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  • Articles  (119)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (119)
  • 2005-2009  (119)
  • Sociology  (119)
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  • Articles  (119)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Argument against Arguments for Enhancement (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: The treatment-enhancement distinction is difficult to make, and defenders of enhancement often base their case on that. Critics of enhancement, however, often have prototypical cases of enhancement-oriented interventions in mind, and the ethics of these can be evaluated on a case by case basis. Things like intelligence enhancement may have adverse effects on equality and utility. If the equality and utility effects of such enhancements were sufficiently severe, then restrictions would be called for. We need to think more about how to make tradeoffs between liberty, equality, and utility--and we need to know more about the extent to which each of these is at stake--before reaching conclusions about the ethics of, and appropriate social policy regarding, human enhancement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art12
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preserving Humanity - and Technology? A Response to de Grey (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Aubrey de Grey's enthusiasm may or may not be infectious, but it is certainly palpable. And it adds a dimension to the discussion the priority that should be given to life-extension/anti-ageing research of which he seems to be unaware. For on the cusp of developments in emerging technologies we find ourselves button-holed by enthusiasts whose ``transhumanist" visions importunately press upon us the most radical understanding of their implications. My suspicion is that the transhumanist mini-insurgency is partly responsible for the general failure of the policy establishment to summon up the courage and vision to address the implications of emerging technologies at all. The insurgents' effort at ``branding" these technologies as transhumanist (like that of the Raelian flying-saucer cult, a decade ago, to claim cloning as their own) does no favors to the technology. The irony is that de Grey and his fellow-visionaries, far from generating consensus enthusiasm for emerging technology applications, are making them too hot to handle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art11
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Enhancement and Procreative Autonomy (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Liberal eugenics according to one version is distinguished from authoritarian eugenics on the basis that the choice of enhancement is devolved to parents. The argument for liberal eugenics combines a commitment to the right of parents to autonomy - in reproductive decisions and in the upbringing of children - and a parity claim that there is no morally significant difference between ante-natal and post-natal alterations of a child. The article reviews the putative constraints on parental choice, and assesses some criticisms of the parity claim. It concludes that a liberal commitment to social justice is in tension with a liberal commitment to parental choice, but judges that the former commitment does not entail the authoritarian eugenics which is represented as the alternative to liberal eugenics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art9
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generous Funding for Interventive Aging Research Now? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This article examines Aubrey de Grey's case for allocating substantial funding to interventive biogerontological research immediately. The conclusion is that the case is inconclusive and that scientific analyses of costs and probabilities would be needed to defend it properly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art13
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Support of Human Enhancement (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This short comment presents arguments in support of human enhancement.What is enhancement? Surely it is a procedure that improves our functioning: any intervention which increases our general capabilities for human flourishing. We exclude from consideration those procedures often termed ``enhancements" that are of dubious overall benefit (for example breast or penis augmentation, or the taking of anabolic steroids to increase muscle mass). Equally we are not talking of ``designer" modifications which are more akin to aesthetic or fashion preferences than to improvements: hair colour, eye colour, or physique. An enhancement (as we are using the term) is something of benefit to the individual.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art10
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social Perspectives and Genetic Enhancement: Whose Perspective? Whose Choice? (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This paper's account of the core issues at stake in relation to genetic enhancement is presented as an alternative to mainstream liberal defenses of enhancement. The mainstream arguments are identified as being associated with reproductive autonomy, individual choice, and a `neutral', passive interpretation of technology. The alternative account is associated with the perspective of `woman' or child-bearer, with a fundamental concern for social justice, and an understanding of society in both a global and a contextual sense. This paper adopts a theoretical framework informed by feminist ethics, particularly a feminist ethic of care. The paper begins by outlining some of the key points of the care perspective, highlighting how this contrasts with a mainstream `justice' perspective, and illustrating how this is reflected in arguments relating to genetic enhancement. The paper then turns to a consideration of how a care perspective might be applied to questions of genetic enhancement, and how this may bring forward new issues. This includes in particular a consideration of IVF technologies and how applying understandings from research into this area brings forward usually unaddressed concerns in considering genetic enhancement. The final section of the paper covers some of the questions that there is space to ask once the narrow focus on individual rights is overcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art3
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: The pace of a given strand of scientific research, whether purely curiosity-driven or motivated by a particular technological goal, is strongly influenced by public attitudes towards its value. In the case of research directed to the radical postponement of aging and the consequent extension of healthy and total lifespans, public opinion is entrenched in a "pro-aging trance" - a state of resolute irrationality. This arises from the entirely rational attitude to a grisly, inevitable and relatively far-off fate: putting it out of one's mind allows one to make the most of what time one has, free of preoccupation with one's demise, and it is immaterial how irrational the arguments that one uses to achieve this are, e.g. by persuading oneself that aging is not such a bad thing after all. As biotechnology increasingly nears the point where aging will no longer be inevitable, however, this studied fatalism has become a core part of the problem, making people reluctant to join the crusade to hasten that technology's arrival. An effective way to address this hesitation is to promote debate about the reasons people give for fearing the defeat of aging, most of which are sociological. Such debate exposes people to the glaring flaws in their own logic. Thus, the more the debate is sustained and promoted, the harder it is for those flaws to be ignored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art5
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Medical Nanorobotics: Breaking the Trance of Futility in Life Extension Research (A Reply to de Grey) (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey has suggested that one of the reasons we as a society invest so little in research on combating aging is because we are in an intellectual trance. We think the effort will be futile: aging is immutable, so why try? A healthy skepticism can be a good thing but it is a major mistake to bet against the irresistible force of inexorable technological progress. Over the next few decades, nanotechnology will come to play a pivotal role in the solution to the problem of human aging. Medical nanorobotics, if it can be made to work, can unquestionably offer convenient solutions to all known causes of age-related damage and most likely can also successfully address any new causes of senescence that remain undiscovered today.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art6
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Virtue Ethics and Prenatal Genetic Enhancement (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: In this paper I argue that the virtue ethics tradition can enhance the moral discourse on the ethics of prenatal genetic enhancements in distinctive and valuable ways. Virtue ethics prescribes we adopt a much more provisional stance on the issue of the moral permissibility of prenatal genetic enhancements. A stance that places great care on differentiating between the different stakes involved with developing different phenotypes in our children and the different possible means (environmental vs. genetic manipulation) available to parents for pursuing legitimate concerns of parental love and virtue. Key components of the virtue ethics account of morality, such as the Aristotelian account of happiness, love and the doctrine of the mean, provide an adequate basis for rejecting the claim that it is morally impermissible for parents to pursue (safe and effective) prenatal enhancements. Furthermore, there is good reason to believe that a virtue ethics account of morality could actually support the stronger claim that utilising such interventions can (in certain contexts) be morally required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art4
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Should We 'Cure' Aging? A Reply to de Grey (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This is a reply to the discussion piece Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations, Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology by Audrey de Grey. Having read the article there seem to be four messages. The first being, that longevity/immortality research faces rejection, resistance and neglect from `classic anti-aging' researchers, policy makers, the funding system and the public. The second being that the `pro-aging' trance is illogical; the third being that not pushing for longevity and immortality research is immoral; and the fourth being that so far no valid reason for opposing longevity and immortality has been generated and that we will deal with potential problems if and when they appear. My message in this invited comment is 1) that de Grey is right with his first point; 2) that his second point is debatable and depends on certain assumptions; 3) that his third point is even on weaker feet and debatable (Morals and ethics are social and cultural constructions and depending on ones frame of reference something can be seen as moral and ethical or not. This is a whole different paper as to who decides which morals and ethics are right and wrong and can't be covered here.) and 4) that the longevity and immortality research exhibits the same discourse problems as the other new and emerging technology discourses, namely that its makes light of potential and real social risks that it tailors to a minority of the world and ignores the marginalized majority of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art7
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhancement in Sport, and Enhancement outside Sport (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Sport is one of the first areas in which enhancement has become commonplace. It is also one of the first areas in which the use of enhancement technologies has been heavily regulated. Some have thus seen sport as a testing ground for arguments about whether to permit enhancement. However, I argue that there are fairness-based objections to enhancement in sport that do not apply as strongly in some other areas of human activity. Thus, I claim that there will often be a stronger case for permitting enhancement outside of sport than for permitting enhancement in sport. I end by considering some methodological implications of this conclusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art2
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Athlete or Guinea Pig? Sports and Enhancement Research (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Bioethics has paid little attention to the issues raised by health in athletic competition, with the single exception of the use of prohibited performance enhancements. However, in competitive athletics, the treatment and prevention of athletic injury and the development of training programs designed to maximize athletic achievement share many characteristics with medical innovation and clinical research, and should be understood to constitute enhancement research.Athletes should, in at least some circumstances, be viewed as vulnerable research subjects, akin to desperate patients. Competitive athletes are often encouraged to sacrifice long-term health benefits for short-term gains; cultural mythology about sports and high-stakes financial investments at the organizational level in team sports exercise great influence on individual athletes' range of choices. Technological advances in training, equipment, and injury treatment serve to raise the bar in competitive athletics, in turn increasing not only the risks of harm but the level of expectation with regard to performance, injury, and recovery. It is common for athletes to seek, and teams to offer, intensive and innovative training regimens from which data are gathered, thus transforming innovation into research.As technology continues to enhance the prospects for athletic enhancement, it is time for bioethics to take a closer look at the way competitive athletics highlights the troubling questions posed by enhancement research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art1
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liberal Freedoms: Enhancement Is/nt Eugenics? (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2007, 1, art8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Genomics and the technologies arising out of the science are often heralded as a means of securing cures for diseases which have proved resistant to the progress of medicine. These, generally hereditary diseases, with advances in genomic science are becoming more understood, but as of yet the possibilities of effective cures, whether through for example somatic or germ-line gene therapy, remain elusive. This has not stopped despite speculation and debate on potential future applications such as the use of genetic technologies in enhancing humans. Curative applications and enhancement applications are inextricably linked however both through the social contexts in which these technologies are to be deployed and the discourses which inform and frame the debates on their use. This article seeks to explore these links and in doing so aims to investigate some of the wider dimensions of the enhancement debate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cathedral Building as an Entry-Deterring Device (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper suggests that, while medieval cathedrals served many purposes and, indeed, were some of the greatest technical achievements of their time, they served a rational economic purpose as well. Protestant entry into the market for Christian religion finally materialized in the early sixteenth century. The Roman Catholic Church did not make a ‘mistake’ in failing to forestall entry. We argue that the Church made a conscious rational effort to do so by supplying excess capacity and particular forms of capital in medieval cathedrals. While the attempt to forestall entry was ultimately unsuccessful, the extent of cathedral building helps explain why some areas of Europe remained Catholic and alternative forms of Christianity took hold in other locales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00297.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate Policy Beyond Kyoto: Quo Vadis? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: We investigate the possible future of Post-Kyoto climate policies until 2020. Based on a cross-impact analysis, we first evaluate an expert poll to identify the most likely Post-Kyoto climate policy scenarios. We then use a computable general equilibrium model to assess the economic implications of these scenarios. We find that Post-Kyoto agreements will include only small reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, with abatement duties predominantly assigned to the industrialized countries, while developing countries remain uncommitted, but can sell emission abatement to the industrialized world. Equity rules to allocate abatement duties are mainly based on sovereignty or ability-to-pay. Global adjustment costs to Post-Kyoto policies are very moderate, but regional costs to fuel exporting countries can be substantial because of distinct terms-of-trade effects on fossil fuel markets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00298.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fancy a Stay at the ‘Hotel California’? The Role of Easy Entry and Exit for FDI (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Investment incentives targeted at attracting multinational firms have been extensively researched, and empirical evidence has shown them to be influential. The same is not true of exit restrictions. Yet, as recent theory suggests, there may be a trade-off between entry incentives and ease of exit. This paper focuses on that trade-off in the case of US multinationals in 33 host countries. An indicator of labour market regulations is used as a measure of ease of exit. Results suggest that both entry incentives and labour market regulations are important and ignoring the latter neglects an important dimension in firms' location decision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00300.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nominal Versus Real Convergence – EMU Entry Scenarios for the New Member States (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the conflict of real and monetary convergence during the EMU run-up of the Central and Eastern European member states. Using a Balassa-Samuelson model of productivity driven inflation, we find a high probability of higher inflation in the new member states. We compare the policy options which make the compliance possible, i.e. fiscal tightening and nominal appreciation within the ERM2 band. Nominal appreciation within ERM2 seems the better option to achieve the compliance with the Maastricht criteria, as no discretionary government intervention is necessary, and losses in terms of real growth are smaller. Having once opted for nominal appreciation by fixing the ERM2 entry rate as the central rate (Irish model), a high degree of flexibility is provided in coping with erratic short-term capital inflows. The strategy of setting the ERM2 entry rate above the central rate (Greek model) implies a clear exchange rate path within ERM2 and thereby less exchange rate volatility. Despite the merits of nominal appreciation, countries committed to hard euro pegs, or with high budget deficits, may choose fiscal contraction as a solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00301.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of Public Ownership and Competition on Productivity (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Are private firms more efficient than public ones? Does privatisation improve performance? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to disentangle the impact of ownership and competition upon business performance. This paper presents empirical evidence relating to the hypothesis that public ownership and competition are determinants of firms' productivity. It concludes that public ownership has a significant negative effect on productivity and also that privatisation has a positive impact on efficiency. Furthermore, increased competition is found to have a positive effect on productivity. These results are interpreted as confirming that privatisation is effective as a means of increasing firms' efficiency, at least in a non-regulated and relatively competitive sector, such as manufacturing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00299.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Getting along with Colleagues – Does Profit Sharing Help or Hurt? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Theory presents two channels through which profit sharing can cause workers to increase their coworkers' productivity: greater cooperation and increased peer pressure. This paper argues that these generate opposite influences on coworker relations, and that which dominates varies according to circumstances and type of worker. Using German data, we show that, for non-supervisory men, profit sharing increases cooperation, but that for those who highly value success on the job, it has no influence on cooperation, and for supervisors it reduces cooperation. Moreover, the findings show striking gender differences in the effect of profit sharing. We contend these patterns fit with underlying theoretical expectations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00302.x
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  • 20
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    ‘Market Discipline’, Lending Ceilings and Subnational Finance (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The ‘market discipline’ approach to subnational finance requires that moral hazard derived from the possibility of a central government bailout be made insignificantly small. Therefore, governments interested in following this approach and willing to abide by its rules should start by creating the conditions for a default and its resolution to be possible. This article discusses the use of lending ceilings as an instrument to allow the default, without dragging in the central government.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00303.x
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  • 21
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    KYKLOS Editorial Policy (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00306.x
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  • 22
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    Integrating the Empirical Tests of the Natural Rate Hypothesis: A Meta-Regression Analysis (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: A meta-analysis of thirty-four restriction tests from nine studies of the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis (NRU) finds the statistical trace of a false empirical hypothesis. A theme of bias and misspecification among those studies that tend to be more supportive of NRU emerges. When combined with a separate meta-analysis of NRU's falsifying hypothesis, unemployment ‘hysteresis’ (Stanley 2004a), the natural rate hypothesis may be regarded as empirically ‘falsified’ (Popper 1959). Monte Carlo simulations validate the meta-regression methods used here to integrate different restriction tests and to identify their limitations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00305.x
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  • 23
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    Is Sectoral Diversification a Solution to Unemployment? Evidence from EU Regions (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: There is a growing interest in the academic and policy making communities in understanding the effects of sectoral specialisation on labour market performance. The existing empirical evidence, mainly based on US data, generally finds a positive correlation between sectoral specialisation and labour market indicators such as wages and unemployment. The policy implication one can draw from these results is that fostering sectoral diversification may reduce unemployment. However, this lesson may not hold for all countries. In particular, in the case of Europe, the diversity of labour market institutions may play a distinct role in shaping the relationship between sectoral specialisation and labour market performance.In this paper, we investigate the relationship between regional sectoral specialisation and regional unemployment rate in the context of different collective bargaining institutions in the EU countries. We find that collective bargaining institutions do play a role in shaping the unemployment rate differentials across regions belonging to the same country. Furthermore, the relationship between regional specialisation and the regional unemployment rate is stronger in countries with intermediate and decentralised collective bargaining institutions in comparison to countries with centralised collective bargaining institutions.Our results suggest that labour market institutions are likely to influence the outcome of policies aiming at fostering regional diversification. While such policies may result in reducing regional unemployment in countries with decentralised and intermediate levels of collective bargaining, they may not make a big difference in countries with centralised collective bargaining institutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2005.00304.x
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  • 24
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    Hints for Prospective Authors of KYKLOS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Splitting the Baby: An Empirical Test of Rules of Thumb in Regulatory Price Setting (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article provides an empirical evaluation of a recent and important exercise in regulatory price setting in the United States. The 1996 Telecommunications Act required incumbent local phone companies to sell components of their network to rival firms at regulated prices, and the prices for these ‘unbundled network elements’ were based primarily on independent estimates of forward-looking economic costs. Our econometric analysis reveals that, while cost is a primary determinant of element prices, the prices also reflect foregone retail profits for incumbent firms. Statistical tests suggest that ‘splitting the baby’ is an accurate positivist description of public agency behavior.
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    Interactions Between Public and Private Investment: Evidence from Developing Countries (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This study examines the linkages between public investments and private investments by using Granger-causality and cointegration tests and probit analysis in a sample of 25 developing countries. The results from the cointegration and Granger-causality tests are further analysed in a probit framework by assigning the dependent variable the value ‘1’ for the ‘crowding-out’ cases and ‘0’ otherwise, and the explanatory variables are various components of Gwartney and Lawson's (2004) economic freedom of the world index. Using this approach, we find that the higher the share of government involvement in an economy, the lower the trade openness; the more restrictions there are on the use of foreign currencies, and the more stable and developed the macro and monetary environment is, the higher the likelihood that public investments may crowd out private investments. The model correctly predicts 10 out of 11 cases of crowding-out and 13 out of 14 cases of no-crowding-out.
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    Measuring Knowledge Stocks: A Process of Creative Destruction (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper proposes a new method for constructing R&D capital stocks developed to avoid the common assumption of a constant rate of knowledge depreciation, which implies wear and tear of knowledge. The method models the development of R&D capital stocks as a process of creative destruction linking the depreciation of knowledge to the emergence of new knowledge. A first empirical assessment of the new method – measuring the influence of R&D capital stocks on production in the manufacturing sectors of 12 OECD countries – produces plausible and robust results.
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    Is Neoclassical Economics still Entrepreneurless? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper reviews and evaluates some recent contributions on modeling entrepreneurship within a neoclassical framework, analyzing how, and to what extent, the fundamental ingredients suggested in the social science literature were captured. It is shown how these approaches are important in stressing the main elements of a complex picture, without being able to fully describe it. Each modeling attempt focuses only on one specific feature of entrepreneurship, and the entrepreneurial function, broadly perceived, eludes analytical tractability. As a consequence, the models can be useful in analyzing the effect of entrepreneurial behavior at an aggregate level, but not at explaining individual choices. From these observations, it is highlighted how a simplistic interpretation of the existing mainstream approaches incorporating entrepreneurship runs the risk of leading to distortionary policy interventions.
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    New Worlds – New Approaches A Note on Future Research Strategies (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Is Science A Case of Wasteful Competition? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Science is a winner-take-all profession in which only a few contributions get excessive attention and the large majority of papers receive scant or no attention. This so-called ‘waste’, together with all the competitive strategies of scientists seeking attention, is part and parcel of every creative profession and not a worrisome fact, as the price society pays for human ingenuity is extremely small: 0.0006 percent of world income goes into the publication of scientific research. The more worrisome features of competition in academic economics do not reveal themselves through ordinary citation or publication statistics or competitive attention seeking strategies, like starting fads and networking. Badly designed uses of market principles, in which citations and publications have become the sole measuring rod of scientific ‘productivity’, deserve more attention instead of the excessive focus on being uncited. To detect the real story of scientific progress, or to judge academic work, ‘reality economics’ or ‘learning by asking and watching’ should complement citation and publication statistics.
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    TV Weather Forecast or Look through the Window? Expert and Consumer Expectations about Macroeconomic Conditions (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the empirical relation between consumer and expert expectations about macroeconomic conditions in Germany. Using data from the EU Consumer Confidence Survey and the ZEW business expectations, static models and error-correction models are estimated explaining consumer expectations as functions of expert expectations, consumer retrospections, and lagged consumer expectations. It's found that consumer expectations are only weakly related to expert expectations, but strongly influenced by consumers' retrospections. Consumers primarily extrapolate perceptions about current economic conditions in the future. However, during national election campaigns, the relation between consumer and expert expectations is stronger.
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    Not for the Profit, but for the Satisfaction? – Evidence on Worker Well-Being in Non-Profit Firms (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Non-profit firms are often seen as workplaces where people not only work for money, but also find substantial satisfaction in the kind of work they do. Studies looking at compensating wage differentials, however, have only found limited support for this notion. In this paper, a novel approach is undertaken to compare the utilities of non-profit and for-profit employees, by using measures of job satisfaction. The results show that in both the United States and Great Britain over the 1990's, non-profit workers were generally more satisfied with their jobs than for-profit workers. The robustness of the results is explored in detail, and implications for the governance of non-profit firms are shortly discussed.
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    Cognitive Preference Reversal or Market Price Reversal? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Preference Reversal Phenomenon (PRP) has been most often scrutinized as a puzzle of ‘preferences’, while the discovery of the ‘endowment effect’ explicitly questions the parity between preference and price. The author's experiment (N = 186) connects these two extraordinary findings and illustrates that PRP is only a reversal of price in a ‘market.’ PRP merely proves that subjects demand to be compensated based on loss under market access deprivation when a ‘maximum buying’/‘minimum selling’ price is elicited, and preference transitivity is restored once the misleading market manipulation is experimentally controlled.By defending preference transitivity, the author asserts that normal access to the bargaining process is indispensable for a competitive market where preference price parity is required.To make valid measurements of preference and price, the sealed envelope method is substituted for the judged-indifferent-point (JIP) method, and the binding statement method is substituted for the Becker-DeGroot-Marschack method. McNemar test scores are calculated to compare the effects of different methods.
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    Key Factors of Joint-Liability Loan Contracts: An Empirical Analysis (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper provides an empirical analysis of joint-liability micro-lending contracts. Using our data set, we examine the efficacy of various incentives set by this contract such as joint-liability between groups of borrowers or group access to future and to larger loans. As proposed by theory, we find that joint liability induces a group formation of low risk borrowers. After the loan disbursement, the incentive system leads to peer monitoring, peer support and peer pressure between the borrowers, thus helping the lending institution to address the moral hazard and enforcement problem. This paper also demonstrates that the mechanism realizes repayment rates of nearly 100% if the loan officers fulfill their complementary duties in the screening and enforcement process. Finally, we make clear that dynamic incentives, in contrast to theory, have to be restricted if the two long-term problems of the joint-liability approach, i.e. its mismatching problem and the domino effect, are to be tackled notably.
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    Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Economic Performance (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Although foreign direct investment into developed economies continues to show dramatic growth, little consensus exists over either its national or regional impacts. The lack of empirical evidence, particularly on a sub-national level, adds to the uncertainty over the efficacy of regional development strategies focused on attracting foreign investment. The present research uses book value and employment measures of U.S. state-level FDI activity to assess the impact of foreign capital on regional growth and productivity performance. The results imply a vital role for FDI in stimulating regions within well-integrated, developed economies.
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    Viability, Economic Transition and Reflection on Neoclassical Economics (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Many transition policies, based on the existing neoclassical economic theories, failed in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and China. This paper argues that the failure is due to the implicit viability assumption of neoclassical economics. The existing neoclassical economics implicitly assumes that a firm is expected to earn a socially acceptable profit in an open, competitive market as long as the firm has normal management. However, many firms in socialist as well as transitional economies are not viable, that is, they will not be able to earn a socially acceptable profit in an open, competitive market even if they are under normal management because they are in sectors that are inconsistent with their economies' comparative advantages. Under the viability assumption, neoclassical-based reform policies focus on issues related to property rights, corporate governance, government interventions and other issues that may obstruct a firm's normal management. However, many of these issues are in fact endogenous to the firms' viability problem. Therefore, without resolving the firms' viability problem, such reforms fail to achieve their intended goals. Not only in socialist and transition economies but also in many developing economies there exist many nonviable firms. This paper suggests that the viability assumption in neoclassical economics should be relaxed when analyzing socialist, transition and developing economies.
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    The Role of the State in Economic Development (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the recent literature on the role of the state in economic development. It concludes that government incentives to enact sound policies are key to economic success. It also discusses the evidence on what happens after episodes of economic and political liberalizations, asking whether political liberalizations strengthen government incentives to enact sound economic policies. The answer is mixed. Most episodes of economic liberalizations are indeed preceded by political liberalizations. But the countries that have done better are those that have managed to open up the economy first, and only later have liberalized their political system.
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    The Interaction of Human and Physical Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, a simultaneous model of the evolution of human and physical capital in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated. It can be shown that the two types of capital are jointly endogenous, in that increases in human capital significantly raise the per-worker physical capital stock, and increases in the physical capital significantly raise primary education levels. Unlike the implications of other recent papers, there is no evidence that tropical climates and ethnic diversity have a negative effect on the accumulation of capital in the region.
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    The Dilemma of the Prisoners’ Dilemmas (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper distinguishes four types of ‘Prisoners’ Dilemma games – provision, the commons, selfishness, and altruism – based on the public character of benefits and costs. Although each of these four games has the same 2 × 2 ordinal game form, each differs in terms of strategic, dynamic, and policy implications. Similar differences characterize the n-person representations of the four games. When paired in 3 × 3 representations, the least-desirable Nash equilibrium of the two embedded 2 × 2 games results. The four types of PD games also have different evolutionary and informational requirements for cooperation. Applications include the environment, biology, counterterrorism, and international relations.
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    A Rawlsian Approach to International Cooperation (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Both the economic theory of federalism and international environmental economics are interested in finding conditions under which countries or groups of countries would like to start cooperation with other countries. In the framework of the standard public-good model this paper presents a criterion for individually rational and thus voluntary international cooperation aiming at the provision of an international public good. This basic criterion can be traced back to Wicksell and Rawls and reflects the idea of reciprocity. In a further step, it is used to specify determinants that affect the decision of a group of countries to enter a coalition. It turns out that in this context the adjustment behavior of the original coalition members as well as that of the remaining outsiders is of particular importance. Finally the theoretical considerations are confronted with actual behavior of countries and groups of countries (as the EU, US and the developing countries) in the Kyoto process leading to a discussion of further prospects for global climate-change policy.
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    Has the Tradeoff Between Productivity Gains and Job Growth Disappeared? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: ‘Policymakers’ efforts to boost trend output growth may be hampered by the presence of a trade-off between productivity gains and job creation. This paper presents empirical evidence that the negative relationship between productivity growth and employment growth that prevailed in the 1960s and 1970s has disappeared since then. This finding is robust to using alternative measures and including other explanatory variables. The improved trade-off may be good news for policymakers who aim at raising the ‘speed limit’ of the economy.
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    Beauty and the Economist: The Role of Aesthetics in Economic Theory (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The importance of aesthetic considerations is widely acknowledged in mathematics and the natural sciences. Beauty motivates mathematical and scientific discoveries and serves as a criterion for their acceptance by the scientific community. In contrast, there is little attention to beauty in the models, theorems and other objects of economic theory. This holds even though mathematics is an important tool of economic analysis. The pure theory of international trade provides useful examples to discuss the role of aesthetics in economic theory. The central feature of the discipline of economics which distinguishes it from the natural sciences and appears to explain the paucity of beauty in economics is that economic models lack generality.
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    A Note on the Measurement of Bias in Stated Willingness to Pay for Public Goods (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Turkish Delight: Does Turkey's Accession to the EU Bring Economic Benefits? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: We explore the economic implications of the possible Turkish accession to the European Union. We focus on three main changes associated with Turkish membership: (i) accession to the internal European Market; (ii) institutional reforms in Turkey triggered by EU-membership; and (iii) migration in response to the free movement of workers. Overall, the macroeconomic implications for EU countries are small but positive. European exports increase by around 20%. Turkey experiences larger economic gains than the EU: consumption per capita is estimated to rise by about 4% as a result of accession to the internal market and free movement of labour. If Turkey would succeed in reforming its domestic institutions in response to EU-membership, consumption per capita in Turkey could raise by an additional 9%. These benefits would spill over to the EU.
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    The Internal Organization of the Family: Economic Analysis and Psychological Advice (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article shows that therapeutic advice for behavior within the family is to create a functioning property-rights system and to emulate voluntary transactions within a competitive economic market. The optimal organization of the family requires that relations are structured so that non-cooperative game playing is minimized and transaction costs are reduced. The article employs economic analysis to explain why ‘setting limits’ is preferred to punishment (Pigouvian taxes). It also explains why there is conflict between children and their parents even when the parent's utility is the present discounted value of the child's utility function.
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    Index 2004 (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Editorial: small firms and new technology (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00152.x
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    Internet adoption and use in small firms: internal processes, organisational culture and the roles of the owner-manager and key staff (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Emerging from a study of Internet adoption in UK Midlands manufacturing small firms is a new typology characterising owners and key staff as Warriors, Interpreters, Clerks and Priests. This typology is used to explore the impacts of internal factors and organisational culture on innovation and new technology usage in small firms.
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    ICT adoption by SMEs: implications for relationships and management (2005)
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    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: A conceptual model of the changes in small and medium enterprise interfaces and relationships consequent on their adoption of information and communication technologies is developed and explored in this paper. Emphasis is placed on the implications for management, employees and working practices. Empirical evidence from two organisations is provided to illustrate the model and corroborate this new perspective.
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    Teleworking practice in small and medium-sized firms: management style and worker autonomy (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In an empirical study of teleworking practices in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in west London, organisational factors such as management attitudes, worker autonomy and employment flexibility were found to be more critical than technological provision in facilitating successful implementation. Consequently, we argue that telework in most SMEs appears as a marginal activity performed mainly by managers and specialist mobile workers.
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    The impact of connectivity technologies on e-flexible working practices of small and medium-sized enterprises in the North East of England (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the use of connectivity technologies among 80 small and medium-sized enterprises operating in the North East of England. The paper demonstrates that translation of connectivity technologies into e-flexible working practices is highly dependent on the firm's organisational structure and managerial capacity.
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    Small business and online training in Australia: who is willing to participate? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates small business employers’ willingness to participate in online training based on survey of 716 Western Australian small business employers. The results indicate that those small business employers with aspirations towards business growth and who are existing Internet users are more likely to participate in online training than those without growth aspirations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00157.x
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    Teamwork in factories within the French automobile industry (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article analyses teamwork in French car manufacturing plants and those of their suppliers. During the 1990s, the introduction of ‘autonomous production units’ was aimed at reducing costs, increasing quality and shortening delivery deadlines. Teamwork in a unit involved delegating responsibilities to workers and led to an increased workload.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00146.x
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    Managing mobile phones: a work/non-work collision in small business (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: We can see technology changing people's private and working lives. But what happens when these two worlds collide? This paper explores two small organisations that have taken different approaches to the use of mobile phone technology. This area of contested terrain is becoming increasingly present on the landscape of the employment relationship.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00158.x
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    Accidents will happen: safety-critical knowledge and automated control systems (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article presents findings from a study of control operators that raise concerns about safety-critical knowledge, culture and training. It is argued that the adoption of automated control systems can hinder the transfer of knowledge amongst operators, and this becomes an increasingly serious hazard as tacit knowledge is lost because of employee turnover.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00147.x
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    The (not so simple) case for teleworking: a study at Lloyd's of London (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper reports the results of a detailed case study and analysis of a substantial teleworking experiment. The study used rigorous quantitative techniques supported by qualitative methods to examine the business case for teleworking. The research provides evidence that supports some findings of other well-grounded research and questions others.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00148.x
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    Most relevant enablers and constraints influencing the spread of telework in Portugal (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper reports the empirical findings of several surveys conducted among enterprises in Portugal in order to identify and summarise relevant enablers and constraints that may influence the implementation of telework in the Portuguese business environment. It also provided some common characteristics that will help us draw the profile of a Portuguese potential teleworker.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00149.x
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    Constructing and using a company Intranet: ‘it's a very cultural thing’ (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Organisational Intranets provide a testing ground where certain theories of technology and organisations meet with emerging innovative practice. This paper develops a theoretical framework that is used to analyse a case study of the adoption, introduction and use of a company Intranet focusing on the competing representations of the Intranet presented by the staff involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00150.x
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    Invisible work, invisible skills: interactive customer service as articulation work (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The concept of emotional labour provides an incomplete account of interactive service work, underplaying its invisible cognitive and non-routine elements. In interactive work, from customer service jobs in the fast food industry to ‘knowledge work’ and at those levels in between on which we focus here, many jobs involve ‘articulation work’—the often unacknowledged management of awkward intersections among the social worlds of people, technology and organisations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00151.x
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    The adoption and use of information technology: a longitudinal study of a mature family firm (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Through a longitudinal study of a mature family firm, this paper investigates the adoption and use of information technology in a family business. It is argued that the adoption and use of information technology is influenced by five key factors. These factors are discussed, leading to a presentation of a series of implications and conclusions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00140.x
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    Hybrid workspace: re-spatialisations of work, organisation and management (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: New information and communication technologies enable the spatial reconfiguration of work opening up possibilities for work to take place across multiple locations. This paper explores the implications of hybrid workspace through a new empirical study. It argues that spatial hybridity changes the nature of work, organisation and management across domestic space, organisational space and in cyberspace.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00141.x
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    The character of telework and the characteristics of teleworkers (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: A flexible definition of teleworking suggests that it is more widespread than is generally believed. However, is telework technologically driven? This is tested with data from six countries. As the categories of the definition have distinctive social characteristics, telework seems to reflect traditional occupational practices rather than a major technological shift.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00142.x
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    Electronic surveillance and cohesive teams: room for resistance in an Australian call centre? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: A number of employees individually and cooperatively resist the controls of the electronic surveillance systems in the PowerGrid call centre. However, this is not the case in all teams. One team is faced with a labour process that directs their resistance to be focused directly at management, rather than at management via the machine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00143.x
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    The determinants of ICT competencies among employees (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This study aims to explain employees’ adaptability to information and communications technology (ICT), using a representative sample of 713 employees in the Netherlands. The willingness to acquire ICT competencies and the mastery of equipment and software are primarily affected by intensity of ICT use, an informated ICT strategy of the organisation and an intensive personnel policy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00144.x
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    The effect of training for internet use among local trade union leaders (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Internet use is increasing among all segments of society, including labour unions. In this article, the authors examine the role that training plays in internet use among union leaders. A survey was conducted among union leaders in a large Midwestern state with an economy widely spread among agricultural, manufacturing, mining, transportation and public sectors. Applying theories of technology acceptance and social learning, the researchers proposed that formal training leads to internet use and that formal training reduces problems encountered by internet users. Formal training was found to have a significant relationship with both the use and reduction of many of the problems associated with internet use.
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    Temporal coordination through communication: using genres in a virtual start-up organization (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 89-119 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To explain how genres structure temporal coordination in virtual teams over time. Design/methodology/approach - The first year e-mail archive of a small distributed software development start-up was coded and analyzed and these primary data were complemented with interviews of the key participants and examination of notes from the weekly phone meetings. Findings - In this paper, it is found that members of a small start-up organization temporally coordinated their dispersed activities through everyday communicative practices, thus accomplishing both the distributed development of a software system and the creation of a robust virtual team. In particular, the LC members used three specific genres - status reports, bug/error notifications, and update notifications - and one genre system - phone meeting management - to coordinate their distributed software development over time. Research limitations/implications - The study confirms the various suggestions from prior virtual team research that structuring communication and work process is an important mechanism for the temporal coordination of dispersed activities. In particular, an attempt has been made to show that the notions of genre and genre system are particularly useful to make sense of and analyze how such structuring actually occurs over time. Originality/value - In this paper, the research focus is shifted from how a given set of temporal coordination mechanisms affect team performance to how coordination mechanisms emerge, are stabilized, and adapted over time. It is also shown how the notion of genre may be used to shed light on the practices through which temporal coordination is accomplished in geographically distributed teams.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510601496
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    The social shaping of electronic metals exchanges: an institutional theory perspective (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 212-229 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this article is to examine the structures and business models of electronic metals exchanges between 1995 and 2003. Design/methodology/approach - A dialectical institutional analysis is applied to understand the exchanges' responses to competing pressures for efficiency and legitimacy. Findings - Although efficiency is enabled by internet technologies that provide greater information transparency and access, public metals exchanges exhibited less ability to survive than private exchanges. It is argued that private exchanges survived because traders regarded them as more legitimate. Private exchange models allowed existing traditional relationships involving trust and privacy to continue, whereas public exchanges did not. Originality/value - The institutional analysis complements economic analyses of the role and structure of intermediaries in B2B electronic commerce.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510615851
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    From government to e-government: a transition model (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 280-299 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To develop a model that can explain the "government to e-government" transition process. Design/methodology/approach - Reviews the literature on and practice of e-government, as well as the related literature of strategic alignment and maturity models for technology adoption. Offers evidence for the model's validity through case-type material from the web sites of e-governments worldwide. Findings - Six transition paths can be identified, four of which are more likely to result in effective e-government transition. Research limitations/implications - Further work is needed to test the validity of the model. This could involve historical and longitudinal studies of the government to e-government transition process in different governments around the world. Practical implications - The transition model should be of value to e-government strategic planners who are seeking possible transition paths towards the effective development of e-government. Originality/value - The paper tackles the little investigated topic of the transition process through which governments must go as they shift from traditional government to e-government.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510615888
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    Emphasizing technology: socio-technical implications (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 343-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - This article aims to focus attention on users of information technology (IT), especially mobile telephony. It focuses on what people actually say about mobile technology but also aims to pay attention to what they do not talk about, what is found in the silence, especially with new technology when much can be taken for granted. This latter is, according to Foucault, even more important to understand. Design/methodology/approach - The research draws on empirical research through 11 semi-structured interviews and interviews with five focus groups, comprising between four and eight care assistants in each group. The interviews were with three women and three men between 25-70 years old, five female public sector middle managers and care assistants from five focus groups at social services departments in the north of Sweden. A Foucauldian approach is adopted to interpret the findings and explore how their locations within the circuits of socio-technical networks engender uncertainty with mobile technology. The present spread of IT reinforces a belief that people are integrated into the circuits of socio-technical networks. Findings - The findings suggest, on the one hand, that new technologies like mobile communication can be used to organise our everyday lives, whilst, on the other, there are risks with the new technologies, which can discipline discourses. Originality/value - These issues are discussed from a sociological and informatics perspective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510633310
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    Introduction to the special issue: Genres of digital documents (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 76-88 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To introduce the special issue on "Genres of digital documents." While there are many definitions of genre, most include consideration of the intended communicative purpose, form and sometimes expected content of a document. Most also include the notion of social acceptance, that a document is of a particular genre to the extent that it is recognized as such within a given discourse community. Design/methodology/approach - The article reviews the notion of document genre and its applicability to studies of digital documents and introduces the four articles in the special issue. Findings - Genre can be studied based on intrinsic genre attributes or on the extrinsic function that genre fulfills in human activities. Studies on intrinsic attributes include classifications of genres as clusters of attributes, though these classifications can be problematic because documents can be used in flexible ways. Also, new information technologies have enabled the appearance of novel genres. Studies on extrinsic function include ways to use genre for education or information accesses, as well as the use of genre as a lens for understanding communications in organizations. The four articles in the special issue illustrate these approaches. Originality/value - The paper provides a framework that organizes the range of research about genres of digital documents that should be helpful to those reading this research or planning their own studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510601487
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    Making sense of e-commerce as social action (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 311-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To provide a social-theoretic framework which explains how e-commerce affects social conditions, such as availability of information and equality of access to information, influences actors' behavior, shapes e-commerce business models, and in turn impacts industry structure. Design/methodology/approach - Empirical investigation based on one-hour interviews with owners/managers of nine vehicle dealerships and six vehicle buyers in a large US metropolitan region. The hermeneutic method of understanding was used, involving a circular process from research design and attentiveness to data, to data collection and interpretation. This circular process exemplified the dialectic relationship between the theoretical framework (derived from Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action) and empirical data, through which interpretation and theoretical explanations grounded in the data emerged. Findings - Demonstrates that e-commerce gives rise to increasing competition among the dealers, decreasing prices and migration of competition to price, decreasing profitability of the average dealer, and erosion of traditional sources of competitive advantage. Moreover, e-commerce emancipates and empowers vehicle purchasers while reducing the power of automobile dealers. Research limitations/implications - The research findings focus on the effects of e-commerce on the automobile distribution industry. However, one could argue that a number of the findings extend to other retailing-based industries. Practical implications - The paper illustrates a research methodology that may be useful to study other e-commerce applications. Originality/value - This paper illustrates the application of Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action to studying the effect of e-commerce.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510633301
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    Diffusion - or delusion? Challenging an IS research tradition (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 383-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - This paper seeks to critique the notion of diffusionism. Design/methodology/approach - The notion of diffusionism provides a general way of understanding innovation and human progress. It is pervasive within IS research and practice. Generically, diffusionism denotes an asymmetrical view of innovation as originating exclusively in "progressive" centres, from which it spreads through an essentially passive recipient community. This model is pernicious, as it privileges an élite few over the majority, with the innovator/imitator dichotomy presented as natural, moral and inevitable. This paper analyses the notion of diffusionism in information systems (IS). Findings - The failure to find any empirical support for diffusionism reveals both its mythical character and its ideological rationale in lending moral legitimacy to colonialistic projects. Empirical examples demonstrate both the ubiquity of the diffusionist mindset in IS research and practice, and its linkage to pseudo-colonial activities in the home domain. Originality/value - The paper concludes by arguing for a more critical approach within IS research on innovation, the use of richer, process-based theories, and greater partnership with practitioners in order to close the research/practice gap.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510633851
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    Exploring gender differences in leaders' occupational self-efficacy (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 513-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study focuses on gender differences in the relationship between transformational leadership and leader's occupational self-efficacy. The aim is to explain how female and male leaders develop their self-efficacy. This knowledge is important for leaders as well as organizations (e.g. human resources departments). Design/methodology/approach - A total of 58 leaders were asked to indicate their transformational leadership as well as their occupational self-efficacy, and 113 followers to indicate these leaders' transformational leadership. Hypotheses were examined using regression analyses. Findings - We found no significant relationship between self-rated transformational leadership and occupational self-efficacy for women, although we did find a positive relationship for men. No interaction effect with respect to leaders' occupational self-efficacy could be found between leaders' gender and follower-rated transformational leadership. Research limitations/implications - Whereas the relationship between transformational leadership and occupational self-efficacy was examined for men and women, we could not examine the processes that lead to the differences. Practical implications - Knowing that female and male leaders differ in the relationship between transformational leadership and occupational self-efficacy can help organizations to seek ways to build up their occupational self-efficacy. This is especially important when considering that occupational self-efficacy is related to performance in organizations. Originality/value - The paper employs both leader and follower evaluations on leaders' transformational leadership to explore the relationship between transformational leadership and occupational self-efficacy. The paper sheds light on the different processes involved in establishing occupational self-efficacy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510624747
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    Constraints facing working women in Lebanon: an insider view (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 581-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The ascendancy of women to top management positions is a perennial problem plaguing organizations worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to present some insights relating to this pervasive phenomenon from a Middle Eastern context by exploring the constraints reported by Lebanese women managers throughout their careers. Design/methodology/approach - Literature review and qualitative research methodology consisting of interviews with 62 Lebanese women managers in different fields of occupation. Findings - The findings suggest that the constraints reported by Lebanese women managers are similar to those reported worldwide. The main differences revolve around the strongly felt salience of cultural values and expectations constraining women to traditional roles and a more accentuated sense of patriarchy. Originality/value - The value added of this research is to present an insider view and fresh perspective into career constraints facing women from a non-traditional context, namely Lebanon. In view of the Western-centric nature of academic publication on the topic, there is a real need and added value in empirical research stemming from an Arab-Middle Eastern context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510635213
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    Professional women's mid-career satisfaction: an empirical exploration of female engineers (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 4-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The dynamics of professional women's mid-career satisfaction are important to understand, given the vast knowledge, experience and skills typically accrued by mid-career that are often difficult to replace. Design/methodology/approach - This study empirically examines Auster's multilevel framework of factors affecting the mid-career satisfaction of professional women using a sample of 125 professional women engineers. Findings - Results of logistic regressions reveal that individual, career, job, stress and organizational factors all impact the mid-career satisfaction of professional women, but that stress and job factors are the most powerful determinants for this sample of women. Research limitations/implications - While this study offers many insights and possible directions for future research on women at mid-career, there are a number of limitations. Future research could broaden the macro and micro factors explored, as well as compare these results with those of women in other fields and industries, women at other career stages, and women across other geographic regions. Practical implications - Organizations should strive to be more transparent about advancement options and opportunities, provide interesting and challenging work and more flexibility in work schedules (emphasize output, not face time), and offer support for key drivers of stress. Originality/value - This is the first fairly large-scale empirical study of macro and micro factors affecting women's mid-career satisfaction. This article should be of interest to managers concerned with retention of high-performing employees, HR practitioners, and academics specializing in careers, women's issues, and human resource management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510579540
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    An alternative view through the glass ceiling: Using capabilities theory to reflect on the career journey of senior women (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 595-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To introduce the reader to a new way of understanding how the glass ceiling, the informal mechanisms and structures that slow or prevent women's advancement, may be configured, using capabilities theory. Design/methodology/approach - Capabilities theory is used as an analytical lens to evaluate the nature of interaction between the senior women's "internal capabilities" (their readiness to act), and the external "work environment" (work and non-work factors) that in combination with internal capabilities, constitute combined capabilities. In particular, we reflect on how the character of combined capabilities might effect senior women's perception of ambition and risk and the choices that are made during the "career journey". Findings - From a capabilities perspective, it can be argued that the remit of HRM policy makers regarding the careers of women attempting to break through the glass ceiling needs to be broadened, particularly by those organisations not only wishing to enhance their corporate social responsibility with regards to existing and potential employees but also those wishing to deepen their understanding of workplace inequality. Originality/value - This paper adds to our understanding of women's career journeys, and is likely to be of interest also to those researching the in areas of workplace equality and diversity and HRM policy and practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510635222
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    Female entrepreneurs' personal characteristics and motivation: a review of the Greek situation (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 24-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of this paper is to investigate the issue of women entrepreneurs in Greece by looking into personal characteristics and motivation of female Greek entrepreneurs in order to assist Greek policy makers in their future attempts to devise programs to support them in the start-up phase. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is a review of the entrepreneurial environment and female entrepreneurship in Greece, approached first through an analysis of the existing bibliography and then through the presentation and analysis of data exploring personal characteristics and motivation, drawn mainly from three similarly designed surveys (two of which were designed and carried out by the authors), covering the period 1990-2000. Findings - It is important that women entrepreneurs are not treated as a monolithic category: rather, policies and programs to support them should begin with a diagnosis of their personal characteristics and motives aimed at strengthening pull motives that comprise a base for more viable and innovative entrepreneurial activity. Originality/value - The paper's originality lies in its review of the Greek situation, adding more evidence of the characteristics of women entrepreneurs in a different setting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510579559
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    Are female supervisors good for employee job experiences, health, and wellbeing? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 86-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to investigate managers' reports of their job experiences, wellbeing, and health outcomes as a function of whether they had either a male or a female supervisor. Design/methodology/approach - Self-report survey data were collected from male (n =328) and female (n =222) managers; these managers, in turn, had either a male or a female supervisor. Findings - Consistent with the hypothesis, two (gender of participant) by two (gender of supervisor) analyses of covariance revealed that all managers with female supervisors reported significantly higher levels of mastery and social support at work, and lower levels of work to family conflict and depression. Women with female supervisors also reported significantly higher levels of job autonomy and work absences than did women with male supervisors or men with either male or female supervisors. In an effort to explain these outcomes, the mediational role of work-based social support was explored as well as the gender ratio of the subordinate's work environment. Findings suggest that, for both men and women, there are some modest benefits associated with having a female supervisor and with working in a more female-dominated environment. Originality/value - The study is one of the few to focus on possible work-related outcomes associated with the gender of the supervisor and the first to examine if there are any associated health and well-being effects for their subordinates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510584427
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    Gender issues in policing: do they matter? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study aims to examine gender issues in a sample of male and female police officers in Norway. Design/methodology/approach - Three gender issues were considered: perceptions of equal opportunity, possible reasons for differences in male and female career opportunities, and experiences of sexual harassment. Data were collected from 766 police officers in Norway using anonymous questionnaires, a 62 percent response rate. Findings - Female officers indicated significantly lower levels of equal opportunity perceptions, more reasons for career opportunity differences (particularly discrimination), and more sexual harassment than did male officers. Female officers reporting lower levels of equal opportunity perceptions were less job-satisfied, more cynical, rated their quality of leadership lower and indicated more health complaints. Female officers experiencing more sexual harassment also indicated less job satisfaction. Finally, female officers offering more reasons for career differences (particularly discrimination) reported less job satisfaction, and lower professional efficacy. Research limitations/implications - Future research needs to examine gender issues in policing in greater depth using qualitative methodology. Data collected used self-reports ,raising the possibility of response set tendencies. Results may not generalize to other countries or other professions. Practical implications - Suggestions for addressing gender issues in organizations are offered. Originality/value - Provides current information on consequences of gender issues in policing in a cross-cultural context.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510584463
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    Female managers in Japan: early indications of career progression (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 191-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to determine the self-perceptions of Japanese female white-collar employees regarding defined aspects of their work environment. Design/methodology/approach - The sample consisted of Japanese workers employed in Japanese and foreign (US and European) financial services companies. The self-perceptions were tested and compared: directly with the self-perceptions of male counterparts, and within an exclusively female sample divided into two subsets of Japanese and foreign companies operating in Japan. Findings - Results show that despite recent employment system changes, clearly segregated gender roles persist in the Japanese workplace with female employees reporting significantly lower self-evaluations of their training-received, future prospects and understanding of operations than their male counterparts. However, when female results are subdivided by national origin of their company, Japanese women employed in foreign companies show significantly higher self-evaluations of training-received, future prospects than their female counterparts employed in Japanese companies. Research limitations/implications - To eliminate cross-industry interference and erroneous differences the research focuses exclusively on the financial securities industry. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to other companies operating in other industries in Japan. Practical implications - The results suggest that foreign companies are providing a higher degree of gender empowerment and offer important early insights into the hiring, training and creation of a new cadre of female white-collar workers in Japan. Originality/value - The study extends research into understanding issues surrounding female white-collar workers in a period of great change in Japanese companies and society itself.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510591861
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    Modifying best practices in women's advancement for the Latin American context (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 249-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To stimulate research on Latin American businesswomen's career development and help human resource practitioners design culturally-adapted advancement programs. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 27 interviews with human resources professional from US Fortune 500 companies with business in Latin America undertaken during 2001-2003 are the basis for reporting on women's advancement programs in Latin America. A survey of literature on culture in Latin American work organizations provides basis for suggestions about cultural adaptation of these programs. Latin American businesswomen's perceptions of their own career development, recorded in interviews with over 100 businesswomen in six Latin American countries in 2002 by participants in the Women Business Leaders in Latin America project, corroborate these suggestions. Findings - Women's initiatives imported from the USA to Latin America are likely to suffer several shortcomings unless modified to accommodate several common cultural attributes of Latin American work organizations. Practical implications - Provides a guideline for developing gender diversity practices specifically suited to the Latin American context. Originality/value - Major cross-national projects on women, culture and leadership in business to date tend to neglect the Latin American region. This research begins to highlight and remedy that lacuna.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599070
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    East German women in management (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 329-344 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To address the research gap on East German women managers and to examine some of the experiences of post-socialist East German women who entered management positions during 1990s. The discussion focuses on the nature of women's commitment to career and organisation. Design/methodology/approach - The study presented adopts a methodology based on a qualitative approach, the grounded theory approach as developed by Glaser. One-to-one, semi-structured interviews were carried out in 2000 with 24 East German women managers and five human resource managers in eight companies located in Eastern Germany, headquartered in Western Germany. Findings - The case of post-socialist East German women managers shows that gender can in fact become secondary criterion in employing women managers. It was revealed that opportunities for advancement were greater for East German female managers than West German managers due to the existence of childcare and women's programmes. The support structures, however, are currently being dismantled and women's growth and development in management levels is uncertain. The data show that women managers have coped with transition very effectively and are highly committed to their organisation and their career. However, their high commitment needs to be understood in relative terms as it is strongly context-related. Research limitations/implications - Considering the qualitative nature of this study research results should not be generalised, rather they serve as a base for future research. Practical implications - Particularly, the identification of personnel strategies employed towards post-socialist women managers and an insight into East German women's commitment could benefit HR practitioners. Originality/value - This paper contributes to the limited literature on women in management Hungary as well as literature on women in post-socialism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510609177
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    The emerging identity of women managers in post-Soviet Belarus (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 412-428 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The paper critically reviews women managers' experiences of managing transition in post-Soviet Belarus. The main aim of the paper is to explore the emerging learning experiences and learning practices of women managers in Belarus who are working in small and medium-size business enterprises. Design/methodology/approach - The paper commences with an exploration of the country context. It then seeks to draw attention to ongoing economic, political and cultural transformations within Belarus with a view to highlighting ways in which these transformations have impacted on the professional identities of women in Belarus in the post-Soviet era. Interviews with 16 female managers were constructed to investigate specific issues such as how women managers in Belarus learn to be managers, how they perceive their own positions within organisations, the ways in which women managers use learning strategies as sense-making mechanisms, and the career-related obstacles faced by women managers in Belarus. Findings - The findings indicate that women managers have adopted a variety of learning strategies to adjust to the changing nature of Belarusian business culture. These strategies involve drawing on multiple notions of a feminine work identity, which both resists and reaffirms traditional gender roles. The findings highlight women have learn to cope with a fragmented learning organisational context that is devoid of established networking and mentoring systems that are accessible normally to women managers. As such, the interview data indicate that women are developing and adopting individualised learning strategies and mechanisms to enable them to survive and succeed within business organisations. Research limitations/implications - This research describes experiences of middle-aged, urban, educated women employed in small and medium business enterprises without taking into account generational, ethnic and other differences. Originality/value - Although this paper was written from the experiences of women in Belarus, it will be of interest to women experiencing career-related obstacles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510616809
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    "My father knows the minister": A comparative study of Arab women's attitudes towards leadership authority (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 478-497 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to fill a gap in the literature on Arab women's conceptions of leadership. By comparing women's leadership authority values in three Arab countries, the paper aims to refine existing gender-neutral research on leadership in the "Arab world". Design/methodology/approach - The study involved administering a survey, which had been developed based on Weber's work on authority (1978) and contemporary discussions of implicit leadership theories (ILT). The data (n=320) were drawn from female subjects who were enrolled in upper-division business major classes in three countries, Oman, Lebanon and the UAE The women thus constituted educated entrants to their respective labor markets. The data were subjected to an analysis of group means on each of the questions, using the Scheffe option available in ANOVA. Findings - The analysis found evidence of common leadership authority values in the Gulf countries (Oman and the UAE). Lebanon, meanwhile, was distinguished by relatively low levels of "traditional" authority, and very high levels of "charismatic" authority. The findings demonstrate important regional similarities and difference in leadership authority values in the "Arab world." Research limitations/implications - The study is limited by the number of countries studied. It is thus anticipated that future comparative research will be extended to include other countries (both Arab and non-Arab), and men. Practical implications - Leadership training in the Arab region must be sensitized and tailored to address regional and gender-specific conceptions of leadership. Originality/value - The paper challenges and refines widespread meta-notions and analyses of the "Arab world" and "Arab leadership."
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510624729
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    Gender and race differences in leader behaviour preferences in South Africa (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 562-580 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This research was undertaken to investigate the differences in preferred managerial leadership behaviour among genders and racial groups in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from part time MBA students in South Africa, and subjects' preferences for explicit leader behaviour was assessed by the Leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire XII, with samples of Asian[1], black, coloured[2], and White South Africans further categorized by gender. Findings - Coloured sample subjects were most dissimilar from the other samples as to preferred leader behaviours. The most similar grouping was black males with white males and females. Research limitations/implications - Different results were obtained than predicted by past studies comparing only black and white subjects. Studies comparing only those two racial groups could yield misleading interpretations of the actual managerial leader race and gender dynamics in South Africa. Owing to the small samples obtained for coloureds and Asian women, a follow-up study is underway to increase these sample sizes. Practical implications - Implications of this study for practice are that programmes of managerial leadership development and practice need to consider that the race and gender dynamics in South Africa extend beyond the majority blacks and whites, and need to be more inclusive of all groups. Originality/value - The results tend to contradict the interpretations of past studies of management and leadership that have indicated significant differences between the behaviours of blacks and whites in the business environment. These two groups were found to be most similar in preferences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510635204
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    Social informatics and the political economy of communications (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - There is a need to understand both theoretically and empirically the dominant guiding principles that are becoming embedded in people's technologically mediated interactions and what the alternatives may be. Aims to provide an evaluation of the work of Rob Kling in helping to find guidance on these issues. Design/methodology/approach - The paper combines narrative with argument and analysis. Findings - How people communicate in different organisational contexts is informed by the way meanings are created (in this study, contractual understandings to supply material goods) and how various processes can be made to work in both offline and online environments. The results of this study illustrate one of Rob Kling's dictums: the social context of information and communication technologies (ICT) development matters. Originality/value - Provides a contribution to the literature on Kling's work on social informatics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510584603
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    Online newspapers in Scandinavia: A longitudinal study of genre change and interdependency (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 172-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To examine the evolution of the online newspaper genre in Scandinavia. To provide an understanding of the institutional context in which online newspapers initially were produced and modified over time. Design/methodology/approach - A longitudinal study of three different types of newspapers in three Scandinavian countries. The study is based on interviews with newspaper representatives conducted during recurring visits in 1996, 1999 and 2002, and web page analysis of their online newspapers. Findings - The study illustrates how online newspapers have established a number of communicative practices significant for recognizing them as a distinct digital genre, and it outlines a set of institutional factors shaping the ongoing change of these newspapers. In addition, the study demonstrates the emergence of sequential interdependencies between online and printed news. Originality/value - The focus on Scandinavian newspapers in this paper complements studies conducted in other parts of the world regarding online newspaper genre evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510601522
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    Interpreting e-government and development: Efficiency, transparency or governance at a distance? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 260-279 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - The paper aims to show, through the case of Jordan, how e-government is difficult to implement, given the characteristics of the local administration, the socio-economic context and the dynamics of the technological infrastructure. It also aims to ascertain more generally whether the marketisation of the state, embedded in e-government, makes sense as the paramount approach to improve democracy and foster development. Design/methodology/approach - Describes how the Kingdom of Jordan, as a case study of an innovative and extensive application of e-government ideas and models, provides a paradigmatic example of how ICTs are being introduced in economically less developed countries and identifies the risks of failure in implementation. Based on the empirical evidence provided by the case, examines the more general implications of e-government and new public management in the transformation of the relationship between the state and citizen. Findings - The transformation of citizens into customers is problematic, and the correlation between good governance and minimal state with development can hardly be demonstrated historically. Originality/value - The paper puts forward a new interpretation centred on the newly established link between aid and security. In this light, e-government appears to be one of the new tools for the rich metropolitan states to govern "at a distance" (through sophisticated methodologies and technologies) the potentially dangerous, weak, borderland states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510615879
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    Explanations for the provision-utilisation gap in work-life policy (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 37-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Organisational work-life policies and programs allow employees to have greater control over how, when and where they work but these policies are often under-utilised, particularly by men and career-oriented employees. In what is largely an atheoretical area of literature, the paper aims to theoretically integrate the empirical literature related to the uptake of organisational work-life policies. Design/methodology/approach - The paper links three related areas of literature: the associations between work-life policies and individual/organisational outcomes; explanations for the low uptake of work-life policies in many organisations; and preliminary studies which have explored organisational culture and its relationship to work-life policies. These literatures are integrated to develop a five-dimensional construct, "organisational work-life culture", for testing in future research. Findings - It is suggested that the following five dimensions underlie this aspect of organisational life: lack of managerial support for work-life balance; perceptions of negative career consequences; organisational time expectations; the gendered nature of policy utilisation; and perceptions of unfairness by employees with limited non-work responsibilities. Practical implications - The development and validation of the organisational work-life culture construct requires further research and may result in specific organisational strategies and policies which address the barriers to work-life policy utilisation. Originality/value - Based on existing empirical evidence, the paper suggests an original theoretical proposition: that organisational work-life culture is underpinned by five dimensions and explains much of the provision-utilisation gap in work-life policy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510579568
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    YCC: a gendered carnival? Project work at Volvo Cars (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 96-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To discusss the first concept car development project in the automotive industry managed by female engineers and designers. Design/methodology/approach - An abiding concern in feminist discourses is to understand how and why women are excluded from certain positions and activities and how organizations become gendered. Drawing on the Russian literature theorist Mikhail Bakhtin, exceptional events such as concept car development projects in the automotive industry may be examined as a form of carnival wherein the predominant social order is overturned for a period of time and thereafter restored. Findings - Exploring the "all female" project at Volvo Cars as a carnival event captures the double nature of such "affirmative" activities; on the one hand, they are giving space to marginal groups, while, on the other hand, being events that differ from the everyday work life order, they therefore risk being marginal activities with limited sustaining impact. Originality/value - In theoretical terms, the paper has integrated feminist theory and Bakhtin's writing on the carnival as an institutionalized way to mediate conflict and discontent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510584436
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    Work/life balance: senior management champions or laggards? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 262-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper seeks to examine the experience of, and attitudes towards, work/life balance (WLB) by female and male senior managers in a major Irish organisation for which WLB is now a strategic corporate objective. Design/methodology/approach - Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using an electronic questionnaire survey designed to obtain the views of female and male managers on strategies that would contribute to a better gender balance, promote diversity and raise leadership capacity in the organisation. Work/life balance emerged as a major issue in impeding the career progression of female managers. All female managers and a sample of male managers were surveyed. This paper concentrates on the responses of the two senior management grades below Executive Director on the issue and strategies to promote work/life balance. Additional qualitative data were drawn from interviews (with eight women and five men) and three focus group sessions with all male, all female and mixed gender groups. Findings - The greatest obstacle to achieving WLB is seen as the "long hours" culture in which availing oneself of flexible options (e.g. working from home/reduced hours/flexitime) is incompatible with holding a senior management post. Many of the senior men have followed the "breadwinner" model by being able to delegate family and caring activities to their wives. This option has not been possible for the majority of women in senior posts. Hence, men seek WLB to resolve commuting/working time issues. Women want to avail themselves of more flexible arrangements for family/quality of life reasons. Both men and women in senior management recognise that their own careers would be seriously jeopardised by taking up WLB arrangements. Originality/value - In the absence of role models willing to display any contrary behaviour there is a pragmatic need to align corporate policy and practice with prevailing and future family structures and demonstrate, by senior management example, how WLB can work and provide assistance for managers/staff who seek to avail themselves of it. WLB policies are not enough in themselves to ensure take-up and acceptance. It will require trust, courage and a range of interventions to champion WLB, not just at management level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599089
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    The Czech women in the labour market: a European comparison (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 312-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of the paper is to analyse the position of the Czech women in the labour market in a comparison to the EU-15 countries. The paper critically reviews three domains of female labour market participation: general characteristics of the female employment, work-life balance indicators, and disadvantages of the female labour force related to motherhood. Design/methodology/approach - The data draw on harmonized data from international/supranational institutions (EUROSTAT, OECD, ILO) in order to compile comparative statistics on gender and labour market characteristics. A cluster analysis is performed in order to group countries with similar gender and labour market characteristics together. Findings - The results identify three clusters with respect to the position of women in the labour market: southern model, Scandinavian model, and mixed model. The southern model includes Spain, Italy and Greece. These countries are characterised by women's low participation in the labour market, shorter working careers and a low incidence of part-time working. The Scandinavian model (Denmark, Sweden, Finland) represents countries, which have high levels of female labour market participation, and a work culture that fosters high numbers of part-time and flexible work systems. The mixed model (UK, France, Germany) falls in between these two extremes and includes the Czechoslovakia. The mixed model has relatively high female employment rates both full- and part-time but tends to have less support structures for combining work-life balance. Originality/value - The data provide an insight into the gendered labour market systems in the Czech Republic and highlight how state and private employer organisations can develop gender sensitive policies to assist women's career and professional development. It is suggested that the Czech Republic needs to develop policies that will foster part-time and flexible working arrangements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510609168
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    Gendered dilemmas of the work-life balance in Hungary (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 361-375 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of this paper is to examine the gendered nature of work-life policies in and the work-life conflicts of managers in a multinational corporation in Hungary. Design/methodology/approach - The research is based on 30 qualitative interviews with male and female managers at junior, middle and senior management levels located in Unilevers Eastern European headquarters in Budapest. Findings - The results show that while legislative measures for family-leave related policies are being encouraged in the EU, this is not the case with employer organizations in transition states, yet this is an important aspect of gender and employment policy as accession states begin to redesign their programmes to fall in line with EU guidelines. The research reveals that attempts to introduce family-friendly policies still create gendered effects and gendered dilemmas for individual managers. The results reveal that men and women have different perceptions of work-life balance and adopt different coping strategies to manage work and family commitments. Overall it is found that work-life balance is constructed as an individual, rather than a corporate responsibility and this also creates gendered inequalities. Research limitations/implications - The study focuses on one organisation in a transition context and so results cannot be generalised. Originality/value - The paper aims to contribute to the limited knowledge that currently exists on work-life initiatives in a transition context and attempts to clarify how gender equality measures can be understood and further developed within the Hungarian context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510609195
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    Estonia in transition: exploring the impact of change on women managers (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 446-460 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The main aim of this paper is to explore the general impact of post-Soviet transition on the experiences of women managers in Estonia. Using survey data the paper reviews women's responses to organisation change in a transition context. The paper focuses specifically on economic and social changes that are occurring in Estonia following its reassertion of independence from the Soviet Union. Design/methodology/approach - A contextual background to transition is provided and the recent history of Estonia is charted in relation to the demise of the Soviet Union and events in the recent post-Soviet era. The paper discusses the issue of whether women have, in general terms, benefited from Estonia's move away from the Soviet Union and into the independent European State of Estonia. Estonia's membership of the European Union is highlighted as a key factor that is likely to influence the experiences of women managers in the future. The results of a comparative survey (n=682) into the attitudes of Estonian women managers towards various change management issues at the organisation level are presented. Findings - The results of the study suggest that many women face cultural barriers to advancement in the workplace, and that women are seeking out opportunities in response to economic and social change. Recent legislation changes suggest however, that Estonia's institutional framework will assist women's career development and position in the economic sphere. Research implications - There is a need for more focused gender-based management research relating to Estonia. Such research could, in part, be based on information gathered from the further development of formal gender-specific employment monitoring practices at both organisational and governmental levels in Estonia. Originality/value - Because there is a dearth of gender-focused research across Central and Eastern Europe, this paper provides valuable insights into the effects of independence on the experiences of women in Estonia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510616827
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  • 95
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    Diversity reporting: how European business is reporting on diversity and equal opportunities (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 72-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Reviews and reflects on how well European businesses are doing with regard to diversity, specifically with regard to reporting on diversity. Design/methodology/approach - Reviews diversity and diversity reporting in several large European companies. Findings - Diversity reporting is still in its infancy. The growing public pressure for diversity reporting seems likely to continue, though at present there are few mandatory requirements. Pressure from shareholders, fund managers or pressure groups may help. Another less expected pressure point may come from a younger generation of workers who have higher expectations than their predecessors. The biggest change will occur when companies seize the business case for diversity. Originality/value - Provides a snapshot of current diversity reporting in European companies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510579586
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  • 96
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    What is wrong with current approaches to management development in relation to women in management roles? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 107-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To challenge gender neutrality within management theories and to show how such theories influence the practice of management development to the detriment of women managers. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on a feminist questioning of changes in management theory over the past several decades and the impact this has on management development practice in relation to women. Findings - The notion of a feminine ethos being carried to practicing managers through characteristics culturally associated with females should be helpful to women. However, the basis for formal, mixed group situations as a means of enabling women to develop as managers is debatable. A continuing reliance on questionnaires that fail to quantify the extent to which the constructs reflect a gender sensitivity and the failure to recognise such situations as reflecting relations between women and men in the wider social context serve to reinforce women in a subordinate role to men, deferring to and privileging men's knowledge. Originality/value - The value lies in how the paper shows the barriers facing women as they develop as managers in contexts that are still masculine despite claims of a feminisation of management. It is also valuable in the way it suggests a different way of working with women on their development as managers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510584445
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  • 97
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    Backlash in the workplace (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This exploratory study examined backlash in the workplace. Backlash was operationalized by employee views on how much their employer had done to support the advancement of four designated groups (women, disabled, aboriginal people, racial/visible minorities): too much, about right, too little. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from 2,514 employees of a single financial services organization (1,962 women, 480 men) using anonymous questionnaires. Findings - The majority of the sample thought their employer had done about the right amount. Women thought the firm had done less for women than men did; men thought the firm had done less for aboriginals than women did. Males more strongly endorsing backlash had longer company tenure and tended to be at lower organizational levels. Women and men endorsing backlash were then compared on a variety of work and organizational outcomes. Men believing the firm had done too much, and women believing the firm had done too little generally indicated less satisfying work and organizational outcomes. Research limitations/implications - Study needs to be replicated in other organizations using a different measure of backlash. Practical implications - Suggestions for dealing with backlash are offered. Originality/value - Examines a relatively important but under-researched subject.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510591843
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  • 98
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    Value conflicts in enterprise systems (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 33-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To identify, classify, and propose a preliminary theory of the value conflicts and social choices that arise in enterprise system use. Design/methodology/approach - Ethnographic case study of a medium-sized manufacturing firm, using a participant-observer approach. Findings - Three areas of value conflict are identified between functional areas: conflicts over work priorities, conflicts over dependency on the commitments of others, and conflicts over evaluation fairness. When participants perceived that the value conflicts were accommodated in a balanced and legitimate way, they chose to use information resources within the enterprise system. When the conflicts were perceived as too great, participants chose to ignore the enterprise system, or develop their own competing information resources. Research limitations/implications - This paper reports on theory building from one intensive case study. It implies, however, that previous attempts to account for the difficulty of enterprise resource planning (ERP) use have not focused enough on the social relationships between the functional areas that are tightly integrated through enterprise systems. Practical implications - The three value conflict questions (work priorities, dependency on commitments, and evaluation fairness) can be used to identify potential ERP problem areas, and to clarify the costs and benefits of different ERP choices for various functional areas. Originality/value - For information systems researchers and practitioners, this paper offers another means for identifying value conflicts and social choices in computerization, hopefully bringing us closer to Rob Kling's dream that computerization choices be made in a more socially benign way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510584612
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  • 99
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    Digital genres: a challenge to traditional genre theory (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 120-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to account for the genre characteristics of non-linear, multi-modal, web-mediated documents. It involves a two-dimensional view on genres that allows one to account for the fact that digital genres act not only as text but also as medium. Design/methodology/approach - The theoretical framework of the article is the Swalesian genre theory used in academic settings all over the world to investigate the relationship between discourse and social practice and to teach genre conventions to students of language and communication. Up till now most genre research has focused on the characteristics of "printed" texts, whereas less has been done to apply the genre theory to digital genres. Findings - The article discusses the characteristics of digital genres, notably the media constraints that have a significant effect on the production and reception of digital genres and suggests an extension of the Swalesian genre model that takes the digital characteristics into account. Research limitations/implications - The suggestion for a revised genre model is not based on an extensive empirical study of various types of web sites. The observation is restricted to a limited number of commercial web sites. Originality/value - The article proposes new insights into the concept of genre adapting traditional models of genre theory to web-mediated texts. A revised two-dimensional genre model incorporating media elements into the concept of genre thus takes account of the particular characteristics of the navigation and reading elements of web-mediated genres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510601504
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  • 100
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    On extending social informatics from a rich legacy of networks and conceptual resources (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 9-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To extend the work of Rob Kling, whose research interests, and advocacy were at the center of a movement in analytical inquiry and empirical research now known as "social informatics". Design/methodology/approach - Reviews the work of those who engage in social informatics research to strengthen and further the conceptual perspective, analytical approaches, and intellectual contributions of social informatics. Findings - The vibrant and growing international community of active social informatics scholars has assembled a social informatics resource kit that includes: perspective lenses through which research data can be viewed critically; techniques for building theory and developing models from socially rich empirical data; and a common body of knowledge regarding the uses and effects of ICTs. Originality/value - The paper identifies opportunities to engage new scholars in social informatics discussions, and suggests new venues for promoting and extending the work of scholars already enrolled in the social informatics movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510584595
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