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  • Artikel  (723)
  • Artikel: DFG Deutsche Nationallizenzen  (723)
  • crystal structure  (507)
  • Solanum tuberosum L.
  • biological control
  • 2015-2019
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  • Artikel  (723)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The crystal and molecular structure of N-(methylsulfonyl)-N-(2,6)-(dimethylphenyl)methanesulfonamide (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 759-762 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Sulfonamide ; methanesulfonanilide ; crystal structure ; molecular structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The title compound, crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ witha=8.232(4),b=9.159(2),c=10.230(3)Å. α=74.07(3)°, β=72.50(4)°, γ=63.65(3)° andZ=2. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full matrix least squares methods toR=0.054 for 1817 observed reflections. The plane containing the nitrogen and sulfur atoms is perpendicular to the aromatic plane. One of the S−O bonds in each methanesulfonyl group is in nearly eclipsed conformation with the N−C bond.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666966
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The crystal structure of calcium succinate monohydrate (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Ca(C4H4O4)·H2O ; pentagonal pyramid ; calcium succinate ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The crystal structure of calcium succinate monohydrate, Ca(C4H4O4)·H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic witha=11.952(2),b=9.691(2),c=11.606(2)Å, β=108.81(1)°, space group C2/c,Z=8,V=1272.49 Å3,d m =1.80, andd c =1.818 Mg m−3. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques toR=0.027,R w =0.040, for 829 reflections with1≥3δ(I). Ca is coordinated to seven oxygen atoms, and the coordination polyhedron is best described as a pentagonal bipyramid. One carboxylate group in the succinate ion is bonded to three different Ca ions, forming a four-membered chelate ring with one Ca ion is bonded to three different Ca ions, forming a four-membered chelate ring with one Ca ion and unidentate bridge bonds to two other Ca ions. The other carboxylate group is bonded to two Ca ions through unidentate bonds. The structure is highly polymeric. The general structural features are nearly identical to those of calcium adipate monohydrate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666091
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis, structure and IR characterization of disodium tetra(9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-acridineacetato)zincate(II) bis(ethanol) heptahydrate (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 731-737 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Synthesis ; crystal structure ; IR data
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The synthesis, crystal structure and IR data are reported for Na2[Zn(CMA)4]·2EtOH·7H2O, where CMA− is the 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-acridinacetate ion. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2/n, with cell dimensionsa=17.335(9),b=8.440(5),c=21.875(12) Å, β=91.94(5)°,Z=2. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to a finalR value of 0.0363 for 3022 non-zero reflections. The Zn2+ ion occupies twofold axis and is coordinated to four carboxylate ligands, the ZnO4 tetrahedron is considerably distorted with Zn−O distances of 1.978(3) and 1.961(3)Å. Each Na+ cation interacts with two water, one ethanol, and three carboxylate O atoms comprising distorted octahedron. The Zn2+ and Na+ cations are linked through monooxygen and syn-syn carboxylate bridges forming a trinuclear, mixed-metal cluster. The Zn...Na separation is 3.267(2)Å and Na...Na distance equals 3.520(2)Å. All oxygen bonded H-atoms are utilized in hydrogen bonds. The acridone rings overlap in the crystal with the 3.5 Å interlayer separations. The compound has been characterized by IR spectroscopy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666961
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of 1,3,7,9-tetramethylpyrido-[2,3-d∶6,5-d′]-dipyrimidine-2,4,6,8-tetrone (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 465-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Pyrimidine ; uracil ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A new and easy method for the preparation of 1,3,7,9-tetramethylpyrido-[2,3-d∶6,5-d′]-dipyrimidine-2,4,6,8-tetrone is described. The structure of this compound has been solved by means of X-ray diffraction methods. The chemical characterization by spectral (mass, ultraviolet, infrared, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance) and thermal (thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry) method is also reported. The compound is monoclinic, space groupP21/c,a=12.720(5),b=13.688(7),c=8.079(2) Å, β=107.06(4)°,Z=4. The structure consists of discrete tricyclic molecules, stacking playing an important role in crystal packing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666096
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Crystal structure oftrans-carbonylchlorobis-(tricyclohexylphosphine)iridium(I),trans-Ir(CO)Cl-[P(cyclo-C6H11)3]2, a disordered species (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 557-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Schlagwort(e): Centrosymmetric ; symmetry ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the centrosymmetric triclinic space group $$P\bar 1$$ (C 1 l ; No.2) witha=9.9143(10) Å,b=10.2616(11) Å,c=10.7715(10) Å, α=113.887(8)°, β=109.197(8)°, γ=90.699(9)°,V=932.78(17) Å3 andZ=1. A total of 4869 data were collected and merged to a set of 2450 independent reflections; the structure was solved and refined toR=1.42% andwR=1.94%. The molecule lies on a site of $$\bar 1$$ symmetry and is disordered, with obvious scrambling of carbonyl and chloride ligands. Resulting bond lengths include Ir−P=2.339(1) Å, Ir−Cl=2.398(4) Å and Ir−CO=1.808(15) Å.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666737
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies of crystalline native celluloses using potential energy calculations (1994)
    Springer
    Cellulose 1 (1994), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Schlagwort(e): cellulose I ; molecular mechanics ; crystal structure ; molecular ; modelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Energies for various trial packing arrangements of unit cells for the Iα and Iβ phases of native cellulose discovered by Sugiyamaet al. were evaluated. Both a rigid-ring method, PLMR, and the full-optimization, molecular mechanics program, MM3(90), were used. For both phases the models that had the lowest PLMR energy also had the lowest MM3 energy. Both calculated models have the chains packed ‘up’, O6s intg positions, and the same sheets of hydrogen-bonded chains. The Iβ structure model is essentially identical to that proposed previously for ramie cellulose by Woodcock and Sarko. It is also the same as the best parallel model previously proposed that was based on the X-ray data of Mann, Gonzalez and Wellard, once the various unit cell conventions are considered. Also, the energies from both methods for all three celluloses, Iα, Iβ and II, are in the order that rationalizes their relative stabilites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00819665
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preparation and characterization of some metal(II) complexes of isocinchomeronic acid and X-ray crystal structure ofcis-diaquabis(hydrogen isocinchomeronato)manganese(II) (1994)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 5 (1994), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Schlagwort(e): Isocinchomeronic acid ; 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid ; hydrogen isocinchomeronate ; manganese(II) complex ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The reactions between Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) ions with isocinchomeronic acid (H2-isocin) afforded complexes of the general formula M(H-isocin)2-2H2O, whereas Fe(II) gives both red and deep red-brown products of the same formula. Various physical measurements suggest that the complexes of M = Co, Ni, Zn, and Fe (brown) are octahedrally coordinated by two aqua ligands and twotrans-N,O-bidentate H-isocin− anions with dimeric hydrogen bonding. Those for M = Mn and Fe (red) are the correspondingcis isomers. The structure of the manganese complex as determined by X-ray crystallography exhibitsC 2 molecular symmetry with Mn-N = 2.279(2), Mn-O(H-isocin)− = 2.196(2), and Mn-O(aqua) = 2.137(2) Å. Each aqua ligand forms two donor O-H ⋯ O hydrogen bonds with carboxy groups of different molecules in adjacent chains.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262837
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Tris(pyrazol-1-yl)-s-triazine (TPT): X-ray crystallographic, computational, and gas-phase electron diffraction studies (1994)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 5 (1994), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Schlagwort(e): tris(pyrazol-1-yl)-s-triazine ; crystal structure ; electron diffraction ; AM1 semiempirical calculation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The conformation of the TPT molecule has been analyzed using experimental and computational techniques. The solid-state molecular structure shows similar conformational features to those in the 2-pyrimidine and phenyl derivatives although a different pattern of bond angles in the triazine ring was observed. The AM1 calculations predicted two conformations of comparable stability (ΔE=1.8 kcal/mol) differing in the orientation of one pyrazole ring. While the minimum energy conformation corresponds to a model displayingC 3h symmetry (φ 1=φ 2=φ 3=0°), the other minimum (φ 1=φ 2=0°,φ 3=180°) is close to that observed in the solid state. The electron diffraction results are consistent with a planar or nearly planar conformation in agreement with the preceding studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02275498
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Structure of TiO2 in TiO2-SiO2 prepared by a complexing agent-assisted sol-gel procedure (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 1 (1994), S. 113-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): crystal structure ; complexing agent ; TiO2 ; TiO2-SiO2
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Many types of TiO2-SiO2 (Ti:Si=50:50 mol%) were prepared by the sol-gel procedure with and without 2-methyl-2, 4-pentanediol (MPD) as an organic ligand. The effect of MPD on the gel structure and the properties of the TiO2 crystals were studied by XRD and raman spectroscopy, and the effect of the sol standing time on the properties of the TiO2 crystals were also studied by XRD spectroscopy. In the gels with MPD, anatase of TiO2 appeared at approximately 580°C, and the crystal structures were similar despite the difference in the gel preparation procedure. The titania gels with MPD were presumed to be dispersed in the silica gel matrix without any Ti-O-Si bond. In the presence of MPD, the formation of titania gels is controlled and the specified TiO2 crystal is produced.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00490241
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pathogenicity ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.tuberosi isolates from tubers and potato plants (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 129-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.tuberosi ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; dry rot ; pathogenicity ; wilt
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A study was carried out on eightF. oxysporum f.sp.tuberosi isolates from northern Italy. Six were from rotten tubers and two were from weak, but not wilted plants from seed-growing areas. Greenhouse and laboratory tests were done to assess the pathogenicity and potential spread of the fungus within the plant. All isolates caused dry rot on inoculated tubers. They were also able to infect vascular tissues through roots and leaves, but none caused wilt, stemend rot or other symptoms.F. oxysporum is often not visible in the field, but its propagules can increase under favourable conditions. It may therefore become a potential danger during potato storage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358713
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reduction in vigour of leafless potato cuttings in vitro (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 365-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum L. ; multiplication ; micropropagation ; growth ; leaf removal ; tissue culture variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Removing the leaves from single node potato cuttings in vitro allows propagules to be placed in culture vessels at increased densities with the intent of saving resources and space. Under light intensities of 22 wattsm−2, the removal of the subtending leaf resulted in fewer nodes, shorter plantlets, smaller leaf area, and lower fresh and dry weights of 4-week-old plantlets of cvs Atlantic, Kennebec, Russet Burbank and Shepody. Fewer nodes and reduced plantlet height may result in inefficient multiplication protocols because fewer propagules are available and shorter internodes make dissection more difficult. The coefficient of variation for the various growth parameters was greater when propagules lacked leaves, indicating that the variability of the plant material for propagation was increased. A reduction of vigour and growth was still evident when plantlets of cv. Shepody were grown for 6–8 weeks.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358350
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of pectic substances from two potato cultivars with different sensitivities to prewarming (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 87-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum L. ; fracturability ; column chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Potato cultivars Chieftain and Kennebec were prewarmed at 70°C for 15 min. prior to heating at 100°C for 18 min. in a water bath. Chieftain exhibited a large increase in fracturability upon treatment while Kennebec showed a smaller increase. Pectic substances of the two cultivars were sequentially extracted in water, sodium hexametaphosphate (0.5%), hydrochloric acid (0.05M, 50°C), and sodium hydroxide (0.05M, 5°C). The largest fraction isolated from both cultivars consisted of hydroxide-soluble pectic substances, and was followed by the acid-soluble fraction. Chieftain contained significantly greater amounts of the hydroxide-soluble fraction than Kennebec. Ion exchange chromatography revealed that the extracted pectic substances from the two major fractions consisted of a charged pectin chain with attached neutral sugars. Gel filtration chromatography revealed wide molecular size distributions for the isolated pectic substances. Pectic neutral sugar content for the hydroxide-soluble fraction (50% of total pectic substances) was greater for Chieftain than for Kennebec.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360435
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Variations of adenyl nucleotide content in two potato cultivars stored at 15°C. I. Method for the determination of ATP level and first results (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): aging ; apyrase ; ATP ; bioluminescence ; bioenergetic metabolism ; luciferase ; luciferin ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A method for determining ATP content based on sulfuric acid extraction and luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence assay was developed for potato tubers. The inactivation of apyrase by a thermal treatment as well as the ATP stability in acidic potato extracts stored at-25°C have been particularly considered. The proposed method is simple, reliable, sensitive and can be used for automatic purposes. This method has been applied to the study of the variation of ATP levels in stored potato tubers (cvs Ukama and Granola). The large changes occurring over a 9 month period are discussed in correlation with dormancy, sprouting and tuberization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358716
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparisons of tetraploid progenies of potato dihaploids, their chromosome-doubled derivatives and second generation dihaploids (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 173-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): inbreeding ; unreduced gametes ; breeding ; yield ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Comparisons were made between tetraploid progenies obtained by crossing dihaploid and chromosome doubled dihaploid potatoes with tetraploids. Dihaploids obtained from a doubled dihaploid produced some progenies from 2xx4x crosses which were as high yielding and had as good tuber characteristics as control progenies produced by intercrossing heterozygous tetraploids. It was found that there was a slight reduction in tuber yield associated with inbreeding but selection could be made among highly inbred material for useful parents. Other characters were little affected by inbreeding. It was concluded that haploidisation and chromosome doubling could be used to produce homozygous clones for use by breeders without greatly depressing the agronomic value of their offspring.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358719
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Diploid genotype DW.84-1457, highly resistant to potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum L. ; potato leafroll luteo virus ; resistance ; restricted virus multiplication ; potato breeding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The diploid clone DW.84-1457 which has outstanding resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV), has been selected at the Mlochów Centre of the Institute for Potato Research. It has in its pedigree PLRV-resistant clones from the Max Planck Institute nos. MPI 44.1016/10, MPI 44.335/130 and MPI 49.540/2. Its behaviour in the field and response to aphid inoculation indicate high resistance to infection, and the low concentration of the virus in graft-inoculated plants indicates high resistance to multiplication. This combination within one genotype of two aspects of resistance is not connected with hypersensitivity, and is heritable. Clone DW.84-1457 has other desirable characters such as extreme resistance to potato virus X (PVX), high resistance to potato virus M (PVM) and good table and processing quality. It is being utilized in the development of parental lines, both at the diploid and tetraploid level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360511
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) on tuber yield, tuber size, reducing sugars and crisp colour in cv. Record (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): fructose ; glucose ; sucrose ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In eight experiments in 4 years, inoculating seed tubers withR. solani caused stem canker and in seven experiments decreased the total yield and the yield of tubers 40–70 mm. Yields of larger tubers were usually increased. In most experiments inoculating increased the reducing sugar content of the tubers and darkened the colour of crisps, but did not consistently affect the amounts of sucrose. Treating soil with aldicarb or oxamyl before planting also slightly increased the total reducing sugars.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360431
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Potato production from true potato seed (TPS) in Egypt: Effect of the growing season on seedling development, recovery from transplanting and yield (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 233-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): physiological ageing ; premature tuberization ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; transplanting shock
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Ware potatoes were produced from true potato seed by transplanting seedlings to the field in different growing periods to evaluate environmental constraints of this production method in the Nile delta. In the autumn season, with high temperatures and long-day conditions during seedling culture in the nursery and transplant establishment in the field, seedling development was fast, and transplants resumed growth within 5 days of transplanting in the field. Tuber yields ranged between 120 and 160 dt ha−1. In the spring season, with low temperatures and short-day conditions during the initial growing phase, seedling development in the nursery was slow and biomass partitioning between above ground organs (stems, leaves) and tubers was shifted towards the tubers. This partitioning was further enhanced by transplanting the seedlings in the field. Seedlings recovered only slowly from transplanting or died. It is concluded that potato production via transplants is poor in the spring season when premature tuberization of seedlings in the nursery leads to slow field establishment and low tuber yield.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360515
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica on yield of potatoes from cut and uncut seed tubers in Valencia (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 21-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): blackleg ; potato cultivars ; blanking ; cut seed tubers ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The effect on the development of blackleg symptoms and on yield of inoculating seed tubers of 15 cultivars withErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca) was investigated. Tubers were planted either whole or as pieces. Eca inoculation reduced the mean yield per plant by 8% for whole tubers and by 12% for cut tubers. There was no correlation between blackleg symptoms and yield loss.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360428
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of applying nitrogen fertilizer to a potato seed crop on the susceptibility of the daughter plants toErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 103-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): blackleg ; cultivar ; inoculation ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed tuber decay ; tuber yield
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Seed potatoes of cvs Record and Bintje were grown with 30, 80 or 130 kg N/ha. In the subsequent growing season the seed tubers, which were inoculated or not with two concentrations ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca), were subjected to the same fertilization treatment. The incidence of blackleg and the level of seed tuber decay increased from the uninoculated treatment to the higher inoculum level, but the degree varied considerably from one year to another. Cv. Bintje was more susceptible to blackleg and yield loss caused by Eca than cv. Record. In 1990, when disease incidence was high, the proportion of blackleg stems increased with increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizer which had been applied to the seed crop, but was not significantly affected in 1988 and 1992. Seed tuber decay was retarded by the lowest nitrogen dose. The yield of the subsequent crop was not affected by the nitrogen dose applied to the seed crop.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358709
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of watering potato plants before harvest and of curing conditions on development of tuber diseases during storage (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 169-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): harvest date ; silver scurf ; black dot ; black scurf ; golding blotch ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Plots of potato plants were watered to field capacity one day before harvest on three dates, and tubers from watered and non-watered plots were stored at 7°C and 95% RH immediately or after curing at 15°C either at 80% or 95% RH. Watering increased the severity of silver scurf after storage when tubers were not cured. Curing at 80% RH decreased the disease and amounts were similar from watered and non-watered plants. Black dot was increased by watering whereas black scurf and golding blotch were decreased.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358718
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Assessing progenies of potato for resistance to early blight (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 257-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum L. ; Alternaria solani Sor. ; inheritance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Progenies from crosses between cultivars varying widely in resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani Sor.), were assessed for resistance as true seedlings in a glasshouse in Scotland. The resistance of a representative sample of surviving genotypes from each progeny was compared with samples of the same progenies not previously exposed to the fungus, both in the glasshouse in Scotland and in the field in Israel. The exposed population was more resistant. Resistance was identified more effectively in adult plants from tubers in the glasshouse than in true seedlings and agreement between glasshouse and field assessment was better when progenies were compared rather than individual genotypes. The mid parent and progeny mean scores of the unexposed population were correlated at both sites, thus confirming that the resistance is heritable. Selecting resistant individuals at the seedling stage is suggested as a useful tool for resistance breeding, having first chosen the best parents for crossing.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360518
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of controlled atmosphere storage at 4°C on crisp colour and on sprout growth, rotting and weight loss of potato tubers (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 291-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): crisps ; oxygen ; carbon dioxide ; Solanum tuberosum L. ; cv. Record
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary After three weeks curing at 10°C, potato tubers cv. Record were stored at 4°C under different controlled atmospheres (CA) for six months to study the effect on crisp fry colour, sprout growth and rotting. Combinations of low levels of CO2 (0.7–1.8%) and low levels of O2 (2.1–3.9%) gave a significantly lighter crisp colour, low sprout growth and fewer rotted tubers compared with 0.9% CO2 and 21.0% O2. Tubers stored in these conditions. showed a significantly higher weight loss and shrinkage after reconditioning. High CO2: low O2 combinations during storage completely inhibited sprout growth and caused the darkest crisp colour, but after reconditioning tubers gave the same level of sprouting and crisps as light as the other CA combinations. Furthermore these combinations, especially CO2 at 10 or 15%, increased the onset of rotting. Also our results showed that at low concentrations of CO2 (0.7–1.6%), and low O2 (2–2.4%) there was an increase in tuber rotting.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360522
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of weight of potato minitubers on sprout growth, emergence and plant characteristics at emergence (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 315-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed production ; tuber size ; presprouting ; sprout length ; planting depth ; shoot: root ratio
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The behaviour of minitubers in five weight classes, having mid-point values between 0.19 and 3.00 g, was studied during sprouting and emergence under controlled conditions. Lighter tubers took longer to produce sprouts of 2 mm, and their sprouts grew more slowly between 2 and 4 mm and 4 and 6 mm. As sprouts lengthened their rate of growth increased. The influence of tuber weight was less for heavier tubers and also decreased as the sprouts grew longer. When tubers with sprouts of the same length were planted in pots, sprouts from lighter tubers took longer to emerge. Emergence was later and differences between weight classes were larger when tubers were planted deeper (6 or 9 cm) or when they had shorter sprouts at planting (2 or 4 mm). At emergence, plants from lighter tubers had thinner stems and lower stem and root weights, but higher stem weights proportional to tuber weights and higher shoot:root ratios.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360524
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Field performance of potato minitubers with different fresh weights and conventional seed tubers: Crop establishment and yield formation (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 301-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum L. ; seed production ; emergence ; ground cover ; radiation interception ; radiation conversion ; harvest index
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Field performance of five fresh weight classes of minitubers ranging from 0.13–0.25 g to 2.00–3.99 g and conventional seed tubers was studied in a short growing season (79 or 82 days) in two years. The heavier minitubers gave a more regular emergence, faster ground cover soon after emergence, higher dry-matter yields, and higher fresh tuber yields. Radiation conversion coefficient (RCC) did not differ. Higher tuber yields resulted from more radiation intercepted due to a faster ground cover, and a higher harvest index. All minitubers produced plants with one primary stem. In one experiment when heavier minitubers had long sprouts, time to 50% emergence decreased with tuber weight, whereas dry-matter concentration of progeny tubers increased. Conventional tubers appeared superior to minitubers in all characteristics mentioned except RCC, which was similar. Differences in performance between minitubers and conventional tubers were attributed to weight and age of seed tubers, presprouting method and crop husbandry.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360523
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inheritance of tolerance ofGlobodera pallida and the relationship between tolerance and resistance toG. pallida in potatoes (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 65-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum L. ; genetic variation ; progeny test
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The tolerance of and resistance toGlobodera pallida of two potato progenies which segregated for these characteristics were assessed in pots in the glasshouse. The level of tolerance varied widely between genotypes within the progenies, with several genotypes being significantly more tolerant than the intolerant parent. The levels of resistance and tolerance in the progenies were not significantly correlated. No indications were obtained that the ranking of genotypes for tolerance is influenced by the density ofG. pallida in the soil. The results confirm that selection for tolerance in aG. pallida resistance breeding programme is useful and feasible.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360433
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The control of silver scurf and development of thiabendazole resistance inHelminthosporium solani as affected by the rate of fungicide applied to potato seed tubers (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 403-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Storite ; Extratect ; imazalil ; culture tests ; chlamydospores ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Seed tubers were immersed in suspensions of thiabendazole (Storite) or thiabendazole plus imazalil (Extratect) at different concentrations and planted in a field experiment. During the following 2 years samples of the produce were planted after treatment with the same fungicide formulation used on the seed. Silver scurf on daughter tubers decreased as concentrations of fungicide increased and Extratect gave better disease control than Storite applied at the same thiabendazole concentration. Isolates ofH. solani resistant to thiabendazole were found on seed tubers 6 weeks after treatment with Storite, and also on daughter tubers after the first application of the higher rates of Storite; their incidence increased with further annual treatments. In 3 years no thiabendazole-resistant isolates were found after treatment with Extratect. Chlamydospores ofH. solani developed when sensitive isolates were subcultured onto agar containing thiabendazole. Isolates sensitive to thiabendazole were slightly more sensitive to imazalil than resistant ones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358354
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Infection of potato stem bases, stolons and tubers byPolyscytalum pustulans (Owen & Wakef.) Ellis and development of sclerotia (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): scale leaves ; sclerotial viability ; seed tubers ; pure culture ; hyphal rings ; tomato ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Polyscytalum pustulans spread from infected buds of seed tubers on the nodal scale leaves of elongating stems and stolons. More eyes were infected at the apical end of developing tubers than at the stolon end. Sclerotia, first found within the agar of ageing cultures, appeared to form from thickened hyphal rings within the aerial hyphae and conidiophores. As infected plants senesced, sclerotia developed within single or groups of host cells in diseased stem bases and remained viable for seven years in undisturbed soil. Sclerotia were also found after harvest in skin spots on decayed seed tubers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360430
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect and interaction of crop management factors on the glycoalkaloid concentration of potato tubers (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum L. ; nitrogen fertilizer ; potato cultivars ; potato storage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Potato tuber glycoalkaloid content was measured in response to nitrogen fertilizer rate, storage temperature, length of storage period and cultivar. Cvs Gemchip, Norchip and Russet Burbank were grown with applied nitrogen fertilizer rates of 0, 168 or 336 kg/ha and then stored at either 4.4 or 10°C. Total glycoalkaloid content was determined one month before harvest, at harvest, after three months of storage and after nine months of storage. Higher rates of nitrogen, higher storage temperature and a period of storage all resulted in significantly (P〈0.05) higher concentration of glycoalkaloids. The cv Norchip had higher glycoalkaloids than cvs Gemchip or Russet Burbank. Only the storage period had more influence than the environment (difference between years). Significant (P〈0.05) two-way interactions were detected for year x cultivar, year x nitrogen, storage period x cultivar and nitrogen x cultivar. Most interactions were due to the unique responses of cultivars.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360434
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica alone and withAlternaria solani orVerticillium dahliae on disease development and yield of potatoes in Israel (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): blackleg ; early blight ; Verticillium wilt ; maturity ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Tubers of 17 cultivars were inoculated withErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (ECA) and planted in 1986 and 1987 in the Negev in randomised plots in three blocks where eitherVerticillium dahliae orAlternaria solani were present or where both were absent. ECA reduced the yield in the control block and exacerbated the yield losses in the disease blocks, but the intensity of symptom expression did not always accord with the extent of yield loss. ECA had a greater effect on plants infected withA. solani than on those withV. dahliae. It was possible to categorise the cultivars as resistant, intermediate or susceptible with respect to ECA and early blight, but resistance toV. dahliae could not be differentiated from foliage maturity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358710
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to potato virus A in various types of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): PVA ; selection ; assay reactivity ; ELISA-types ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was prepared against potato virus A (PVA) and their reactivity was tested in various types of ELISA. The type of ELISA as well as the methods of MAbs purification played an essential role. All monoclonal antibodies reacted with PVA antigen in IDAS-ELISA but MAbs used in DAS1-ELISA and in DAS2-ELISA, in combination with polyclonal antibodies, showed different reactivity. The reactivity of MAbs in DAS-ELISA was dependent on the individual MAb used as a coating or as a conjugate. Two MAbs showed highest reactivity as coating antibodies but only one of them as a conjugate. The results demonstrate the importance of using different type of ELISA in selecting MAbs for routine diagnosis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358714
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of the cooking behaviour of the potato cultivars Nicola and Irene with respect to pectin breakdown and the transfer of ions (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 183-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): cell wall ; middle lamella ; cell sloughing ; apparent diffusion coefficient ; texture ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The potato cultivars Nicola and Irene were investigated with respect to cell sloughing, specific cell surface area, release of pectic material and transfer of ions using a model cooking study. Both cell sloughing and the release of pectic material were higher for the mealy-cooking cultivar Irene. As the respective cell size distributions measured were the same for both cultivars, the difference in release of pectic material could not be explained by a difference in the specific cell surface areas between the cultivars. Additionally, it was recorded that during cooking only 20% of the calcium present in non-cooked tissue was transferred into the cooking medium, whereas more than 70% of potassium and citrate were transferred. The ratios Da.citr2−/Da.K+ and Da.Ca2+/Da.K+ for water and cooked potato tissue revealed that in water, potassium ions diffused faster than citrate and calcium ions. However, in cooked potato tissue both citrate and calcium ions diffused faster than potassium ions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358720
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chemiluminescent detection of potato spindle tuber viroid in true potato seed using a digoxigenin labelled DNA probe (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): AMPPD ; guanidinium isothiocyanate ; plant material extraction ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The potential use of a simple, sensitive and non-radioactive method for detecting potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in germinated true potato seeds, based on nucleic acid hybridization with a PSTVd-specific DNA probe labelled with digoxigenin, was investigated. Two simple procedures for the clarification of plant extracts suitable for a non-radioactive detection system were also investigated. The nucleic acid hybridization technique could detect one PSTVd-infected seed in more than 150 healthy seeds. The benefits of this non-radioactive detection system are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360517
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of wounding fungicide-treated potato seed tubers on silver scurf disease on daughter tubers at harvest (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): imazalil ; thiabendazole ; black dot ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Silver scurf on daughter tubers at harvest was decreased by treating seed tubers with imazalil or thiabendazole in March but significantly increased when the treated tubers were wounded the day before planting in May. The disease was also increased by wounding seed tubers not treated with fungicide. Black dot was decreased by seed treatment with imazalil but was not affected by wounding.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360521
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microtuber and minituber production and field performance compared with normal tubers (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 383-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): propagation sources ; row spacing ; canopy cover ; tuber yield ; grade distribution ; multiplication rate ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Microtuber and minitubers of cv. Monalisa were produced in the laboratory and compared with normal seed tubers in a field experiment. These tubers were planted at similar plant densities (13.6 sprouts per m2) with two distances between rows (60 and 90 cm). Final ground cover was almost complete only in the plots derived from normal tubers and decreased with the size of the mother tubers. Normal seed, mini- and microtubers yielded respectively 50.8, 31.7, and 17.0 t/ha (means of two spacings). At close and wide spacing between rows, microtubers yielded respectively 27.3 and 6.7 t/ha, and minitubers 38.9 to 24.4 t/ha. Row spacing did not influence the yields from normal seed tubers. Total number of tubers per m2 was also affected and, as means of the two spacings, ranged from 107.8 with microtubers, 122.1 with minitubers, to 142.9 with normal tubers. Mother tuber type also affected the yield distribution in three tuber grades (〈36, 36–55, and 55–80 mm) and micro and minitubers produced many small tubers. Multiplication rates and the possible use of different propagation sources are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358352
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of regeneration and selection procedures on the production of aluminium tolerant potato regenerants (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 423-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): In-vitro selection ; tolerance test ; tolerance constancy ; genetic instability ; selective medium ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Tests were made of the influence of selective and nonselective culture media on the rate of production of aluminium tolerant regenerant clones. Regenerants died when selective medium containg Al was continuously applied in tolerance tests. The production of aluminium tolerant clones was dependent on alternating selective and nonselective media. Tests using a medium containing 6 mmol al resulted in 50% growth as compared to control plants. Regenerants showed no growth when a medium with 10 mmol Al was applied. No constant tolerance was obtained when only a nonselective medium was used for regneration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358356
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of nitrogen source on growth and morphogenesis of three micropropagated potato cultivars (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Schlagwort(e): Solanum tuberosum L. ; dry matter partition ; nitrogen content ; DW/Nratio ; nitrate ; ammonium ; glutamic acid ; in vitro nitrogen source
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Different nitrogen sources (NO3 −, NH4 +, glutamic acid and their combinations) influenced the growth and morphogenic responses (node number, shoot length, and stem, leaf and root dry weight) of three micropropagated potato cultivars (Spunta, Kennebec, Huinkul). Addition of reduced nitrogen (NH4 + or glutamic acid) in a nitrate medium increased shoot length and leaf number. The large increase in growth in plants fed with NO3 −, NH4 + could be explained by higher organic nitrogen content and enhanced dry matter partition to the shoot. This suggests that reduced nitrogen source is required, at least as a supplement to NO3 −, to enhance N assimilation and growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02358717
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A complex of buckminsterfullerene with sulfur, C60·2S8: synthesis and crystal structure (1994)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 43 (1994), S. 240-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Schlagwort(e): C60·2S8 ; fullerene complexes ; synthesis ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The C60·2S8 complex was prepared by reaction of buckminsterfullerene C60 with sulfur in trichloroethylene and its single-crystal X-ray structure was studied at room temperature. Crystals of this compound are monoclinic, space groupC 2/c, a=20.90(1),b=21.10(1),c=10.537(9) Å, β=111.29(7)°,Z=4,d calc=1.89 g·cm−3. The crystal structure of the C60·2S8 complex consists of packed fullerene molecules that form hexagonal channels along thec axis with eight-membered crown-shaped S8 cyclic molecules inside the channels. The distances between the centers of neighboring fullerene molecules are 10.036(7), 10.636(7), and 10.537(9) Å. Each C60 molecule is linked to eight S8 molecules with ten shortened intermolecular contacts C...S 3.41(1)–3.52(2) Å. The average values of the C=C and C-C bond lengths are 1.32(3) and 1.47(3) Å, which attest to a significant degree of localization of electron density in the c60 molecule.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695818
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of Configuration Around the Chiral Carbon Atoms on the Crystal Properties of Ephedrinium and Pseudoephedrinium Salicylates (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 11 (1994), S. 1549-1556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): ephedrine ; pseudoephedrine ; salicylate ; chirality ; salt formation ; homochiral crystal ; racemic compound ; racemic conglomerate ; crystal structure ; conformation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The physicochemical properties and crystal structures of the crystalline salts formed by the interaction of an achiral anion, salicylate, with homochiral and racemic ephedrinium and pseudoephedrinium cations were determined. The interaction of ephedrinium or pseudoephedrinium with salicylate in aqueous solution yielded crystalline salts with the notable exception of homochiral ephedrinium. Evaporation of the solvent from solutions of homochiral ephedrine and salicyclic acid in various organic solvents, as well as grinding together solid homochiral ephedrine and solid salicylic acid, yielded viscous semisolids suggesting that homochiral ephedrinium salicylate has a low melting point and/or a high aqueous solubility. Mixing of the two viscous solids, obtained by grinding each of the opposite enantiomers of ephedrine with equimolar salicylic acid, resulted in the formation of racemic ephedrine and subsequently, upon heating, in the formation of racemic ephedrinium salicylate. While racemic ephedrinium salicylate exists as a crystalline compound (P21/n space group) with an equal number of opposite enantiomers in the unit cell, its diastereomer, racemic pseudoephedrinium salicylate, exists as a conglomerate, i.e. a physical mixture, of the homochiral crystals of the opposite enantiomers (each P21 space group). The inability of homochiral ephedrinium to exist as a crystalline salicylate salt at 20–25°C is attributed to its high energy conformation and/or to the poor packing of homochiral ephedrinium salicylate molecules in the crystal lattice.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018945401484
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biotrophic mycoparasitism byVerticillium biguttatum onRhizoctonia solani (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 137-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; mycoparasite ; potato black scurf ; Rhizoctonia solani ; sclerotia ; soil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Verticillium biguttatum cannot utilise cellulose or nitrate-nitrogen and it requires biotin for growth, yet it grew and sporulated abundantly onRhizoctonia solani on cellulose, obtaining at least organic carbon, nitrogen and biotin fromR. solani. Videomicroscopy of inter-hyphal interactions on films of water agar showed thatV. biguttatum behaved as a biotrophic mycoparasite. From germinating spores, it penetrated the hyphae ofR. solani and formed haustorium-like branches without killing the host cells, and the haustoria supported an external mycelial network of the mycoparasite. Later the mycoparasite sporulated, and the infected host cells died. On cellulosic substrataV. biguttatum did not reduce the growth ofR. solani, and often enhanced the rate of cellulose degradation. However,V. biguttatum drastically reduced the production of sclerotia byR. solani, often completely suppressing sclerotium production when the mycoparasite infected only a localized region of the host colony. This is ascribed to the creation of a nutrient sink by the parasite, consistent with biotrophy. On plates of cellulose agar the suppression of sclerotia was not confined to parasitized colonies but extended to adjacent colonies ofR. solani that had successfully anastomosed with the parasitized colony. There was no effect on adjacent vegetatively incompatible colonies, where attempted anastomoses caused cytoplasmic death. In comparable experiments the necrotrophic mycoparasiteGliocladium roseum had no long-distance effect on sclerotium production byR. solani. Suppression of sclerotium production may explain the reported success ofV. biguttatum in biocontrol of black scurf of potato in experimental field conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876247
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pyoluteorin production byPseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is involved in the suppression ofPythium damping-off of cress but not of cucumber (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 221-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; antibiotics ; Tn5 mutagenesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 is an effective biocontrol agent of various soilborne pathogens. It controls damping-off or root rot caused byPythium ultimum on cucumber, wheat and cress. Strain CHA0 synthesizes several antibiotic metabolites such as hydrogen cyanide, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, and pyoluteorin. The role of pyoluteorin in the suppression of damping-off was investigated. Two Tn5 mutants (CHA660 and CHA661) of strain CHA0 were isolated which had lost the capacity to produce pyoluteorin but still produced 2,4-diacteylphloroglucinol and HCN. These mutants still inhibitedP. ultimum on malt agar (which favours the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol) but had partially lost the ability to inhibit this pathogen on King's B agar (which favours the production of pyoluteorin). The two pyoluteorin-negative mutants showed a reduced capacity to suppress damping-off of cress caused byP. ultimum but were as effective in the protection of cucumber against this pathogen as the wild-type strain. These results indicate that, depending on the plant, pyoluteorin production plays a role in the suppression of damping-off by strain CHA0 without being a major mechanism in disease suppression. We suggest that the contribution of pyoluteorin to the biocontrol activity of strain CHA0 is determined by the quantity of this antibiotic produced in the rhizosphere, which might depend on the root exudates of the host plant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876237
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biological control of rice sheath blight in India: Lack of correlation between chitinase production by bacterial antagonists and sheath blight suppression (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): antibiosis ; bacterization ; biological control ; chitinase ; sheath blight
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Bacterial antagonists of both fluorescent and nonfluorescent groups were screened for in-vitro inhibition of the rice sheath blight (ShB) fungus Rhizoctonai solani Kuhn and chitinase production in the laboratory. Twelve percent of the total 1,757 strains screened inhibited R. solani while 31% of the total 1,366 strains tested were positive for chitinase activity. The efficient strains were then evaluated in the field for ShB suppression. Two strains from each of the three seed-bed experiments were chosen for the field test in a hot-spot location. Additional treatments were a Bacillus and validamycin, the fungicide. There was no correlation between chitinase activity in the antagonists and ShB suppression in the seed-bed or field plots. Two most efficient Pseudomonas putida and P. fluorescens strains afforded 68 and 52% ShB suppression while validamycin afforded 27% disease control.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010153
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Alginate films for delivery of root-knot nematode inoculum and evaluation of microbial interactions (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): alginate ; biological control ; Cucumis sativus ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Meloidogyne incognita ; microbial ecology ; nematode eggs ; soil microbiology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A method was developed for utilizing alginate films to deliver inoculum into soil and evaluate microbial antagonistic activity against nematode eggs. Eggs of Meloidogyne incognita were harvested from galled tomato roots (Lycopersicon esculentum), surface disinfested, suspended in 2% (w/v) aqueous sodium alginate, and applied to 2.5 × 5.0 cm polyvinyl chloride coated fiberglass screens (1.5 mm2 mesh size) at a uniform thickness of 0.5 mm. The alginate solution was gelled by dipping in 0.25 M CaCl2. Films containing eggs were observed in vitro and egg development was evaluated. The number of immature eggs and eggs with first stage juveniles declined linearly over time while the number of empty eggs shells, and hatched juveniles increased over time, indicating that the alginate gel did not inhibit development and motility of M. incognita juveniles. In a greenhouse experiment using cucumber (Cucumis sativus) the number of galls g-1 root was correlated with the number of eggs in alginate films placed in each pot at planting. Films containing M. incognita eggs were buried in field soil containing organic amendments, incubated, removed from soil, rinsed with water, and observed. The number of immature eggs in grids from soil amended with chitin or flax seed meal were lower than in untreated soil; percent parasitized eggs was also greater in films from amended soil than from untreated soil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010119
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Root-colonization ability of antagonistic Streptomyces griseoviridis (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): actinomycetes ; biological control ; Brassica rapa ; Daucus carota ; PGPR ; rhizosphere
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Root-colonization ability of Streptomyces griseoviridis was tested on turnip rape (Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera) and carrot (Daucus carota) by the plate test and the sand-tube method. In the plate test, colonized root length of total root length was highly significantly greater for turnip rape roots (72%) from those for carrot roots (1%). In the sand-tube method, root-colonization ability was examined in nonsterile soil, and no water was added after sowing. Seeds were treated with spores of S. griseoviridis or the biofungicide Mycostop. Roots were cut into 2-cm segments, and the root segments and the rhizosphere soil were studied separately. Root-colonization frequencies and population densities of the microbe in the rhizosphere soil indicated that S. griseoviridis successfully colonized turnip rape but weakly colonized carrot. Root-colonization of turnip rape is accounted for as proliferation of S. griseoviridis in the rhizosphere of turnip rape seedlings and is not due to the movement of microbe through the rhizosphere by water infiltration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033943
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of mustelid semiochemicals on population dynamics of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 667-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Semiochemicals ; deer mouse ; weasel ; Mustela spp. ; interspecific communication ; Peromyscus maniculatus ; biological control ; vole ; Microtus spp
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of mustelid anal-gland compounds on population dynamics of the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) was investigated. Densities of deer mice were not found to be significantly different between treated and control areas. However, on average, numbers of deer mice were lower on treated areas following the July treatments of 1991 and 1992. Survival rates appeared to be lower and more erratic on treated than control areas in 1991; however, there were no statistically significant differences. Reproduction appeared to be unaffected by the odors. We concluded that deer mice did not display a behavioral response to weasel odors. We speculated that decreases in densities were owing to predation by weasels, which were attracted to the odors on treated sites. We also concluded that the use of weasel odors as a biological control method for voles (Microtus spp.) would likely have little impact on deer mice (a nontarget species).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059606
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Dicyclohexylamides as ionophores for li-selective electrodes. Crystal structures of a triamide ligand and its complex with lithium ion (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 20 (1994), S. 53-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Schlagwort(e): Lithium ionophores ; podand ; dicyclohexylamides ; Li-complex ; crystal structure ; X-ray analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of structure and lipophilicity of dicyclohexylamides on the lithium selectivity in membrane electrodes is discussed. The crystal structures of the triamide podand1 and its complex with LiBr1b has been determined by X-ray analysis. Crystal data for ligand1: C48H83O6N3, triclinic,P1,a=10.749(2),b=12.097(3),c=19.123(6)Å, α=95.76(2),β=80.06(2), γ=100.27(2)0,V=2403(1) Ã3,Z=2. Crystal data for the lithium complex1b: C48H83O6N3·LiBr·x C2H5OH, monoclinic,P2 1/c,a=21.297(6),b=16.316(8),c=19.450(4) Å,β=110.87(2)0,V=6315(3) Å3,Z=4. In the complex the ligand adopts a conformation in which oxygen binding sites surrounding the Li+ cation form a slightly distorted trigonal prism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707612
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Control of plant-parasitic nematodes by a nematicidal strain ofAspergillus niger (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 33-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Aspergillus niger ; biological control ; plant-parasitic nematodes ; Meloidogyne incognita ; nematicidal activity ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; Rotylenchulus reniformis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract An isolate ofAspergillus niger (designated PD-42) was evaluated in laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials for efficacy in controlling plant-parasitic nematodes. In greenhouse experiments, PD-42 drenches containing spores of PD-42 on oatmeal significantly reduced galling on tomato due to root-knot nematode as compared to untreated controls. In a one-half acre field experiment, PD-42 incorporated in seed coats was associated with significantly increased yield and decreased root-knot galling on pepper. In a second one-half acre field experiment, PD-42 drenches significantly reduced tomato and pepper root galling due toMeloidogyne incognita, and nonsignificant yield increases occurred. In each field experiment, treatment with PD-42 reducedRotylenchulus reniformis populations. The nematicidal components of theA. niger culture filtrates include citric acid, oxalic acid, and undetermined molecules larger than 8000 MW.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065989
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of antifungal compounds from a soil-borne actinomycete onFusarium spp. in asparagus (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2835-2846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Antifungal ; Asparagus officinalis ; biological control ; Fusarium oxysporum ; Fusarium moniliforme ; Streptomyces
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Asparagus decline syndrome is caused by fungal infection of asparagus roots and crowns byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.asparagi (FOA) andF. moniliforme (FM). Several soil-borne microorganisms have been found inhibitory toFusarium pathogens in other crops. A novelStreptomyces spp. (ME2-27-19A) was isolated from asparagus field soil and found to be inhibitory to FOA and FM in vitro. Solvent extraction of ME2-27-19A and Chromatographic purification of the extract yielded compound(s) that were inhibitory to FOA and FM at 40Μg/ml. ME2-27-19A extract produced variable control of FOA and FM in vitro, and was phytotoxic at 1000 (Μg/ml. In soil, ME2-27-19A extract reduced theFusarium population at 100Μg/ml, but also reduced the asparagus shoot length.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098392
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phase and X-ray study of clathrate formation in the tetraisoamylammonium fluoride-water system (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 17 (1994), S. 137-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Schlagwort(e): Clathrate hydrate ; phase diagram ; crystal structure ; tetraisoamylammonium fluoride
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The phase diagram of the binary (i-C5H11)4NF-water system has been studied in the clathrate formation region. Three polyhydrates have been discovered, two of which (1∶38.9 and 1∶32.7) are the known orthorhombic and tetragonal phases:Pbmn,a=11.88,b=21.53,c=12.70 Å,ρ means=1.019 g cm-3 (0°C), m.p.=32.4°C andP42/m, a=23.729,c=12.466 Å,ρ means=1.062 g cm-3, (0°C), m.p.=31.2°C, respectively. A single crystal X-ray analysis of the novel clathrate hydrate (i-C5H11)4NF·27 H2O is reported. This new clathrate hydrate is tetragonal,I4I/a, witha=16.894(5),c=17.111(2) Å,Z=4, (−50°C), and m.p.=34.6°C. Each (i-C5H11)4N+ cation occupies a four-chamber cavity built of 15-hedra 71635942 (idealized description), with small vacant 5444 cavities filling the intervening space.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711854
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    X-ray structure and thermal analysis of a 1∶1 complex between sulfathiazole andβ-cyclodextrin (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 17 (1994), S. 187-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Schlagwort(e): β-Cyclodextrin ; sulfathiazole ; inclusion complex ; crystal structure ; thermal analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract An inclusion complex with the formula (β-cyclodextrin) (sulfathiazole) 8.3 H2O has been crystallized and characterized by physicochemical methods including single crystal X-ray analysis. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21, witha=15.264(4),b= 16.500(6),c=15.559(5) Å,β=117.29(3)o andZ=2. The structure was solved using published co-ordinates forβ-cyclodextrin in an isomorphous complex. Refinement by block-diagonal leastsquares yieldedR=0.061 for 4706 unique observed reflections. Inclusion of sulfathiazole produces a slight ellipticity in the host conformation, but the guest adopts a conformation similar to that observed in its polymorphs. The guest is held in the macrocyclic cavity predominantly by hydrophobic forces, with the phenyl ring near the host primary hydroxyl side and the thiazole ring near the secondary hydroxyl side. The complex packs in layers parallel to theac-plane. Layers are linked by hydrogen bonding to water molecules which are located outside the cyclodextrin cavity. An extensive network of hydrogen bonds mediated chiefly by water molecules stabilizes the crystal structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711858
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inclusion complexes of the natural product gossypol. Recognition by gossypol of halogeno methanes. Structure of the dichloromethane complex of gossypol and single crystal conservation after decomposition (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 17 (1994), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Schlagwort(e): Gossypol ; complex ; crystal structure ; single crystal ; desolvation ; polymorph
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The structures of gossypol complexes are extremely sensitive to the halogenomethane present as the guest; e.g. changing the number of Cl atoms in chloromethane derivatives changes the structure of the gossypol complex. The crystals of C30H30O8·CH2Cl2 are monoclinic, space groupC2/c,a=21.320(4),b=19.199(6),c=15.765(2)Å, β=113.05(2)o,V=5916(2)Å3,Z=8,D x=1.35 g/cm3,T=295 K. The structure has been solved by direct methods and refined to the finalR value of 0.084 for 1828 reflections. In the structure H-bonded gossypol molecules form columns, generating channels in the structure which are filled by guest molecules. After decomposition (desolvation) monocrystals of the complexes are conserved without destruction, in which there are rather wide and empty channels though slightly smaller than in the complex. An attempt is made to explain some peculiarities of the behavior of the gossypol polymorph formed on the basis of its structure with empty channels.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707127
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Crystal structure of the product of a condensation reaction of (±)-gossypol with (R)-(+)-1-phenylethylamine. Why do diastereoisomeric diaminogossypols cocrystallize? (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 17 (1994), S. 365-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Schlagwort(e): Gossypol ; inclusion compounds ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The crystal structure of a compound obtained in a condensation reaction of (±)-gossypol with (R)-(+)-phenylethylamine has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. The crystals of C46H48O6N2·(C4H8O2)2 are monoclinic, space groupP21,a=21.243(3),b=8.666(1),c=28.651(4) Å, β=108.24(1)0,V=5009(3) β3,Z=4,D x=1.195 g cm−3, μ(CuK α)=0.66 mm−1,T=292 K. The structure has been solved by direct methods and refined to the finalR value of 0.091 for 4290 observed reflections and 1049 parameters. There are two diastereoisomeric molecules of the host and four solvent molecules in the asymmetric unit. The host molecules are H-bonded into chains with diastereoisomeric molecules alternating along the chain. The fact that the host prefers the association mode in which molecules with a different configuration of the 2,2′-binaphthyl moiety are H-bonded explains why separation of diastereoisomeric diaminogossypols by fractional crystallization has been unsuccessful. The 1,4-dioxane molecules are accommodated in infinite channels but only every second guest molecule in a channel is H-bonded to the host.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707132
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A structural two-ring version of a tubular stack ofβ-rings in crystals of a cyclic D,L-hexapeptide (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 18 (1994), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Schlagwort(e): D,L-hexapeptide ; cyclic ; crystal structure ; stacks ; tubular ; β-rings ; channels
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract An X-ray analysis of single crystals (from MeOH) of cyclo(-D-Leu-L-MeLeu-D-Leu-L-MeLeu-D-Leu-L-MeLeu-) has been carried out. The analysis reveals that the molecules of the cyclopeptide occur in the crystals with two slightly different, almost hexagonal backbone conformations of the β-type, and that pairs of molecules with the same conformation interact through their nonmethylated face, forming dimeric units (units A and B) with six interannular H-bonds. This kind of pairing reproduces well that expected for a two-ring element in a stack of antiparalleβ-rings. The X-ray analysis has also revealed the presence in the A units of two water molecules, each at one of two equivalent sites located on the 3-fold axis of the units and equidistant from the center of gravity, and the presence in the B units of one water molecule at the center of the units. This provides experimental support for the idea that stacks ofβ-rings can serve as molecular channels.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00706936
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    N(nPr)4[B5O6(OH)4][B(OH)3]2 and N(nBu)4[B5O6(OH)4][B(OH)3]2: Clathrates with a diamondoid arrangement of hydrogen-bonded pentaborate anions (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 18 (1994), S. 161-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Schlagwort(e): Pentaborate ; boric acid ; clathrate ; diamond-related network ; hydrogen bonding ; tetrapropy-lammonium ; tetrabutylammonium ; crystal structure ; 11B MAS NMR ; 13C MAS NMR ; thermogravimetry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Single-crystal X-ray structure analyses of N(nPr)4[B5O6(OH)4][B(OH)3]2,1, and N(nBu)4 [B5O6(OH)4][B(OH)3]2,2, reveal that these materials are novel clathrates, the isotypic host structures of which are three-dimensional assemblies of hydrogen-bonded [B5O6(OH)4]− ionsand B(OH)3 molecules. The assembly of only the pentaborate anions is a distorted (i.e., along [102] elongated) fourconnected diamond-related network. The N(nPr) 4 + and N(nBu) 4 + ions are trapped within the complex three-dimensional channel systems of the host frameworks. Both1 and2 crystallize monoclinically with space groupP21/c andZ=4. The cell constants are:1:a=13.592(5),b=12.082(2),c=17.355(6) Å, β=106.60(2)° (298K);2:a=13.874(3),b=12.585(1),c=17.588(4) Å, β=107.04(1)° (238 K). The results obtained by both11B and13C MAS NMR spectroscopy are discussed. Thermogravimetric studies under a flowing inert-gas atmosphere suggest that water, stemming from polycondensation of the hydrous borate species, is released from the clathrates at ca. 443 K (1) and 398 K (2) before the decomposition of the organic cations starts at ca. 603 K (1) and 603 K (2).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705819
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    X-ray crystallographic studies of tricarbonylchromium complexes of calix[4]arene conformers: On an unusual conformation which appears in cone conformers (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 19 (1994), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Schlagwort(e): Calixarenes ; arenetricarbonylchromium ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The structures of three arene-tricarbonylchromium complexes prepared from cone and 1,3-alternate-25, 26,27,28-tetrapropoxycalix[4]arene(1) and Cr(CO)6 were determined by single crystal X-ray studies. Crystal data for 1,3-alternate-1·Cr(CO)3 are space groupP21/a,a=19.496(3)Å,b=11.118(2)Å,c=19.121(2)Å, β=109.95°(1) andV=3895Å3. The structure was refined toRw=0.068. Crystal data for cone-1·Cr(CO)3 are space groupP21/a,a=21.457(4)Å,b=12.184(1)Å,c=14.816(2)Å, β=91.61°(1) andV=3872Å3. The structure was refined toRw=0.077. Crystal data for cone-1·2Cr(CO)3 are space groupP21/a,a=18.019(3)Å,b=41.347(4)Å,c=11.743(2)Å, β=97.39°(1) andV=8676Å3. The single crystal included two similar but slightly different structures but the data were successfully refined toRw=0.092. The structure of 1,3-alternate-1·Cr(CO)3 differs only slightly from that of the regular 1,3-alternate calix[4]arene. In contrast, cone-1·Cr(CO)3 and cone-1·2Cr(CO)3 show an unusual conformation with a pair of faced gablelike roofs, which is considerbly distorted from the regular cone calix[4]arene. The origin of this distortion is discussed in combination with the spectral studies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00708984
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    12-Membered crown ethers. Lipophilic derivatives of benzo- and naphtho-12-crown-4 and their membrane electrode properties. Crystal structures of benzo-12-crown-4 NaI and KI complexes (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 20 (1994), S. 335-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Schlagwort(e): 12-Membered crown ethers ; ion-selective membrane electrodes ; complexes ; crystal structure ; X-ray analysis ; conformation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Lipophilic derivatives of benzo-12-crown-4 and naphtho-12-crown-4 have been synthesized. The behavior of the parent compounds and their derivatives in membrane ion-selective electrodes have been studied. Selectivity changes have been observed with the rise in lipophilicity. Crystal structures of the NaI and KI complexes of benzo-12-crown-4 (1 and2) have been determined by X-ray analysis. The alkali metal and iodide ions are in direct contact in2 but not in1. Compound1 [Na(benzo-12-crown-4)2]·I is triclinic, witha=13.368(8),b=10.727(7),c=10.325(4) Å; α=73.56(4),β=77.73(4), γ=108.70(5)°;Z=2, space group is $$P\bar 1$$ . Compound2 [K(benzo-12-crown-4)2·I] is monoclinic, witha=15.807(8),b=12.043(4),c=15.601(6) Å,β=117.74(3)°;Z=4, space groupC2/c. In both compounds the cations interact with all oxygen atoms of two crown ether molecules. Correlation of the crystal structures and behavior of the crown ethers in ion-selective membrane electrodes is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00708878
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Long shelf life ofTalaromyces flavus in coating material of pelleted seed (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): ascospores ; biological control ; chinese aster ; germination ; heat resistance ; seed coating ; survival ; tomato
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Spores of the biocontrol agentTalaromyces flavus were recovered from coating material of chinese aster and tomato seeds in which they were incorporated 17 years before. The seeds had been stored at room temperature. About 20% of the ascospores had retained their heat resistance and survived treatment in aqueous suspension at 60°C for 30 min. None of the chinese aster seeds and 90% of the tomato seeds germinated after the storage period. Presence ofT. flavus during storage had not affected germinability of the seeds.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876242
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Control of infection and sporulation ofBotrytis cinerea on bean and tomato by saprophytic bacteria and fungi (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 315-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Botrytis cinerea ; grey mould ; sorulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Sixty isolates of saprophytic microorganisms were screened for their ability to reduce the severity of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) infection and sporulation. Isolates of the bacteriaXanthomonas maltophilia, Bacillus pumilus, Lactobacillus sp., andPseudomonas sp. and the fungusGliocladium catenulatum reduced germination of conidia of the pathogen and controlled disease on bean and tomato plants. Their activity under growth room conditions was good, consistent, and similar to the activity of the known biocontrol agent,Trichoderma harzianum T39 (non-formulated). Although the tested isolates may for nutrients with the germinating conidia ofB. cinerea, resistance induced in the host by live or dead cells were also found to be involved. Inhibitory compounds were not detected on treated leaves. Sporulation ofB. cinerea after its establishment on leaves was also reduced by the above mentioned isolates and byPenicillium sp.,Arthrinium montagnei, Ar. phaeospermum, Sesquicillium candelabrum, Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria alternata, Ulocladium atrum, andT. viride. These sporulation-inhibiting fungi did not reduce the infection of leaves byB. cinerea. Most of these selected fungi and bacteria were capable of reducing lesion expansion.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876443
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Plant growth enhancement and disease control byTrichoderma harzianum in vegetable seedlings grown under commercial conditions (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 337-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): Trichoderma spp. ; biological control ; increased growth response ; PGPR ; damping-off
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Trichoderma harzianum was applied to cucumber and pepper seedlings as a peat-bran preparation incorporated into the propagative mixture in a commercial production nursery. On marketing day (after 18 and 30 days for cucumber and pepper, respectively), significant increases of 23.8% and 17.2% in seedling height, 96.1% and 50% in leaf area, and 24.7% and 28.6% in plant dry weight were observed in cucumber and pepper seedlings, respectively, as compared to their non-treated counterparts.Trichoderma-treated seedlings were much more developed and vigorous and had higher chlorophyll contents. No significant differences were found in N, P or K content between treatments. Cucumber seedlings were then transplanted to a commercial greenhouse and analyzed over two successive growth cycles following soil fumigation with methyl bromide (500 kg/ha). Results revealed theTrichoderma-treated plants to be more resistant to damping-off disease. During the first cycle, immediately after soil fumigation, no damping-off was observed with either treatment, except in border beds where 4% of the non-treated plants died, as compared to no damping-off in theTrichoderma-treated plants. During the second growing cycle however, significant reductions in damping-off of 67% and 52% were obtained in middle and border beds, respectively, as compared to the non-treated controls.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01876444
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The biology of the predatory miteHypoaspis miles (Acari: Laelapidae), a potential biological control agent ofBradysia paupera (Dipt.: Sciaridae) (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 225-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): predatory soil mite ; biological control ; glasshouse ; development rate ; fecundity ; longevity ; rearing techniques
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Différents aspects de la biologied'Hypoaspis miles sont examinés: vitesse de développement de l'oeuf à l'adulte à différentes températures, fécondité, longévité et voracité sur les sciarides. Avec une augmentation de la température, la durée du développement passe de 33,7 jours à 15°C à 9,2 jours à 28°C. La température minimale qui permet le développement complet deH. miles est située entre 10 et 12°C. Quand il est nourri d'"itAcarus siro, H. miles pond 2 à 3 oeufs par jour et seuls les oeufs non fécondés donnent des mâles. Les adultes deH. miles (âgés de 0 à 1 jour) survivent pendant 24±1,4 jours sans nourriture et si elles sont nourries pendant 6 jours puis privées de nourriture, les femelles vivent 65,4±2,6 jours, ce qui est significativement plus long que les mâles (45,2±3 jours). Avec de la nourriture, 60% des mâles et des femelles vivent pendant 142 jours. Toutes les larves de sciarides sont attaquées parH. miles, mais le nombre de proies consommées dépend de la taille des larves. La prédation des oeufs est négligeable et les pupes ne sont pas attaquées. Dans des études sur la productivité deH. miles en élevage (nourri deA. siro), la durée nécessaire aux acariens pour atteindre une densité de 45–65 000/1 est de 76 et 23 jours à 15°C et 28°C respectivement.
    Notizen: Abstract The following aspects ofHypoaspis miles' biology were investigated; development rate of egg to adult at different temperatures, fecundity, longevity and rate of predation on sciarids. With an increase in temperature the time taken for development decreased from 33.7 days at 15°C to 9.2 days at 28°C. The threshold temperature forH. miles to complete its life cycle was between 10° and 12°C. When fed onAcarus siro, H. miles laid 2–3 eggs a day and unfertilized eggs only developed into males. Adults ofH. miles (0–1 day old) survived for 24.0±1.4 days without food and if fed for 6 days and then starved, females lived for 65.4±2.6 days which was significantly longer than males (45.2±3.0 days). With food, 60% of males and females survived for 142 days. All larval instars of sciarids were attacked byH. miles although the numbers consumed were dependent on the size of the larvae. Egg predation was negligible and pupae were not attacked. In productivity studies ofH. miles in culture (fed onA. siro), the time taken for the mites to reach a density of 45–65,000/litre ranged from 76 to 23 days at 15° and 28°C respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372360
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The potential ofAbax parallelepipedus (Col.: Carabidae) for mass breeding as a biological control agent against slugs (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 323-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Abax parallelepipedus ; biological control ; mass breeding ; soil capsule ; growth rate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des travaux précédents ont montré qu'Abax parallelepipedus Piller & Mitterpacher est un prédateur de limaces sur le terrain et peut être employé efficacement pour leur contrôle dans les tunnels en polyéthylène. Pour que la lutte biologique soit réalisable, ce carabe doit aussi pouvoir être produit massivement. La préparation du substrat garantit que les oeufs soient pondus dans des boulettes de terre, mais déposés dans de la tourbe, ce qui facilite la récolte et la surveillance. Un carabe peut pondre jusqu'à 570 oeufs/femelle, à une température constante de 20 °C. Quel que soit le stade de développement de cette espèce, aucun cannibalisme n'a été observé. Les larves sont élevées intensivement en groupes et nourriesad libitum de vers de terre vivants, ce qui élimine ainsi la nécessité d'apporter régulièrement les aliments et de retirer la nourriture en décomposition. Les expériences d'élevage ont été menées à differents régimes de températures. A une température constante de 20 °C, la croissance s'arrête pendant une longue période chez plusieurs larves de deuxième stade. La réduction de température à 14 °C, durant les 24 à 31 jours après l'éclosion, induit la synchronisation des passages du deuxième au troisième stade larvaire. Le cycle de vie complet, depuis la ponte de l'oeuf jusqu'au carabe adulte, peut être réduit à moins de 110 jours. La mortalité est la plus élevée à la fin du troisième stade larvaire et au stade pré-pupal, et les causes possibles en sont discutées.
    Notizen: Abstract Previous work has shown thatAbax parallelepipedus Piller & Mitterpacher preys upon slugs in the field, and can be effectively employed to control slugs in polythene tunnels. To be a viable biological control agent this carabid must also be amenable to mass culturing. Manipulation of the substrate ensured that eggs were laid in soil capsules, but deposited in peat, facilitating collection and monitoring. Up to 570 eggs per beetle were laid at 20°C. No cannibalism was exhibited at any stage by this species. Larvae were reared intensively in batches and fed ad libitum on live earthworms, eliminating the need for regular feeding and the removal of decaying food. Rearing experiments were undertaken under a number of different temperature regimes. At constant 20°C it was found that growth was arrested in some 2nd instar larvae for long periods. Co-ordinated changes between 2nd and 3rd instar stages were induced by reduction of the temperature to 14°C between days 24–31 from hatching. The complete life cycle, from newly laid egg to adult beetle, could be reduced to less than 110 days. Mortality was greatest at the late 3rd instar and pre-pupal stages, and possible reasons for this are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373037
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biology and host specificity ofWeiseana barkeri (Col.: Chrysomelidae): A biological control agent forAcacia nilotica (mimosaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 335-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Chrysomelidae ; weed ; Acacia ; host specificity ; oviposition ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Au Kenya, la chrysomèle phytophage,Weiseana barkeri Jacoby, se nourrit surAcacia nilotica (L.) Willdenow ex Delile. Des essais de spécificité à l'hôte montre que cette espèce est strictement spécifique àA. nilotica: l'autorisation de lâcher dans le nord ouest du Queensland a donc été demandée pour cet auxiliaire carA. nilotica est considérée comme une plante nuisible dans les zones de pacage de troupeaux dans cette région d'Australie. En outre, une nouvelle technique d'élevage et de tests de spécificité à l'hôte est rappotée dans laquelle la présence de feuillage deA. nilotica permet de stimuler l'oviposition deW. barkeri sur des bandes de carton ondulé.
    Notizen: Abstract The leaf-feeding beetleWeiseana barkeri Jacoby feeds onAcacia nilotica (L.) Willdenow ex Delile in Kenya. Host specificity tests show it is host specific toA. nilotica and approval has been given for its field release in northwest Queensland. A novel rearing and host specificity-testing technique is reported whereA. nilotica foliage stimulates oviposition into strips of corrugated cardboard.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373038
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biology ofPterolonche inspersa (Lep.: Pterolonchidae), a biological control agent forCentaurea diffusa andC. maculosa in the United States (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 377-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; weeds ; Compositae ; Centaurea ; moths
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La biologie de la PhalènePterolonche inspersa (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae) a été étudiée dans le Sud de l'Europe. Les larves vivent dans les racines deCentaurea diffusa De Lamarck et deC. maculosa De Lamarck. Les larves de premier stade n'infestent pas les Compositae d'importance économique des genresCynara L.,Helianthus L.,Zinnia L. etCalendula L.P. inspersa est largement répandue dans la zone étudiée, et se retrouve à la fois dans des populations denses ou dispersées de la plante hôte, en général sur des sols sableux ou rocheux. Il n'existe qu'une seule génération par an. Les larves se nourrissent dans les racines pendant environ 11 mois (août–septembre à juillet–août de l'année suivante). Au laboratoire, les adultes émergent entre mi-juillet et fin août, le pic d'émergence se situant à la mi-août. Sur le terrain, les adultes sont observés tout au long du mois de juillet. L'oviposition a été observée à partir du 10 juillet jusqu'à la fin du mois. Les œufs sont déposés isolément ou en groupes de 5 ou 6 sur des rosettes, solidement fixés aux feuilles des plantes-hôtes. Au laboratoire, les adultes s'accouplent au cours des 24 heures suivant l'émergence. La période de pré-oviposition dure 2,6±0,8 jours et la période de l'oviposition 7,4±2,2 jours. Le nombre moyen d'œufs pondus est de 142,2±59,2 par femelle. La durée moyenne d'incubation est de 12±4,7 jours, le stade durant 14,7±2,4 jours. La durée de vie des femelles est supérieure à celle des mâles: 15,8±2,4 au lieu de 10,7±1,4 jours.
    Notizen: Abstract The moth,Pterolonche inspersa (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae), is widely distributed in southern Europe, north Africa, Turkey and the former Soviet Union. It occurs in both thick and scattered stands of knapweeds in disturbed sites, usually on sandy and/or stony soil. Larvae bore in the roots of diffuse and spotted knapweeds (Centaurea diffusa De Lamarck andC. maculosa De Lamarck). There is one generation per year in northern Greece, and larvae feed in the roots for about 11 months during the growing season (August–September, to the following July–August). In the laboratory garden, emergence took place between the second half of July and the end of August, with peak emergence during mid August. In the field, adults were observed from early to late July. Female moths oviposited on rosettes during the first ten days of July and continued through the end of July. Eggs were laid singly or in groups of five or six, firmly attached to the leaves of the host plant. In the laboratory, females mated within 24 hours of emergence and the preoviposition period lasted 2.6±0.8 days. The oviposition period lasted 7.4±2.2 days and the average number of eggs per female was 142.2±59.2. The incubation period was 12±4.7 days; the pupal stage lasted 14.7±2.4 days; and females lived 15.8±2.4 days, while males lived 10.7±1.4 days. First instar larvae failed to survive on economically important Compositae in the generaCynara L.,Helianthus L.,Zinnia L. andCalendula L. (Dunnet al., 1989).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373043
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects ofBacillus thuringiensis var.San diego on predation effectiveness, development and mortality ofColeomegilla maculata lengi (Col.: Coccinellidae) larvae (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Coccinellidae ; Coleomegilla maculata ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; biological control ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des bioessais en laboratoire ont été effectués afin de déterminer si les larves de la coccinelle maculée,Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake (Col.: Coccinellidae), sont affectées par M-One™, un insecticide biologique préparé à partir de la bactérieBacillus thuringiensis var.san diego Berliner et utilisé dans la lutte contre le doryphore de la pomme de terre,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col.: Chrysomelidae). Le développement larvaire, effectué sur du pollen traité avec des concentrations de 20 ml M-One™/litre (5,6×108 unités internationales de doryphore/litre) et 200 ml M-One™/litre, a nécessité 29,3 et 38,5 jours respectivement, comparativement à 21,9 jours pour le témoin (eau). M-One™ n'a pas causé de mortalité chez les larves. Au cours d'un test de 48 h, les larves de stade III n'ont montré aucune préférence entre des œufs traités avec 20 ml M-One™/litre et des œufs traités avec de l'eau. Par contre avec 200 ml M-One™/litre, le nombre d'œufs attaqués a diminué significativement de 34,7% par rapport au témoin, 48 h après le début du test. Ces résultats indiquent que l'utilisation de M-One™ à la concentration recommandée de 20 ml/litre ne représente pas une menace pour les populations larvaires de la coccinelle maculée.
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of M-One™ (Bacillus thuringiensis var.san diego) on larval instars ofColeomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake. Coccinellid larval development (from egg hatch to adult), completed on pollen treated with suspensions of M-One™ at 20 ml/litre (5.6×108 CPBIU/litre) and 200 ml/litre, took respectively 29.3 and 38.5 days compared with 21.9 days for the control (water). M-One™ did not cause larval mortality.C. maculata third instars did not show any preference between eggs ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) treated with water or with M-One™ at 20 ml/litre. However, at 200 ml M-One™/litre, the number of eggs attacked was 34.7% lower than the eggs treated with water only, 48 h after the beginning of the test. These results indicate that the use of M-One™, at the manufacturer's recommended field rate of 20 ml/litre, does not cause a major threat to larvalC. maculata populations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373495
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Predation rates, survivorship and development ofPodisus maculiventris (Het.: Pentatomidae) on larvae ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Col.: Chrysomelidae) andPieris brassicae (Lep.: Pieridae), under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Podisus maculiventris ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Pieris brassicae ; biological control ; predation rate ; development rate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des recherches de terrain ont été menées afin d'étudier le degré de prédation journalier et l'effet de la proie sur le développement et la survie des différents stades nymphaux deProdisus maculiventris Say en présence de larves du 3e stade deLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) et dePieris brassicae (Linnaeus). Les résultats obtenus montrent que les nymphes du 5e stade et les adultes du prédateur ont une importante activité prédatrice avec un taux de survie élevé quand ils se nourrissent aux dépens de larves du doryphore ou de la Piéride du chou. Par conséquent, il est très probable quePodisus pourrait être utilisé contre ces ravageurs dans des zones où les conditions climatiques sont proches de celles de la région de Thessaloniki (Grèce du Nord).
    Notizen: Abstract The mean predation rate per day and the effect of the prey on the development and survival of the various nymphal stages ofPodisus maculiventris (Say) were studied under field-cage conditions. Third instar larvae of the Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and the large white butterflyPieris brassicae (Linnaeus) were used as the prey. The results show that under climatic conditions similar to those occurring in the Thessaloniki region (N. Greece), the 5th instar nymphs and the adults of the predatorP. maculiventris would be promising agents for the biological control of larvae ofL. decemlineata andP. brassicae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373489
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Conservation of two predator species for biological control ofChrysophtharta bimaculata (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in tasmanian forests (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 71-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; cantharid ; supplementary food ; coccinellids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Chrysophtharta bimaculata Olivier (Col. Chrysomelidae) est un défoliateur important des régénérations d'eucalyptus en Tasmanie: il cause une forte réduction de l'accroissement en hauteur et en diamètre des arbres, réduisant ainsi le cubage de bois produit à l'hectare. En 1991 et 1992, une étude pour conserver et accroître l'efficacité de coccinelles, principalementCleobora mellyi Mulsant (Col.: Coccinellidae), et d'une cantharide,Chauliognathus pulchellus (Macleay) (Col.: Cantharidae) comme agents de lutte biologique, a été faite dans les jeunes peuplements forestiers de Tasmanie du sud pour la lutte biologique deC. bimaculata. Les cantharides adultes et les adultes et larves de coccinelles se nourrissent des œufs deC. bimaculata et à un degré moindre, des jeunes larves. L'activité des coccinelles était la plus importante pendant le stade œuf et les premier et deuxième stades larvaires deC. bimaculata. Les cantharides n'étaient actives que durant le stade œuf de la proie puis disparaissaient de la parcelle. Les coccinelles étaient donc les prédateurs les plus utiles, mais leur population diminuait lorsque la proie atteignait les 3e et 4e stades larvaires. Comme le manque de nourriture pouvait être à l'origine de leur diminution, un complément de nourriture a été fourni sous forme de pulvérisation de saccharose ou de granules de sucre déposées à une station de nourrissage. Ceci a provoqué le maintien des populations des deux prédateurs, particulièrement des coccinelles, et a augmenté leur efficacité.
    Notizen: Abstract Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a major defoliator of regeneration eucalypt trees in Tasmania causing a significant reduction in height and diameter increment of trees which reduces wood volume per hectare. A study to conserve and enhance the efficiency of coccinellid species chieflyCleobora mellyi (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and the cantharid,Chauliognathus pulchellus (Macleay) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae), for the biological control ofC. bimaculata was conducted in young regeneration forests in southern Tasmania from 1991–92. Cantharid adults and coccinellid adults and larvae feed onC. bimaculata eggs and, to a lesser extent, young larvae. The study found that coccinellids were more active throughout the egg and early (1st and 2nd) stage ofC. bimaculata. The cantharid, however was active only during the egg stage of the prey and then disappeared from the plantation. The coccinellids were therefore the most useful predators, but their population declined when the prey reached the 3rd and 4th stages. As shortage of food may account for this decline, supplementary food was provided in the form of sucrose sprays or sugar granules at a feeding station. This resulted in the retention of both predators and particularly the coccinellids and enhanced their efficacy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373496
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of dung beetle activity on the discharge ofPilobolus (Fungi, mucorales) sporangia in cattle, sheep and horse faeces (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 95-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Aphodius ater ; Aphodius sphacelatus ; Sphaeridium bipustulatum ; Dictyocaulus sp. ; biological control ; Pilobolus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'effet de l'activité d'Aphodius spacelatus et deA. ater dans les bouses de vaches et deSphaeridium bipustulatum dans les fèces de moutons et de chevaux, sur la libération de sporanges parPilobolus a été étudié en conditions de laboratoire. Sur 5 essais le nombre médian de sporanges libérés dans des cellules expérimentales (avec 1 ou 2 bousiers/g fèces) était significativement inférieur (P〈0.01) à celui obtenu dans des cellules témoins (sans bousier). De plus, le pourcentage médian de réduction des sporanges est significativement plus élevé (P〈0,01) pourA. sphacelatus (80,9%) que pourA. ater (56,9%) à la densité de 1 bousier/g de bouse.
    Notizen: Abstract The effect ofAphodius sphacelatus andA. ater activity in cattle faeces andSphaeridium bipustulatum in sheep and horse faeces on the discharge ofPilobolus sporangia was investigated under laboratory conditions. In five trials, the median number of sporangia produced was significantly less (P〈0.01) in experimental chambers (with 1 or 2 beetles/g faeces) than in control chambers (without beetles). In addition, median percentage reduction of sporangia was significantly higher (P〈0.01) forA. sphacelatus (80.9%) than forA. ater (56.9%) at 1 beetle/g cattle faeces.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373498
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Studies on the characteristics of parasitism ofPlutella xylostella (Lep.: Plutellidae) by a larval parasiteDiadegma semiclausum (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 397-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Plutella xylostella ; Diadegma semiclausum ; Cotesia plutellae ; superparasitism ; multiparasitism ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des expériences ont été menées en laboratoire afin d'étudier les caractéristiques du parasitisme dePlutella xylostella (L.), ravageur des crucifères de répartition mondiale, par un parasitoïde larvaire,Diadegma semiclausum Hellén. Les résultats montrent que plus la densité des larves-hôtes est importante, plus le pourcentage de larves parasitées est faible. La surface explorée décroît avec l'augmentation de la densité du parasitoïde mais la valeur de k est pratiquement invariable. Le parasitisme réduit la consommation alimentaire des chenilles. Aucune différence n'est observée quant à la durée des stades larvaires entre larves parasitées et larves non parasitées. La proportion de femelles augmente avec l'accroissement de la fréquence du superparasitisme. La présence de larves du parasitoïde à l'intérieur de la larve-hôte limite davantage le superparasitisme que la présence d'oeufs du parasitoïde. La présence de larves deD. semiclausum ou d'un autre parasitoïde larvaire,Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, à l'intérieur des larves-hôtes freine davantage le multiparasitisme par l'une ou l'autre des espèces que la présence d'oeufs de l'un ou l'autre parasitoïde.D. semiclausum est beaucoup plus aggressive queC. plutellae pour parasiter les larves deP. xylostella.
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of parasitism of diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), a worldwide pest of crucifers, by a larval parasite,Diadegma semiclausum Hellén. Results showed that the greater the host larval density, the lesser was the percentage of larvae parasitized. The area of discovery decreased with increasing parasite density, but k-value remained practically unchanged. Parasitism reduced food consumption in parasitised larvae. No difference was observed in duration of larval instars between the parasitized and healthy larvae. As the frequency of superparasitism increased, the proportion of production of female progeny also increased. Presence of parasite larva within the host larva deterred superparasitism greater than the presence of parasite egg. Presence of larva of eitherD. semiclausum or another larval parasite,Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, within host larva deterred multiparasitism by either species greater than the presence of egg of either parasite species.Diadegma semiclausum was much more aggressive thanC. plutellae in parasitisingP. xylostella larvae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373045
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Take-off capacity as a criterion for quality control in mass-produced predators,Rhizophagus grandis (Col.: Rhizophagidae) for the biocontrol of bark beetles,Dendroctonus micans (Col.: Scolytidae) (1994)
    Springer
    BioControl 39 (1994), S. 385-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): Dendroctonus micans ; Rhizophagus grandis ; Scolytidae ; Rhizophagidae ; biological control ; mass-rearing ; flight ; take-off ; windtunnel ; quality control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le temps passé en conservation à basse température (3–7°C) depuis la métamorphose est intervenu pour 81% dans la perte de la capacité d'envol chez le coléoptère prédateurRhizophagus grandis Gyll. lors d'expériences en tunnel de vol. A l'âge de trois semaines, les insectes sont à leur plus haut niveau d'envol (envol d'environ 80% des insectes). Par la suite, il y a un déclin constant de la capacité d'envol, à raison de 7% des insectes chaque mois. Des changements dans les réserves lipidiques peuvent partiellement expliquer cette réduction, bien qu'il n'y ait pas eu de différence entre le poids frais d'insectes capables de s'envoler et celui d'individus qui en étaient incapables. Le sexe a une influence sur le taux d'envol, avec un taux d'envol significativement plus élevé de 8.7% chez les femelles. La capacité d'envol est encore réduite chez des insectes qui ont été produits dans des élevages de masse où les parents étaient soumis à un mélange de stimuli de ponte de synthèse au lieu d'être mis en présence de larves deD. micans vivantes. Chez les insectes qui prennent leur vol, cependant, la réponse aux attractifs de synthèse est indépendante de l'âge ainsi que des conditions d'élevage.
    Notizen: Abstract Time spent by adult beetles in cold storage at 3–7°C accounted for 81% of the loss of take-off capacity inRhizophagus grandis Gyllenhal in windtunnel experiments. At the age of three weeks, the insects were at their highest take-off capacity at about 80%. This was followed by a steady decrease, 7% of the insects failing to take-off each month. Changes in the fat reserves during cold storage could explain at least partly this reduction of flight capacity although there was no significant difference in fresh weight between insects that were able/unable to take-off. Sex had a significant influence on take-off rates, with an 8.7% higher take-off rate in females. Take-off capacity was further reduced when the insects were mass-produced in cultures using parent beetles submitted to a blend of synthetic oviposition stimulants instead of live prey larvae. Response to synthetic attractants by those insects which took-off, however, was not influenced by cold storage or by the use of synthetic stimulants in the culture medium.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373044
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis and crystal structure of an organic semiconductor (ET)4[Hg2I6] (1994)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 43 (1994), S. 1175-1179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Schlagwort(e): organic conductors ; ion-radical salts ; bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene ; mercury iodides ; crystal structure ; electrochemical synthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A new cation-radical salt (ET)4[Hg2I6] (1), where ET is bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene, has been synthesized in the system ET-HgI3 −-PhCl. An X-ray study of 1 (a=41.02(5),b=23.01(1),c=8.233(2) Å,V=7772(3) Å3, space groupPc21 b,Z=4,d calc=2.308 g cm−3) has established its composition, chemical formula, and the main structural features. The ET cation-radicals are packed in the conducting layer, the type of packing is α″; the [Hg2I6]2− anion has a dimeric structure. The temperature dependence of the conductivity of the (ET)4[Hg2I6] crystals (σ300=6 Ohm−1 cm−1) has a semiconducting character.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00698238
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthesis and crystal structure of cyclotris-(4,4′-thiodiphenylene ketone) (1994)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 43 (1994), S. 1384-1389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Schlagwort(e): synthesis ; macrocyclic thiophenylene ketone ; crystal structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The side reaction of macrocyclization that occurs during the synthesis of poly-(1,4-phenylenesulfide ketone) by polycondensation of a 4,4-dihalobenzophenone with sodium sulfide was studied. It was found that the major product of this reaction is a cyclic trimer, cyclotris-(4,4"-thiodiphenylene ketone) (1). Despite the fact that ketone bridges are more rigid than sulfide bridges, the yield of the macrocycle is rather high, as it is in the synthesis of poly-(1,4-phenylenesulfide), and reaches 20% under high dilution conditions. The structure of 1 was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis (R = 0.069 on 3138 reflections). Macrocycle 1 is strongly flattened in the crystal; the conformation observed is determined by the packing, since stereochemical analysis indicates high flexibility of the macrocycle. The solvate acetone molecules incorporated in the crystal are disordered, nevertheless, they are strongly fixed in the cavities and channels of the crystal structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00703700
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of structure and properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 2289-2306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Schlagwort(e): poly(ethylene terephthalate) ; fiber ; x-ray diffraction ; crystal structure ; three-phase model ; modulus ; tenecity ; shrinkage ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The structure of four semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers were analyzed with full-pattern (two-dimensional Rietveld) x-ray diffraction refinement, small-angle x-ray scattering, and thermal mechanical analysis, and compared to some of their known mechanical properties. The classical two-phase model of crystal and amorphous phases were unable to correlate structure and properties. We found that there must be a third phase, an oriented, intermediate phase, located mainly between the fibrils. About 1/3 of the intensity of fiber diffraction of the analyzed samples was contributed from such intermediate phase. For some fiber properties the intermediate phase plays a similar role as proposed for “taut tie molecules.” A simple model for the description of structure-insensitive properties of PET fibers was developed, based on this quantitaitve separation into three phases. The oriented intermediate phase changes the definition and calculation of the basic parameters of the fiber structure, such as crystallinity and orientation. Based on small-angle x-ray evidence, the crystallites are assumed to be separated by layers of largely amorphous material, both surrounded by the intermediate phase. The initial modulus of the fiber is determined mainly by the amount and orientation of the intermediate phase which has a maximum modulus of about 500 g/d on full orientation instead of the earlier predicted 150 g/d for fully oriented semicrystalline fibers. Based on the relationship between tenactity and average orientation function, the maximum tenacity for PET fibers of a structure like the ones analyzed may reach 20-45 g/d instead of earlier predictions of 10 g/d. The additional information needed to understand the structure-sensitive property of shrinkage is discussed. Presently easily accessible parameters have no quantitative predictive capabilities. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090321316
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Surface studies of tetraalkylammonium bromides and iodides using atomic force microscopy (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 2653-2659 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Schlagwort(e): tetraalkylammonium halide ; atomic force microscopy ; crystal structure ; surface structure ; hextriacontane ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The surface structures of two series of tetra-n-alkylammonium halides, N(CxH2×+1)4I and N(CxH2x+1)4 Br have been investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and compared to hexatriacontane (C36H74). The surfaces could be imaged with atomic resolution. The observed primitive, square surface-patterns of tetra-n-butyl chloride and bromide are in good accord with x-ray single-crystal structure. For n 〉 4, x-ray powder diffraction showed that increasing the alkyl chain-length leads mainly to an appropriate increase of the unit cell along the c-axis, which suggests similar layer structures for all long-chain salts beyond the butyl homologue. Within the centers of the molecular layers of these crystals reside the halide anions and the quaternary nitrogens. The surfaces accessible for AFM consist of methyl end-groups. As the number of carbon atoms increases beyond four, the surface symmetry changes to the face-centered square patterns characteristic of many paraffins. The chains of the tetraalkyl ammonium salts pack, however, less dense than paraffins. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090321611
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Liquid crystalline main chain polymers with a poly(p-phenylene-terephthalate) backbone: 7. Thermal expansion of oriented films of the polyester with dodecyloxy side chains (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 851-857 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Schlagwort(e): rigid rod polymer ; thermotropic ; aromatic polyester ; oriented film ; thermal expansion ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The linear thermal expansion coefficients of oriented films of poly(p-phenylene-2,5-didodecyloxy-terephthalate) in the three structures B, A, and Lf are reported. The results are interpreted in terms of a molecular laminate model in which the rigid main-chain layers are separated by the aliphatic side chains. In a film oriented unidirectionally the rigid mainchain layers provide a negative contribution to the thermal expansion coefficient, while the side chains supply a positive contribution. Therefore, the resulting expansion coefficient α depends on the details of the main- and side-chain packing and low-temperature values between α = +0.3 × 10-5 K-1 (A and Lf and α = -1.2 × 10-5 K-1 (B) are found in highly oriented films. Measurements on undrawn films are in accordance with the molecular laminate model. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090320508
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Darstellung und Struktur von Tetraethylcyclotetraarsoxan-Komplexen von Kupfer(I)-Halogeniden (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 334-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Copper(I) halide complexes ; tetraethylcyclotetraarsoxane copper(I) complexes ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preparation and Structure of Tetraethylcyclotetraarsoxane Complexes of Copper(I) HalidesThe polymeric complexes [Cu4Cl4{cyclo-(C2H5AsO)4}3]n (1), [Cu3Br3{cyclo-(C2H5AsO)4}2]n (2) and [Cu6I6{cyclo-(C2H5AsO)4}3]n (3) were prepared by the reaction of (C2H5AsO)n and CuX (X = Cl, Br, I) in acetonitrile and characterised by X-ray analysis. All three complexes contain only tetramers (C2H5AsO)4 as ligands, in which the As4O4 ring systems coordinate between two and four Cu-atoms. In each case one As4O4 ring with a crown-shaped conformation is observed, which coordinates either four (in 1) or three (in 2 and 3) axially sited Cu-atoms. In addition there are further (C2H5AsO)4 ligands, which display either a boat-chair- (in 1) or a twist-chair-conformation (in 1-3). The individual building units are connected to one another via Cu—X—Cu bridges (in 2 and 3) and/or centrosymmetric As4O4 ring systems (in 1-3) into chain (1) or layer structures (2 und 3).
    Notizen: Die polymeren Komplexe [Cu4Cl4{cyclo-(C2H5AsO)4}3]n (1), [Cu3Br3{cyclo-(C2H5AsO)4}2]n (2) und [Cu6I6{cyclo-(C2H5AsO)4}3]n (3) wurden durch die Umsetzung von (C2H5AsO)n und CuX (X = Cl, Br, I) in Acetonitril dargestellt und durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert. Alle drei Komplexe enthalten lediglich Tetramere (C2H5AsO)4 als Liganden, wobei die As4O4-Ringsysteme zwischen zwei und vier Cu-Atomen koordinieren. Es wird jeweils ein As4O4-Ring mit Kronenkonformation beobachtet, der entweder vier (in 1) oder drei (in 2 und 3) Cu-Atome axial koordiniert. Außerdem liegen weitere (C2H5AsO)4-Liganden in boat-chair- (in 1) oder twist-chair-Konformation (in 1-3) vor. Die einzelnen Baueinheiten werden über Cu—X—Cu-Brücken (in 2 und 3) und/oder zentrosymmetrische As4O4-Ringsysteme (in 1-3) zu Ketten-(1) oder Schichtstrukturen (2 und 3) verknüpft.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200222
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Über die Reaktion von Cp2TiCl2 mit [C(NMe2)3][(CO)4FeC(O)NMe2] - Kristallstruktur von [C(NMe2)3]2[FeCl4] (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 343-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Hexamethyl guanidinium cation ; tetrachloro iron(II) anion ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Concerning the Reaction of Cp2TiCl2 with [C(NMe2)3][(CO)4FeC(O)NMe2] - Crystal Structure of [C(NMe2)3]2[FeCl4]The title compound forms by the reaction of Cp2TiCl2 with [C(NMe2)3][(CO)4FeC(O)NMe2] in THF solution. It crystallizes in the space group Pbcn with a = 1 566.6(3); b = 976.4(2); c = 1 580.4(4) pm; Z = 4; R = 3.8%. Each [FeCl4]2- in is surrounded by eight cations. Two cations each are connected with one Cl atom by relatively short H … Cl contacts leading to a distortion of the tetrahedral geometry of the anion.
    Notizen: Die Titelverbindung entsteht bei der Umsetzung von Cp2TiCl2 mit [C(NMe2)3][(CO)4FeC(O)NMe2] in THF-Lösung. Sie kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe Pbcn mit a = 1 566,6(3); b = 976,4(2); c = 1 580,4(4) pm; Z = 4; R = 3,8%. Jedes [FeCl4]2- Ion ist von acht Kationen umgeben. Je zwei Kationen sind über relativ kurze H … Cl Kontakte mit einem Cl-Atom verbunden, was zu einer Verzerrung der Tetraedergeometrie des Anions führt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200223
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preparation and x-ray structure of 1,4,2,3,5,6-Dithiatetrazine (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 495-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Dithiatetrazine ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Darstellung und Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 1,4,2,3,5,6-DithiatetrazinDie Umsetzung von Schwefeldichlorid mit sym-EtO2CNHNHCO2Et 1 ergibt S2[N(CO2Et)]4 2, das analytisch, durch NMR und röntgenographisch charakterisiert wird. Die Strukturanalyse von 2 zeigt, daß der S2N4-Ring Sessel-Konformation hat mit allen vier Estergruppen in pseudoaxialen Positionen. Die Bindungslängen und -winkel werden mit denen in 1 und S4(NR)2 verglichen.
    Notizen: Reaction of sulfur dichloride with sym-EtO2CNHNHCO2Et 1 gives the title ring system which has been characterised by microanalyses, nmr, and X-Ray crystallography. The X-ray structure of S2[N(CO2Et)]4 2 reveals that the S2N4 ring adopts a chair conformation with all four ester groups in pseudo-axial positions. Bond lengths and angles are compared with 1 and S4(NR)2.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200316
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    o-1λ5,3λ5-Diphosphaphenylen-bis(diphenylphosphan) und seine chelatbildenden Eigenschaften (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 483-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): o-1λ5,3λ5-Diphosphaphenylene-bis(diphenylphosphane) ; nickel(II) chloride chelate complex ; crystal structure ; NMR, Ir spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: o-1λ5,3λ5-Diphosphaphenylene-bis(diphenylphosphane) and its Chelating PropertiesBis(diphenylphosphanyl)acetylene and 1,1′,3,3′-tetrakis(dimethylamino)-1λ5,3λ5-diphosphete react at higher temperatures to yield the title compound 5, which forms easily the chelate complex 6 with nickel(II) chloride.
    Notizen: Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)acetylen und 1,1′,3,3′-Tetrakis(dimethylamino)-1λ5,3λ5-diphosphet reagieren bei höheren Temperaturen zur Titelverbindung 5, die mit Nickel(II)-chlorid leicht den Chelatkomplex 6 bildet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200314
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pb3Al2F12: Crystal structure of a cyclo-fluoroaluminate related to Ba3Al2F12 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1449-1454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Lead fluoroaluminate ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Pb3Al2F12: Kristallstruktur eines mit zu Ba3Al2F12 verwandten cyclo-FluoroaluminatDas Fluoroaluminat Pb3Al2F12 wurde in Form von Einkristallen durch Hydrothermal-Synthese erhalten und kristallisiert monoklin in P 21/n mit a = 9,435(6) Å, b = 9,610(5) Å, c = 10,100(9) Å, β = 90,59(5)°, V = 915,7(2) Å3, Z = 4, MoKα, λ = 0,71073 Å, R = 0,0463, Rw = 0,0465, 3 044 symmetrieunabhängige gemessene Reflexe. Die Struktur zeigt tetramere, isolierte, von einem Unternetzwerk unabhängiger Fluoridpolyeder eingeschlossene Oktaeder und ist mit Ba3Al2F12 verwandt. Existenz und Struktur der A3M2F12-Verbindungen werden diskutiert.
    Notizen: Pb3Al2F12 is a fluorometalate obtained in single-crystal form by hydrothermal synthesis. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P 21/n, with a = 9.435(6) Å, b = 9.610(5) Å, c = 10.100(9) Å, β = 90.59(5)°, V = 915.7(2) Å3, Z = 4. The structure was solved from single crystal using 3 044 unique reflections (MoKα, λ = 0.71073 Å), R = 0.0463, Rw = 0.0465. The structure exhibits isolated tetrameric groups of octahedra encaged in a subnetwork of independent fluoride polyhedra and is related to that of Ba3Al2F12. A discussion about the existence and the structure of A3M2F12 compounds is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200822
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ein Beitrag über Ba3Pt4HgO11: Das erste Erdkalimetall-Oxoplatinat(II,V)/Oxomercurat (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1471-1475 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Barium, mercury, platinum, oxide ; crystal structure ; high pressure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A Contribution on Ba3Pt4HgO11: The First Alkaline-Earth Oxoplatinate(II,V)/OxomercurateSingle crystals of Ba3Pt4HgO11 were prepared by oxygen high pressure technique (4 200-3 600 bar) and investigated by X-ray methods. It crystallizes with hexagonal symmetry, space group D3h4—P62c, a = 6.021, c = 17.374 Å, Z = 2. Ba3Pt4HgO11 represents a new structure type, showing structural relationships to Ba2Hg3Pd7O14 and to the precious metal 6L-perovskites. The Hg2+ ions show dumb-bell like coordination, Pt2+ a square-planar surrounding and Pt5+ face shared double octahedra.
    Notizen: Ba3Pt4HgO11 wurde unter hohem Sauerstoffdruck (4 200-3 600 bar) einkristallin dargestllt und röntgenographisch untersucht. Die Verbindung kristallisiert hexagonal, Raumgruppe D3h4—P62c mit a = 6,021; c = 17,374 Å; Z = 2. Ba3Pt4HgO11 bildet einen neuen Strukturtyp, der kristallchemische Verwandtschaft zu Ba2Hg3Pd7O14 und den Edelmetall-6L-Perowskiten zeigt. Die Hg2+-Ionen weisen eine hantelförmige, Pt2+ eine quadratisch-planare Koordination auf. Pt5+ bildet mit O2- flächenverknüpfte Doppeloktaeder.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200825
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Die Kristallstruktur von Tris(N,N-diethyl-N′-benzoylselenoureato)cobalt(III) (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1479-1482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Tris(N,N-diethyl-N′-benzoylselenoureato)cobalt(III) ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Crystal Structure of Tris(N,N-diethyl-N′-benzoylselenoureato)cobalt(III)Co(C12H15N2OSe)3 crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3. The cell parameters are a = 16.697(4), c = 8.557(8) Å, Z = 2. The structure was solved with Patterson and direct methods and was refined to a final R-value of 4.59%. CoIII is bidentally coordinated to three N,N-diethyl-N′-benzoylselenourea molecules to form a distorted octahedron with facial arrangement of the selenium and oxygen donor atoms. The Co—Se and Co—O bond lengths are 2.328(2) and 1.943(6) Å, respectively. The arrangement of the molecules within the unit cell leads to the formation of hexagonal channels parallel to the crystallographic c-axis. The wall of the channels is formed by carbon atoms of the phenyl group. The diameter of the channels is 8.148 Å.
    Notizen: Co(C12H15N2OSe)3 kristallisiert in der trigonalen Raumgruppe P3 mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 16,697(4), c = 8,557(8) Å, Z = 2. Die Struktur wurde mit Patterson und Direkten Methoden gelöst und bis zu einem R-Wert von 4,59% verfeinert. CoIII bildet mit dem Liganden N,N-Diethyl-N′-benzoylselenoharnstoff einen oktaedrisch koordinierten Neutralkomplex, in dem drei Ligandmoleküle in facialer Anordnung bidental über Selen- und Sauerstoffatome an das Zentralatom gebunden sind. Der Co—Se-Abstand beträgt 2,328(2) Å, der Co—O-Abstand 1,943(6) Å. Die Anordnung der Komplexmoleküle in der Elementarzelle führt zur Ausbildung von hexagonalen Kanälen parallel zur kristallographischen c-Achse. Die Kanalwände werden von Kohlenstoffatomen der Phenylreste gebildet; der Durchmesser der Kanäle beträgt 8,148 Å.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200827
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hydrate schwacher und starker Basen. XI. Die Kristallstrukturen von NaOH · 3,5H2O und NaOH · 7 H2O. Eine PräzisierungProfessor Horst Sabrowsky zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1509-1513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Sodium hydroxide hydrates ; crystal structure ; hydrogen bonding ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Hydrates of Weak and Strong Bases. XI. The Crystal Structures of NaOH · 3,5H2O and NaOH · 7 H2O. A RefinementThe crystal structures of the hydrates NaOH · 3,5 H2O (space group P21/c, Z = 8 formula units per unit cell; lattice parameters: a = 6.481, b = 12.460, c = 11.681 Å, β = 104.12° at -100°C) and NaOH · 7 H2O (P21/c, Z = 4; a = 7.344, b = 16.356, c = 6.897 Å, β = 92.91° at -150°C) have been redetermined using MoKα diffractometer data. The obtained refinement of the structures, including the localization also of the H atoms for the first time, has led to new findings with respect to the H bonds. In particular, in both hydrates there is one such interaction of the rare type OH- … OH2, from an OH- ion to an H2O molecule, i. e. with the OH- ion as the proton donor.
    Notizen: Die Kristallstrukturen der Hydrate NaOH · 3,5H2O (Raumgruppe P21/c, Z = 8 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle; Gitterkonstanten a = 6,481, b = 12,460, c = 11,681 Å, β = 104,12° bei -100°C) und NaOH · 7 H2O (P21/c, Z = 4; a = 7,344, b = 16,356, c = 6,897 Å, β = 92,91° bei -150°C) wurden mit MoKα-Diffraktometerdaten einer Zweitbestimmung unterzogen. Die erreichte Präzisierung der Strukturen, einschließlich der erstmaligen Lokalisierung auch der H-Atome, führte zu neuen Erkenntnissen bezüglich der H-Brücken. Insbesondere gibt es in beiden Hydraten eine solche Wechselwirkung vom seltenen Typ OH- · OH2, von einem OH--Ion zu einem H2O-Molekül, also mit dem OH--Ion als Protondonor.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200903
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Neue Silicate mit „Stuffed Pyrgoms“: CsKNaLi9{Li[SiO4]}4, CsKNa2Li8{Li[SiO4]}4, RbNa3Li8{Li[SiO4]}4 [1] und RbNaLi4{Li[SiO4]}2 [2]Professor Horst Sabrowsky zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1495-1508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): New Lithosilicates ; preparation ; crystal structure ; MAPLE and CHARDI calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: More Silicates with „Stuffed Pyrgoms“: CsKNaLi9{Li[SiO4]}4, CsKNa2Li8{Li[SiO4]}4, RbNa3Li8{Li[SiO4]}4 [1] and RbNaLi4{Li[SiO4]}2 [2]Single crystals of the new silicates CsKNaLi9{Li[SiO4]}4, CsKNa2Li8{Li[SiO4]}4, RbNa3Li8{Li[SiO4]}4 and RbNaLi4{Li[SiO4]}2 as well as powder (Rb-containing compounds only) were obtained for the first time. The samples were prepared by heating well ground mixtures of the binary oxides in Ni and Ag tubes, respectively. The structure determination was carried out by four-circle diffractometer data (MoKα radiation; Siemens AED 2):CsKNaLi9{Li[SiO4]}4: tetragonally prismatic crystals, light yellow; 726 I0(hkl), R = 4.4%, Rw = 2.8%; a = 1 102.0(6), c = 637.9(5) pm; Z = 2; space group I4/m; 2 CsO0.55 + Li4TlO4 + glas (560°C, 15 d).CsKNa2Li8{Li[SiO4]}4: tetragonally prismatic crystals, light yellow; 727 I0(hkl), R = 4.4%, Rw = 2.6%; a = 1 103.5(7), c = 637.7(4) pm; Z = 2; space group I4/m; 1.1 CsO0.61 + 1.1 KO0.55 + 1.4 NaO0.52 + 6.5 Li2O + 4 SiO2 (600°C, 60 d).RbNa3Li8{Li[SiO4]}4: tetragonally prismatic crystals, colourless; 600 I0(hkl), R = 2.3%, Rw = 2.0%; a = 1 092.08(6), c = 632.76(4) pm; Z = 2; space group I4/m; 4 RbO0.57 + 3 NaO0.52 + 6.5 Li2O + 4 SiO2 (650°C, 63 d).RbNaLi4{Li[SiO4]}2: monoclinic, ball-shaped, colourless; 1 224 I0(hkl), R = 3.1%, Rw = 3.1%; a = 1 573.10(13), b = 630.48(5), c = 781.25(8) pm, b = 90.566(8)°; Z = 4; space group C2/m; 1.1 RbO0.52 + 1.2 NaO0.45 + 5 Li2O + 4 SiO2 (700°C, 40 d).
    Notizen: Einkristalle der neuen Silicate CsKNaLi9{Li[SiO4]}4, CsKNa2Li8{Li[SiO4]}4, RbNa3Li8{Li[SiO4]}4 und RbNaLi4{Li[SiO4]}2, sowie Pulver der Rb-haltigen Verbindungen wurden dargstellt. Die Proben entstanden durch Tempern inniger Gemenge binärer Oxide in geschlossenen Ni- bzw. Ag-Bömbchen. Die Strukturaufklärung erfolgte jeweils durch Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten (MoKα-Strahlung; Siemens AED 2):CsKNaLi9{Li[SiO4]}4: tetragonale Prismen, hellgelb; 726 I0(hkl), R = 4,4%, Rw = 2,8%; a = 1 102,0(6), c = 637,9(5) pm; Z = 2; Raumgruppe I4/m; 2 CsO0,55 + LiTlO4 + Duran-Glas (560°C, 15 d).CsKNa2Li8{Li[SiO4]}4: tetragonale Prismen, hellgelb; 727 I0(hkl), R = 4,4%, Rw = 2,6%; a = 1 103,5(7), c = 637,7(4) pm; Z = 2; Raumgruppe I4/m; 1,1 CsO0,61 + 1,1 KO0,55 + 1,4 NaO0,52 + 6,5 Li2O + 4 SiO2 (600°C, 60 d).RbNa3Li8{Li[SiO4]}4: tetragonale Prismen, farblos; 600 I0(hkl), R = 2,3%, Rw = 2,0%; a = 1 092,08(6), c = 632,76(4) pm; Z = 2; Raumgruppe I4/m; 4 RbO0,57 + 3 NaO0,52 + 6,5 Li2O + 4 SiO2 (650°C, 63 d).RbNaLi4{Li[SiO4]}2: monoklin, kugelförmig, farblos; 1 224 I0(hkl), R = 3,1%, Rw = 3,1%; a = 1 573,10(13), b = 630,48(5), c = 781,25(8) pm, b = 90,566(8)°; Z = 4; Raumgruppe C2/m; 1,1 RbO0,52 + 1,2 NaO0,45 + 5 Li2O + 4 SiO2 (700°C, 40 d)
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200902
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18 und [Er10(C2)2]Br18: zwei neue Beispiele für „reduzierte“ Halogenide der Lanthanide mit isolierten [M10(C2)2]-Clustern (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1532-1536 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Erbium Clusters, [Er10(C2)2] ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18 and [Er10(C2)2]Br18: Two New Examples for Reduced Halides of the Lanthanides with Isolated [M10(C2)2] ClustersCs[Er10(C2)2]I18 is obtained from the reaction of ErI3 with caesium and carbon in sealed tantalum containers at 700°C and [Er10(C2)2]Br18 through the metallothermic reduction of ErBr3 with rubidium in the presence of carbon at 750°C in sealed niobium containers. The crystal structures {Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18: triclinic, P1; a = 1 105.2(8) pm, b = 1 112.0(7) pm; c = 1 122.9(8) pm; α = 66.91(3)°, β = 87.14(3)°; γ = 60.80(3)°; Z = 1; R = 0.049, Rw = 0.043; [Er10(C2)2]Br18: monoclinic, P21/n, a = 971.8(6) pm, b = 1 623.4(9) pm, c = 1 163.8(6) pm, β = 104.00(6)°; Z = 2; R = 0.077, Rw = 0.057} contain isolated dimeric [Er10(C2)2] clusters. Due to the inclusion of C2 units, the octahedra are elongated in the direction of the pseudo C4 axis. The connecting edges of the two octahedra are exceptionally short (316.7 pm and 314.8 pm respectively). The dimeric units are connected via Xi-a and Xa-i (X = Br, I) bridges according to [Er10(C2)2X10iX8/2i-a]X8/2a-i. Cs+ is surrounded by a cuboctahedron of iodide ions in Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18.
    Notizen: Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18 entsteht bei der Umsetzung von Erl3 mit Caesium und Kohlenstoff in verschweißten Tantalampullen bei 700°C, [Er10(C2)2]Br18 bei der metallothermischen Reduktion von ErBr3 mit Rubidium in Gegenwart von Kohlenstoff bei 750°C in verschweißten Niobampullen. Die Kristallstrukturen {Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18: triklin, P1; a = 1 105,2(8) pm; b = 1 112,0(7) pm; c = 1 122,9(7) pm; α = 66,91(3)°; β = 87,14(3)°; γ = 60,80(3)°; Z = 1; R = 0,049, Rw = 0,043; [Er10(C2)2]Br18: monoklin, P21/n; a = 971,8(6); b = 1 623,4(9); c = 1 163,8(6); β = 104,00(6)°; Z = 2; R = 0,077, Rw = 0,057} beinhalten isolierte dimere [Er10(C2)2]-Cluster. Wegen des Einbaus der C2-Hantel sind die Oktaeder entlang ihrer pseudovierzähligen Achse gestreckt. Die verknüpfenden Oktaederkanten weisen einen besonders kurzen Metall-Metall-Abstand auf (316,7 bzw. 314,8 pm). Die dimeren Einheiten sind über Xi-a bzw. Xa-i-Brücken (X = Br, I) miteinander verknüpft, gemäß [Er10(C2)2X10iX8/2i-a]X8/2a-i. Cs+ ist in Cs[Er10(C2)2]I18 kuboktaederisch von Iodidionen umgeben.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200907
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Zur Oxydation intermetallischer Phasen: Die Oxoplumbate(II) K6[Pb2O5] [1] und K4[PbO3] [2] (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1549-1558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Potassium plumbates ; preparation ; crystal structure ; MAPLE and CHARDI calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: On the Oxidation of Intermetallic Phases: The Oxoplumbates(II) K6[Pb2O5] [1] and K4[PbO3] [2]Very pale yellow crystals of K6[Pb2O5] were obtained by heating a wellground mixture of LiPb und K2O2 (K2O2: LiPb = 2.5:1) in Ag-tubes (550°C; 40 d). The crystal structure, triclinic, space group P1, a = 1 326.7(6); b = 758.8(4); c = 637.0(3) pm; α = 92.17(3)°; β = 94.41(3)°; γ = 112.85(4)°; Z = 2 was determined (four-circle diffractometer data, Mo—Kα-, 3 270 Io(hkl), R = 8.0%, Rw = 3.5%, parameters see text). The pale yellow crystals of K4[PbO3] were received by heating KPb and K2O2 (K2O2: KPb = 3.3:2) in Ni-tubes (450°C; 17 d). The crystal structure (orthorhombic, space group Pbca with a = 658.2(1); b = 1 131.8(4); c = 1 872.2(6) pm; Z = 8) was refined (four-circle diffractometer data, Mo—Kα-, 2 003 Io(hkl), R = 4.9%, Rw = 2.8%).The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy (MAPLE), Effective Coordination Numbers (ECoN), the Mean Fictive Ionic Radii (MEFIR) and the Charge Distribution (CHARDI) are being calculated for both oxides.
    Notizen: Äußerst schwach hellgelbe Kristalle von K6[Pb2O5] entstanden beim Tempern inniger Gemenge von LiPb und K2O2 (K2O2: LiPb = 2,5:1) in Ag-Bömbchen (550°C; 40 d). Die Kristallstruktur, triklin, Raumgruppe P1 (I.T. No. 2), mit a = 1 326,7(6); b = 758,8(4); c = 637,0(3) pm; α = 92,17(3)°; β = 94,41(3)°; γ = 112,85(4)°; Z = 2 wurde aufgeklärt (Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten, Mo—Kα-, 3 270 Io(hkl), R = 8,0%, Rw = 3,5%, Parameter siehe Text). Die blaß gelben Kristalle von K4[PbO3] entstanden beim Tempern von KPb mit K2O2 (K2O2: KPb = 3,3:2) in Ni-Bömbchen (450°C; 17 d). Die Kristallstruktur (orthorhombisch, Raumgruppe Pbca, a = 658,2(1); b = 1131,8(4); c = 1872,2(6) pm; Z = 8) wurde verfeinert (Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten, Mo—Kα-, 2 003 Io(hkl), R = 4,9%, Rw = 2,8%).Für beide Oxide werden der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie (MAPLE), Effektive Koordinationszahlen (ECoN), die Mittleren Fiktiven Ionenradien (MEFIR) sowie die Ladungsverteilung (CHARDI) berechnet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200910
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ein weiteres Alkali-Erdalkalimetall-Oxoniccolat mit Perowskitstruktur: Sr12NaNi7O23 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1565-1568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Strontium, sodium, nickel, oxide ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Another Alkaline Alkaline-Earth Oxoniccolate of Perovskite Type Structure: Sr12NaNi7O23Single Crystals of Sr12NaNi7O23 were prepared in closed system by Na2O2 flux reaction. X-ray single crystal work show hexagonal symmetry, space group D32-P321, a = 9.429, c = 7.896 Å, Z = 1. Sr12NaNi7O23 is strongly related to the stackered perovskites containing consequently face shared Ni2O9 double octahedra and Na+ inside a trigonal prismatic coordination by oxygen. One underoccupied oxygen point position decreases the coordination number of one Ni3+ of the Ni2O9 groups and a second surrounded by trigonal prisms to corner connected Ni2O7 double tetrahedra. The crystal chemistry will be discussed with respect to compounds of the same structure.
    Notizen: Einkristalle von Sr12NaNi7O23 wurden im geschlossenen System mit Na2O2 als Schmelzmittel dargestellt. Röntgenographische Untersuchungen zeigen hexagonale Symmetrie, Raumgruppe D32-P321; a = 9,429; c = 7,896 Å, Z = 1. Sr12NaNi7O23 ist eng mit den Stapelvarianten der Perowskite verwandt und zeigt flächenverknüpfte Ni2O9-Oktaederdoppel sowie Na+ in einer trigonal prismatischen Koordination von Sauerstoff. Eine unterbesetzte Sauerstofflage erniedrigt die Koordinationszahl von einem Ni3+-Ion in den Ni2O9-Gruppen und von einem weiteren in trigonal prismatischer Koordination. Es entstehen eckenverknüpfte Ni2O7- Doppeltetraeder. Die Kristallchemie wird mit Blick auf Verbindungen vom gleichen Strukturtyp diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200912
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ein neues Kupferzinnboratoxid mit isolierten BO3-Baugruppen: Cu5Sn(BO3)2O4 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1578-1582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Copper, tin, borate, oxide ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; X-ray diffraction ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: On a New Copper Tin Borate Oxide with Isolated BO3 Units: Cu5Sn(BO3)2O4Single Crystals of the new compound Cu5Sn(BO3)2O4 were obtained by a B2O3 fluxtechnique. They crystallize in a monoclinic distorted variant of a Ludwigite structure with a partly ordered metal distribution. X-ray investigations on single crystals led to the space group C2h5-P21/c (No. 14); a = 6.3526(7); b = 9.502(1); c = 12.100(9) Å; β = 93.30(3)°; Z = 4. All metal-sites are distorted octahedraly coordinated by oxygen-ions. The structure contains BO3-units and oxygen which is not coordinated to boron.
    Notizen: Aus einer B2O3-Schmelze gelang die Synthese von Einkristallen der Substanz Cu5Sn(BO3)2O4, die in einer monoklin verzerrten Strukturvariante eines Ludwigites mit weitgehend geordneter Metallverteilung kristallisiert. Röntgenographische Untersuchungen an Einkristallen ergeben die Raumgruppe C2h5-P21/c (Nr. 14); a = 6,3526(7); b = 9,502(1); c = 12,100(9) Å; β = 93,30(3)°; Z = 4. Die Metallkationen sind verzerrt oktaedrisch von Sauerstoffionen koordiniert. Die Struktur weist sowohl isolierte, planare BO3-Baugruppen als auch nicht an Bor gebundenen Sauerstoff auf.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200914
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthese und Kristallstrukturen von (PPh4)2[In(S4)(S6)Cl] und (PPh4)2[In(S4)Cl3] (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1607-1612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Indium polysulfido complexes ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of (PPh4)2[In(S4)(S6)Cl] and (PPh4)2[In(S4)Cl3]InCl and PPh4Cl yield (PPh4)2[In2Cl6] in acetonitrile. This reacts with Na2S4 in presence of PPh4Cl, forming (PPh4)2[In(S4)(S6)Cl]. Its crystal structure was determined by X-ray diffraction (R = 0.075, 2 282 observed reflexions). It is isotypic with (PPh4)2[In(S4)(S6)Br] and contains anions with trigonal-bipyramidal coordination of In, Cl occupying an axial position, and the S4 and S6 groups being bonded in a chelate manner. The reaction of (PPh4)2[In2Cl6] and sulfur in acetonitrile yielded (PPh4)2[InCl5] and (PPh4)2[In(S4)Cl3]. The crystal structure analysis of the latter (R = 0.072, 4 080 reflexions) revealed an anion with distorted trigonal-bipyramidal coordination of In, the S4 group occupying one axial and one equatorial position; the S4 group shows positional disorder.
    Notizen: Aus InCl und PPh4Cl entsteht in Acetonitril (PPh4)2[In2Cl6]. Aus diesem wurde mit Na2S4 im Beisein von PPh4Cl (PPh4)2[In(S4)(S6)Cl] erhalten. Seine Kristallstruktur wurde mittels Röntgenbeugung bestimmt (R = 7,5%, 2 282 beobachtete Reflexe). Es kristallisiert isotyp zum (PPh4)2[In(S4)(S6)Br] und enthält Anionen mit trigonal-bipyramidaler Koordination des In; das Cl-Atom nimmt eine axiale Position ein und die S4- und S6-Gruppe ist jeweils chelatartig gebunden. Aus (PPh4)2[In2Cl6], PPh4Cl und Schwefel entstanden in Acetonitril (PPh4)2[InCl5] und (PPh4)2[In(S4)Cl3]. Nach der Kristallstruktur des letzteren (R = 7,2%, 4 080 Reflexe) ist im [In(S4)Cl3]2--Ion das In-Atom verzerrt trigonal-bipyramidal koordiniert, wobei die S4-Gruppe an eine axiale und eine equatoriale Position gebunden ist; die S4-Gruppe ist fehlgeordnet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200919
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Verfeinerung der Kristallstruktur von SrO2 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 879-881 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Strontium peroxide ; crystal structure ; composition ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Refinement of the Crystal Structure of SrO2Single crystals of SrO2 have been obtained after high pressure/high temperature reaction of a SrO/KClO3 mixture at 20 kbar, 1 400°C. The crystal structure was refined using 154 unique diffractometer data (I4/mmm; a = 3.5626(3), c = 6.6159(6) Å; Z = 2; R = 0.033, Rw = 0.022, S = 0.932). The O—O distance (1.493(4) Å) is significantly longer than the one previously assumed. From a refinement of the site occupation factor for oxygen a composition SrO1.95(2) has been found for the crystal investigated.
    Notizen: Einkristalle von SrO2 wurden durch Hochdruck-Hochtemperatur-Reaktion eines SrO—KClO3-Gemisches bei 20 kbar, 1 400°C erhalten. Die Kristallstruktur wurde auf der Basis von Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten (154 unabhängige Strukturfaktoren) verfeinert (I4/mmm; a = 3,5626(3), c = 6,6159(6) Å; Z = 2; R = 0,033, Rw = 0,022, S = 0,932). Der gefundene O—O-Abstand ist mit 1,493(4) Å deutlich größer als bisher angenommen. Eine Verfeinerung des Besetzungsfaktors von Sauerstoff ergab für den untersuchten Kristall eine Zusammensetzung SrO1,95(2).
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200521
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von K6[Al2O6] und Rb6[Al2O6]Professor Heinz Dieter Lutz zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 882-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): K6[Al2O6], Rb6[Al2O6] ; preparation ; crystal structure ; MAPLE ; CHARDI ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preparation of Crystal Structure of K6[Al2O6] and Rb6[Al2O6]Colourless single crystals of K6[Al2O6] have been prepared from intimate mixtures of KAlO2 and K2O (550°C, 90 d). The structure determination from four-circle diffractometer data (MoKα, 742 Io(hkl), R = 2.2%, Rw = 2.1%) confirms the space group C2/m with Z = 2; a = 698.25 pm, b = 1 103.54 pm, c = 646.49 pm, β = 102.49°.Colourless single crystals of hitherto unknown Rb6[Al2O6] have been prepared from intimate mixtures of RbAlO2 and Rb2O (520°C, 120 d). The structure determination from four-circle diffractometer data (MoKα, 1 240 Io(hkl)) results in the residual values R = 7.2%, Rw = 4.9%; space group C2/m; a = 725.92 pm, b = 1 143.33 pm, c = 678.06 pm, β = 104.05°; Z = 2.K6[Al2O6] and Rb6[Al2O6] are isostructural with K6[Fe2O6]. A characteristic structure unit is the anion [Al2O6]6- consisting of two edge-sharing [AlO4] tetrahedra.Effective Coordination Numbers (ECoN), Mean Fictive Ionic Radii (MEFIR), the Madelung Part of Lattice Energy (MAPLE) and the Charge Distribution (CHARDI) are calculated and discussed.
    Notizen: Farblose Einkristalle von K6[Al2O6] wurden aus innigen Gemengen von KAlO2 und K2O erhalten (550°C, 90 d). Die Strukturaufklärung (Vierkreisdiffraktometer, MoKα, 742 Io(hkl), R = 2,2%, Rw = 2,1%) bestätigt die Raumgruppe C2/m mit Z = 2; a = 698,25 pm, b = 1 103,54 pm, c = 646,49 pm, β = 102,49°.Analog erhielten wir erstmals Rb6[Al2O6] aus RbAlO2 und Rb2O in Form farbloser Einkristalle (520°C, 120 d). Die Strukturaufklärung (Vierkreisdiffraktometer, MoKα, 1 240 Io(hkl)) ergab in C2/m die Residualwerte R = 7,2%, Rw = 4,9%; a = 725,92 pm, b = 1 143,33 pm, c = 678,06 pm, β = 104,05°.K6[Al2O6] und Rb6[Al2O6] sind mit K6[Fe2O6] isotyp; charakteristische Strukturelemente sind die Anionen [Al2O6]6-, die aus zwei kantenverknüpften [AlO4]-Tetraedern bestehen.Effektive Koordinationszahlen (ECoN), Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien (MEFIR), der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie (MAPLE) sowie die Ladungsverteilung (CHARDI) werden berechnet und diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200522
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Die Kristallstruktur von Bis(N,N-diethyl-N′ -benzoylselenoureato)nickel(II)Professor Hans Bock zum 65. Geburtstage gewidmet (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Bis(N,N-diethyl-N′-benzoylselenoureato)nickel(II) ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Crystal Structure of Bis(N,N-diethyl-N′ -benzoylselenoureato)nickel(II)Ni(C12H15N2OSe)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The cell parameters are a = 11.399(3), b = 16.016(4), c = 14.910(6) Å, β = 104.64(3)° and Z = 4. The structure was solved with Patterson and direct methods and was refined to a final R-value of 5.43%. Nickel is coordinated to two N,N-diethyl-N′ -benzoylselenourea molecules to form a bidentally coordinated chelate complex with cis arrangement of the donor atoms. Coordinaton around the nickel atom is planar while the chelate rings diverge from planarity. The ethyl groups of one diethylamino group are disordered. The Ni—Se bond lengths are 2.244(1) and 2.264(1) Å, the Ni—O bond lengths are 1.871(4) and 1.883(4) Å, respectively.
    Notizen: Ni(C12H15N2OSe)2 kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 11,399(3), b = 16,016(4), c = 14,910(6) Å, β = 104,64(3)°, Z = 4. Die Struktur wurde mit Patterson und Direkten Methoden gelöst und bis zu einem R-Wert von 5,43% verfeinert. Nickel bildet mit dem Liganden N,N-Diethyl-N′-benzoylselenoharnstoff einen bidental koordinierten Chelatkomplex, in dem zwei Ligandmoleküle über Selen- und Sauerstoffatome in cis-Anordnung an das Zentralatom koordiniert sind. Die Koordinationssphäre um das Nickelatom ist planar, die Chelatringe weichen dagegen deutlich von der Planarität ab. Die Ethylgruppen einer Diethylaminogruppe sind fehlgeordnet. Die Ni—Se-Abstände betragen 2,244(1) und 2,264(1) Å, die Ni—O-Abstände 1,871(4) und 1,883(4) Å.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200129
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    CdHgO2: Ein Oxomercurat mit Verwandtschaft zur Crednerit-StrukturProfessor Wilhelm Preetz zum 60. Geburtstage gewidmet (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1137-1141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Cadmium ; mercury ; oxide ; high pressure ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: CdHgO2: An Oxomercurate related to the Crednerite StructureSingle crystals of CdHgO2 were prepared by oxygen high pressure technique (600°C, 3900 bar) and investigated by X-ray technique. It crystallizes with monoclinic symmetry, space group C2h3-C2/m; a = 5.933, b = 3.452, c = 5.875 Å, β = 91.26°; Z = 2. The Hg2+ ions show dumb-bell like coordination, Cd2+ an octahedral one. CdHgO2 shows strong relationship to the Crednerite structure. The orientation of the O—Hg—O dump-bells to the CdO6 octahedra layers is discussed with respect to related oxomercurates.
    Notizen: CdHgO2 wurde mit Sauerstoff-Hochdrucktechnik (600°C, 3900 bar) einkristallin dargestellt und röntgenographisch untersucht. Es kristallisiert monoklin, Raumgruppe C2h3-C2/m mit a = 5,933, b = 3,452, c = 5,875 Å, β = 91,26° und Z = 2. Die Hg2+-Ionen zeigen eine hantelförmige, Cd2+ eine oktaedrische Koordination. CdHgO2 zeigt große Ähnlichkeit zur Crednerit-Struktur. Die Anordnung der O—Hg—O-Hanteln zu den CdO6-Oktaederschichten wird unter Bezug auf verwandte Oxomercurate diskutiert.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200702
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cu3SbS3: Zur Kristallstruktur und PolymorphieProfessor Heinz Dieter Lutz zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 1992-1997 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Copper antimony sulfide ; sulfo salts ; crystal structure ; phase transitions ; Extended Hückel calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Cu3SbS3: Crystal Structure and PolymorphismThe hitherto unknown crystal structure of β-Cu3SbS3 at room temperature could be determined from a twinned crystal. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c (No. 14), with a = 7.808(1), b = 10.233(2) and c = 13.268(2) Å, β = 90.31(1)°, V = 1 060.1(2) Å3, Z = 8. An Extended-Hückel-Calculation shows weak bonding interactions between copper atoms which are coordinated trigonal planar. At -9°C a first order phase transition occurs and the crystals disintegrate. The low-temperature modification (γ) crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with a = 7.884(2), b = 10.219(2) and c = 6.623(2) Å, V = 533.6(2) Å3 (-100°C). At 121°C a phase transition of higher order is observed. The high-temperature polymorph (α) of Cu3SbS3 is orthorhombic again. From high-temperature precession photographs the space groups Pnma (No. 62) or Pna21 (No. 33) can be derived. The lattice constants at 200°C are a = 7.828(3), b = 10.276(4) and c = 6.604(3) Å, V = 531.2(2) Å3.
    Notizen: Die bisher unbekannte Kristallstruktur von β-Cu3SbS3 bei Zimmertemperatur wurde anhand eines verzwillingten Kristalls ermittelt. Die Verbindung kristallisiert monoklin, RG P21/c (Nr. 14) mit a = 7,808(1), b = 10,233(2) und c = 13,268(2) Å, β = 90,31(1)°, V = 1 060,1(2) Å3, Z = 8. Eine Extended-Hückel-Rechnung ergibt schwach bindende Wechselwirkungen zwischen den trigonal-planar koordinierten Kupferatomen. Bei -9°C erfolgt eine reversible Phasenumwandlung 1. Ordnung, bei der die Kristalle zerfallen. Die Tieftemperaturmodifikation (γ) kristallisiert orthorhombisch mit a = 7,884(2), b = 10,219(2) und c = 6,623(2) Å, V = 533,6(2) Å3 (-100°C). Beim Aufheizen beobachtet man bei 121°C eine Phasenumwandlung höherer Ordnung. Die Hochtemperaturmodifikation (α) von Cu3SbS3 kristallisiert ebenfalls orthorhombisch. Aus Hochtemperatur-Präzessionsaufnahmen ergibt sich Pnma (Nr. 62) oder Pna21 (Nr. 33) als mögliche Raumgruppe. Die Gitterkonstanten bei 200°C sind nach Guinier-Aufnahmen a = 7,828(3), b = 10,276(4) und c = 6,604(3) Å, V = 531,2(2) Å3.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946201126
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Li10Si2PbIIO10 = Li20[(SiO4)4(OPbO2PbO)]  -  Das erste „gemischte“ Silicat-Plumbat(II)Professor Kurt Issleib in memoriam (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 2026-2032 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Lithium silicate plumbate ; preparation ; crystal structure ; MAPLE and CHARDI calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Li10Si2PbIIO10 = Li20[(SiO4)4(OPbO2PbO)]  -  The first „mixed“ Silicate-Plumbate(II)Colourless crystals of Li10Si2PbO10 were obtained by heating a well-ground mixture of LiPb, Li2O2 and „SiO2“ (deriving from Duran glas) in Ag-tubes (650°C; 60 d). The crystal structure was determined (four-circle diffractometer data, Mo—Kα-, 1 474 Io(hkl), R = 4.2%, Rw = 2.8%, parameters see text). The silicate-plumbate crystallizes monoclinic (space group C2/m; I. T. No. 12) with a = 2985.1(4); b = 610.6(6); c = 512.8(1) pm, β = 99.70(9)° (four-circle data), Z = 4.Further the Madelung Part of Lattice Energy (MAPLE), Effective Coordination Numbers (ECoN), the Mean Fictive Ionic Radii (MEFIR) and the Charge Distribution (CHARDI) are being calculated.
    Notizen: Farblose Kristalle von Li10Si2PbO10 entstanden beim Tempern inniger Gemenge von LiPb, Li2O2 und „SiO2“ (aus Duranglas) in Ag-Bömbchen (650°C; 60 d). Die Kristallstruktur wurde aufgeklärt (Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten, Mo—Kα-, 1 474 Io(hkl), R = 4,2%, Rw = 2,8%, Parameter siehe Text). Das Silicat-Plumbat kristallisiert monoklin (Raumgruppe C2/m; I. T. No. 12) mit a = 2 985,1(4); b = 610,6(1); c = 512,8(1) pm; β = 99,70(9) (Vierkreisdaten), Z = 4.Ferner werden der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie (MAPLE), Effektive Koordinationszahlen (ECoN), die Mittleren Fiktiven Ionenradien (MEFIR) sowie die Ladungsverteilung (CHARDI) berechnet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946201203
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Neue Rheniumkomplexe mit Trichalkogenido- und Tetrachalkogenido-Chelatliganden (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Rhenium complexes ; rhenium trichalcogenido, -tetrachalcogenido complexes ; preparation ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: New Rhenium Complexes Containing Trichalcogenido and Tetrachalcogenido Chelate LigandsThe reactions of Cp*ReCl4 with polychalcogenide salts such as Na2S4 or (NEt4)2Se6 lead initially to the violet trichalcogenido chelate complexes Cp*ReCl2(E3) (E = S (3a), Se (3b)) which, due to their functional chloro ligands, can be used as intermediates for further reactions. Upon hydrolysis in moist solvents or aminolysis with tert. butylamine 3a, b are converted into the tetrachalcogenido chelate complexes Cp*Re(O)(E4) (E = S (4a), Se (4b)) and Cp*Re(NtBu)(E4) (E = S (5a), Se (5b)), respectively. X-Ray structure analyses were carried out for the three mononuclear cyclo-oligoselenido compounds 3b-5b. It appears that the size of the Se2-n chelate ring (n = 3 or 4) essentially depends on steric factors within the coordination sphere of rhenium.
    Notizen: Die Reaktionen von Cp*ReCl4 mit Polychalkogenid-Salzen wie Na2S4 oder (NEt4)2Se6 führen zunächst zu den violetten Trichalkogenido-Chelatkomplexen Cp*ReCl2(E3) (E = S (3a), Se (3a), die aufgrund der funktionellen Chloroliganden als Zwischenstufen bei weiteren Reaktionen verwendet werden können. Bei Hydrolyse in feuchten Solvenzien oder Aminolyse mit tert. Butylamin werden 3a, b in die Tetrachalkogenido-Chelatkomplexe Cp*Re(O)(E4) (E = S (4a), Se (4b) bzw. Cp*Re(NtBu)(E4) (E = S (5a), Se (5b) umgewandelt. Für die drei einkernigen cyclo-Oligoselenido-Verbindungen 3b-5b wurden Röntgenstrukturanalysen durchgeführt. Es scheint, daß die Größe des Se2-n-Chelatrings (n = 3 oder 4) im wesentlichen von sterischen Faktoren innerhalb der Koordinationssphäre des Rheniums abhängt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200214
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Crystal Structure of a New Acentric Oxide Fluoride of VIV: BaVOF4 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 309-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Barium vanadium oxide fluoride ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Kristallstruktur eines neuen azentrischen Oxidfluorids des VIV: BaVOF4Die Struktur von BaVOF4, erhalten durch hydrothermale Synthese, wurde röntgendiffraktometrisch aus Einkristalldaten bestimmt: Raumgruppe Fdd2 (azentrisch), Z = 16, a = 7,920(1), b = 27,608(2), c = 7,375(1) Å mit R = 0,0262, Rw = 0,0273 für 1 508 unabhängige Reflexe und 64 Parameter. Das Gitter wird von cis-verknüpften VOF5-Oktaedern aus gewinkelten unendlichen Ketten entlang [101] und [101] gebildet, die über Barium-Kationen verbunden sind. Die Lage der O2- und F- wird mittels Valenzband-Rechnungen diskutiert. Wie für BaTiOF4 und einige Verbindungen aus der Reihe AIIMIIIF5 (A = Ba, Sr und M = Ga, Al, Mn) kann die Struktur durch quasi-hexagonal dichteste Ebenen aus Stapeln von Ba2+, O2-- und F--Ionen beschrieben werden.
    Notizen: The structure of BaVOF4 has been determined by X-ray diffraction data from a single crystal obtained by hydrothermal synthesis: S.G. Fdd2 (acentric), Z = 16, a = 7.920(1), b = 27.608(2) and c = 7.375(1) Å with R = 0.0262 and Rw = 0.0273 for 1 508 independent reflections and 64 parameters. The network is built up from cis-linked VOF5 octahedra forming infinite kinked chains running along the [101] and [101] directions, connected by barium cations. The location of O2- and F- ions is discussed using bond valence calculations. As for BaTiOF4 and some compounds in the series AIIMIIIF5 (A = Ba, Sr and M = Ga, Al, Mn), the structure can be described in terms of a quasi hexagonal compact planes stacking of Ba2+, O2- and F- ions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200216
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthese und Kristallstruktur von Ba25Cu142+Cu43+Zn4O49 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Barium, copper, zinc, oxide ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Ba25Cu142+Cu43+Zn4O49Single crystals of Ba25Cu142+Cu43+Zn4O49 were prepared with solid state and flux reactions. X-ray investigations show tetragonal symmetry, space group D74th-P4/nmm, a = 18.2146, c = 9.3230 Å, Z = 2. The hitherto unknown structure type shows copper in square pyramids and planar polygones, connected to six member rings or Cu5O20 groups. Slightly bent Cu5O12 groups produced by edge connection of five CuO4 polygones are connected with ZnO4 tetrahedra forming Cu5Zn4O20 units. The complicated structure is shown step by step.
    Notizen: Einkristalle von Ba25Cu142+Cu43+Zn4O49 wurden mit einer Kombination von Feststoff- und Schmelzmittel-reaktionen dargestellt. Diese Substanz kristallisiert tetragonal, Raumgruppe D74th-P4/nmm mit a = 18,2146, c = 9,3230 Å, Z = 2. Der bisher unbekannte Strukturtyp zeigt Kupfer in tetragonal pyramidaler und planarer Koordination. Diese Polygone sind zu Sechsringen oder Cu5O20-Baugruppen verknüpft. Schwach gebogene Cu5O12-Baugruppen, die durch Kantenverknüpfung von fünf planaren CuO4-Polygonen gebildet werden, sind mit ZnO4-Tetraedern verknüpft und bilden Cu5Zn4O20-Baueinheiten aus. Die komplizierte Kristallstruktur wird schrittweise aufgebaut.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200217
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ein Beitrag über ein cobaltreiches Oxoarsenat/-vanadat: Co5AsVO10 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 319-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Cobalt, arsenic, nickel, oxide ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A Contribution about a New Cobalt-rich Oxoarsenate/-vanadate: Co5AsVO10Single crystals of Co5AsVO10 were prepared by solid state reactions and investigated by X-ray structure determination. It crystallizes with monoclinic symmetry, space group C2h3-C2/m, a = 19.134, b = 6.095, c = 17.482 Å, β = 133.37°; Z = 8. The new structure type is characterized by layers of CoO6- and AsO6-octahedra with partly alternating occupation. The layers are connected by Co2+ within tetrahedral oxygen coordination and tetrahedra around statistically occupied point positions of V5+ /As5+.
    Notizen: Einkristalle von Co5AsVO10 wurden durch Feststoffreaktionen erhalten und röntgenographisch untersucht. Diese Verbindung kristallisiert mit monokliner Symmetrie, Raumgruppe C2h3-C2/m; a = 19,134; b = 6,095; c = 17,482 Å; β = 133,37°; Z = 8. Der neue Strukturtyp ist durch CoO6- und AsO6-Oktaederschichten ausgezeichnet, die teilweise alternierend mit Co2+ und As5+ besetzt sind. Die Oktaederschichten werden durch Co2+ in tetraedrischer Koordination und statistisch mit V5+ und As5+ besetzte Punktlagen verknüpft.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200218
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    On the Crystal Structure of LaCaCuGaO5 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 326-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Lanthanum calcium copper gallate ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zur Kristallstruktur von LaCaCuGaO5Die Kristallstruktur von LaCaCuGaO5 wurde röntgenographisch an Einkristallen untersucht. Es kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe C2v22-Ima2 mit a = 15,8467, b = 5,5077, c = 5,3188 Å, Z = 4. LaCaCuGaO5 gehört zum Brownmillerit-Typ und zeigt somit Schichten von eckenverknüpften CuO6-Oktaedern, die über GaO4-Tetraeder vernetzt sind. Die La3+- bzw. Ca2+-Ionen besetzen eine Punktlage statistisch.
    Notizen: The crystal structure of LaCaCuGaO5 has been investigated by single crystal X-ray analysis. It crystallizes with orthorhombic symmetry, space group C2v22-Ima2, a = 15.8467, b = 5,5077, c = 5.3188 Å, Z = 4. LaCaCuGaO5 belongs to the mineral Brownmillerite showing layers of corner connected CuO6 octahedra linked by GaO4 tetrahedra. The La3+ and Ca2+ ions are distributed statistically over one crystallographic point position.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200220
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse von Sr3TiGa10O20 (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 323-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Strontium, titanium, gallium, oxide ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Single Crystal X-Ray Analysis of Sr3TiGa10O20Single crystals of Sr3TiGa10O20 were prepared by recrystallisation of a molten oxide mixture and investigated by X-Ray technique. It crystallizes with monoclinic symmetry, space group C2h3-C2/m, a = 15.451, b = 11.579, c = 5.051 Å, β = 108.57°, Z = 2. Sr3TiGa10O20 belongs to the Pb3GeAl10O20 type, showing Ga3+ in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination. The octahedral coordinated point positions are occupied by Ga3+ and Ti4+ statistically.
    Notizen: Einkristalle von Sr3TiGa10O20 wurden durch Rekristallisation aus Schmelzen erhalten und röntgenographisch untersucht. Diese Verbindung kristallisiert mit monokliner Symmetrie, Raumgruppe C2h3-C2/m, a = 15,451; b = 11,579; c = 5,051 Å; β = 108,57°; Z = 2. Sr3TiGa10O20 gehört zum Pb3GeAl10O20-Typ und zeigt Ga3+ in tetraedrischer und oktaedrischer Koordination. Die oktaedrisch koordinierten Punktlagen sind mit Ga3+ und Ti4+ statistisch besetzt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200219
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Zur Existenz des Tetrahydrogenorthoperiodations Die Kristallstruktur von LiH4IO6 · H2O (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 620 (1994), S. 805-808 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Schlagwort(e): Lithiumtetrahydrogenorthoperiodate monohydrate ; crystal structure ; tetrahydrogenorthoperiodate Ion ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: On the Existence of the Tetrahydrogenorthoperiodate Ion. The Crystal Structure of LiH4IO6 · H2OThe crystal structure of LiH4IO6 · H2O has been determined (P1; a = 564.74(12), b = 574.41(13), c = 970.4(6) pm, α = 101.37(2), β = 96.37(2), γ = 114.72(2)°; Z = 2; 5 731 independent reflections; R = 0.038). All hydrogen-atoms were localized from difference fourier map and refined without applying constraints. Thus the existence of the tetrahydrogenorthoperiodate-ion in the solid state is proved, unambigously. The crystal structure is discussed and compared to other alkaliorthoperiodates.
    Notizen: Die Kristallstruktur von LiH4IO6 · H2O wurde bestimmt (P1; a = 564,74(12), b = 574,41(13), c = 970,4(6) pm, α = 101,37(2), β = 96,37(2), γ = 114,72(2)°; Z = 2; 5 731 unabhängige Reflexe, R = 0,038). Alle Wasserstofflagen konnten aufgefunden und frei verfeinert werden und beweisen erstmals die Existenz des Tetrahydrogenorthoperiodations im Festkörper. Die Kristallstruktur wird diskutiert und mit denjenigen anderer Alkaliorthoperiodate verglichen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19946200508
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