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  • Articles  (2,662)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (2,662)
  • Springer  (2,662)
  • 1995-1999  (1,505)
  • 1990-1994  (1,157)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (2,662)
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  • Articles  (2,662)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Logical Positivists' Theory of Truth: The Fundamental Problem and a New Perspective (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 101-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: concept of truth ; criterion of truth ; protocol sentence ; linguistic framework ; formal and material mode of speech ; ontology ; structure ; logical syntax ; semantics ; internal and external questions ; existence ; fact ; reality ; world ; Carnap ; Hempel ; Neurath ; Schlick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The present article purports to show that the protocol sentence debate, pursued by some leading members of the Vienna Circle in the mid-1930s, was essentially a controversy over the explanation and the real significance of the concept of truth. It is further shown that the fundamental issue underlying the discussions about the concept of truth was the relationship between form and content, as well as between logic/language and the world. R. Carnap was the philosopher who most explicitly and systematically attempted to come to grips with this problem. It is shown that the form-content distinction pervades the three most important phases of Carnap's philosophical development: the structuralist (in Der logische Aufbau der Welt), the syntactical and the semantical. His final semantical stance is essentially determined by the concept of linguistic frameworks. The article purports to demonstrate that this concept cannot be dispensed with in philosophy, but that Carnap failed to work out its ontological implications. Finally, the concept of an internal ontology is briefly delineated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008286204460
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ansgar Beckermann, Einführung in die Logik (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 176-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008232502888
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On Classification of Scientific Revolutions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 201-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: scientific revolutions ; epistemic ruptures ; epistemicframework ; incommensurability ; paradigm ; Kuhn ; Lakatos ; Crowe ; Dauben
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The question whether Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions could be applied to mathematics caused many interesting problems to arise. The aim of this paper is to discuss whether there are different kinds of scientific revolution, and if so, how many. The basic idea of the paper is to discriminate between the formal and the social aspects of the development of science and to compare them. The paper has four parts. In the first introductory part we discuss some of the questions which arose during the debate of the historians of mathematics. In the second part, we introduce the concept of the epistemic framework of a theory. We propose to discriminate three parts of this framework, from which the one called formal frame will be of considerable importance for our approach, as its development is conservative and gradual. In the third part of the paper we define the concept of epistemic rupture as a discontinuity in the formal frame. The conservative and gradual nature of the changes of the formal frame open the possibility to compare different epistemic ruptures. We try to show that there are four different kinds of epistemic rupture, which we call idealisation, re-presentation, objectivisation and re-formulation. In the last part of the paper we derive from the classification of the epistemic ruptures a classification of scientific revolutions. As only the first three kinds of rupture are revolutionary (the re-formulations are rather cumulative), we obtain three kinds of scientific revolution: idealisation, re-presentation, and objectivisation. We discuss the relation of our classification of scientific revolutions to the views of Kuhn, Lakatos, Crowe, and Dauben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008317930920
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sehen, Sichtbarkeit und empirische Forschung (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 273-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: concept of observation ; research practices ; instruments ; image processing ; astronomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Vision, Visibility, and Empirical Research. In general, natural scientists use the concept of observation in a liberal way: they talk of observing electrons, DNA, or distant quasars. Several philosophers of science have recently argued for a similar use of the concept of observation: they have claimed that the important aspects of scientific research can only be properly reconstructed in accordance with how this term is actually used in science. With reference to an example from astronomy, I point out that the proposed generalisation of the concept of observation leads to undesirable consequences. I argue that a differentiated conceptual framework is required in order to give an adequate account of the varieties of scientific experience. Thus, the appropriate starting point for distinguishing these various scientific research practices should not be the generalised scientific conception of observation, but instead distinctly different uses of the term observation drawn from ordinary language.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008374032737
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    100 Jahre danach: zum Stand der Dinge in Sachen Hermann von Helmholtz (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008217612882
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deterministic Chaos and Computational Complexity: the Case of Methodological Complexity Reductions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: deterministic chaos ; computational complexity ; effective complexity reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Some problems rarely discussed in traditional philosophy of science are mentioned: The empirical sciences using mathematico-quantitative theoretical models are frequently confronted with several types of computational problems posing primarily methodological limitations on explanatory and prognostic matters. Such limitations may arise from the appearances of deterministic chaos and (too) high computational complexity in general. In many cases, however, scientists circumvent such limitations by utilizing reductional approximations or complexity reductions for intractable problem formulations, thus constructing new models which are computationally tractable. Such activities are compared with reduction types (more) established in philosophy of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008376425565
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Holism in Cartesianism and in Today's Philosophy of Physics (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 17-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Cartesianism ; geometrodynamics ; holism ; non-separability ; quantum entanglement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to contribute to a more balanced judgement than the widespread impression that the changes which are called for in today's philosophy of physics and which centre around the concept of holism amount to a rupture with the framework of Cartesian philosophy of physics. I argue that this framework includes a sort of holism: As a result of the identification of matter with space, any physical property can be instantiated only if there is the whole of matter. Relating this holism to general relativity, I maintain that this holism cannot be directly applied to today's philosophy of physics consequent upon the failure of geometrodynamics. I show in what respect precisely the holism in quantum physics amounts to a revision of the holism within Cartesianism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008326613673
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  • 8
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    Der Verschlungene Weg des Evolutionsgedankens. Eve-Marie Engels (Hrg.): Die Rezeption von Evolutionstheorien im 19. Jahrhundert (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 379-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008324625695
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Über zwei Formen von Realismus in der Quantentheorie (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 289-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: realism in quantum theory ; empirical versus metaphysical realism ; Bohmian interpretations ; Vienna Circle ; Salmon's account of causal explanation ; d'Espagnat's empirical realism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract On Two Types of Realism in Quantum Theory. Current realist approaches to the foundations of quantum theory emphasize the dichotomy between (Copenhagen) positivism and ‘beable’-realism. Recently it was even attempted to turn this picture into two (equally possible) histories in order to legitimate Bohmian Mechanics as a viable alternative. This paper argues that this dichotomy is philosophically inadequate and historically questionable by embedding it into the philosophical discussion on positivism and realism that has taken place since the 1920s. Logical Empiricists back then advocated empirical realism and contrasted it to absolutistic metaphysical realism. From this viewpoint David Bohm's ‘beable’-realism combines elements of Mach's sensualism with a pre-Kantian metaphysics. As Wesley Salmon's position shows, empirical realism can become quite pronounced without relapsing into Bohmian philosophy. Instead it arrives close to the GRWP-interpretation. Hence, when Bernard d'Espagnat binds both together as ‘ontological interpretations’, he blurs the borderline between empirical and metaphysical realism that his Veiled Reality has set out to draw, quite in concordance with Logical Empiricism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008368214081
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Darstellen und Rekonstruieren: Eine Hermeneutische Erwiderung auf Ian Hacking (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 365-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Kant ; theory and experiment ; hermeneutics ; realism/anti-realism debate ; Bezugnahme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Representing and Reconstructing: A Hermeneutical Reply to Ian Hacking. Hacking published in 1983 Representing and Intervening which has provoked, particularly in the US, the so called realism/anti-realism debate which is still alive today. He lays claim to anti-realism for theory and to realism for the experiment. Following him, only that which can be used for manipulating something (e.g., the path of an electon) is realistic. H. Putnam is a severe critic of this dualism. In my paper I am going to take the Hacking-Putnam controversy as a starting-point for the problem about the determination of the relation between theory and experiment in the natural sciences. I shall then follow M. Schlick's discussion of this problem and the current solution to the problem as offered by H. Pietschmann. The differing interpretation of Kant according to the three perspectives shall be the guideline for the argumentation. The goal of my argumentation is that theory and experiment do not live their own lives, that in experimenting one always continues traditional chains of action, and that natural science cannot be regarded independently of the life world it takes place in. This insight into the representing and reconstructing overturns in natural science, due to the necessity of human decisions, opens up their hermeneutical dimension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008322031828
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zwischen der „Physik des Organischen” und der „Organisierung der Physik”: Überlegungen zu Gegenstand und Methode der Biologie (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 59-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Biologismus ; Physikalismus ; Pluralismus ; differenzierte Wissenschaftstypologie ; Autonomie der Biologie ; Vielfalt ; Individualität ; Ganzheit ; nomothetische und idiographische Wissenschaft
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Between Physics of Organism and Organismic Physics: Object and Method of Biology. In the history of biological theory one can observe an oscillation between two tendencies of thinking, namely the biologistic and the physicalistic point of view. Both aim at a general or unified theory of nature that is relevant for scientific research as well as for philosophical reflection. In terms of a pluralistic approach these two ways of theory-formation must be rejected. Biology e.g. as a specific natural science, characterized by its mid-position between ‘nomothetic’ and ‘idiographic’ thinking (Windelband), is much more than a subordinate branch of physical knowledge. This very autonomy of biology does not only result from a special methodology or from a specific theoretical framework. On the contrary, the methodological and functional autonomy of biology is due to the very features of the phenomena investigated. These features include multitude, individuality and wholeness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008289613950
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    The Biological Function Paradigm Applied to the Immunological Self-Non-Self Discrimination: Critique of Tauber's Phenomenological Analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 155-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: biological function ; immunological self/non-self discrimination ; innate/acquired immunity ; connectivity ; Tauber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Biological self reference idioms in brain-centered or nervous-system-centered self determination of the consious Self reveal an interesting contrast with biological self-determination by immunological self/non-self discrimination. This contrast is both biological and epistemological. In contrast to the consciousness conscious of itself, the immunological self-determination imposes a protective mechanism against self-recognition (Coutinho et al. 1984), which adds to a largely unconscious achievement of the biological Self (Popper 1977; Medawar 1959). The latter viewpoint is in contrast with the immunological Self-determination as an essentially cognitive process as expressed in the analysis of Tauber (1994). Comparison of the immune system in vertebrates and invertebrates, according to new biological insights, has contributed to a better understanding of the relative role of innate (or inherited) immunity versus immunity acquired during each individual life. Also in this respect, immunological self-achievement shows both a striking analogy and a fundamental discrepancy with the activity of the nervous system. The analysis of immunological Self/non-self discrimination versus brain-centered self-determination adds to the understanding of the function paradigm in biological self-reference idioms, especially when regarding the importance of the connectivity notion in both systems. Adopting functional explanatory schemes for understanding immunological self-non-self discrimination, as well as for the understanding of functional mapping of the brain at (conscious) activity (Friston et al. 1993; Frith et al. 1995), forwards the notion of effective/functional connectivity. Network connectivity not only is a primary question in solving the dimensionality question for immunological ‘idiotypic networks’ (Jerne 1974a, b; 1984), it may also have an important value in describing phase transitions in the development of both immune and nervous systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008221816756
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Is Putnam's Causal Theory of Meaning Compatible with Internal Realism? (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: scientific realism ; incommensurability ; causal theory of meaning ; metaphysical realism ; god's eye point of view ; internal realism ; Putnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Putnam originally developed his causal theory of meaning in order to support scientific realism and reject the notion of incommensurability. Later he gave up this position and adopted instead what he called ‘internal realism’, but apparently without changing his mind on topics related to his former philosophy of language. The question must arise whether internal realism, which actually is a species of antirealism, is compatible with the causal theory of meaning. In giving an answer I begin with an analysis of the content and metaphysical background of scientific realism. I show that it presupposes metaphysical realism and that Putnam's philosophical conversion is due to his becoming aware of the latter's incoherence. After giving a brief sketch of internal realism I conclude by arguing that within this new theoretical framework the causal theory of meaning loses its force as a weapon against incommensurability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008240206638
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  • 14
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    Michael Freyer, Vom mittelalterlichen Medizin- zum modernen Biologie-unterricht. Band 1: Analysen zu Grundlagen und Verlauf kultureller Eta-blierungsprozesse, Band 2: Bibliographien und Ü bersichten zur Geschichte des Medizin-/"Biologie"-Unterrichts (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 185-187 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008240820635
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  • 15
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    Books Received (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 189-192 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017115503114
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  • 16
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    Announcement (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 193-197 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017176009502
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  • 17
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    Jens Soentgen, Das Unscheinbare. Phäanomenologische Beschreibungen von Stoffen, Dingen und fraktalen Gebilden (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 397-401 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008205208339
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  • 18
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    Why we Believe (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 317-339 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: knowledge ; full belief ; epistemology ; radicalprobabilism ; instrumentalism ; pragmatism ; bayesianism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The radical probabilist counsels the prudent never to put away uncertainty, and hence always to balance judgment with probabilities of various sizes. Against this counsel I shall advise in favor of the practice of full belief — at least for some occasions. This advice rests on the fact that it is sometimes in a person's interests to accept certain propositions as a means of bringing it about that others recognize oneself as having accepted those propositions. With the pragmatists, therefore, I shall reject the view that belief formation must in every instance be a truth-directed affair. Unlike the pragmatists, however, I shall conclude that the enterprise of belief formation is not directed exclusively, or even primarily, at attaining knowledge. In other words, pursuit of that which it profits to believe, on the one hand, and pursuit of knowledge on the other, are distinct enterprises, which overlap (when they do) only accidentally.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008394130995
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  • 19
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    Putnam's Model-theoretic Argument(s). A Detailed Reconstruction (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 341-364 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: antirealism ; metaphysical realism ; mathematicalrealism ; model-theoretic argument ; Skolem-Paradox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Two of Hilary Putnam's model-theoretic arguments against metaphysical realism are examined in detail. One of them is developed as an extension of a model-theoretic argument against mathematical realism based on considerations concerning the so-called Skolem-Paradox in set theory. This argument against mathematical realism is also treated explicitly. The article concentrates on the fine structure of the arguments because most commentators have concentrated on the major premisses of Putnam's argument and especially on his treatment of metaphysical realism. It is shown that the validity of Putnam's arguments is doubtful and that realists are by no means forced to accept the theses Putnam ascribes to them. It is concluded that Putnam fails to give convincing arguments for rejecting mathematical or metaphysical realism. Furthermore, Putnam's internal realism is discussed critically.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008369914990
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  • 20
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    Barnes, Barry / Bloor, David / Henry, John: Scientific Knowledge. A Sociological Analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 173-176 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008296922452
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  • 21
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    Announcement (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 199-200 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017187808669
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  • 22
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    Die Reduktion physikalischer Theorien. Ein Beitrag zur Einheit der Physik, I: Grundlagen und elementare Theorie, Berlin etc. (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 388-396 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008265425178
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  • 23
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    Idealistische Häresien in der Wissenschaftsphilosophie: Cassirer, Carnap und Kuhn (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 233-271 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Carnap ; Cassirer ; Kuhn ; idealism ; logical empiricism ; (post)positivist philosophy of science
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Idealist Heresies in Philosophy of Science: Cassirer, Carnap, and Kuhn. As common wisdom has it, philosophy of science in the analytic tradition and idealist philosophy are incompatible. Usually, not much effort is spent for explaining what is to be understood by idealism. Rather, it is taken for granted that idealism is an obsolete and unscientific philosophical account. In this paper it is argued that this thesis needs some qualification. Taking Carnap and Kuhn as paradigmatic examples of positivist and postpositivist philosophies of science it is shown that these accounts share important features with Cassirer's idealist philosophy of science developed in the first half of this century. As it turns out, often Cassirer is more modern than those classical philosophers of (post)posivitist philosophy of science. For instance, Quine's criticism against Carnap's empiricist philosophy of science launched in Two Dogmas of Empiricism is anticipated by Cassirer for several decades.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306511856
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  • 24
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    Deterministic Chaos and Computational Complexity: The Case of Methodological Complexity Reductions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 139-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: deterministic chaos ; computational complexity ; effective complexity reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Some problems rarely discussed in traditional philosophy of science are mentioned: The empirical sciences using mathematico-quantitative theoretical models are frequently confronted with several types of computational problems posing primarily methodological limitations on explanatory and prognostic matters. Such limitations may arise from the appearances of deterministic chaos and (too) high computational complexity in general. In many cases, however, scientists circumvent such limitations by utilizing reductional approximations or complexity reductions for intractable problem formulations, thus constructing new models which are computationally tractable. Such activities are compared with reduction types (more) established in philosophy of science.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008209231777
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  • 25
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    The Evolution of a Scientific Concept (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 37-58 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: protein ; experimentation ; conceptual variation and selection ; evolution ; Mulder ; Liebig ; Pflüger ; Nägeli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A philosophically comprehended account is given of the genesis and evolution of the concept of protein. Characteristic of this development were not shifts in theory in response to new experimental data, but shifts in the range of questions that the available experimental resources were fit to cope with effectively. Apart from explanatory success with regard to its own range of questions, various other selecting factors acted on a conceptual variant, some stemming from a competing set of research questions, others from an altogether different field of inquiry, and still others from the external environment. These results are best explained on, hence support, an evolutionary model of the progress of experimental investigation, whose outlines are briefly discussed.
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    Plugging the Leaks in Neurath's Ship: A Defense of Naturalistic Epistemology (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 131-153 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: foundational epistemology ; naturalized epistemology ; Münchhausen-trilemma ; ultimate foundations ; deduction ; non-deductive foundations ; scepticism ; justification of methodological norms; W.V.O. Quine, R. Carnap.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the question whether foundational epistemology (“FE”) can be replaced by naturalized epistemology (“NE”). First, it argues that Quine's defense of NE is inadequate since it is only based on arguments showing the impossibility of the logical empiricist version of FE rather than on arguments for the impossibility of FE as such. Second, it proposes that a more promising argument for the impossibility of FE can be found in the Münchhausen-trilemma which aims at showing that ultimate foundations (and, hence, FE) are unattainable. However, Karl-Otto Apel has shown that this trilemma is unconclusive since it uncritically presupposes the premise that all argumentation is deductive in nature. Apel's argument implies that FE is possible if and only if it is possible to devise a non-deductive foundation (“NDF”). It is argued, however, that the possibility of NDF cannot be demonstrated. This leads to a situation called the Multatuli-dilemma: we cannot prove the possibility of ultimate foundations nor can we prove the impossibility of ultimate foundations. This dilemma shows that the discussion about the possibility of FE is pointless. Thus, it suggests that it is legitimate to replace FE by NE. Barry Stroud and Henri Lauener, however, argue that this replacement is not feasible since NE is not capable of refuting scepticism (Stroud) or justifying methodological rules (Lauener). But these objections are shown to be mistaken: First, epistemological scepticism is practically impossible and, hence, does not pose a serious threat to NE. Second, NE is capable of justifying methodological norms if and only if it makes use of so-called internal justifications. Thus, the final conclusion of this paper is that FE can be replaced by NE.
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    Kulturamt der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart (hg. v.), Zum Naturbegriff der Gegenwart, Kongreßdokumentation zum Projekt “Natur im Kopf”, Stuttgart (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 401-408 
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    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008378214493
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    Ants and Habitat Specificity in Aphids (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: ant attendance ; Breckland ; mutualism ; rarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A number of rare butterflies are known to only utilise their host plant species when they grow in particular situations. Field data are presented showing that two rare species of aphid also only utilised their host plants when they grew in particular situations, namely near ant nests. The oak-feeding aphid Stomaphis quercus only occupied trees within 17 m of a Lasius fulignosus nest. The thyme-feeding aphid Aphis serpylli only occurred in a region of a Breckland grass heath where the sward contained a high density of Lasius niger nests, and then most commonly only in quadrats containing ant nests. The sward that was suitable for A. serpylli was generated by the action of farm traffic. It is concluded that ants indirectly impose habitat specificity on these aphids.
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    Torch-light Transect Surveys for Moths (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 15-24 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: census ; conservation ; Lepidoptera ; population monitoring ; survey techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of light traps in sampling moth populations is an established technique used by entomologists and ecologists. However, trap data partly reflect the variable attractiveness of UV light to different species of moth. There are also potential problems of the practicality and expense of running traps in certain locations. An alternative method of recording moth populations is developed, using a modification of the transect count technique used for butterflies (Pollard and Yates, 1993) and recently applied to moths (Spalding, 1997). During transects, moths were observed by torch-light in a 5 by 5 m box, before the recorder walked on for 10 paces, and recorded moths in the next 5 m box. The transect approach was tested in the field, alongside traditional light trap and sugar methods. Transects recorded moth species for relatively little effort, produced repeatable measures of relative density, and provided habitat-specific data. This approach is likely to provide a valuable addition to light trapping in biodiversity inventories, species surveys, and in monitoring the effects of habitat management for conservation.
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    Population Structure, Mobility and Habitat Preferences of the Violet Copper Lycaena Helle (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Western Germany: Implications for Conservation (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 43-52 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: butterfly ; metapopulation ; dispersal ; sedantariness ; habitat turn-over
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We describe population structure, mobility and habitat preferences of the butterfly Lycaena helle using a survey of the populations in the Westerwald area (Western Germany) and mark-recapture techniques. Three out of 83 recorded populations were intensively studied in 1995. In all, 1596 individuals (537 females) were uniquely marked. The average adult residence time was 8 days, the maximum 34 days. L. helle is extremely sedentary. Average distances between first and subsequent captures were 37 and 61 meters for males and females respectively. Population-specific differences are interpreted as being caused by the influence of barriers and corridors. The potential for colonization is regarded as poor, and isolated populations seem to be under a higher risk of extinction than other ones. Preferred habitats were abandoned moist meadows with rich aspects of Polygonum bistorta on sheltered, warm, and humid stands. Owing to the destruction of natural habitats (moorland) L. helle now colonizes almost exclusively anthropogenic ephemeral habitats (abandoned moist meadows) in Central Europe. This results in serious conservation problems, as the biology of the species does not seem to be adapted to a high turn-over rate of habitats.
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    Instructions for Authors (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 57-61 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017266415464
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    Colonization Patterns of Insects Breeding in Wood-Decaying Fungi (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 145-161 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; dispersal ; forest management ; polypore fungi ; saproxylic insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Many insects dependent on dead wood are considered threatened by modern forestry. This may partly be due to substrate patches being too widely scattered to be effectively colonized. We studied how rates of colonization by insect species breeding in polypore fruiting bodies are affected by interpatch distance and habitat matrix characteristics. In field experiments, fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola and Fomes fomentarius were put out at different distances from natural sources of insects. The anobiid beetles Dorcatoma spp. were the most successful colonizers of distant patches, and they readily flew over open fields. Cis beetles were less successful colonizers, despite their generally higher abundance. We hypothesize that the Dorcatoma spp. are inferior competitors, but superior colonizers of distant resources compared with Cis spp. The flies Leucophenga quinquemaculata (Drosophilidae) and Medetera impigra (Dolichopodidae) appeared to be more affected by distance than the beetles studied in their colonization of fungal fruiting bodies. Lower rates of parasitism were recorded on distant patches, and parasitoids appeared more affected by distance than their hosts. Most of the insect species studied can probably persist in the managed forest landscape if suitable breeding substrate is created continuously on a 1 km2 scale.
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    The Conservation of Saproxylic Insects in Tropical Forests: A Research Agenda (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 67-74 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: saproxylic insects ; indicators ; rapid biodiversity assessment ; tropical forests ; logging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Invariably, insects are overlooked when tropical forest management issues are discussed, because there are so many species, they are taxonomically intractable and so poorly known. Often people take the view that if you look after the vegetation and vertebrates, the insects will look after themselves. This may be true for some functional groups, but for saproxylic insects, this seems unlikely. Their study deserves high priority, since they are dependent on the very resource – wood – whose removal from the ecosystem is the usual object of forest management. Given the current international effort to develop 'criteria and indicators' to monitor sustainable forest management for biodiversity values, there is a window of opportunity for sound ecological research on saproxylic insects to influence the formulation of forest policy such that their needs can be taken into account. There is already a large body of knowledge on temperate and boreal region saproxylic insects, and on the effects that logging has on them, but knowledge of the tropical forest situation lags far behind. This paper proposes a research agenda to enable the needs of saproxylic insects to be taken into account in natural forest management in the tropics. Basic questions, such as whether logging has so far had an impact on tropical saproxylic insects, and whether there are workable sampling techniques to investigate this, still remain to be addressed and deserve high priority. The links between the responses of saproxylic insects and more 'charismatic' study species need to be investigated. We also need to know whether there is a correlation between the intensity of logging and the response of saproxylic insects, and, critically, whether we would be justified in measuring some surrogate aspects of forest structure (as potential habitat for saproxylic insects) rather than the saproxylic insects themselves, and modelling this to determine likely impacts of different management regimes. We consider such an ambitious research agenda as justified given the scale of impact that forest use and management is likely to have on tropical forest insects in the future.
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    The Effect of Habitat Changes on the Endangered Ground Beetle Carabus Nitens (Coleoptera: Carabidae) (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 107-116 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Carabus nitens ; heathlands ; habitat fragmentation ; age structure ; allozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Carabus nitens, one of the most endangered ground beetles in Central Europe, was investigated with pitfall traps at 30 sampling sites in 17 heath fragments of the largest German heath landscape under nature conservation (nature reserve 'Lüneburger Heide'). The preference for damp Erica heaths and dry Calluna heaths in the building phase was thereby evident. Calluna heaths in the mature and degenerate phase, with and without extensive coverage by Avenella flexuosa, are either not inhabited or are avoided. The results of ovary dissections indicate that the populations in two successive spring seasons consisted mainly of animals which had already reproduced and were therefore older than one and a half years. Allozyme electrophoreses revealed variation for three of the nine investigated enzyme loci, and large differences in the allele frequency at one of these loci indicated genetic drift and fluctuations in the size of local populations. According to these results and statements in the literature, the loss of heathland areas and habitat quality are both responsible for the decline of the species. Suitable measures for preserving the species are (1) restoration of building phases of the Calluna heaths and (2) interconnection of at least the smaller heath fragments. Finally, recommendations are given for reintroductions.
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    Distribution, Ecology and Population Dynamics of the American Burying Beetle [Nicrophorus Americanus Olivier (Coleoptera, Silphidae)] in South-central Nebraska, USA (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 171-181 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; endangered ; pit fall trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The endangered American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, was previously widespread throughout eastern North America. In the past century numbers of this beetle have drastically declined and currently remnant populations are known from only six states despite intensive surveying efforts conducted for the last nine years. Efforts aimed at discovering and managing remnant populations have been generally limited by a lack of knowledge concerning N. americanus biology. We used baited pitfall traps to define the range of the Gothenburg, Nebraska population of N. americanus. Using mark-recapture techniques, we estimate that the annual Gothenburg population consists of more than one thousand individuals, meeting the recovery plan criterion to become the third breeding population in the Midwest region. Beyond estimates of population size and range, we present novel data on seasonal and daily activity, sex ratio, age-grading and foraging distances. In 1995 and 1996, the Nebraska population was univoltine and female biased, with over-wintering mature beetles emerging in early June and teneral beetles emerging in August. Nocturnal activity was highest in the third and fourth hours following sunset but was not strongly correlated with temperature. During foraging, beetles travel up to six kilometers, but the majority of our recaptures occurred at distances of less than 0.5 km, suggesting that distances between traps be increased to ensure independence of sampling units. This information will allow future work on captive breeding, re-introduction and genetic studies.
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    Dung Beetle Conservation: Effects of Habitat and Resource Selection (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 75-84 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; dung beetles ; habitat and food selection ; domestic and wild ungulates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing concern about the conservation of dung beetles which are threatened by several peculiar dangers world-wide, both at the population and community level. A noticeable threat in Europe is the dramatic reduction in the number of cattle and sheep grazing in the open, which is associated with both intensive agriculture and the progressive reforestation of previously pastured areas. We studied dung beetle habitat and resource preferences at La Mandria Park (north-west Italy) which is a mosaic of open and wooded patches where domestic (cows and horses) and wild ungulates (deer and wild boar) co-exist. Scarabaeidae were numerically dominant, accounting for 61.5% of the approximately 3000 individuals sampled (Aphodiidae accounted for 32.5% and Geotrupidae for only 6%). However, when species richness was considered, Aphodiidae were dominant, with 17 of the 27 species found (Scarabaeidae with eight and Geotrupidae with two). Assuming a null hypothesis of equal probability of colonizing any habitat or faeces, we found that most species were significantly associated with one of the four dung types or with one of the two habitats considered. On average, Scarabaeidae preferred cattle dung and open habitats whereas most Aphodiidae used deer lumps and wooded habitats. In spite of the precise ecological choices observed at La Mandria, surveys from other European areas suggest that both habitat and food selection are quite flexible. From a conservation viewpoint, the ability of coprophagous beetles to choose herbivore faeces according to their availability and to select habitats that satisfy their own microclimate requirements may certainly be useful in preserving biodiversity. Agroecology, which implies some woodland and hedgerow management practices associated with pastoralism, could be the right approach to the management of the agricultural landscape. Conversely, in reforested areas, while wild ungulate populations should be preserved, some form of human disturbance, particularly clearings used for pastoralism, should also be maintained.
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    Long-Term Effects of Frequent Low-Intensity Burning on the Abundance of Litter-Dwelling Invertebrates in Coastal Blackbutt Forests of Southeastern Australia (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 191-199 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: invertebrates ; fire ; forests ; litter sampling ; pitfall-trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Low-intensity fire is extensively used in Australian dry eucalypt forests to reduce fuel levels. The long-term impact of this management practice on terrestrial invertebrates is, however, unknown and is of concern given their contribution to ecosystem function and forest biodiversity. This study found that areas subjected to frequent low-intensity fire had significantly lower numbers of spiders, ticks and mites, pseudoscorpions, woodlice, springtails, bugs, beetles, ants and insect larvae in the leaf litter compared with adjacent unburnt areas. Taxa numbers were between 41 and 82% lower and these reductions in abundance have led to an overall decline in taxon richness. This decrease was attributed to a reduction in the amount of litter and associated moisture levels, and a simplification of habitat structure. The extent of local and regional extinctions will depend upon the scale of this disturbance, with future studies investigating the impact on individual species within these communities. A comparison of two sampling techniques, pitfall-trapping and litter extraction, highlighted important considerations for spatial components of invertebrate sampling designs.
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    Patch Connectivity and Genetic Variation in Two Congeneric Grasshopper Species with Different Habitat Preferences (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: dispersal ; species abundance ; xerothermic habitat ; Stenobothrus lineatus ; Stenobothrus stigmaticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Two congeneric species of grasshopper, Stenobothrus lineatus and S. stigmaticus, are compared in an analysis of genetic structure relative to their observed mobility, and to the spatial structure of their habitat networks. The species differ in their habitat requirements, the latter being rarer and more restricted to isolated patches. We tested for different patch connectivity between the two species in an analysis of genetic variance (based on allozymes) under the assumption that, besides isolation, rarity influences the genetic parameters. Between the species we found no differences in genetic structure as estimated by FST; i.e., no isolation effects and no apparent differences between the species in the potential to move between habitat fragments on either a local or regional scale were found. However, the amount of genetic variation in the more widely distributed and less xerothermic S. lineatus was significantly higher than in S. stigmaticus. Some consistency with observed philopatry within patches was found (FIS 〉 0), but we consider regular dispersal events of medium and especially long distance to cause the habitat linking. We conclude that the connectivity between occupied patches inferred by genetic analyses can seldom be derived from low observed life-time movements recorded by conventional marking studies. Consequences of applying observed relative to indirect dispersal estimates for the examination of grasshopper metapopulations are discussed.
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    The Impacts of Introduced Poeciliid Fish and Odonata on the Endemic Megalagrion (Odonata) Damselflies of Oahu Island, Hawaii (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 225-243 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Hawaii ; Megalagrion damselflies ; introduced species impacts ; introduced Odonata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Since the beginning of this century there have been substantial declines in the distribution and abundance of native Megalagrion damselflies on the Hawaiian Island of Oahu. Native damselflies have also vanished from most low elevation areas on other Hawaiian Islands, although historically, lotic and wetland dwelling damselfly species were once common throughout the archipelago. It is hypothesized that poeciliid fish introduced for biological control have caused the decline of four stream-breeding damselfly species on Oahu, and the extinction or near-extinction of two other species in Hawaii. This study documents the presence of remnant Megalagrion populations in Oahu streams, wetlands and estuaries, and records the elevational distributions of introduced fish in each waterbody surveyed. The distributions of introduced Odonata are also recorded, because the seven species of damselflies and dragonflies introduced to Oahu since 1936 present another potential threat to native Hawaiian damselflies. Native damselfly and introduced poeciliid fish distributions were mutually exclusive on Oahu, and it is concluded that this is probably due to predation by the introduced fish. By contrast, even the rarest native Megalagrion damselflies were found in areas containing introduced damselflies and dragonflies.
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    Population Structure, Behaviour and Selection of Oviposition Sites of an Endangered Butterfly, Parnassius Mnemosyne, in Litovelské Pomoravíl. Czech Republic (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 211-223 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Parnassius mnemosyne ; butterfly population ; dispersal ; oviposition behaviour ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A population of Parnassius mnemosyne L., an endangered butterfly species, was studied for two seasons by mark–release–recapture (MRR) techniques in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area, Czech Republic. There were four distinct colonies in the area; the MRR data indicate that the largest colony contained over 1000 adult males during peak flight in 1996 suggesting that the area harbours one of the largest populations of the species in the Czech Republic. The detected rate of intercolony movements showed that the individual colonies were not genetically isolated, but the interchange of individuals was limited. Capture sex ratio and estimated sex ratios were both consistently male-biased. We suggest that this might be caused by different behaviour of the sexes which renders the males more catchable: the females spent most of their time either egg laying or resting, which makes them inconspicuous compared to the patrolling males. Preferred oviposition sites were open, sunny patches such as forest clearings which may be due to different hostplant quality compared to hostplants under closed canopy. The heliophily of the species and the dependency of females on open oviposition sites render the butterfly vulnerable due to a decline in coppice management and replacement of fine mosaic of sunny and shady patches by even-aged forest stands.
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    Allozyme Diversity in Non-social Spiders: Pattern, Process and Conservation Implications (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 327-340 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: allozymes ; heterozygosity ; gene flow ; fitness ; spiders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this article we summarize estimates of genetic variation based on allozymes for 30 non-social spider species. Overall, these species show moderate levels of genetic variability (mean Ho = 6.8%) compared to other invertebrate species surveyed for allozymes, although a number of spiders possess only minimal variation. Fossorial spiders, especially those which are coastal dune dwellers, typically display less variation than other non-social arachnids. In general, differences in heterozygosity estimates between groups of non-social spiders in this article are not confounded by the varying mix of proteins that have been assayed by individual investigators. There is a significant positive relationship between genetic variability and gene flow (Nm), indicating that non-social spider populations which exhibit reduced variability are likely to be genetically isolated. Population bottlenecks, directional selection and environmental homogeneity have all been cited to account for reduced variability in particular non-social spiders. In addition, an analysis using the genus Lutica suggests that low genetic variation may be accompanied by decreased population fitness. Since the potential for evolutionary change is dependent on the existence of genetic variability, our findings indicate that a number of non-social spiders may be at risk in terms of long-term population viability. This conclusion should be verified/extended via a combination of more genetic surveys; genetic and ecological monitoring of populations and their fitnesses in the wild; and experimental studies of the mechanisms underlying fitness differences.
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    Untangling the Web: Spiders and the Challenges of Invertebrate Conservation (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 251-256 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: indicators ; functional groups ; focal groups ; predators ; Australian fauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Selection of informative focal groups is an important avenue to increasing the applications of invertebrates in conservation assessments and inventory studies, and to help overcome the challenges of high diversity, all-taxon surveys and taxonomic inadequacy. Spiders are a possible focal group of wide relevance in terrestrial ecosystems, but considerable further work is needed to clarify their broad values as indicators, the relevance of higher taxon surrogacy, the taxonomy of selected families and genera, and to develop standard sampling protocols. The current values of spiders in conservation asessment, and the prospects of enhancing their value as a focal group are enumerated and discussed.
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    Spiders in Conservation Planning: A Survey of US Natural Heritage Programs (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 341-347 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spiders ; conservation ; heritage programs ; databases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although spiders play important roles in terrestrial ecosystems and are negatively impacted by human activity, they have received little attention from the US conservation community. Information gaps may prohibit the inclusion of spiders in conservation planning. Conservation priority setting, environmental review and local land-use planning activities in the US increasingly rely on information compiled by the Natural Heritage Network. A review of heritage database content and a survey of natural heritage programs both indicate a paucity of compiled data on the US spider fauna. Heritage programs are probably hampered by the unavailability of current species checklists, identification services and keys, and a general unfamiliarity with the fauna. Clearly, further development of information on rare or imperiled spiders will depend on increased communication and collaboration with arachnologists.
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    Quantifying Change Through Time in Spider Assemblages: Sampling Methods, Indices and Sources of Error (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 309-325 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: biological monitoring ; community dynamics ; diversity indices ; turnover ; spiders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Using a sample dataset from six sites in the Southern Appalachian mountains in the United States, I evaluate the usefulness of diversity indices and similarity/difference indices for monitoring the changes in spider (Order Araneae) assemblages through time. The Shannon index, Brillouin index, Simpson's index and Margalef's index were correlated with each other and were able to detect successional changes in two old clear-cuts as well as disturbance to a Beech gap forest possibly due to Beech Bark Disease. Turnover, Bray-Curtis similarity, and Morisita-Horn similarity also detected successional differences between the forest types and indicated the short-term and long-term changes in a mature forest stand. Seasonal changes (early to late summer) in spider communities were consistently higher than yearly changes. I identify and discuss the implications of various sources of error that will adversely affect the accuracy and efficiency of a monitoring protocol: sensitivity of indices to sample size, sampler bias, inclusion of juveniles, taxonomic uncertainty and stochastic sampling effects. Although gross trends are still apparent in the sample data regardless of these errors, more subtle changes may be obscured. It is these subtle trends which may be more useful to managers attempting to identify disturbance before irreversible damage occurs.
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    Measuring Spider Richness: Effects of Different Sampling Methods and Spatial and Temporal Scales (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 287-295 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spider ; richness ; scale ; sampling ; invertebrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Assessing the richness of invertebrate taxa to aid conservation and management requires a better understanding of the potential sources of error. Patterns of richness for heathland spiders at the species and family levels were compared across three sampling methods, four spatial scales, and monthly intervals (for 16 months). A total of 33 families and 130 species was collected: pitfall traps collected 94% of species, sweep net, 25%, and visual search, 41%. The sampling methods produced variable results. Pitfall trap and sweep net techniques identified significant, yet contrasting spatial differences in the number of families and species at one spatial scale. Pitfall trap data reflected strong temporal variation that influenced spatial patterns in richness (across one spatial scale for families and two for species). The use of broader temporal scales introduced a potential failure to detect significant differences in the richness of ground active spiders, and this risk varied spatially. The sweep net is not recommended for this habitat, although a method that targets the foliage is required for a more complete faunal assessment. Visual searches detected no significant patterns in richness, yet given its potential and increasing use for rapid biodiversity surveys, ways to improve sampling efficiency are suggested.
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    The Impact of Different Agricultural Land-uses on Epigeal Spider Diversity in Scotland (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 273-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spiders ; agriculture ; land-use ; modelling ; diversity ; Scotland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Detailed knowledge of the biodiversity of spider communities on agricultural land is important both in terms of enhancing pest control and understanding the driving forces influencing nature conservation value. Pitfall traps were used to assess spider species diversity at 71 Scottish agricultural sites between May and September during 1996 and 1997. Land-use varied from intensive arable fields, grasslands and extensive heather (Calluna vulgaris) moorland. Spider species richness (S) was found to decrease significantly as farm management intensity increased. Several linear regression models based on the 1996 data (50 sites) and a selection of plant, soil and landscape variables explained up to 88% of the variation in species richness. Four of these models were used to estimate 1997 species richness (36 sites: 15 repeat and 21 new) and up to 58% of sites were correctly predicted to within ± four species of the actual number caught. As only 60% of the repeat 1997 sites had values of S within four units of their 1996 score, this suggested a relatively high level of model accuracy. Model accuracy increased to 64% when all four models were used for each site, suggesting the individual models should be targeted at specific land-use types. We discuss the relevance of these models for predicting the consequences of changes in agricultural land-use for spider diversity.
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    Spiders in Conservation – Tools, Targets and Other Topics (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 249-250 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017204303681
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    Naiveté and Novel Perturbations: Conservation of Native Spiders on an Oceanic Island System (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 263-272 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Hawaii ; habitat destruction ; alien species ; ants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The native fauna of isolated island systems is generally unique with acute conservation issues. For spiders in Hawaii, the first impediment to effective conservation is lack of taxonomic knowledge. The primary conservation concerns are related to the highly localized areas of endemicity of many species, with associated small population sizes. Species on insular systems tend to occur naturally in small populations, and small population size itself may not be a cause for conservation concern. However, for spiders and other arthropods, which tend to have shorter generation times compared to vertebrates, population fluctuations will tend to be more frequent, rendering them more vulnerable to extinction through demographic accidents at small population size. The knowledge we have to date suggests that habitat disturbance and alien species invasion are probably the major factors affecting native spiders in the islands. For a given natural community, the ability of species to accommodate habitat perturbation may be related more to the novelty of the perturbation than to its apparent severity. Although native spiders appear to tolerate disruption of the species composition of the native vegetation, evidence suggests that they are severely impacted by alien arthropod predators, in particular social hymenoptera, a group not represented among native Hawaiian arthropods.
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    Hickmania Troglodytes, the Tasmanian Cave Spider, and its Potential Role in Cave Management (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 257-262 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Hickmania ; cave spiders ; Tasmania ; indicator species ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Cave faunas – which often contain a high representation of spiders – are subject to increasing pressure from the effects of epigean habitat degradation and recreational caving activities. Hickmania troglodytes is a prominent member of the Tasmanian cave fauna, a spider of phylogenetic, zoogeographic and ecological importance, but about which little has previously been known. Long-term monitoring has revealed many unusual life-cycle characteristics in this species, most of which occur over long periods of time and are dependent upon environmental stability. The species presents a potentially useful tool in the management and monitoring of cave fauna and karst, as it is large, conspicuous, numerous, ubiquitous, sedentary, functionally significant and potentially sensitive to various sources of disturbance. H. troglodytes may provide a visible and obvious measure of disturbance in and around cave entrances, and may also prove useful in detecting broader scale impacts affecting the entire cave. Many promising developments are being made in terms of cave management in Tasmania, but other issues are less well addressed and still need to be resolved. With further research, the use of indicator or sentinel species may prove to be well suited to the less complex and often sparsely populated subterranean environment, and may play an important role within larger management strategies for cave fauna and karst.
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    Instructions for Authors (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 349-352 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017258813894
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    Volume Contents (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 353-354 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Determination of an Optimal Pitfall Trap Size for Sampling Spiders in a Western Australian Jarrah Forest (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 297-307 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spider ; pitfall traps ; sampling methods ; biodiversity ; invertebrates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Pitfall trapping is a sampling technique extensively used to sample surface foraging invertebrates for biological diversity studies and ecological monitoring. To date, very few invertebrate studies have considered what trap size is optimal for sampling spiders. This study presents preliminary findings from a single short sampling period on the role of trap size in sampling spiders in a Western Australian Jarrah forest. Four different trap diameters (4.3, 7.0, 11.1 and 17.4 cm) were examined (4 trap sizes × 15 replicates = 60 traps). Two-way ANOVAs revealed no significant interaction effects between trap size or the spatial positioning of transects within the study site along which the pitfall traps were arranged. Post-hoc tests revealed abundance, family richness and species richness increased with increasing trap sizes for traps ≥7.0 cm. No significant differences in these dependent variables occurred between 4.3 and 7.0 cm traps, or for species richness between 11.1 and 17.4 cm traps. Determination of an optimal trap size was undertaken by bootstrapping and calculating species accumulation curves for increasing numbers of traps used. Three different criteria were considered: equivalent number of traps (15), standardized sampling intensity (cumulative trap circumference, approximately 207 cm) and standardized cumulative handling time (approximately 1 hour 17 minutes). The largest trap size (17.4 cm) was most efficient in terms of number of traps and trap circumference. For the same number of traps, it caught 19 species whereas all other trap sizes caught ≤ten species. At the standardized circumference, it caught seven species whereas all other trap sizes caught five. For handling time, however, the two largest trap sizes (17.4 and 11.1 cm) were optimal. Both caught nine species whereas all other traps caught 〈eight. These results suggest the largest trap size was optimal. Given that the 11.1 cm trap performed similarly with respect to handling time, however, we tentatively considered this size most appropriate owing to an ethical consideration – smaller trap sizes may decrease the potential for capture of non-target species.
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    Bias in Butterfly Distribution Maps: The Effects of Sampling Effort (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 33-42 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: mapping ; database ; bias recording ; monitoring ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Data from the Greater Manchester Butterfly Atlas (UK) reveal a highly significant and substantial impact of visits on both species' richness and species' incidence in squares. This effect has been demonstrated for three different zones mapped at different scales. The significant impact of number of visits persists when data are amalgamated for coarser scales. The findings demonstrate that it is essential for distribution mapping projects to record data on recording effort as well as on the target organisms. Suggestions are made as to how distribution mapping may be improved, including a geographically and environmentally representative structure of permanently monitored squares and closer links between distribution mapping and the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS), which primarily monitors changes in butterfly populations. The benefit to conservation will be data that can be better used to analyse the reasons for changes in ranges and distributions, fundamental for determining priorities and policy decisions.
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    Ecological Succession of a Relict Central European Peat Bog and Variability of Its Insect Biodiversity (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 97-106 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: peat bogs ; relict insects ; ecological succession ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The isolated habitat of the Červené Blato bog (South Bohemia, Czech Republic) and its relict insect fauna have been the subject of long-term monitoring. The species composition and abundance of Lepidoptera (light traps) and Coleoptera (pitfall traps) were monitored for 4 years (1994–1997) simultaneously on two sites – in the edaphic climax pine forest and in wetland successional habitats. The method of statistical evaluation by RDA and CCA ordination, representing the habitat preference of species of Coleoptera (Carabidae only) and Lepidoptera (all nocturnal phototactic taxa) between the edaphic climax forest and succession stages, was used. All categories of the peatland taxa (tyrphobiontic, tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral species) were analysed. Ten highly stenotopic tyrphobiontic species and 23 tyrphophilous species of Lepidoptera (out of 487) were most characteristic of the bog habitat. Only two tyrphophilous carabid species (out of 20) were characteristic of the bog. The most important relict species (tyrphobionts) of Lepidoptera are most diverse and abundant within the successional habitats and in the open wet forest. The relict fauna of the closed climax pine forest is much less diverse and composed mostly of abundant tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral forest species. Preservation or restoration of sufficiently constant hydrological conditions, which prevents formation of the closed forest, is the basic management for habitat conservation of all relict tyrphobiontic species of the Červené Blato bog and similar peat land habitat islands. The peat bog is a unified complex system of specific diverse and relict taxa. The most specific taxa are tyrphobiontic Lepidoptera, but a number of other vulnerable tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral insects are associated with the peat bog as well.
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    Extracting Invertebrates from Bryophytes (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 53-55 
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    Keywords: Kerosene-phase separation ; sugar flotation ; Acari ; Collembola ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Editorial (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 1-3 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017191920328
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    Are Honeydew/Sap-feeding Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Affected by Particulate Air-pollution? (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 5-14 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: butterflies ; air-pollution ; soot ; extinction ; conservation ; Epping Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Air-pollution has frequently been suggested as a cause of the decline of some butterfly species: a suggestion based mainly on lowered species richness close to industrial areas in Europe. There have been frequent calls, in vain, for research on the direct effect of air-pollution on Lepidoptera, recent research being confined to the indirect role via climate change. Based on studies of the species loss and natural recolonisation of Epping Forest (a large woodland area close to London, UK) I suggest that those species feeding as adults on sugar-rich fluids direct from the surface of trees or leaves (i.e. aphid honeydew on leaves or sap-runs on tree-trunks) were affected by particulate air-pollution. Species loss was high during the period of maximum smoke emissions. Since 1950 five species have recolonised naturally, of which four are honeydew feeders. It is possible that high levels of particulate air-pollution caused the extinction of butterflies feeding on honeydew from polluted leaves. Predictions are made which will allow this hypothesis to be tested.
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    Book Review (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 163-163 
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    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Editorial (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 61-64 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017202329114
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    Support for the Multi-taxa Approach in Biodiversity Assessment, as Shown by Epigaeic Invertebrates in an Afromontane Forest Archipelago (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 125-143 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Afromontane forests ; epigaeic invertebrates ; biodiversity assessment ; multi-taxa approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Often a single indicator invertebrate taxon is used for assessing changing landscape patterns. However, we argue here against the exclusive selection of a single group. Covariation in diversity patterns of spiders, carabids, staphylinids and ants were compared in and between five highly naturally-fragmented Afromontane forest patches (size range: 3.5–25.2 ha) in South Africa. Significantly fewer individuals and species were captured in smaller forest patches (〈6 ha) for most of the taxa, except Formicidae, where a higher number of species were captured in medium-sized patches (7–9 ha). When sampling effort was standardized, a higher diversity (rarefaction and Simpson's diversity index) was obtained in the smaller patches for Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Formicidae. The only significant positive correlation between taxa, in terms of numbers of species, was between Carabidae and Staphylinidae. The other taxa showed only weak positive correlations between species richness, or negative correlations. Multivariate techniques showed significant species turnover between patch assemblages for each taxon, and also showed that some taxa are more similar in assemblage-structure than others. An index of complementarity showed that species compositions of the selected taxa varied greatly between forest patches of different sizes. Our results support the multi-taxa approach, in conservation studies, even at the level of taxonomically-related groups sharing a common habitat stratum.
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    Effects of Clearfell Harvesting on Lucanid Beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) in Wet and Dry Sclerophyll Forests in Tasmania (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 85-95 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: saproxylic ; old growth ; forest management ; decaying wood ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The effects of commercial forestry harvest and regeneration practices (clearfelling and slash-burning) on the lucanid fauna of the wet sclerophyll forests of southern Tasmania and the dry sclerophyll forests of eastern Tasmania were examined using pitfall catches. Lucanids are saproxylic beetles, dependent on dead, moribund and decaying wood. Samples taken from old-growth forest and from a chronosequence of sites regenerating after logging, in each forest type, were used to compare the species richness and abundance of the lucanid assemblages. In both forest types, species richness and abundance was highest in the youngest regeneration sites (1–3 year), reflecting the species richness of the original and adjacent unlogged forest, lowest in the older (20–25 year) sites, and variable in the old-growth sites. TWINSPAN cluster analysis showed no clear distinction between regeneration and old-growth forest. The post-harvest slash and stump residue provided an important refugium and initial habitat, but our research indicates that some species may not maintain populations in the long term. Our results suggest that most species of lucanids will find a continuous supply of suitable habitat only in old-growth forests; and such species may become less common as clearfell harvesting leads to a replacement of heterogeneous old-growth forest with single-aged monospecific stands. Continuity of supply of wood in all decay stages, the maintenance of sufficient source areas, and biological connectivity between old-growth stands to enable dispersal, are all likely to be essential to maintain lucanid beetle community integrity. If similar principles apply to other saproxylic species of invertebrate, then clearfelling and slash-burning may cause a gradual extinction of an important element of the forest biota.
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    Conservation Genetics of Cicindela Deserticoloides, an Endangered Tiger Beetle Endemic to Southeastern Spain (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; insect conservation ; Cicindelidae ; Iberian biodiversity ; rarity ; salt flats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Population surveys of the tiger beetle, Cicindela (Cephalota) deserticoloides, endemic to the few remaining salt steppes of southeastern Spain revealed only four extant colonies. DNA sequencing of some 1896 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA for one specimen each from three populations revealed only a single base pair change confined to a single of the three specimens, thus indicating an extremely low level of differentiation when compared to similar populations of Cicindela (s.l.) elsewhere. Divergence of C. deserticoloides from the closest relatives in the Iberian Peninsula was between 6.9 and 9.9%, attesting to the uniqueness of the species and its high conservation status. Habitat requirements appear to be phylogenetically conserved within Cephalota, but C. deserticoloides seems to be more narrowly confined to relatively drier conditions than its less endangered relatives. The geographic range of the relatives is wider and their local abundance higher, indicating that habitat specialization, low abundance and small geographic range in C. deserticoloides are correlated and in sum are responsible for its vulnerability to extinction.
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    Editorial (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 65-66 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Spatial Variability in Species Composition in Birds and Insects (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 183-189 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: turnover ; species richness ; spatial variability ; birds ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract If spatial patterns of change within a habitat were similar for both vertebrates and insects, then vertebrates would provide useful surrogates for designing reserves for the conservation of invertebrates. Data from two eucalypt habitats were analysed to determine levels of habitat richness, site richness and species turnover in birds and insects. For birds the relatively low species richness and turnover indicated that sites within the habitat were similar in composition. In wet eucalypt forests Diptera were very speciose with over 1,000 morphospecies sorted. Species turnover was slightly higher than for birds, indicating a large number of species change from site to site. In dry eucalypt woodland, insects trapped through the winter months were not speciose but turnover between sites was very large. This suggests reserves designed to conserve insects may need to be larger than for birds in order to include the high site variability and richness of insect communities. Spatial patterns of birds and insects were investigated further, to determine if sites that were closer together were more similar for both birds and insects. No patterns were found for birds in either habitat suggesting birds are not responding to changes in the environment at this scale. Diptera in wet eucalypt forest showed higher similarity between close sites than distant sites, while for winter insects in dry eucalypt woodland the relationship was significant when two outlier points were removed. Overall, birds are not good surrogates for insects in either habitat as no relationship between birds and insects in site-to-site similarity was found.
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    Changing Water Levels and Insect Submergence – A Neglected Threat (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 169-170 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Instructions for Authors (1999)
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 245-248 
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    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017294030300
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    Review of Workshop on Electronic Archiving, An Evaluation of the SESAM Report (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 147-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009037825447
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    Review of Museums and the Web 1998: Proceedings (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 151-156 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009036718441
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    Review of Encyclopédie de l’art moderne et contemporain (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009004632601
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    List of Contributors (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 167-169 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017260221524
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    IV'98 Visualising Information: Commentary (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 163-166 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract To see is to know to visualise information is to decide with knowledge. Visualising and understanding enables us to closer to knowledge discovery. The technology based on visual and analytical processes developed in various disciplines ranging from science to art and humanities. Limited examples such as scientific visualisation, data mining, statistics and machine learning that handle very large, multidimensional, multi-variant data set are available in practical domains. Information Visualisation is based on the methodology that characterises structure to de displayed, human perceptual power to detect patterns exceptions, trends, relationships and imperfections. Information Visualisation, IV-Series, aims to promote the theme that links Data-Information-Knowledge.
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    Museum Informatics and Information Infrastructures: Supporting Collaboration across Intra-Museum Boundaries (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 169-179 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: boundary objects ; collaboration ; cscw ; information infrastructures ; museum informatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the development of an information infrastructure involving collaborative technologies at the Spurlock Museum, a museum of world history and culture at the University of Illinois. It details a socio-technological system that was designed to pack and re-locate 45,000 artifacts across campus to a new museum facility. It addresses the question of how the information infrastructure of the Spurlock promotes collaboration among the various departments at the museum working on this move and encourages the sharing of common data resources across internal museum boundaries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016623607149
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    Artwork as Interface (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 191-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Artworks are highly coded power objects. At best, they serve aswindows onto profound and unspeakable experience; at worst,they're simply ``wall obstructions.'' In this paper, two issueswill be addressed: (1) What do artists, in their role asextremely subtle information designers, have to teach us abouthow deep knowledge is conveyed? What do their visual strategiesteach us about interface? And (2) how can a digital program bedesigned that respects the properties inherent in each artwork,and yet harnesses the power of multimedia to make connectionsacross space and time?
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    The Effect of Digital Indexing Systems on the Accessibilityof Photographic Collections (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 181-190 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This Digital Image Archive (DIA) project involves the production of adigital archive of a collection of Nineteenth Century photographicimages and equipment. The DIA was designed to operate as a public accesscatalogue, to aid curators with information retrieval and to reduce theneed to handle some original material. Much of the William Henry FoxTalbot collection at the Royal Photographic Society can no longer beexhibited due to damage caused by handling and light. Access to thecollection is restricted because of preservation concerns over a growingpercentage of the collection and insufficient resources forreproductions and supervision. These problems led to investigations intothe possible advantages that digital technology might offer.Cross-referencing, administrative cataloguing and recording ofpreservation techniques are ideally suited to digital technology. Theshort life span of digital storage media and concerns over systemcompatibility requires the development of a complex long-term digitalstrategy that must be standardized if the archival material is tosurvive. Construction of the DIA involved investigations into softwareand hardware configurations concentrating on the ability to customizefactors such as indexing from recognized standards and practices. Thispaper concentrates on the results of a survey into standards withindigital indexing systems, which indicates that although there is growingawareness of standardization within digital cataloguing and multimedia,many organizations continue to devise independent systems.
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    Letter from the Publisher (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 209-209 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012257323735
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    Science-Based Dating Methods in Historic Preservation (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 227-247 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of science-based dating methods in historic preservation contexts represents a specialized use of dating method technologies more broadly employed in prehistoric archaeological studies. This discussion focuses attention on the applications of the radiocarbon, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration, and archaeomagnetic dating in historic preservation. The employment of various analytical and technical approaches — of which chronometric resolution is only one aspect — in elucidating and extending descriptive observations is advancing more broadly-based and insightful understandings of the elements of the cultural patrimony of our nation.
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    Technologies for Wood Preservation in Historic Preservation (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 273-290 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Because of the abundant forests of the world, wood is one of the most common materials found in historic buildings. Wood is relatively easy to fabricate into beams, columns, and roof systems using simple hand tools. However, because of its biological origin, wood is one of the most complex constructions materials. It is produced by thousands of different species of trees, and each type of wood has unique properties. Wood has an affinity for moisture and this can lead to biological deterioration caused by insects and decay fungi. This chapter presents information on understanding and preventing the mechanisms of wood deterioration in historic buildings. The chapter includes a discussion of wood preservation and technology, including wood finishes and wood preservative treatments, diffusible preservatives, and naturally durable wood species. A brief discussion about the repair of deteriorated timbers in buildings is also included.
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    Using & Re-using Archive Information for Multimedia Applications: The Virtual Museum of Italian Computer Science History (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 95-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; hypermedia ; reuse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The quality of content is a key attribute for assessing the globalquality of a museum application. Unfortunately, producing good content,especially in multimedia digital form, is expensive and time-consuming.One way to reduce the costs without sacrificing quality is to exploitthe concept of information reuse. The idea is to use (portions of) thesame multimedia material in different applications, possibly adapting itfor different contexts, for different categories of users, and fordifferent delivery channels (e.g., on-line and off-line). Informationreuse does not come free. To be effective, it requires a well-organizedenvironment in which information can be easily stored, inspected,retrieved, and adapted for different purposes. This paper describes theapproach adopted in the project ``The Virtual Museum of Italian ComputerScience History'', funded by the Italian National Council of Research(CNR). In this project, all the digital material (documents, images,video interviews, etc.) is stored in a digital archive based on amultimedia database with a WWW front-end. The archive is designed forspecialists only: members of the editorial board of the project;researchers in the history of science; application developers (whoare looking for interesting content to include in their CD-ROMs or Websites). Each research group involved in the project extracted andadapted from the digital archive the multimedia material needed to builda different hypermedia application in two ``versions'' – WWW andCD-ROM. These applications, both on-line and off-line, strongly reuse(portions of) the digital archive content, but organize and present itwith a totally different style, to address the needs of non-specialists(e.g., people who have some interest, or curiosity, in the history ofItalian computer science).
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    A Nomadic Information System for Adaptive Exhibition Guidance (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 127-138 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: adaptive information selection ; location awareness ; nomadic information system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the electronic guide HIPS that can be used duringthe process of a visit in a museum, i.e., for preparation, execution andevaluation. Users can access the system via the Web to prepare a visitby receiving information about the content and organization of anexhibition and practical issues like location and opening hours. Thevisitor can also prepare a tour for the actual visit or define hotspotswith important exhibits. The system should remind the user when on site.Once the user is in the museum he or she has two specific options to usethe system: the visitor can walk around in the museum and remainstanding where he or she finds an item of interest. The current locationin the room identified by infrared emitters at all exhibits triggers anindicator for the information presentation. Or, the visitor can select atour prepared by a curator, prepared by the user in advance (at home) orgenerated by the user ad hoc. In the museum, the information access isprovided via wireless technologies. This allows the user to accessinformation by moving in the physical space and navigating in theinformation space concurrently. The Web-based server approach allows foradaptive information selection and presentation based on a user modelevaluating the history of the usage of the system. The user canaccelerate the adaptation by specifying interests and preferences in theuser model. Before the visit the user can define tours and hotspots andenter annotations that will be presented or activated by the system inthe appropriate physical environment. After a visit in the museum theuser can evaluate the experience at home for further own inquiries orfor communication with other interested people. Thebefore-during-after-the-visit-support of visitors via nomadicinformation system has been designed based on evidence from ourquestionnaire pre-study, which showed that visitors actually useinformation available in or about museums before and also after avisit.
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    Cultural Heritage and Technologies in the Third Millenium: ICHIM 2001 (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 203-208 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016679724896
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    About the Authors (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 199-202 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016631808967
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    Volume Contents (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 407-409 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    The Opportunities and Challenges of Preservation Technologies (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 211-225 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The pace of technology development in fields other than historic preservation has generally outstripped that of historic preservation, resulting in a predominant flow from those fields into historic preservation practice. This chapter summarizes some of the major trends in technology transfer and explores some of the issues that the increased use of advanced technologies brings to the practice of historic preservation. It also examines the relationship of the development of technologies for historic preservation to public policy.
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    Nondestructive Testing of Historic Structures (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 249-271 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Nondestructive testing (NDT) of historic structures can be used for architectural archaeology, structural stability analysis, or materials characterization. Four types of physical probes are available: sound, penetrating radiation, visible light, and electromagnetism. Each of these can be utilized in several ways. Additional options involve hybrid techniques that combine probe methods. Widespread application in architectural conservation depends upon overcoming institutional barriers including the lack of standardization, fragmented decision-making, and restrictive contracting procedures that do not take into account the benefits of NDT.
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    Conservation of Cultural Materials from Underwater Sites (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 291-323 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Underwater archaeology is the only branch of field archaeology that is dependent upon the conservation laboratory for its ultimate success. In fact, in underwater archaeology the activities of the conservation laboratory are considered to be a continuation of the field excavations with the recording of basic data along with the stabilization, preservation, and study of the recovered material being major objectives. Commonly used procedures for conserving ceramics, glass, bone, ivory, wood, leather, and the various metals are discussed. Observation and insights are presented on the applicability of the different processes for conserving various materials.
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    The Use of Computers in Cultural Resource Management (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 341-357 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This chapter discusses computer software applications in the Cultural Resource Management field. It outlines some of the major areas of the field where computer applications may be productive, and discusses the nature of software development in the historic preservation field. Specific applications are identified and discussed in four areas: building support, archaeology, collections management, and multiple resource management. Each application is reviewed for its purpose, developer, technical basis and status.
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    Technologies for In-Place Protection and Long-Term Conservation of Archaeological Sites (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 383-405 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In situ preservation of archaeological sites has long been a concern for archaeologists. In recent years, considerable effort has been expended to identify appropriate technologies from other disciplines that are suitable for field implementation to protect sites that are experiencing various physical and human-caused impacts. This chapter provides an overview of many of these technologies, along with examples of application, and covers aspects related to management guidelines for addressing in situ preservation issues.
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    John Brennan, Peter de Vries and Ruth Williams (eds.) Standards and Quality in Higher Education (1999)
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    Higher education 37 (1999), S. 98-99 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Approaches to studying in distance education (1999)
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    Higher education 37 (1999), S. 23-55 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Responses to the Approaches to Studying Inventory were obtained from 2,288 post-foundation students taking courses by distance learning at the Open University. A factor analysis of their subscale scores produced a solution that was commensurable with results of earlier research carried out with campus-based students. Indeed, their approaches to studying were more appropriate to the avowed aims of higher education, but this could be attributed to age differences between campus-based and distance-learning students. The approaches to studying of distance-learning students were affected by background variables such as gender, age, academic discipline and prior education, and they were more appropriate to the avowed aims of higher education than those of other students taking foundation courses by distance learning. Even when effects of background variables were taken into account, the distance-learning students' approaches to studying were related to pass rates and final grades. In particular, there was a strong negative association between reproducing orientation and academic outcome.
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    Organizational socialization and induction in universities: Reconceptualizing theory and practice (1999)
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    Higher education 37 (1999), S. 177-195 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that the theory and practice of induction and socialization of new academic staff in universities have been based on a partial, corporatist, perspective influenced by now defunct structural-functionalist theory. We develop a more sophisticated theoretical understanding of organizational socialization and explore its consequences for the practice of induction of new academic staff. These ideas are based on secondary data derived from a number of studies of new academic appointees (NAAs), 27 in-depth interviews we conducted with academics in ten Canadian and English universities, both chartered and unchartered, and a five year ethnographic study of academic staff in a single unchartered English university.
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    Barbara M. Kehm, Friedhelm Maiworm, Albert Over, Robert D. Reisz, Wolfgang Steube and Ulrich Teichler 1997. Integrating Europe through Co-Operation Among Universities: The Experiences of the TEMPUS Programme (1999)
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    Higher education 37 (1999), S. 95-96 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003292519544
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    Patterns of core and generic skill provision in higher education (1999)
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    Higher education 37 (1999), S. 71-93 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The study reported here is seeking to gain enhanced understandings of the acquisition and development of core and generic skills in higher education and employment against a backcloth of continued pressure for their effective delivery from employers, government departments, and those responsible for the management and funding of higher education. This pressure appears to have had little impact so far, in part because of tutors' scepticism of the message, the messenger and its vocabulary, and in part because the skills demanded lack clarity, consistency and a recognisable theoretical base. Any empirical attempt to acquire enhanced understandings of practice thus requires the conceptualisation and development of models of generic skills and of course provision. These models are presented together with evidence of their validity, including exemplars of the patterns of course provision identified.
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    Australian science and technology academics and university-industry research links (1999)
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    Higher education 38 (1999), S. 83-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Australian science and technology academics see advantages in closer research links with industry but at the same time are aware of potential dangers. Academics in these areas with industry research funding tend to be older and more senior than those without such funding, and a higher proportion of them hold national competitive grants. These industry-funded academics tend to spend longer hours at work and more time on postgraduate teaching, administration, committee work and interaction with colleagues. They also have better publication records.
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    On the predictive value of entry-level skills for successful studying in medical school (1999)
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    Higher education 37 (1999), S. 239-258 
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    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract How to select medical students who will be successful during different study phases as well as later in their profession is a difficult problem. This study focuses on the predictive value of students' entry-level skills measured by three multiple-choice science tests, the secondary school matriculation examination, and 'Learning-from-text' (LFT) tasks which were designed to measure critical thinking skills. The subjects (N = 109) were those medical students who were accepted in the University of Helsinki Faculty of Medicine in 1988. The results showed that the three science tests predicted the medical course grades. Further, a LFT task intending to measure the ability to pull together the essentials of a text predicted the pace of studying during both basic and advanced studies. LFT tasks intending to measure the deepest level of learning, i.e., the application of knowledge, predicted the grades obtained for the advanced courses.
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    Higher education research in South Africa: Achievements, conditions and new challenges (1999)
    Springer
    Higher education 38 (1999), S. 155-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides a historical overview of the development of higher education research in South Africa by focusing on past achievements and conditions, and present and future challenges. An attempt is made to point out the changes in both the context and paradigm of higher education research. The authors illustrate how research foci and methods were shaped by the political agenda of the “old” South Africa, and highlight the issues which higher education currently and in the future will have to address as part of the transformation process of not only higher education, but of South African society as a whole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003756016644
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Where are the quantum jumps in quality assurance? (1999)
    Springer
    Higher education 38 (1999), S. 233-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The author reviews developments in publications on quality assurance of education in (European) higher education over the last decade. The metaphor of sub-atomic structure is used to order the literature in types ('shells') of similar publications, moving from those closely related with the practice of quality assurance methods to more theoretical publications. Some seminal publications are highlighted as 'quantum jumps'. The article ends by noting some recent trends in quality assurance at the system and institutional levels, as well as mentioning theoretically interesting developments, notably the emergence of neo-institutional approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003765316434
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Tom Schuller, David Raffe, Brenda Morgan-Klein and Ian Clark Part-time Higher Education: Policy, Practice and Experience (1999)
    Springer
    Higher education 37 (1999), S. 401-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003698813438
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Anthony Smith and Frank Webster (eds.) 1997. The Postmodern University? Contested Visions of Higher Education in Society (1999)
    Springer
    Higher education 37 (1999), S. 405-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003762017204
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An undergraduate student flow model: Australian higher education (1999)
    Springer
    Higher education 37 (1999), S. 359-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The probability of completing and the time to complete an undergraduate course are likely to vary by the age and sex of the student, and the field of study undertaken. In this paper a Markov chain is used to model the movement of undergraduates through the higher education system in Australia. Given the age of the student when they commence a course, this model provides estimates of the probability of them completing the course. It also provides estimates for the mean time a student takes to complete the course, and mean time they spend in the higher education system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003765222250
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    National higher education evaluation systems: Methods for analysis and some propositions for the research and policy void (1999)
    Springer
    Higher education 38 (1999), S. 209-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-174X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A review of the status of national higher education evaluation systems and an examination of the lack of research into the process and nature of policy choice which brought them into existence and shaped them. Proposals are made concerning methods to assist future policy choices and analysis of these systems and propositions posited to further our understanding and as a basis for further research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003704015735
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