developing methodologies forinitial design andredesign in a quantitative and qualitative format. A die for plastic extrusion has been selected as the subject material processing component. A design algorithm using best first heuristic search and expert knowledge, both in procedural and declarative form, is the core of the scheme. Apart from this expert, the suggestedselection procedure for candidate design is also seen to accelerate the design scheme. The methodologies presented enableefficient design of the component. Some generality has been accomplished by the implementation of the techniques to dies of different cross-sectional shapes. The software is written inLisp within an object-oriented software package using analysis modules written in C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200179
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 124-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200182
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A tandem architecture for cooperating knowledge-based concurrent engineering systems (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 112-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Agent-based framework ; Architecture ; Concurrent engineering ; Cooperating expert systems ; Tandem integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a tandem architecture for cooperating heterogeneous expert systems. Two levels of meta and working expert systems are involved. The working-level expert systems (W-ES), which may be implemented in their own computational environments and in private proof languages, are mainly for application computations. The meta-level expert systems (M-ES), using a common argument language, are mainly responsible for cooperation. The prototype AGENTS system is described for constructing M-ES. Interaction among W-ES has been transformed into two forms: communication between M-ES through ordinary AGENTS messages and communication between M-ES and the corresponding W-ES using the Deductive Inference Language (DIL). DIL predicates are provided for defining DIL: messages, actuators and converters for interpreting DIL queries and instantiating variables. By this approach, stand-alone capability of infividual systems is retained at the working-level and cooperation is achieved effectively with minimum embellishment at the meta-level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200181
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A proposed structure for a rule-based description of parametric forms (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Constrains ; Geometric ; Parametric ; Product form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Much work has been carried out on the creation of protocols for the exchange of data between CAD systems, but very little on the transfer of knowledge. The knowledge behind the development of a product is vital if modifications and adaptations are to be made within a concurrent development environment. Current CAD systems only contain a limited level of product knowledge through user-defined parametric structures. It is the underlying relationships in these programs that need to be communicated between systems, rather than the form of their individual programming languages. A generic structure is proposed that is able to handle both the current level of parametric programming and is suited to the resolution of conflict through the use of constraint modelling procedures. The structure of a parametric description is described and decomposed into its fundamental components. These components are then re-formed within a truth maintenance structure to allow a transfer protocol to be created. The derived protocol structure is then demonstrated on a number of simple examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198741
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent iterative design and the integration of finite element analysis results (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design methodology ; Iterative design ; Concurrent design ; Features ; Form templates ; Finite element analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract To help foster concurrency in engineering design, methodologies are needed to support the interpretation and abstraction of numerical simulation results for design modification purposes. A methodology is presented in this paper for the integration of continuum-based numerical simulations into a computational system for concurrent design of mechanical components. The technique involves conversion of low-level numerical data, such as that obtained by finite element analysis, into high-level symbolic representations calledform templates. The form templates are based onrudimentary features which carry meaningful qualitative descriptions abstracted from either manufacturing and/or functional numerical simulations. The form templates are superimposed on the design's primary representation in the solid modeler to facilitate the cognitive mapping of concurrent destructive or constructive solid modeling features for design modifications. Examples are presented to demonstrate the methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202369
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robust optimal design using a second-order tolerance model (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Optimization ; Robust design ; Tolerances ; Variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a general, quantitative method for developing designs that are robust to variation in design variables and parameters. Variation is defined in terms of tolerances which bracket the expected deviation of uncertain quantities about nominal values. We specifically address the case where input variations are assumed to be random variables that are normally distributed. The method incorporates a second-order tolerance model as part of a nonlinear optimization process. The second-order tolerance model makes it possible to estimate the skewness of function distributions, which are modeled with a three-parameter gamma distribution. We apply the method to determine robust designs for 11 test cases that span a variety of problems; robustness is verified with Monte Carlo simulation. The method enables a designer to understand and account for the effects of tolerances, making it possible to build robustness into an engineering design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588089
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model-based method for organizing tasks in product development (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; Design management ; Design process improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This research is aimed at structuring complex design projects in order to develop better products more quickly. We use a matrix representation to capture both the sequence of and the technical relationships among the many design tasks to be performed. These relationships define the “technical structure” of a project, which is then analyzed in order to find alternative sequences and/or definitions of the tasks. Such improved design procedures offer opportunities to speed development progress by streamlining the inter-task coordination. After using this technique to model design processes in several organizations, we have developed a design management strategy which focuses attention on the essential information transfer requirements of a technical project.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588087
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing the hypothesis law of design: The case of the Britannia Bridge (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 38-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Britannia Bridge ; Design laws ; Design process ; Design reasoning ; Hypotheses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper, Dasgupta[6] has claimed to have identified two universal, qualitativelaws of design. Of these, one is called thehypothesis law, which states that: “A design process that reaches termination does so through one or more cycles of hypothesis creation, testing and (if necessary) modification.” This law was arrived at from arguments based on a model of the design process at the “knowledge level”[9] and on the concept of “bounded rationality”[15]. In the present article we describe an extensiveempirical test of the hypothesis law using an important historical case study. The case in question is the design, conducted between 1844 and 1847, of the Britannia Bridge which spanned the Menai Straits in Wales. Using published records of the project as the basis for our evidence, we shall show that the design process followed in this project strongly corroborates the hypothesis law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588090
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Qualitative reasoning and the representation of fundamental principles in structural engineering (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Inference strategy ; Qualitative reasoning ; Structural engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Qualitative reasoning is a methodology for deriving the behavior of a device from a declarative representation of relevant fundamental principles and a high-level description of the device. This article and its companion present a qualitative reasoning framework, named the space-centered framework, for reasoning about the behavior of structural systems subjected to loads. The framework includes a representation of the topology and geometry of a structure, and the fundamental principles of equilibrium, compatibility and force-deformation relationships. A parameter, such as a displacement or an internal force, is represented qualitatively by its algebraic sign and its relationship in magnitude with other parameters in the model. Component qualitative states incorporate the fundamental principles for a class of components, such as frame members or supports. The conjugate analogy between the equilibrium and compatibility laws is recognized in the representation. Processes acting between components represent fundamental principles of equilibrium and compatibility at the connections. A companion paper presents the inference strategy for the space-centered framework and its application to qualitative analysis of conceptual designs of structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579984
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A referential scheme for modeling and identifying spatial attributes of entities in constructed facilities (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 142-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Geometric modeling ; AEC ; CAD/CAE ; Facility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a referential scheme for representing and identifying the spatial extent of physical entities of constructed facilities, such as buildings and offshore structures. Using the basic operations of a non-manifold geometric modeler, a set of high-level algebraic operations is defined. The scheme and its algebra are used for modeling the spatial attributes of a facility entity at two levels: primary and secondary. The primary representation uniquely captures an entity's spatial attributes at the “skeletal” level and is used mainly for identifying discipline-independent topological relationships of that entity with others. Secondary representations, on the other hand, are used to provide an entity's discipline-specific geometric attributes. The topological relationships and geometric attributes of facility entities thus need not be explicitly stored, but can be computed on demand by the underlying non-manifold modeler.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607276
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automatically deriving behavior constraints for performance variables in mechanical design (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 85-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Analysis ; Behavior derivation ; Constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Generation of the behavioral constraint equations needed for analysis in the mechanical design synthesis-analysis iteration loop is currently based on approaches that model the behavior of an entire system or subsystem of the design. This paper presents a general approach to constraint derivation that is localized around design performance variables. The approach consists of an amenable design configuration representation, a standard format for representing behavior knowledge, and an algorithm that builds a constraint network that can be used to solve for the performance variables by applying behavioral knowledge to the configuration. The algorithm works outward from the initial performance variables, creating new performance variables as required, and processing only those behavior laws and components of the design needed to obtain a solution. It can take design variables (known conditions or variable parameters) into account, takes advantage of the part-subpart hierarchy in the configuration, can exploit previous solutions, and can detect indeterminacy that is sometimes caused by simplifying assumptions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579986
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conceptual robustness in simultaneous engineering: An extension of Taguchi's parameter design (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Engineering design ; Simultaneous engineering ; Concurrent engineering ; Robust design ; Distributed optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous engineering processes involve multifunctional teams; team members simultaneously make decisions about many parts of the product-production system and aspects of the product life cycle. This paper argues that such simultaneous distributed decisions should be based on communications about sets of possibilities rather than single solutions. By extending Taguchi's parameter design concepts, we develop a robust and distributed decision-making procedure based on such communications. The procedure shows how a member of a design team can make appropriate decisions based on incomplete information from the other members of the team. More specifically, it (1) treats variations among the designs considered by other members of the design team asconceptual noise; (2) shows how to incorporate such noises into decisions that are robust against these variations; (3) describes a method for using the same data to provide preference information back to the other team members; and (4) provides a procedure for determining whether to release theconceptually robust design or to wait for further decisions by others. The method is demonstrated by part of a distributed design process for a rotary CNC milling machine. While Taguchi's approach is used as a starting point because it is widely known, these results can be generalized to use other robust decision techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608400
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  • 20
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    Indexed in current contents (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. A3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308550
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of organosolv-lignin-filled thermoplastics (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 361-365 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Organosolv lignin was used as organic filler for polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethene-co-vinylacetate) (EVA) containing 13wt-% vinylacetate. As a function of the lignin content, which was varied between 0 and 30wt-%, mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, yield stress, fracture stress, and elongation at break of the thermoplastic lignin-based compounds were measured. Both lignin-filled thermoplastics exhibit pronounced matrix reinforcement with increasing lignin content. Due to better interfacial adhesion between lignin and EVA, 30wt-% lignin addition to EVA doubles Young's modulus without sacrificing high elongation at break.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308549
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  • 22
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    4-Vinylphthalic anhydride (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 373-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 4-Vinylphthalic anhydride can be prepared from phthalic acid via bromination and subsequent olefination (Heck-reaction). Homo- and copolymerization with styrene was accomplished using AIBN as initiator. The copolymer compositions were determined by infrared-spectroscopy. The copolymerization parameters are rs=0,15 and rVPA=3,09, the corresponding Q, e values of 4-vinylphthalic anhydride are estimated as Q=3,34 and e=0.09. Despite the fact that the molecular weights were rather low as a consequence of the reaction contions, the glass transition temperatures rise with increasing VPA content. The homopolymer has a glass transition temperature in the order of 226°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587877
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  • 23
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    Homogeneous nucleation of the dispersed crystallisable component of immiscible polymer blends (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 471-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Immiscible melt mixed blends of a crystallisable polyolefin (isotactic polypropylene, PP) and atactic polystyrene (PS) were prepared in a wide composition range. It was found that when PP is the major component in the blend its crystallisation behaviour is not affected by blending it with PS. However if PP is the minor component, it will be dispersed in the immiscible PS matrix, hence the nucleation mechanism changes from predominantly heterogeneous to predominantly homogeneous as long as the size of the dispersed PP droplets is below a critical value (of the order of 1–2 μm).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587890
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  • 24
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    Synthesis and characterization of glycidyl ethers modified by mesogenic units (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 529-536 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New types of epoxy compounds containing biphenyl and azophenyl groups were synthesized. Model glycidyl ethers with one epoxy group were prepared to study the first reaction steps during the curing process. Diglycidyl ethers with or without a hexamethylene spacer were made to obtain epoxy networks. The structures of some intermediates and of the epoxy compounds synthesized were confirmed by Proton and Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973898
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  • 25
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    Anionic polymerization and copolymerization of cyclosiloxanes initiated by trimethylsilylmethyllithium (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 35-40 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel initiator, i.e. trimethylsilylmethyllithium has been successfully used for the ring opening polymerization of cyclosiloxanes, in toluene or in the bulk, in the presence of the cryptand [211] or DMSO. Suitable conditions have been found in which monomodal distributions of molecular weights are observed for homopolymers of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (V4) as well as for copolymers of V4 with D3 or D4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297411
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  • 26
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    Editorial (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297406
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  • 27
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    Stereospecific propene polymerization with rac-[1,2-bis(η5-(9-fluorenyl))-1-phenylethane]zirconium dichloride/methylalumoxane (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 41-46 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Methylalumoxane (MAO)-activated rac-[1,2-bis(η5-(9-fluorenyl))-1-phenylethane]zirconium dichloride (1) was used for propene polymerization at 30, 50, and 70°C and constant monomer concentration. The polypropene products are isotactic with stereoregularities depending on the polymerization temperature. The pentad distributions follow “enantiomorphic site statistics”, indicating stereocontrol being conducted by the chiral catalyst site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297412
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  • 28
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    List of valid recommendations on macromolecular nomenclature (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 125-126 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297424
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  • 29
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    Synthesis of a new styrene monomer: the 3-chloro-4-nitrostyrene (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 389-395 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A satisfactory synthesis route to a new monomer, the 3-chloro-4-nitrostyrene (3-CNS) is described. The results of free radical polymerisation experiments (limit of conversion, global kinetics) are reported by comparison with those of the isomer 4-chloro-3-nitrostyrene (4-CNS). They show the great influence of the nitro group position which markedly increases the reactivity of 3-CNS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293481
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  • 30
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    Preparation of polystyrene poly(β-hydroxy nonanoate) graft copolymers (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 431-438 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(β-hydroxy nonanoate)-polystyrene graft copolymers were prepared by the reaction of active polystyrene containing peroxide group with poly(β-hydroxy nonanoate) at 80°C. Graft copolymers with a wide graft composition range depending on the amount of active polystyrene in the original mixture were produced and separated from the grafting product by fractional precipitation. NMR and IR spectra of the graft copolymers were containing the characteristic bands of the corresponding blocks. DSC curves of the graft copolymers had a large endotherm between 50 and 110°C.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293487
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  • 31
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    Real-time small-angle synchrotron study of the crystallization kinetics of isotactic poly(1-hexadecene) (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 451-458 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The isothermal crystallization kinetics of the isotactic content of three poly(1-hexadecene) samples with different tacticity has been studied by real-time small-angle X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation. The process was analyzed in terms of the Avrami equation. The value of the Avrami exponent was found to be approximately 1, suggesting instantaneous nucleation followed by rod-like growth. The results are compared with those previously obtained by differential scanning calorimetry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293490
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  • 32
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    Polymerization of styrene with diphenylzinc-butanone systems (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 367-371 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In the present work we report the results of the polymerization of styrene using diphenylzinc-butanone, Ph2Zn-MeCOEt. Our results indicate that these systems induce the polymerization of styrene reaching a larger conversion when the molar ratio MeCOEt/Ph2Zn=1,0. According to size exclusion chromatography, SEC, studies of the polystyrene obtained using the Ph2Zn-MeCOEt showed unimodal curves and have molecular weight distribution narrower than those obtained using the Ph2Zn-H2O system, suggesting a more simple reaction system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587876
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  • 33
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    Poly(arylenecarbonate)s oligomers by carbonate interchange reaction of dimethyl carbonate with bisphenol-A (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 427-432 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) has been used to identify oligomers with different end groups obtained by the carbonate interchange reaction of bisphenol-A with dimethyl carbonate and the partial methanolysis of poly(bisphenol-A carbonate)s. Based on the FAB-MS data, a reaction pathway for the formation of compounds in the synthesized oligomers is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587884
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  • 34
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    Semi-interpenetrating polymer networds produced with polyethylene terephthalate oligomer and unsaturated polyester resin (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 447-453 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN's) based on different compositions of an acyclic polyethylene terephthalate oligomer and unsaturated polyester resin (UP) were prepared. The oligomer was dissolved in the resin containing styrene crosslinker. Later this mixture was crosslinked at room temperature using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide catalyst and cobalt naphtanate as promoter. The tensile strength of the IPN's decreases as the concentration of oligomer increases, whereas, elongation to break increases. A characterization of the oligomer used is also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587887
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  • 35
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    Compatibilisation of polystyrene-polyolefin blends (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 479-485 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The impact properties of 1:1 polyolefin-polystyrene blends compatibilised with a series of hydrogenated styrene-butadiene block copolymers of various structures have been studied with a view to establishing a structure-property realationship. The most effective compatibiliser in this context appears to be a low molecular weight triblock (Kraton G1652). Addition of only 5% Kraton G1652 affords a ca. three-fold improvement in the impact strength for a 1:1 PP/PS blend over the uncompatibilised blend and leads to near HIPS impact strength for a 1:1 LDPE/PS blend. This compatibiliser is as effective as a high molecular weight tapered diblock and appears to be substantially more effective than either low molecular weight diblocks or a higher molecular weight triblock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587891
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  • 36
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    Metathesis copolymerization of chlorine-containing acetylenes with NBE catalyzed by MoCl5-n-Bu4Sn (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 517-524 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In the copolymerizations of 1-chloro-1-octyne (ClOc) and 1-chloro-2-phenylacetylene (ClPA) with norbornene (NBE) by MoCl5-n-Bu4Sn in toluene at-20°C, both comonomers were consumed simultaneously. The GPC curves of the copolymerization products were unimodal and identical irrespective of the RI and UV (290 nm) detectors. The13C NMR spectra of the products exhibited the presence of cross-propagating sequences. From these results, it is concluded that the copolymerization products are copolymers and not mixtures of homopolymers. The monomer reactivity ratios were: rClOc=0.69, rNBE=6.4; rClPA=1.0, rNBE=3.1. The more electron-donating the ring substituent of CiPA, the more reactive the ClPA in copolymerization with NBE.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973896
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    Volume contents (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. A5 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297426
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  • 38
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    Synthesis and properties of poly(diphenylacetylenes) having ether linkages (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerization of 1-phenyl-2-(p-phenoxyphenyl)acetylene (p-PhODPA), 1-phenyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)acetylene, and 1-phenyl-2-(p-n-butoxyphenyl)acetylene was examined. These monomers polymerized with TaCl5-n-Bu4Sn to give methanol-insoluble polymers in over 60% yields. Poly(p-PhODPA) was a yellow solid completely soluble in toluene, CHCl3, etc., and its weight-average molecular weight was about 1.0x106 or higher. This polymer was thermally very stable (the onset temperature of weight loss in TGA in air was 420 °C). Its oxygen permeability coefficient (P o 2) was 37 barrers (P o 2/P n 2 2.2) and similar to that of natural rubber. In contrast, the other two polymers did not completely dissolve in any organic solvent, and their thermal stability was lower.
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    Homo- and copolymers of methacryloylmalodiethylester, synthesis and behaviour (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chelating polymers obtained by copolymerization of methacryl-oylmalodiethylester (MMDEt) with styrene, methylmethacrylate (MMA), N-vinylpyrrolidone (VPD) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM) as well as the homopolymer of methacryloylmalodiethylester (MMDEt) have been investigated. Watersoluble chelating polymers derived from copolymerization with DMAM offer not only the possibility of a very fast removal of metal ions from aqueous solution, but are also insoluble after complexing certain metal ions and can therefore be separated by filtration. As additional investigations on the model acetyloylmalodiethylester (AMDEt) show, preferably hard metal ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+ and Cu2+ with an ionic radius up to 1 Å are chelated by the enolic form of the β-ketodiester. The number of ligands for a metal ion corresponds to its valence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306380
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  • 40
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    An analysis of the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of poly(3-bromostyrene) (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 207-214 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 300 MHz 1H-NMR spectrum of free radical initiated poly(3-bromostyrene) is similar to the 1H-NMR spectra of certain poly(vinyl heterocycles) and can be interpreted in a like manner. The 13C-NMR is typical of spectra for meta-substituted polystyrenes, with some of the carbon resonances showing a sensitivity to polymer stereochemistry. The spectra indicate that poly(3-bromostyrene) synthesized by free radical initiation is an atactic polymer.
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  • 41
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    Effect of thermal molecular motion on pervaporation behavior of comb-shaped polymers with fluorocarbon side groups (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thermal molecular motion of a series of comb-shaped polymers with heptadecafluorodecyl side chains (CF 8C2-) has been studied based on dynamic viscoelastic measurement. The main chain of comb-shaped polymers was poly(fumarate), poly(methacrylate), and poly(acrylate). Poly(fluoroalkylfumarate) with heptadecafluorodecyl group, P(CF 8C2-iPF) was amorphous polymer, whereas poly(acrylate) and poly(methacrylate) with CF 8C2-, P(CF 8C2-Acr) and P(CF 8C2-MAcr) showed mesomorphic behavior. The pervaporation behavior of water/organic mixtures through amorphous polymer, P(CF 8C2-iPF), and mesomorphic one, P(CF 8C2-Acr), were investigated. The distinct increase in permselectivity has been observed at the mesomorphic transition of P(CF 8C2-Acr).
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  • 42
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    Synthesis of new donor-acceptor diarylacetylene chromophores and preparation of corresponding nonlinear optical side-chain polymers (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 265-272 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sammary New donor-acceptor substituted diarylacetylene hyperpolarizable chromophores bearing an amino group as donor and a methylsulfonyl group as acceptor at each extremities of an azatolane conjugated path have been designed to get a good nonlinearity-transparency trade-off, and synthesized. Corresponding methacrylate esters have been obtained then submitted to free radical polymerization, leading to novel side-chain nonlinear optical polymers and copolymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308536
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  • 43
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    Enthalpic interaction of diblock copolymers with immiscible polymer blend components (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 241-248 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to extend the model of Leibler for the emulsifying activity and interfacial properties of A-b-B diblock copolymers in incompatible blends of the homopolymers A and B-which are identical with the respective copolymer components- to enthalpically interacting C-b-D diblock copolymers, the block C being thermodynamically compatible with A and D with B. Due to the attractive enthalpic interaction the A/C-b-D/B compatibilized blends are promising for optimum phase adhesion (bold types for thermodynamically compatible partners). Thus, the extended model for a plane interfacial layer includes the enthalpic interaction of the compatible polymer pairs beside the entropic effects. The approach starts with the equillibrium supposition, not taking into consideration enthalpy driven migration effects of the block copolymer from the bulk to the interface, The model confirms a dominant role of the enthalpic interaction between blocks of the diblock copolymer and the respective homopolymers to the compatibilization of incompatible blend components. It is applicable also for blends compatibilized with block copolymers of unfavourable repulsive type interaction, A/C-b-D/B, and for blend systems with mixed type interactions, e. g. A/C-b-B/B or A/C-b-D/B.
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    A preliminary analysis of the high field 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR spectra of poly(2-thienyl vinyl ketone) (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 305-310 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(2-thienyl vinyl ketone) was synthesized via free radical initiation and its 300 H-NMR and 75.5 MHz 13C-NMR spectra were recorded and analyzed. The analysis showed that poly(2-thienyl vinyl ketone) is an atactic polymer.
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  • 45
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    Electrical and third-order nonlinear optical properties of poly(2-fluoro-1,4-phenylenevinylene) and its copolymers (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 89-96 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(2-fluoro-1,4-phenylenevinylene), PFPV, and its copolymers have been synthesized via water soluble precursor route and their electrical and optical propreties were measured. It seems that electron-withdrawing fluorine substituent on phenylene ring increases the band-gap of PFPV and it affects electrical and optical properties. The conductivity values of FeCl3-doped drawn polymer films ranged from 10-1 to 101 Scm-1 depending on their composition, and were 10 times larger than those of undrawn ones. The χ(3) value for undrawn PFPV, using THG technique at 1907nm fundamental wavelength, was 4.76x10-12 esu.
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  • 46
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    A technique to measure the crystallinity of syndiotactic polystyrene using thermal analyses (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 109-112 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple method for using differential scanning calorimeters to determine the crystallinity of syndiotactic polystyrene has been developed. Its validity was confirmed by use of infrared and x-ray analysis, as well as comparison to data from the literature. This method will be used to determine the effect of nucleating agents, shear stress, and temperature on the crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene.
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  • 47
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    Polyether-modified fullerenes (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 175-182 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyether-modified fullerenes have been prepared under mild conditions by reacting C60 or C70 in toluene with a precursor poly(oxyethylene) or poly(oxypropylene) polymer possessing amino end-groups. In the early stages of the interaction, soluble products are formed. Later, cross-linking proceeds between the polyfunctional fullerenes and the bifunctional polyethers. The non-crosslinked fullerene derivatives are soluble both in toluene and water; by evaporation of toluene, very adhesive films are formed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297352
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  • 48
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    Polysoap-induced polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene by poly(sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphate)s in water (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 167-173 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphate)s as polysoap induced the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene in the absence of an added radical initiator in water at 80°C. The polysoap having a C14 alkyl group showed the highest activity of all tested groups. The generalized initiation mechanism of the spontaneous polymerization in which the micellar aggregation state participates is discussed.
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  • 49
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    Poly(β-3-methylmalic acid): A new degradable functional polyester with two stereogenic centers in the main chain (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 149-158 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Racemic ((3S,4R)-(3R,4S))-3-methyl-4-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-oxetanone has been prepared by a simple and reproductible method starting from a racemic mixture of threo-((2S,3S)-(2R,3R))-3-methylaspartic acid as chiral precursor. This α, β substituted β-lactone has been polymerized anionically, using tetraethylammonium benzoate as initiator, to yield high molecular weight and amorphous racemic threo-poly(β-benzyl-3-methylmalate). The catalytic cleavage of protecting benzyl ester groups has been conducted in different solvents and racemic threo-poly(β-3-methylmalic acid) has been obtained in N-methylpyrrolidone at room temperature. Racemic threo-poly(β-3-methylmalic acid-co-benzyl-β-3-methylmalate) has been prepared by heterogeneous H2/Pd charchoal catalyzed partial hydrogenolysis of the polymer precursor. Solubility of these different materials has been considered. Hydrolysis of threo-poly(β-3-methylmalic acid) has conducted to racemic threo-3-methylmalic acid. High resolution 13C NMR and selective INEPT NMR have been used for resonances assignment of polymers and copolymers. This new poly(β-hydroxy acid) type polyester expands the family of poly(β-malic acid) derivatives by opening the route for tailor making functional polystereoisomers with two stereogenic centers in the main chain and with the presence of an hydrophobic alkyl group and an hydrophilic carboxylic acid group in the macromolecule.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297349
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    SERS evidence for existence of a critical concentration for polymer coil shrinking in poly(4-vinyl pyridine) solution (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The dependence of intensity of surface enhanced Raman scattering on the concentration of poly (4-vinyl pyridine) solutions was investigated. The spectral quality and the Raman scattering intensities of the enhanced spectra of poly (4-vinyl pyridine) adsorbed on nitric acid-roughened silver foil were inversely proportional to the concentration when it changed from semi-dilute to very dilute. The band intensity-concentration plot displays a turning point corresponding to the critical concentration for coil shrinkage. The observed phenomena are in accordance with Qian's proposal for the existence of C s for coil shrinkage in dilute solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297360
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    Erratum (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 257-257 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297364
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    Separation of poly(methyl methacrylate)s according to their tacticity (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 629-635 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The unconventional liquid chromatography of polymers under limiting conditions of their solubility was applied to poly(methyl methacrylate)s differing in their tacticity. The polymers were dissolved in thermodynamically good solvents and injected into an appropriate size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) column flushed with matched, moderately strong nonsolvents. The set of (limiting) conditions was found under which less soluble syndiotactic poly(methyl, methacrylate) moved along the column together with the zone of its initial solvent while better soluble isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) was eluted according to the SEC mechanism. This indicates the potential of liquid chromatography under limiting conditions to characterize the tacticity of poly(methyl methacrylate)s.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973912
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    Viscoelastic relaxations in poly(dimethylphenyl methacrylates) (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 675-678 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(dimethylphenyl methacrylátes) were studied considering the different positions of the methyl groups on the phenyl ring. In all cases a clear α relaxation can be observed which is associated to the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg). Nevertheless, at lower temperatures, viscoelastic activity is negligible. A correlation between the steric hindrance due to the methyl groups and the temperature at which the relaxation is detected, was established.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973918
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    Relaxation processes in hyperbranched polyesters (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 679-685 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dielectric permittivity and loss have been measured over the frequency range 10-2 Hz-10 kHz between 100 K and 350 K for samples of 50/50 mixtures of each of two hyperbranched polyesters, one five-generation hydroxy functional (5G-OH) and one threegeneration alkyl-terminated polymer (3G), with dielectrically inactive linear polyethylene. The thermal transitions of the hyperbranched polymers were studied with differential scanning calorimetry. Three relaxation transitions were found in 5G-OH: α, the glass-rubber transition and two subglass processes denoted β and γ showing Arrhenius temperature dependence both with an activation energy of 96±2kJ mol-1. The low temperature process could be assigned to motions of the terminal hydroxyl groups whereas β is due to reorientation of the ester groups. Sample 3G showed only a glass transition and one subglass process being assigned to reorientation of the ester groups. The high activation energy (202 kJ mol-1) of this process indicates that the ester groups are highly constrained in this polymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973919
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    An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of poly(methyl methacrylate) surface modified by 193-nm laser radiation (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 331-338 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The chemistry of poly(methyl methacrylate) subjected to 193-nm radiation, emitted by an argon-fluorine excimer laser, was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. From the O/C atomic ratios measured at two different sampling depths, it is concluded that the role of depolymerization in the laser ablation process may be less important than previously suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314271
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    The application of miscibility parameter to the measurement of polymer-plasticizer compatibility (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 725-732 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB)was found to precipitate from a clear plasticizer solution as it was cooled and this unique temperature (TP) (UCST) was noted. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) did not precipitate and in this case the temperature at which it went into solution (TS) was noted. A quantity, referred to previously as the miscibility parameter (MP), is an excellent relative quantitative indicator of the miscibility of poly(vinyl butyral) and poly(vinyl chloride) with plasticizers as demonstrated from a correlation of MP with TP and Ts. Each polymer-plasticizer system is unique. A plot of MP vs. TP or TS for several polymer-plasticizer systems allows additional plasticizers to be evaluated for their plasticizing ability from calculated MP's without resorting to additional experimental measurements. The absolute level of MP acceptability is dictated by the application. For PVB, a copolymer which precipitates from a plasticizer/solvent, the interaction parameter chi(χ) is chi critical ( $$\chi _{cr} $$ ) at the TP of PVB in plasticizer. Since TP approximates the Θ temperature in the limit of molecular weight, the temperature of precipitation or Θ temperature, the solvent volume VS, and the $$\chi _{cr} $$ , define the theoretical MPcr as given by $$\frac{{(\chi _{cr} - 0.35)RT}}{{V_S }}$$ . All MPcr s were≈0.3 which represents the critical MP above which phase separation occurs. The low molecular weight plasticizers were estimated to drastically increase MPcr to about 1 for acceptable application compatibility and this value compares favorably with (PVB) acceptability for a wide range of plasticizer-PVB combinations based on a plasticizer DP of about 20.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296088
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    Anisotropic friction on lamellar crystals of polyethylene by lateral force microscopy (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 459-464 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Frictional forces are very sensitive to the interface structure and the chemical and atomic structure of surfaces. It has been shown in the late 80′s (1) that lateral forces due to friction can be measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the contact mode (2,3). This involves measurements which evoke vertical deflection of the AFM probe and observation of lateral forces which twist the AFM force sensor. A simultaneous detection of vertical deflection and twisting of the microcantilever can be done by using a four-sectored positional sensitive photodetector which measures the change in the deflection of a laser light reflected off the top of the microcantilever. The newest generation of SPM (Scanning Probe Microscope) equipment allows for simultaneous AFM and Lateral Force Microscopy (LFM) scans. There is ample evidence in the literature that contact-mode AFM can be used not only to investigate polymer morphology (4,5), but also to study polymer architecture from a true molecular perspective (6).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293491
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    Structure and properties of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 487-491 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of binary mixtures of heptane with different diluents on the porous structure of styrene-divinylbenzene (Sty-DVB) copolymers was investigated. It was found that the porosity produced by the diluent mixtures depends not only on the affinity of each diluent for the copolymer but also on the interaction of the diluent molecules with themselves. In this work it was observed that some polar aromatic solvents when mixed with heptane presented cosolvency effects. In general, the accessible pore volumes were higher than the fixed pore ones, indicating the formation of elastic internuclear chains.
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    Solution of stochastic groundwater flow by infinite series, and convergence of the one-dimensional expansion (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 139-155 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Porous media ; random media ; random fields ; groundwater flow ; stochastic hydrology ; stochastic partial differential equations ; perturbation methods ; Taylor expansions ; hierarchical systems ; Green's functions ; effective conductivity ; homogenization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates analytical solutions of stochastic Darcy flow in randomly heterogeneous porous media. We focus on infinite series solutions of the steady-state equations in the case of continuous porous media whose saturated log-conductivity (lnK) is a gaussian random field. The standard deviation of lnK is denoted ‘σ’. The solution method is based on a Taylor series expansion in terms of parameter σ, around the value σ=0, of the hydraulic head (H) and gradient (J). The head solution H is expressed, for any spatial dimension, as an infinite hierarchy of Green's function integrals, and the hydraulic gradient J is given by a linear first-order recursion involving a stochastic integral operator. The convergence of the ‘σ-expansion’ solution is not guaranteed a priori. In one dimension, however, we prove convergence by solving explicitly the hierarchical sequence of equations to all orders. An ‘infinite-order stochastic solution is obtained in the form of a σ-power series that converges for any finite value of σ. It is pointed out that other expansion methods based on K rather than lnK yield divergent series. The infinite-order solution depends on the integration method and the boundary conditions imposed on individual order equations. The most flexible and general method is that based on Laplacian Green's functions and boundary integrals. Imposing zero head conditions for all orders greater than one yields meaningful far-field gradient conditions. The whole approach can serve as a basis for treatment of higher-dimensional problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589894
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    A probability-weighted moment test to assess simple scaling (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 173-183 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Probability weighted moment ; scaling in rainfall ; stable distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We present a statistically robust approach based on probability weighted moments to assess the presence of simple scaling in geophysical processes. The proposed approach is different from current approaches which rely on estimation of high order moments. High order moments of simple scaling processes (distributions) may not have theoretically defined values and consequently, their empirical estimates are highly variable and do not converge with increasing sample size. They are, therefore, not an appropriate tool for inference. On the other hand we show that the probability weighted moments of such processes (distributions) do exist and, hence, their empirical estimates are more robust. These moments, therefore, provide an appropriate tool for inferring the presence of scaling. We illustrate this using simulated Levystable processes and then draw inference on the nature of scaling in fluctuations of a spatial rainfall process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587233
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    Announcements (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 156-156 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589895
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    Probabilistic assessment of travel times in groundwater modeling (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 19-55 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Indicator kriging ; stochastic simulation ; soft data ; Walker Lake ; sequential simulation ; scaling-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A Monte Carlo approach is described for the quantification of uncertainty on travel time estimates. A real (non synthetic) and exhaustive data set of natural genesis is used for reference. Using an approach based on binary indicators, constraint interval data are easily accommodated in the modeling process. It is shown how the incorporation of imprecise data can reduce drastically the uncertainty in the estimates. It is also shown that unrealistic results are obtained when a deterministic modeling is carried out using a kriging estimate of the transmissivity field. Problems related with using sequential indicator simulation for the generation of fields incorporating constraint interval data are discussed. The final results consists of 95% probability intervals of arrival times at selected control planes reflecting the original uncertainty on the transmissivity maps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581389
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    Joint conditional simulations and the spectral approach for flow modeling (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 79-108 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic flow equations ; conditional simulation ; spectral representations ; joint conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The use of data to condition single random fields has a well-established history. However, the joint use of data from several cross-correlated random fields is not as well developed. For example, the use of both transmissivity and head data in a steady state 2-d stochastic flow problem is essentially an inverse problem that is very important for both flow and transport predictions. This problem is addressed here by using a combination of numerical simulation and analytical methods and its application illustrated. The type of information conveyed by the different data categories is explored. The results presented are especially interesting in that head and transmissivity each give different information: Head values would appear to constrain the geometry of the paths while transmissivity data yields information about travel times. The linearized model is expanded to an iterative procedure and the “true” conditional distribution at several locations is compared with the iterative solution. The problem mentioned above is one with a special transfer function specified by the flow equation. In the second part of the paper a Fast Fourier Transform method for generation and conditioning of two or more random fields is introduced. This procedure is simple to implement, fast and very flexible.
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    Effective hydraulic conductivity of nonstationary aquifers (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 1-17 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic diffusion equations ; effective hydraulic conductivity ; correlation scale ; heterogeneous aquifers ; spectral representation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Assuming that the ln hydraulic conductivity in an aquifer is mathematically approximated by a spatial deterministic “surface”, or trend, plus a stationary random noise, we treat the problem of finding what the effective hydraulic conductivity of that aquifer is. This problem is tackled by spectral methods applied to a type of diffusion equation of groundwater flow, together with suitable coordinate transformations. Analytical (exact) solutions in terms of elementary functions are presented for one- and three-dimensional finite and infinite domains. Stability criteria are obtained for the solutions, in terms of a critical parameter, that turns out to involve the product of correlation scale and trend gradient. For the case of finite and symmetrical domains, additional provisions to insure the stability of numerical calculations of effective hydraulic conductivity are provided. Effective hydraulic conductivity is an important property, with potential applications in the calibrations of groundwater and transport numerical models.
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    MMO: An improved estimator for log-Pearson type-3 distribution (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 219-231 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Parameter estimation ; flood frequency analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A mixed method combining the method of moments and the method of optimization (MMO) was developed for estimating the parameters of the log-Pearson type 3 (LP3) distribution. The MMO estimates the parameters of mean and standard deviation by the method of indirect moments (MIM) and estimates the coefficient of skewness by minimizing both the relative root average square error (RRASE) and the relative average bias (RAB). Both the predictive capability and descriptive capability of six popular estimation methods were evaluated using 90 sets of observed flood data and six selected LP3 populations with 1000 samples for each selected sample size. The performance of the MMO was compared with those of five other selected estimation methods. A weighted ranking index (WRI) procedure was developed to help select the best combination of distribution and method for the Louisiana flood data. The WRI takes both the predictive capability and the descriptive capability into account in the evaluation. The combination of LP3/MMO was found to be the best combination for Louisiana flood data.
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    Unsaturated flows in soils with self-similar hydraulic conductivity distribution (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 281-300 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic analysis ; unsaturated flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this article, we are concerned with the statistics of steady unsaturated flow in soils with a fractal hydraulic conductivity distribution. It is assumed that the spatial distribution of log hydraulic conductivity can be described as an isotropic stochastic fractal process. The impact of the fractal dimension of this process, the soil pore-size distribution parameter, and the characteristic length scale on the variances of tension head and the effective conductivity is investigated. Results are obtained for one-dimensional and three-dimensional flows. Our results indicate that the tension head variance is scale-dependent for fractal distribution of hydraulic conductivity. Both tension head variance and effective hydraulic conductivity depend strongly on the fractal dimension. The soil pore-size distribution parameter is important in reducing the variability of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and of the fluxes.
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    Entropy principles in the prediction of water quality values at discontinued monitoring stations (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 301-317 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Change ; discontinued stations ; entropy ; networks ; optimization ; prediction ; unbiased ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new methodology for predicting water quality values at discontinued water quality monitoring stations is proposed. The method is based upon the Principle of Maximum Entropy (POME) and provides unbiased predictions of water quality levels at upstream tributaries and on the mainstem of a river given observed changes in the distribution of the same water quality parameter at a downstream location. Changes in the values of water quality parameters which are known a priori to have occurred upstream, but which are not sufficiently large to account for all the observed change in the same water quality parameter at the downstream location are able to be incorporated in the method through the introduction of a new term in the basic entropy expression. Application of the procedure to water quality monitoring on the Mackenzie River in Queensland, Australia indicates the method has considerable potential for prediction of water quality at discontinued stations. The method also has potential for identifying the location of causes of observed changes in water quality at a downstream station.
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    Sampling variance of a T-year flood estimated by curve-fitting (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 233-258 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Flood ; China ; river ; sampling variance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The sampling variance of a T-year flood when estimated using a curve-fitting method results from the errors in hydrologic observations, plotting positions, and model-fitting. This paper develops a method to quantify the contribution of plotting positions to the sampling variance of the T-year flood magnitude. Application of the method to 150 flood-flow data sets of 41 rivers in the People's Republic of China show that the errors due to plotting positions contribute more to the sampling variance than others.
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    Determination of unit hydrographs by multiple storm analysis (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 269-280 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unit hydrograph ; least square methods ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the derivation of a unit hydrograph by multiple storm analysis using least squares methods. Variations of least squares method was generalized using the framework of weighted ridge analysis. The paper also shows two theorems to support using multi-storm analysis to derive UH. In addition, an issue was addressed on the scaling effect in the conventional multi-storm analysis which could create potential bias toward large storms in deriving a multi-storm UH. For that, a simple scaling procedure was proposed to reduce such potential bias problem. Numerical investigations were conducted to examine the performance of the scaling procedure by comparing with the conventional multi-storm analysis (without scaling) and the HEC-1 weighing procedures. Based on various performance criteria using a total of 39 storms from three watersheds, the proposed scaling procedure was found to produce a quite desirable UH.
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    Modeling of transport in groundwater for environmental risk assessment (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 57-77 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic transport ; risk assessment ; concentration CDF ; exceedance probabilities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the principles underlying a recently developed numerical technique for modeling transport in heterogeneous porous media. The method is then applied to derive the concentration mean and variance, the concentration CDF, exceedance probabilities and exposure time CDF, which are required by various regulatory agencies for risk and performance assessment calculations. The dependence of the various statistics on elapsed travel time, location in space, the dimension of the detection volume, natural variability and pore-scale dispersion is investigated and discussed.
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    Stochastic space transforms in subsurface hydrology — Part 2: Generalized spectral decompositions and plancherel representations (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 117-138 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic hydrology ; random fields ; space transformations ; generalized functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In earlier publications, certain applications of space transformation operators in subsurface hydrology were considered. These operators reduce the original multi-dimensional problem to the one-dimensional space, and can be used to study stochastic partial differential equations governing groundwater flow and solute transport processes. In the present work we discuss developments in the theoretical formulation of flow models with space-dependent coefficients in terms of space transformations. The formulation is based on stochastic Radon operator representations of generalized functions. A generalized spectral decomposition of the flow parameters is introduced, which leads to analytically tractable expressions of the space transformed flow equation. A Plancherel representation of the space transformation product of the head potential and the log-conductivity is also obtained. A test problem is first considered in detail and the solutions obtained by means of the proposed approach are compared with the exact solutions obtained by standard partial differential equation methods. Then, solutions of three-dimensional groundwater flow are derived starting from solutions of a one-dimensional model along various directions in space. A step-by-step numerical formulation of the approach to the flow problem is also discussed, which is useful for practical applications. Finally, the space transformation solutions are compared with local solutions obtained by means of series expansions of the log-conductivity gradient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01589893
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    Comparative evaluation of Poisson partial duration models for mixed flood populations (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 207-218 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Partial duration ; Weibull ; nonhomogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Simple homogeneous formulations of two extreme value partial duration flood models are compared to more sophisticated compound formulations in terms of asymptotic performance of quantile estimates. The compound model formulations were developed to model flood series resulting from mixed climatological processes. It was found that only in the case of marked nonhomogeneity in the data samples did the compound formulation of the models offer significant advantages in terms of variance of quantile estimates. However, the estimates from the homogeneous model were significantly biased in the negative direction. This negative bias of quantile estimates from the simple model was even more pronounced when the more sophisticated Weibull model was used as the base.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587235
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    A stochastic integral equation analog of rainfall-runoff processes for evaluating modeling uncertainty (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 259-268 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall ; runoff ; modeling ; uncertainty ; stochastics ; stochastic integral equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a very general rainfall-runoff model structure (described below) is shown to reduce to a unit hydrograph model structure. For the general model, a multi-linear unit hydrograph approach is used to develop subarea runoff, and is coupled to a multi-linear channel flow routing method to develop a link-node rainfall-runoff model network. The spatial and temporal rainfall distribution over the catchment is probabilistically related to a known rainfall data source located in the catchment in order to account for the stochastic nature of rainfall with respect to the rain gauge measured data. The resulting link node model structure is a series of stochastic integral equations, one equation for each subarea. A cumulative stochastic integral equation is developed as a sum of the above series, and includes the complete spatial and temporal variabilities of the rainfall over the catchment. The resulting stochastic integral equation is seen to be an extension of the well-known single area unit hydrograph method, except that the model output of a runoff hydrograph is a distribution of outcomes (or realizations) when applied to problems involving prediction of storm runoff; that is, the model output is a set of probable runoff hydrographs, each outcome being the results of calibration to a known storm event.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588756
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    Erratum (1994)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 318-318 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588760
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    The use of best design practices: An analysis of US navy contractors (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 14-24 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Best practice ; Case study ; Product development process ; Strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid and successful introduction of new products is a potentially significant source of competitive advantage for manufacturing firms. Organizations need to identify and manage those critical elements of the product development process (PDP) that have a positive influence on new product success. This research identifies the distinctive product development and design practices, policies and tools currently followed by companies (Navy contractors) that participated in an empirical research study known as the Best Manufacturing Practices Program. A summary of practices reported in the case studies is compiled using content analysis techniques, and the most interesting practices by individual companies are highlighted. We find numerous examples of sophisticated CAD techniques being used to enhance the development process, including expert system design advisers, computer simulation, and design databases. Companies are emphasizing the design policies of concurrent engineering and teamwork, and documenting design process knowledge into design manuals. Company effort still appear focused primarily on the phase of detailed design rather than the concept selection phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588088
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    Qualitative reasoning inference strategy and its application to structural engineering (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 73-84 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Inference strategy ; Qualitative reasoning ; Structural engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The space-centered framework is a reasoning methodology for obtaining qualitative solutions to boundary value problems. The inference strategy uses backward-and-forward propagation. The backward propagation assumes a component or connection qualitative state consistent with available knowledge about the component or connection. The forward propagation uses the topology of the structure and derives values without ambiguity consistent with the new information assumed by the backward propagation. The forward propagation considerably improves the inference efficiency. A computer program named Agrippa implements the famework. The framework is applied to the evaluation of the load transfer characteristics of two conceptual structural designs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579985
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    Simulation and shape synthesis of kinematic pairs via small-scale interference detection (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 103-123 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: contact detection ; kinematic simulation ; qualitative reasoning ; shape synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a shape representation and algorithms for the simulation and shape synthesis of kinematic higher pairs. The shape of a kinematic member is represented as an arrangement of small contiguous nondirected circles, which we call “molecules”. Given the shapes of the two members, a valid initial configuration, and the motion of one of the members (known as the driver), the motion of the other member (known as the driven) is determined. This simulation is based upon finding the points of contact between the member shapes. Contact is defined by interference of the molecules. As output, the simulation produces the functional relationship between the members and a record of the molecules of each member shape that came into contact during the process. Two procedures for shape synthesis are described. Given the shape of one member and the functional kinematic relationship between the member pair, the first procedure generates the shape of the second member from a blank of material. The second procedure modifies the shapes of two interacting members in order to change their contact characteristics during a kinematic interaction. Several examples from an implementation are provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579987
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    An approach to functional synthesis of solutions in mechanical conceptual design. Part I: Introduction and knowledge representation (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 127-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: computer support ; concept generation ; conceptual design ; knowledge representation and reasoning ; mechanical design ; transmission design ; functional synthesis ; functional reasoning ; functional modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conceptual design is an early phase in the design process, which involves the generation of solution concepts to satisfy the functional requirements of a design problem. There can be more than one solution to a problem; this means that there is scope for producing improved designs if one could explore a solution space larger than is possible at present. Computer support to conceptual design could be effective to this end, if an adequate understanding of the required design knowledge and subsequent tools for its representation and manipulation were available. This three-part series of articles describes one approach to synthesis of solutions to a class of mechanical design problems; these involve transmission and transformation of mechanical forces and motion, and can be described by a set of inputs and outputs. The approach involves(1) identifying a set of primary functional elements and rules of combining them, and(2) developing appropriate representations and reasoning procedures for synthesising solution concepts using these elements and their combination rules; these synthesis procedures can produce an exhaustive set of solution concepts, in terms of their topological as well as spatial configurations, to a given design problem. Part I provides an overview of the scope and the approach, adopted in the entire series, to identify the design knowledge required for synthesis, and a method for its validation. It specifically focuses on the extraction and representation of this knowledge. Part II describes synthesis of topological (graph structure) descriptions of possible solutions to a given problem. Part III describes a procedure for producing spatial configurations of these solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607275
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    Guiding conceptual design through behavioral reasoning (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 169-188 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Conceptual Design ; Behavior ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a model for conceptual design based on an explicit behavioral reasoning step to guide the design process. Rather than mapping directly from function to form, we treat conceptual design as a two-step process, first transforming functional requirements to a behavioral description and then matching physical artifacts to this behavior. We believe that behavior, in terms of physical principles and phenomena, provides a natural bridge between functional requirements and physical artifacts. Behavioral reasoning breaks preconceived links between functions and artifacts, allowing for innovative solutions to be found. A new representation calledbehavior graphs (derived from bond graphs) has been developed to facilitate behavioral reasoning. This paper discusses behavior graphs and their use in a design synthesis model that generates systems of pre-defined embodiments (e.g., motor, spring, valve) to meet functional requirements given in terms of input and output parameters (e.g., force, pressure, displacement, voltage). An experimental computer program implementing this model is discussed and illustrative examples presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607277
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    Representation of geometric variations using matrix transforms for statistical tolerance analysis in assemblies (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 191-210 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Tolerance analysis ; Vectorial tolerancing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this article is to develop a tolerance representation for assemblies compatible with tolerance analysis based on a closed-form algorithm used in robotic applications. A methodology is described that represents standard Y14.5M-1982 tolerances using homogeneous 4×4 matrix transforms. Transforms represent both the nominal relations between parts and the variations caused by geometric deviations allowed by the tolerances. The analysis calculates a statistical estimate of the location of theNth part in an assembly starting from the first part or a fixture. Except forform tolerances, most types of tolerance specifications are compatible with the proposed representation. This approach is well suited to integration with CAD systems and feature-based design. Since assembly apparatus errors can be calculated using the same methodology, one can predict the relative position and angle errors between two parts about to be mated. This permits useful evaluation of assembly equipment errors, comparison of different product tolerance assignments, and calculations of assembly process capability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608399
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    How sure are we? (1994)
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    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 97-97 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040991
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    PCL's analysis of thermal hazards on offshore structures (PATHOS 2) (1994)
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    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 173-178 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040995
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    A computer model to assess fire hazards in tunnels (FASIT) (1994)
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    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 134-154 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Fire hazards ; tunnel ; multi-zone ; smoke movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A computer model that simulates fire growth movement in tunnels is described, and a brief overview of tunnel systems is presented. The methods for predicting mass flows, velocities, smoke concentrations, and heat transfer are presented, along with a list of hazard output parameters. The validation of the model against experiment, and possible directions for future work are also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040993
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    Full-scale fire tests and the development of design criteria for sprinkler protection of mobile shelving units (1994)
    Springer
    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 98-133 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In early 1991, a new sprinkler system was planned for the existing National Archives/National Library of Canada building in Ottawa. A major challenge in the design and installation of the sprinkler systems was to protect mobile compact shelving units located in the three levels below grade. Storage of documents in these shelving units is typically within 178 mm of the concrete slab ceiling. The minimum clearance permitted by the sprinkler system installation standard is 457 mm from the sprinkler deflector to the top of the storage. To conform with the sprinkler design standard, the top level or levels of storage would have had to be removed and additional storage space acquired. Because of the annual cost of this additional storage, an investigation was begun to determine feasible alternatives that would permit a reduction in clearances between sprinklers and storage, while maintaining an acceptable level of fire safety. This paper describes the series of five full-scale fire tests that were conducted to assess various fire protection options. Based on these tests, design criteria were developed for a sprinkler system using quick response horizontal sidewall sprinklers to protect the mobile shelving units. An overview of this technically based fire protection system for use in protecting shelving units with reduced clearance is also presented.
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    Russia's 1993 fire statistics (1994)
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    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 458-467 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039944
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    Comments on heat release rate (1994)
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    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 478-479 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039946
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    Economics of fire technology (1994)
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    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 468-477 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In this article, we explain cost-benefit terms and how they apply to fire safety, then summarize the findings of several social fire safety cost-benefit analyses we have done in Sweden. We have found that smoke detectors and portable fire extinguishers are useful in the average single-family home, but sprinklers are not. Sprinkler systems are very helpful in the average manufacturing industry but too expensive. In most chemical plants, however, they are profitable. Sprinklers in the average hotel have higher costs than expected benefits and therefore are not profitable. In health-care facilities, particularly psychiatric wards, they are profitable. Our research also shows that chimney sweeping is carried out too frequently in Sweden and that in new residential areas, water from tanker vehicles is more effective against fires than water from hydrants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039945
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    A rule-based system for generating a ladder logic control program from a high-level systems model (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 103-120 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Shop floor controller ; petri nets ; programmable logic controllers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this article an interface between a high-level specification of a system and a logic controller of that system is developed. The interface is based on a number of rules to transform an IDEF0 specification into an intermediate-level Petri-net-based controller and to transform the intermediate specification into a ladder logic program which can be run on a PLC. These rules could be used as a basis for developing an expert system to handle the interface. Such an expert system provides an environment for rapid prototyping and analysis of controllers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572403
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    Machine assignment and part-families formation using group technology (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 225-234 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Group technology ; clustering algorithms ; machine assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The conventional way of solving the group technology (GT) problem is to start from an assignment of parts to machines and try to find a partitioning of machine cells and part families. The similarity between parts is measured based on commonality of the machines assigned to them. However, parts are assigned to machines based on their operation requirements and the operation capabilities of machines. Similarity between parts should be based on their required operations. In this paper, the authors attempt to solve or facilitate solving the GT problem at the assignment level. An algorithm for assigning parts to machines is provided which utilizes the types of operations required by parts and applies GT principles in producing the assignment. This leads to better partitioning of machine cells and part-families. Furthermore, operation sequences required by parts in determining the similarity between parts have been considered. An algorithm to form part-families based on the operation sequence similarity coefficient has been developed. The resulting families are then used by the assignment algorithm to produce machine assignments to part-families. The use of the algorithm is demonstrated by examples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123695
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    Reducing waste in casting with a predictive neural model (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 277-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Neural networks ; ceramic casting ; quality control ; predictive modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes an interactive neural network model that predicts the quality of cast ceramic products using multiple quantitative and qualitative inputs. This has been done to enable a major sanitary ware manufacturer to reduce product waste by better control of the slip casting process. The input variables describe the raw materials, ambient conditions and line settings for the ceramic casting process. The neural network predictive model assigns one of seven quality categories to the cast based on the input data. This prediction is used by the quality control engineer to make a priori adjustments to materials and line settings so that a good quality cast is produced without trial and error. The neural model can also be used to determine optimum settings of each adjustable input variable in the light of values of non-adjustable input variables.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123699
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    An organism-oriented modeling approach to support the analysis and design of intelligent manufacturing systems (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 121-142 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Object-oriented manufacturing ; organism-oriented models ; object-oriented models ; intelligent manufacturing systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a generic macroscopic object, termed an ‘organism’, is introduced. An organism defines a high-level modeling object that has the capabilities for organizational networking, standardization or characteristics specifications, decoupling of editing and visualization as well as temporal management. Organism-oriented models inherit from their parent object-oriented and object/agent-oriented models a simplified representation of the manufacturing entities as well as a capacity for many levels of abstraction. Moreover, the organism-oriented modeling approach enriches these models by not only considering basic manufacturing objects and agents, but also the fact that each of these objects and agents may itself be an organization and also part of one or several organizations. The paper first surveys some of the current approaches used for modeling and analysing manufacturing systems: structured analysis, Petri nets, object and object/ agent models. The object model behind the organism-oriented modeling approach is then presented and its application to a manufacturing case is illustrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572404
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    Error compensation in machine tools: a neural network approach (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 143-151 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Machine tools ; error compensation ; neural network
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: For a non-idealized machine tool, each point in the workspace is associated with a tool point positioning error vector. If this error map can be determined, then it is possible to substantially improve the positioning performance of the machine by introducing suitable compensation into the control loop. This paper explores the possibility of using an artifical neural network (ANN) to compute this mapping. The training set for the ANN is obtained by mounting a physical artifact whose dimensions are precisely known in the machine's workspace. The machine, equipped with a touch trigger probe, ‘measures’ the positions of features on the artifact. The difference between the machine reading and the known dimension is the machine error at that point in the workspace. Using standard modeling techniques, the kinematic error model for a CNC turning center was developed. This model was parameterized by measurement of the parametric error functions using a laser interferometer, electronic levels and a precision square. The kinematic model was then used to simulate the artifact-measuring process and develop the ANN training set. The effect of changing artifact geometry was explored and a machining operation was simulated using the ANN output to provide compensation. The results show that the ANN is capable of learning the error map of a real machine, and that ANN-based compensation can significantly reduce part-dimensional errors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123919
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    HOM—A hybrid object model for automatic assembly planning (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 153-163 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Assembly planning ; object programming ; features
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new product model that is particularly useful for model-based assembly planning is presented in this paper. The majority of the models used in this domain are simple approximations of the real workpiece and they are often dedicated to special algorithms. The model described here provides a more accurate and more flexible representation of workpieces. It consists of two parts, one describing geometry and topology, and the other describing the technological properties of an object. An increase in accuracy of the shape description was achieved by enhancing a polyhedral model with an analytical representation. A flexible representation of attributes and features, on the other hand, increases the generality of the model with regard to other planning domains. The application of the model is demonstrated within the framework of assembly sequence planning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123920
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    An automated coding and classification system with supporting database for effective design of manufacturing systems (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 235-249 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Group technology ; automated coding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The philosophy of group technology (GT) is an important concept in the design of flexible manufacturing systems and manufacturing cells. Group technology is a manufacturing philosophy that identifies similar parts and groups them into families. Beside assigning unique codes to these parts, group technology developers intend to take advantage of part similarities during design and manufacturing processes. GT is not the answer to all manufacturing problems, but it is a good management technique with which to standardize efforts and eliminate duplication. Group technology classifies parts by assigning them to different families based on their similarities in: (1) design attributes (physical shape and size), and/or (2) manufacturing attributes (processing sequence). The manufacturing industry today is process focused; departments and sub units are no longer independent but are interdependent. If the product development process is to be optimized, engineering and manufacturing cannot remain independent any more: they must be coordinated. Each sub-system is a critical component within an integrated manufacturing framework. The coding and classification system is the basis of CAPP and the functioning and reliability of CAPP depends on the robustness of the coding system. The proposed coding system is considered superior to the previously proposed coding systems, in that it has the capability to migrate into multiple manufacturing environments. This article presents the design of a coding and classification system and the supporting database for manufacturing processes based on both design and manufacturing attributes of parts. An interface with the spreadsheet will calculate the machine operation costs for various processes. This menu-driven interactive package is implemented using dBASE-IV. Part Family formation is achieved using a KAMCELL package developed in TURBO Pascal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123696
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    Mathematical modeling of human egress from fires in residential buildings (1994)
    Springer
    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 338-340 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038068
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Performance parameters of fire detection systems (1994)
    Springer
    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 326-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Detection ; fire detection ; probability ; fire research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This report is a formal, functional analysis of fire detection systems' requirements. The performance parameters of fire detection systems are given as conditional probabilities. These parameters are identified by the objective analysis of the functions of a fire detection system. It is demonstrated that using the false alarm rate to specify the malfunctioning of a thresh-old-detection system is inadequate. The principal function of fire detection systems is identified as the notification of antifire agents of the probability of an unwanted fire. The evaluation of the information provided by a detector system is central to its worth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038067
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FORUM for International Cooperation on Fire Research (1994)
    Springer
    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 357-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The FORUM for International Cooperation on Fire Research is an informal group of people committed to fire research and the application of fire-research results. Since it was formed in 1988, the FORUM has brought together organizational leaders who direct resources for fire research throughout the world. This article is reprinted from the Nordic Fire Safety Engineering Symposium, Development and Verification of Tools for Performance Codes, August 30–September 1, 1993, in Espoo, Finland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038070
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Current research (1994)
    Springer
    Fire technology 30 (1994), S. 374-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038072
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a feature-based and object-oriented concurrent engineering system (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; CAD/CAM ; feature modeling ; process planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Product information modeling is critical to the integration of mechanical CAD/CAM systems and to the implementation of a concurrent engineering system. This paper presents a recent development of a feature-based and object-oriented concurrent engineering system with its focus on a product information modeling technique implemented in the system. The technique was developed to capture product definition data including form features and their spatial relationships and to store them as an object-oriented information model during the design process. The paper also describes the implementation of the information modeling technique and its application to manufacturing process planning in an object-oriented environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124684
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Part design using manufacturing features (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Feature extraction ; feature-based design ; feature-based manufacturing object-oriented system ; computer-integrated manufacturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a methodology by which manufacturability data is used to drive the design process. The system allows a designer to determine the features to be considered. He provides the basic geometric parameters for each feature and passes them to the modeling system for instantiations. Tolerances and surface finish allow the system to derive manufacturing implications used by the designer to review the design. The physical parameters, in addition to the processing information, lead to an integrated model which may be used by both the designer and the manufacturing personnel. This procedure may be invoked at any level of the design process and contribute to a final manufacturable design. The philosophy employed in the development of this work is to define manufacturing features as instances of generic ones with specific properties and processing methods. The design features obtain their geometric superclasses from a commercially available package of solid primitives thus allowing for the part to be graphically displayed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124687
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