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  • Physics  (175)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 38 (1999), S. 261-266 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Keywords: Key words Iodine uptake ; Lead ; Lithium ; Rats ; Thyroid ; Thyroid hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The influence of lead acetate (50 mg per kg body weight) on the 131iodine (131I) biokinetics (uptake and retention) in rat thyroid and serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3) as well as thyroxine (T4) was evaluated as a function of time and in combination with lithium treatment. The 2-h and 24-h uptake of 131I in the thyroid was stimulated significantly by lead treatment. The 24-h uptake showed a maximum stimulation after 4 months of lead treatment. Lithium supplementation, however, showed the opposite effect by reducing the iodine uptake, whereby the maximum decrease was noticed after 2 months of treatment. Further, simultaneous lead and lithium treatment resulted in an even more pronounced increase of 2-h 131I uptake with a maximum after 3 months. However, the 24-h uptake after 3 months and 4 months of treatment did not differ significantly from the lead treated reference groups. The thyroidal biological half-life of 131I (Tbiol) was found to have clearly increased following the lead/lithium treatment. Interestingly, the combined lead/lithium treatment applied for 4 months caused a further growth of Tbiol, thus reflecting an increased retention of 131I. A maximum increase of Tbiol was seen after 2 months of combined treatment. A progressive decline of the circulating T3 and T4 levels following lead or lithium treatment was noticed and was more pronounced after combined treatment.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 309-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 52.40 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the development of the three-wave phase on the amplitude of the pumping laser light, the scattered light, and the electron plasma wave are studied. Analytical solutions are obtained to describe a pumping laser light decreasing with time and the development of the electron plasma wave and scattered wave from an initial increasing state to saturation and finally to a decaying state which is closely related to the three-wave phase.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on an experimental and numerical investigation of the process of spontaneous optical vortices nucleation in a wave front of a laser beam passed through a photorefractive LiNbO3 : Fe crystal with self-induced nonlinear lens. The complex lens structure produces mainly defocusing of the beam passing through the crystal due to a negative variation of the refractive index, whereas side parts of the lens have a positive sign of refractive-index variation and partially focus the beam. The resulting wave-front distortions lead to a phase bifurcation occurring at a certain distance after the crystal when the amplitude of the light wave becomes zero. We study in detail the process of edge dislocation nucleation and its decay in the near field producing a pair of unity-charged opposite-sign screw dislocations. After birth, they spread along dislocation axes as stable objects.
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  • 4
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 31.20.Nt ; 42.65 ; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Excited-State Absorption (ESA), Two-Photon Absorption (TPA) and the third-order polarizability γ(ω;ω,ω, − ω) have been investigated for a model dichloride derivative of a symmetrically substituted benzylidene analine (SBAC), using a multielectron configuration-interaction procedure. The calculations indicate that SBAC exhibits ESA across the visible region of the spectrum, but that it is not as extensive as for molecules such as the phthalocyanines. The magnitude of the third-order polarizability is dominated by resonance enhancement from a very strongA g →B u one-photon absorption. The calculated off-resonance value for γ(ω;ω,ω, − ω) suggests that SBAC is a potential candidate for ultrafast switching applications.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 51.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract More than thirty rotational lines equally spaced by 587 cm−1 are generated simultaneously in the vicinity of the fundamental line by four-wave Raman mixing using a high-power picosecond Ti:Sapphire laser as a pump source and hydrogen as a Raman medium. Since the wavelength of this multifrequency laser emission extends from the near-infrared to the near-ultraviolet, it can be utilized as a tunable light source for picosecond spectroscopy. Because of the wide spectral bandwidth available, this procedure has great potential for the generation of ultrashort laser pulses by mode-locking these emission lines.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.60 ; 42.65 ; 33.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A technique using a Fabry-Perot interferometer has been developed to calibrate high-resolution spectra obtained by Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). This technique was used to measure simultaneously the Raman frequency and the Raman signal at each laser shot. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method by measuring theQ(15) line shifts of molecular oxygen due to collisions with oxygen and water vapour.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermometry of an oxy-acetylene flame using multiplex Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) of C2 is demonstrated. More than 100 rotational transitions in thed 3 Π g ←a 3 Π u (0,0) Swan band of C2 could be recorded simultaneously by use of a pulsed, broad bandwidth “modeless” laser. Temperatures were inferred by fitting temperature-dependent synthetic spectra of single- or multiple-shot averaged spectra. The strength and reliability of recorded signals together with the large number of rotational lines observed suggest that multiplex DFWM is a promising technique for minor species detection and for temporally resolved temperature measurements in luminous environments. Factors influencing the accuracy and precision of single-shot thermometry using the technique are discussed.
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  • 8
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    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 479-483 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 78.30 ; 78.32 ; 42.70 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A design of a compact blue-green stimulated Raman shifter pumped by the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser is presented. Design parameters given here are based on our experimental investigation of various optimization techniques involving parametric studies. Blue-green energy conversion of up to 66% is achieved. The problem of optical breakdown is addressed.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 36.40 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The hot luminescent reaction zones of CO2-laser-induced pyrolysis flames using SiH4/C2H2 gas mixtures with different silane to acetylene ratios and with and without diborane additives were investigated by means of H2 Q-branch CARS spectroscopy, leading to spatial temperature profiles in gas flow direction. In the case of B2H6 additive to the stoichiometric SiH4/C2H2 mixture a high temperature plateau (≈ 800–1000 K) of the reactant gas volume develops already several millimetres before reaching the CO2-laser focus line. This precursor preheating zone could be explained by the catalytic effect of boron atoms or boron-containing intermediate species in the flame. A similar behaviour for acetylene-rich flames operating at half laser power was not observed.
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  • 10
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Guiding of multiple signal beams in an induced all-optical cable is studied theoretically. A balance relation is derived for the interaction geometry and undistorted propagation of bright elliptical signal beams nested in a single ring dark soliton. The numerical analyses show a remarkable misalignment stability of the parallel guiding scheme.
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  • 11
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 117-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60B ; 42.60D ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Narrow linewidth, single spectral mode operation has been obtained in a high power, 810 nm broad-area diode laser in an extended cavity configuration with a grating as external reflector (grating feedback). For stable operation it was necessary to misalign the feedback slightly in the plane of the laser junction. Characteristics of the thus obtained laser system are a linewidth below 5 MHz, an output intensity of about 50% of the free running power, a large-scale tuning range of 15 nm and continuous scanning over 4 GHz. In the spatial domain, the laser remains multimode and astigmatic. To show the practical applicability of this system, saturated absorption of a krypton line is demonstrated.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.00 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Mid-InfraRed (MIR) (λ ≅ 12 μm) and Far-InfraRed (FIR) (λ ≽ 100 μm) emission from excited ammonia on the absorption of intense radiation of a TEA CO2 laser has been studied experimentally under collisional and collisionless excitation conditions with ammonia pressures from 0.5 to 0.03 Torr. The energy of MIR and FIR emission was studied as a function of NH3 pressure and laser energy fluence. Particular emphasis was given to the kinetics of MIR and FIR emission generation at different NH3 pressures and to the measurement of the time delay of re-emitted pulses relative to the exciting CO2 laser pulse. It has been found that the re-emission in the MIR range is highly collisional in nature. The intensity of MIR emission drops sharply (asp 3) with decreasing NH3 pressure and its delay time relative to the exciting laser pulse increases. At the same time, re-emission in the FIR range (in the case of resonant excitation of NH3 at the 9R (30) line of CO2 laser) is observed during an exciting pulse up top 〈 0.03 Torr. When binding the rotational sub-levels of a molecule with transitions, FIR emission acts as rotational relaxation and thus leads to an increase in NH3 IR absorption even at collisionless excitation.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 7.65 ; 33.00 ; 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new widely tunable source in the infrared for use in high-resolution spectroscopy and trace-gas detection is described. This spectroscopic source is based on Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) in gallium selenide (GaSe) and is continuously tunable in the 8.8–15.0 μm wavelength region. Such a DFG source operates at room temperature which makes it a useful alternative to a lead-salt diode-laser- based detection system that requires cryogenic temperatures and numerous individual diode lasers.
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  • 14
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the full conversion of pump power to the Stokes waves in stimulated Raman scattering with a single-pass cell, unconverted pump energies have been analyzed in detail in relation to the first Stokes, second Stokes and first anti-Stokes energies. Adoption of a long focusing configuration with a high-pressure cell was found to be effective but insufficient to suppress the four-wave mixing effect, because a small amount of pump energy always remained undepleted. Comparison of the results using pump beams of various spectral and spatial mode characteristics from alexandrite and Nd:YAG lasers revealed that the spatial mode quality was the most critical parameter for full depletion of a pump pulse.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A four-frame technique for interferogram analysis is used to measure the transverse phase distribution of nonlinearly split 2D dark beams. Pairs of diametrical phase shifts within each ring are retrieved from the experiment. This result is one of the tests required to denote the formations observed as ring dark solitons.
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  • 16
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fluence dependence of transmission in three dyes, viz. indanthrone, dichloroindanthrone and violanthrone, is reported at 532 nm as well as at 1.06 µm. These dyes show optical limiting at both these wavelengths for nanosecond pulses. The limiting is due to the combined effect of reverse saturable absorption from the triplet state and thermal defocussing in the dye solutions.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.10 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The accuracy and precision of oxygen concentration and temperature measured by dual-broadband rotational Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) were investigated in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 290 and 1410 K. The relative standard deviation of temperatures evaluated from pure oxygen rotational CARS spectra was found to be around 5%, and the mean temperature was the same as for nitrogen CARS spectra, except for temperatures above 1000 K, where the temperature was 120 K below the correct value. The in situ calibrated oxygen concentrations were within 10% of the correct value, with a standard deviation of around 1.2% for the mixtures of 12 and 20% oxygen in nitrogen. For the lowest oxygen concentrations considered in this study (2 and 4%), the systematic errors in the evaluated concentrations were very large, and the standard deviation of repeated single-shot measurements was above 2%. However, employing weighting in the spectral fitting routine reduced the errors in the concentration and the single-shot standard deviation was lowered to 0.5%. Finally, it was shown that spectral interference (from oxygen) in a rotational CARS spectrum of nitrogen generally had little impact on the temperature evaluated from fitting the spectra to theoretical nitrogen spectra.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.65 ; 42.70 ; 42.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) based on excited-state absorption in azo-dye doped polymer films is firstly reported. Under a pre-exciting argon laser at 514.5 nm, DFWM is performed using a 632.8 nm HeNe laser which is absorbed only slightly when the molecules are in the ground state. The dynamic behavior of the DFWM signal due to excited-state absorption is also treated theoretically.
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  • 19
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 389-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 02.60.Cb ; 02.70.-c ; 42.10 ; 42.25.Bs ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe and example the Beam Propagation Method (BPM) used to model and simulate nonlinear refractive and absorptive effects in materials with applications to optical limiting and switching. Various scenarios including laser-beam trapping and laser-beam division are investigated, in order to demonstrate the power of the BPM. A novel technique is also described for efficiently modelling the external far-field propagation from nonlinear media, including the propagation of non-Gaussian-shaped spatial profiles. The methods are finally combined with the phenomenon of nonlinear absorption to demonstrate enhanced power limiting in the presence of self-refraction. Optimal parameters for high-fluence power-limiting are subsequently discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We show that using the approximation of fixed intensity analytical formulae, describing the process of induced phase modulation for the beams involved in second-order nonlinear optical processes can be derived. Expressions that allow the optimization of the phase shifts experienced by the fundamental and generated waves are presented for nonlinear quadratic processes, second-harmonic generation and sum-frequency mixing. In the case of seeding at the generated wavelength, the phase shift of the fundamental wave is due to two interactions: (i) a cubic one, based on coupled second-order processes (cascade cubic nonlinearity) and (ii) single quadratic interaction with participation of the seeding wave. By comparison with the exact numerical solution, we defined the input parameters of the beams for which this analytical approach is valid. It is shown that phase shifts exceeding π/2 can be correctly predicted using the expressions obtained.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.62 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mixing experiments with 30 THz CO2-laser radiation as well as the detection of 35 ps 30 THz pulses of an optical-free-induction-decay CO2-laser system have been performed with the first nanometer thin-film Ni-NiO-Ni diodes with a minimum contact area of 0.012 µm2. Difference frequencies up to 85 MHz were detected by mixing two different CO2-laser beams coupled to the diode with an integrated bow-tie antenna. The dependence of the beat signal on bias voltage, laser power and polarization of the infrared laser radiation was determined.
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  • 22
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.20 ; 42.30 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The field, the propagation and the imaging characteristics of two Gaussian optical beams with orthogonal polarization passing through a family of Kerr-law nonlinear shifted parabolic graded-index rod lenses are investigated. The coupled differential equations of the dimensionless beam-width parameters of two Gaussian optical beams are derived by using a variational approach and then solved. It is concluded that there are two regimes of propagation and that the power, the incident waist radius and the position of one beam have large effects on the field, the propagation and the imaging characteristics of the other beam.
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  • 23
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We experimentally studied properties of traveling-wave excitation and traveling-wave pulse compression for a Nd : glass laser system with a streak camera. These properties were extended to second-harmonic generation with a type-11 KDP crystal. We found that the second-harmonic pulse generated from the chirped-fundamental pulse also has a good chirp linearity, but the spectral bandwidth and temporal duration were reduced. We demonstrated the effective subpulse suppression in the compressed pulse with the second-harmonic generation. The pulse with tilted wave front, short wavelength and high contrast ratio can be obtained by the second-harmonic generation of traveling-wave pulse.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the system polarizer-frequency-doubling crystal(s)-analyzer has a nonlinear transmission for the fundamental wave. The intensity-dependent transmission of this device is due to the nonlinear phase shift that the fundamental beam obtains in the nonlinear crystal as a result of cascaded second-order processes. Depending on the mutual orientation of the polarizer and the analyzer such effects as self-induced transparency and self-induced darkening can be realized.
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  • 25
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 537-540 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We experimentally demonstrate vector phase conjugation in Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber at 1.06μm with nanosecond pulses using degenerate four-wave mixing with linearly-polarized pump beams of arbitrary strengths. The experimental results show that the phase conjugate wave produced by this method can correct depolarisation induced by a birefringent medium.
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  • 26
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 599-604 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.40 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate holographic scattering processes in BaTiO3 pumped by two coherent copropagating waves. Four lines are observed on a screen behind the sample. The experimental results are well described by a model taking into account parametric mixing of four copropagating waves and limitations of optically induced space charge fields because of the finite trap density.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0340-3793
    Keywords: PACS: 42.40 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  A generalized systematic description of the Two-Wave Mixing (TWM) process in sillenite crystals allowing for arbitrary orientation of the grating vector is presented. An analytical expression for the TWM gain is obtained for the special case of plane waves in a thin crystal (∣g∣d≪1) with large optical activity (∣g∣/ϱ≪1, g is the coupling constant, ϱ the rotatory power, d the crystal thickness). Using a two-dimensional formulation the scope of the nonlinear equations describing TWM can be extended to finite beams in arbitrary geometries and to any crystal parameters. Two promising applications of this formulation are proposed. The polarization dependence of the TWM gain is used for the flattening of Gaussian beam profiles without expanding them. The dependence of the TWM gain on the interaction length is used for the determination of the crystal orientation. Experiments carried out on Bi12GeO20 crystals of a non-standard cut are in good agreement with the results of modelling.
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  • 28
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 42.70 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intensity-dependent absorption of 25 ns excimer laser pulses in common UV-window materials was investigated. By employing a calorimetric technique which provides greatly enhanced sensitivity compared to transmissive measurements, two-photon absorption coefficients were determined at intensities of 2–80 MW/cm2 and found to be in good agreement with previous measurements at 10–100 GW/cm2. Also, color-center formation in fused silica was observed. It was possible to quantify transient and cumulative effects as a function of intensity.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The theoretical description of parametric cascaded processes produced by intersecting beams in crystals with second-order susceptibility is presented. A common system of equations in the Slowly Varying Amplitude (SVA) approximation is used to treat the phenomenon. This approach provides a description of overall self-diffraction processes and the equations are well suited for numerical simulations. A relation between phase-matching conditions for parametric cascading processes and diffraction efficiency is found. Pump depletion influence is analysed. The results of numerical simulations are in good agreement with experimental data.
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  • 30
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The formation of two-Dimensional (2D) odd dark spatial solutions is analyzed numerically at an initial helical dark-beam phase distribution. Experimental results are presented for the first time confirming the existence of two-dimensional optical even dark solitons (ring dark solitons). Several aspects of the evolution of input 1D and 2D odd/even dark beams are compared qualitatively.
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  • 31
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 489-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 63.20 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Generation of infrared radiation in ts-infrared transmission window (6.8–7.7 µm) is reported for the first time by non-collinear difference-frequency mixing of the Nd: YAG second harmonic and the same-pumped dye (Rh-610) laser radiation in a lithium-iodate crystal. The spectrum of polythene sheets was run with the generated radiation.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.25.Bs ; 42.65 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Doped as well as nominally pure crystals of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3), ι-Arginine Phosphate (LAP), Lithium Iodate (LiIO3), Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP), Lithium Formate (LFM), Beta-Barium Borate (BBO), and lithium tetra borate were grown and investigated for photorefractive effects at ultraviolet wavelengths down to 333 nm. In nominally undoped LiNbO3 crystals strong beam coupling effects were observed. In contrast to the visible we revealed a diffusion-dominated charge transport mechanism based on holes, and a low photovoltaic field in the order of 550 V/cm. With such a crystal we investigated the modulation transfer function of a lensless image projection system based on a phase conjugation scheme. A spatial frequency response beyond 2800 line pairs per millimeter was observed. Photorefractive beam coupling was also obtained in LiIO3. Light-induced scattering was detected in iron-doped LiIO3 whereas as-grown LAP material did not exhibit any observable photorefractive effects. However, 100 kV X-ray irradiation seems to induce material defects which can lead to weak light-induced scattering at 351 nm. In all other above-mentioned materials, doped as well as undoped, light-induced scattering could not be observed. On the other hand, this is appreciated in all the applications where the crystals are used as nonlinear material for optical frequency conversion.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We systematically investigate the difference between both actively and passively mode-locked lasers with Gain-at-the-End (GE) and Gain-in-the-Middle (GM) at the example of Nd:YLF lasers. The GE laser generates pulse widths approximately three times shorter than a comparable GM cavity. This is due to enhanced Spatial Hole Burning (SHB) which effectively flattens the saturated gain and allows for a larger lasing bandwidth compared to a GM cavity. We first investigate enhanced SHB by measuring the cw mode spectrum, where we have observed that the mode spacing in GE cavities depends primarily on the crystal length. This was also confirmed for a Nd:LSB crystal, where the pump absorption length was significantly shorter than the crystal length. In mode-locked operation, pulse widths of 4 ps for passive mode locking and 5 ps for active mode locking are demonstrated with GE cavities, compared to 11 ps for passive and 17 ps for active mode locking with GM cavities. Additionally, the time-bandwidth product for the GE cavity is approximately twice the ideal product for a sech2 pulse shape and cannot be improved by dispersion compensation alone, while the GM cavity has nearly ideal time-bandwidth-limited performance. The results for the GM cavity compare well to existing theories taking into account the added effect of pump-power-dependent gain bandwidth which increases the bandwidth of Nd: YLF from 360 to 〉 500 GHz. In a following paper [1] (called Part II) a rigorous theoretical treatment of the effects due to SHB will be presented.
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  • 34
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 32.00 ; 42.65 ; 82.50
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel method for exciting the two-photon 2p 3 3p 3 P ←2p 4 3 P atomic oxygen transition is reported. The transition energy is provided by the combined photon energies of the second and third Stokes orders of a deuterium-filled Raman shifter pumped by an ArF-excimer laser. The ArF-excimer-pumped Raman shifter performance is characterized and the approach is demonstrated in an atomic oxygen population created by molecular oxygen absorption and predissociation in room air.
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  • 35
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 73-80 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.60. Da
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold of focused broad-band XeCl laser radiation depends on the ratio of the coherence length to the Rayleigh range, which is affected by the transverse beam quality. With reduction of the focal length, the threshold decreases first and then reaches a nearly constant value. In addition, the energy reflectivity is increased. On the other hand, pulse shortening occurs and the phase conjugation fidelity is decreased. Separation of single lines from the structured XeCl laser spectrum improves the SBS efficiency.
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  • 36
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 127-134 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.65 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three-photon absorption and three-photon-induced excited-state absorption of rutile are studied by transmission measurements using picosecond pulses of a mode-locked Nd: glass laser. The nonlinear absorption limits efficient stimulated Raman scattering. It reduces the efficiency of two-photon absorption of a picosecond probe continuum. Three-photon absorption coefficients, excited-state absorption cross sections, a Raman gain factor, and two-photon absorption cross-section spectra are determined. The arrangementsE⊥c andE ∥c are considered.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.70.Gz ; 42.30.Va ; 42.40.Kw ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have optically characterized the newly-developed photorefractive crystal KNSBN: Cu by two-wave coupling at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The effective electrooptic coefficientsξ(k g)r 13 andξ(k g)r 33, the effective charge carrier densityN eff, the dark conductivityσ d, the product of mobility and electron-trap recombination timeμτ R, the formation and decay rate of index grating and the absorption coefficientα of the crystal were determined from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. Their wavelength dependences were also studied. It is interesting to notice that the KNSBN: Cu crystal has a very largeN eff and large gain coefficientΓ for ordinary ray (o-ray) in the visible region, and the photorefractive properties of the crystal are very different in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 82.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the design and performance characteristics of a pulsed tunable dye laser system for the simultaneous generation of two UV wavelengths are presented. The system is composed of an oscillator and an amplifier stage, pumped by the second harmonic of a commercial Nd:YAG laser. Dual-wavelength operation is achieved with one additional tuning mirror introduced to the prism expanded grazing incidence oscillator. The two obtained wavelengths are independently tunable, their separation is only limited by the gain profile of the dye. Both wavelengths are frequency doubled by Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) in two KDP or BBO crystals. Performance characteristics such as bandwidth, efficiency, tuning range and wavelength separation are reported. As application two such systems are used for the simultaneous detection of the four elements cadmium, nickel, manganese and lead by Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry in a graphite furnace (ETA-LEAFS).
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  • 39
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 511-514 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.40 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the possibility of restoration and/or enhancement of decaying holograms in photorefractive media by using a simple optical readout in conjunction with a phase conjugator. The results indicate that extremely weak holograms can be enhanced provided that the two-beam coupling is sufficiently strong. Steady-state photorefractive holograms can be maintained continuously without decay by using a self-enhanced readout scheme. The results also provide an explanation for the formation of mutually pumped phase conjugation in terms of the amplification of an initial noise grating. The results are presented and discussed.
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  • 40
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.20 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To establish H2 CARS thermometry at high pressure, accumulated H2 Q-branch CARS spectra were recorded in the exhaust of a fuel-rich CH4/air flame at pressures between 5 and 40 bar. Temperatures were deduced by fitting theoretical spectra to experimental data points. The Energy-Corrected Sudden (ECS) scaling law was employed to set up an empirical model for the calculation of H2 linewidths in high-pressure hydrocarbon flames with H2 as a minority species. Experimental H2 CARS spectra could be simulated very accurately with this model. The evaluated temperatures agreed well with reference temperatures obtained by spontaneous rotational Raman scattering of N2.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract After having reported preliminary results related to saturation, we first theoretically consider the various mechanisms contributing to the resonant optical Kerr effect in Cd(S, Se)-doped glasses. We obtain the expression for the expected effective susceptibility in different possible cases. This nonlinearity is studied experimentally using optical-phase conjugation in the low-intensity regime. We show that, by time resolving the nonlinear response of such glasses having experienced various degrees of photodarkening, we can clearly assess the origin of the resonant optical Kerr effect in these materials. Usually, a combination of a fast free-carrier contribution due to particles without traps and of a slow trapped-carrier one due to particles with traps is observed. For the free-carrier contribution, induced absorption is observed to be almost as important as absorption saturation. We also report frequency-dependent measurements and discuss the change in absorption spectrum and the increase of the nonradiative decay rate that accompany darkening.
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  • 42
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 213-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Energy output of 400 mJ, an order of magnitude higher than reported previously is obtained in aQ-switched flashlamp-pumped Nd3+:KGd(WO4)2 laser. No pronounced saturation of the output energy with respect to the pump energy is observed. Multiwavelength operation due to efficient Stokes conversion in the laser crystal is demonstrated.
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  • 43
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.55 ; 07.60 ; 07.20
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the increase of efficiency for high-order anti-Stokes Raman scattering using a cryogenic Raman cell. By cooling the cell to liquid-nitrogen temperature, output energies of the 9th-order anti-Stokes wave at 133 nm in normal hydrogen were enhanced by a factor of 10, and the 11th-order anti-Stokes line at 141 nm in normal deuterium appeared, while no output was observed at room temperature. No output energy enhancement, however, was obtained using cooled para-hydrogen as a result of multiple rotational Raman scattering. For long-term operation, the output window surface of the Raman cell was kept at above 200 K in order to protect it from deposition, the absorption of which is detrimental to VUV transmission.
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  • 44
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 415-419 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on the observation of mirrorless oscillation in photorefractive BaTiO3 pumped by two pairs of two nearly counterpropagating light waves, each of them containing an ordinary and an extraordinary component of polarization. The oscillation waves are located on a cone with an apex angle defined by the phase-matching conditions of this process.
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  • 45
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 437-442 
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The design, configuration and operation of Ti:Sapphire-laser-pumped femtosecond Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPOs) using KTP and RTA are described. The results presented include configurations capable of producing transform-limited pulses shorter than 40 fs and operating with pump powers as low as 50 mW. Tunability within the 1–3 µn spectral region is demonstrated using pump-tuning alone.
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  • 46
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Efficient generation of femtosecond pulses in the wavelength range from 520 to 675 nm by external frequency doubling the signal wave of a non-critically phase-matched picosecond KTP Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) in a non-critically phase-matched temperature tuned LiB3O5(LBO) crystal is demonstrated. An average power of the second harmonic as high as 310 mW at 575 nm was generated. In the absence of group velocity mismatch of LBO for a wavelength of the OPO at about 1.3 µm the minimum second-harmonic pulse width was 400 fs at 645 nm.
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  • 47
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 571-572 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 72.70
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model of a transient nonlinear four-photon interaction in a fibre is proposed. An optimization of the efficiency of the parametric conversion is suggested.
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  • 48
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An experimental setup for gas-temperature diagnostics using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) in very small sample volumes with great spatial and temporal temperature variations is presented. Studies have been started of a newly designed transversely heated graphite-tube atomizer for atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer, 4100 ZL). For the investigations, high spatial resolution and precise time synchronization of the measurements and also automatic control of the time-dependent intensity of the anti-Stokes signal were realized. The graphite-tube atomizer also offers the possibility of high-temperature-gas spectroscopy. A high-temperature CARS spectrum of CO2, recorded in the graphite tube at 2300 K, is shown for the first time. A number of hot-band transitions in the spectral region of the Fermi doublet at a Raman shift from 1230 to 1450cm−1 was observed and assigned, making possible the use of CO2 as “spectroscopic thermometer gas”, similar to N2.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.00 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polarization spectroscopy has been used to investigate the electronic bands of OH (A 2 Σ-X 2 Π) and NH (A 3 Π-X 3 Σ) radicals generated in atmospheric pressure flames. The pump-beam intensity dependence of the polarization-spectroscopy signals of isolated lines in theR branches has been studied. It was found that significant saturation is noticeable for pump-beam intensities as low as 0.1 MW/cm2. A detailed theoretical description inluding laser-bandwidth convolutions has been developed to model unsaturated polarization spectra of OH and NH. For OH, temperature evaluations have been performed in methane/air flames from fits to experimentalR 1 band head spectral structures. The results are critically dependent on the degree of saturation in experimental spectra, instrumental bandwidth and the assumed coupling cases in the calculation of line-strength parameters. It is shown that saturation leads to an error of more than 60% in the temperature evaluation when a pump-beam intensity of 1 MW/cm2 is used.
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  • 50
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 569-579 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In Part I of this paper [1] experimental results were presented and discussed. In this part, we investigate theoretically the dynamics of end-pumped solid-state lasers due to enhanced spatial hole burning. This becomes possible by a fast numerical implementation of the saturated gain in the presence of strong spatial hole burning that allows to treat the multimode case for an arbitrary pumping level. We find for a wide range of laser parameters that the mode spacing of the cw running modes is essentially determined by the length of the gain medium and only weakly depends on the absorption depth of the pump transition. It is shown that spatial hole burning can lead to a completely flat saturated gain profile over half of the gain bandwidth. In mode-locked lasers, the flat gain due to spatial hole burning results in shorter pulses. But the pulses are neither Gaussian-nor sech-shaped as they are in actively or passively mode-locked lasers without spatial hole burning. Further, we show that soliton-like pulse shaping can be used to restore a transform-limited sech-shaped pulse in an end-pumped solid-state laser while exploiting the full gain bandwidth of the laser material.
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  • 51
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The detection of C2 radicals in a premixed acetylene-oxygen flame by using polarization spectroscopy is reported. The signal was recorded in the Swan system,d 3 II g−a 3 II u (0, 0), using a pulsed dye laser. The spectrum shows a very good signal-to-noise ratio with clearly resolved rotational structures of theP andR triplets. The dependence of the signal on the pump-beam polarization was also studied. The spatial distribution of the signal from C2 radicals in the flame was measured as a demonstration of the use of polarization spectroscopy in combustion diagnostics.
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  • 52
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a new technique to determine the complex-valued tensor components of the nonlinear surface susceptibility χ s (2) of isotropic adsorbate layers. It is based on a change of the state of the fundamental polarization by rotation of a quarter-wave plate. We verify the theoretical predictions by measurements on a Langmuir-Blodgett film of a highly nonlinear hemicyanine dye in total reflection geometry. The obtained second-harmonic rotation pattern is analyzed in Fourier components, which are related to the absolute value and relative phase of the tensor components of the surface susceptibility. We compare the obtained results with separate measurements in which a half-wave plate is used to rotate the fundamental polarization. Our results are confirmed by an additional interference experiment. The method presented here allows the single-valued determination of χ s (2) with measurements at only one angle of incidence, in contrast to the half-wave-plate technique.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 33.00 ; 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spectroscopic detection of the methane in natural air using an 800 nm diode laser and a diode-pumped 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser to produce tunable light near 3.2 µm is reported. The lasers were pump sources for ring-cavity-enhanced tunable difference-frequency mixing in AgGaS2. IR frequency tuning between 3076 and 3183 cm−1 was performed by crystal rotation and tuning of the extended-cavity diode laser. Feedback stabilization of the IR power reduced intensity noise below the detector noise level. Direct absorption and wavelength-modulation (2f) spectroscopy of the methane in natural air at 10.7 kPa (80 torr) were performed in a 1 m single-pass cell with 1 µW probe power. Methane has also been detected using a 3.2 µm confocal build-up cavity in conjunction with an intracavity absorption cell. The best methane detection limit observed was 12 ppb m (Hz.)−1/2.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 68.55 ; 36.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) by metal clusters has been investigated. For this purpose clusters were generated by the deposition and nucleation of metal atoms on a LiF(100) single crystal surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The size and shape of the metal particles was characterized by optical transmission spectroscopy. The SHG intensity was detected in situ as a function of cluster size during the nucleation. Fundamental wavelengths of λ=1064 and 532 nm were used and the SHG signal was measured for different polarization combinations of the incident and registered light. SH radiation is detectable for particles as small as approximately 1 nm. The signal grows monotonically as a function of particle size, passes a maximum and finally drops off. This behavior is discussed in terms of resonant enhancement of the signal by surface plasmon excitation and changes ofχ (2) as a function of particle size and shape. In further experiments the chemisorption of oxygen on the surface of the metal particles was studied. The SH signal decreases as a function of oxygen coverage and amounts to only about 15% of the initial value upon chemisorption of one monolayer. This indicates that the SH signal originates almost exclusively from the surface of the clean clusters and that higher order bulk contributions are negligible.
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  • 55
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.35 ; 82.20 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen on a Pt(111) surface has been studied with phase-sensitive Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) signal detection. The SHG-signal change measured with p-in, p-out polarization during the adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen was found to be different in amplitude and phase for the two adsorbates. At the wavelength used (1064 nm), only a localized interaction between adsorbate and substrate is seen, leading to a linear dependence of the susceptibility on the coverage. Sticking coefficients,sθ, and their coverage dependence were determined. For hydrogen, a linear decrease insθ with coverage was found; the initial sticking coefficient beings 0=0.06 at a temperature ofT=130 K. For oxygen,sθ whows a quadratic decrease with coverage, strongly dependent on temperature, withs 0=0.05 atT=350 K. A method based on these results is proposed, which would allow the determination of adsorbate coverages of coadsorption systems with SHG using phase-sensitive signal detection.
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  • 56
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 82.65 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Systematic studies were carried out with the goal to further develop optical Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) as a tool for surface and interface analysis. For this purpose hexadecane thiol, HS(CH2)15CH3, on polycrystalline Au films served as a model system to study the spectral behavior of the susceptibility of the gold surface and its variation as a function of coverage. Experiments have been performed at different coverages, with different polarization combinations of the incident and detected light, different angles of incidence and different wavelengths ranging from z=615 nm to 660 nm. In addition to the intensity of the generated second-harmonic light, its phase was measured. As a result, a complete determination of all independent elements of the susceptibility tensor became possible. The studies with different excitation wavelengths reveal the presence of resonances of the tensor elements and strikingly demonstrate the importance of phase measurements for an unambiguous interpretation of the data. The superposition of resonant contributions originating from different elements of the susceptibility tensor is discussed and gives rise to very distinct and peculiar spectral features.
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  • 57
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    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 549-553 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone development ; Bone morphogenetic protein ; Artificial membrane ; Polytetrafluoroethylene ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown earlier that it is possible to improve bone healing, to regenerate previously existing bone, and to create new bone by means of an osteopromotive membrane technique. The present study addresses the question of whether it is possible to combine this technique with a locally applied factor, stimulatory to osteogenesis. Circular transosseous ‘critical size’ defects in mandibles of rats were either implanted with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (rhBMP-2) or were left empty; half the number of implanted and half the number of empty defects were covered with an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) membrane (GORE-TEX®). Results were evaluated after 12 and 24 days of healing by a histomorphological scoring system. Implantation of rhBMP-2 alone resulted in bony bridging of the defect after only 12 days, but also in voluminous amounts of new bone outside the original defect area. When rhBMP-2 was combined with membrane, newly formed woven bone bridged the defect and the bone contour was maintained by the membrane. The combined treatment with membrane and rhBMP-2 demonstrated a significantly better bone healing than with e-PTFE membrane alone at both 12 days and 24 days of healing. It was concluded that rhBMP-2 has a strong osteoinductive potential and, in contrast to what was found earlier with other types of BMP preparations, this potential was retained when combining the rhBMP-2 with the osteopromotive membrane technique, yielding better bone healing than with the membrane alone, and at the same time maintaining the bone contour. This combination may have important therapeutic applications for osseous healing and in reconstructive surgery. The study also shows the importance of an appropriate carrier material when applying stimulatory substances to enhance bone formation in combination with a membrane.
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  • 58
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    Keywords: 32.00 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract When mercury atoms, present with a buffer gas (N2 or Ar) in a quartz cell or in a graphite furnace are excited into the 73 S 1 level by means of two pulsed dye lasers tuned at 253.652 nm (61 S o → 63 P 1) and 435.835 nm (63 P 1 → 73 S 1), a laser-like, collimated emission is observed along the axis of the cell at the green mercury line (73 S 1 → 63 P 2), 546.074 nm). This radiation exhibits a pronounced non-linear dependence upon the number density of the mercury atoms in the cell. This behaviour is interpreted as being due to amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), which occurs as a result of the transient population inversion between the 7s 3 S 1 and 6p 3 P 2 o levels. The parameters governing the population inversion can be deduced by applying a rate equation analysis to the atomic system. A time-resolved observation of both ASE and spontaneous fluorescence signals confirms the totally different characteristics of the two emission processes.
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  • 59
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Aluminophthalocyanines were encaged in different silica xerogel matrices. Nonlinear reverse-saturable absorption behavior was observed for both nanosecond and picosecond pulse excitation at 532 nm. In order to determine the relaxation paths of the molecules after optical excitation, we measured the evolution of the transmission of a continuous probe beam through the samples following absorption induced by a pump pulse. The transmission recovery was a few tens of microseconds. The fluorescence lifetime was about 10 ns.
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  • 60
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 597-600 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 61.30
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of an external quasi-static electric field on the third-order nonlinear optical properties of a nematic liquid crystal has been studied. We demonstrate both in theory and experiment that the cell behaves like a Kerr-Medium. The sensitivity of the cell can be controlled by the applied voltage. If optical feedback is provided by the use of a dielectric mirror, optical bistability can be achieved. The switching behaviour of the cell may also be controlled by the applied voltage.
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  • 61
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A wavelength-dependence study of surface second-harmonic generation from Si(111) is presented. Femtosecond laser pulses tuned from 430 nm to 710 nm were used to probe the dispersion characteristics of the nonlinear response from the surface in the vicinity of bulk absorption. Changes in the rotational symmetry and in the phase of the generated second-harmonic signal were observed. An explanation of the observed changes is given based on a simple anharmonic oscillator model [1]
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  • 62
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we examine the nonlinear optical properties of molecular systems undergoing acis-trans photoisomerization process. Such a process gives rise to dynamic photochromism on a picosecond time scale significant for designing a molecular Spatial Light Modulator (SLM). A kinetic analysis of a generalcis-trans nonlinear organic absorber is performed. The analysis is used to derive an expression for the imaginary part of the complex nonlinear molecular index of refraction. The properties of a molecular SLM based on such an absorber are discussed by examining the azo-type molecular system. These calculation predict an optimum contrast ratio and fast on-off switching for the SLM performance, achieved at low read-write laser intensities.
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  • 63
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 607-615 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 61.30 ; 42.80 ; 42.65 ; 42.82
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals (FLCs) are presented which comprise charge-transfer functional groups, such that highly efficient NonLinear Optical (NLO) properties and pronounced ferroelectricity result. By operating the NLO-FLCs in one of the two Bistable states of the Short-pitch Ferroelectric (SPF) conformation, stable, planar waveguides result. The NLO-FLCs exhibit exceptionally large second-order NLO-coefficientsd 22 = 5 pm/V. Moreover, their linear electrooptical effect is shown to be essentially electronic in nature. This renders ultrafast electrooptical modulators with NLO-FLCs feasible.
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  • 64
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    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55.Rz ; 42.60.Fc ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The techniques of coupled-cavity modelocking and self-modelocking in which intensity-induced nonlinear effects are exploited have been reviewed for broad-band gain media. Particular emphases have been placed upon the archetypical colour-centre and titanium-sapphire laser configurations in which these techniques were first demonstrated and subsequent refinements are set in context. A femtosecond optical parametric oscillator pumped by a self-mode-locked titanium-sapphire laser has also been described as an exemplar of a practical means of extending the source tunability into the mid-infrared spectral region.
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    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 317-321 
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    Keywords: 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The nonlinear surface susceptibility χ S (2) is generally referred to the system of Cartesian coordinates of thesample. However, since actual measurements take place with respect to thelaboratory system of coordinates, appropriate transformation of χ S (2) is necessary to deduce the underlying susceptibility-components. We demonstrate this by analyzing the second-harmonic signal generated by an inclined sample upon rotation around thes-axis of the laboratory system of coordinates. The sample consists of two Langmuir-Blodgett-type monolayers of rotational symmetry around the sample normal, the two layers being separated by a plane-parallel flat of 1 mm thickness. The occurrence of a “symmetry-forbidden”I SS 2ω -signal is discussed in detail.
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  • 66
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    Keywords: 42.70 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on the spectral properties and numerical modelling of a singly resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) of Lithium-triBOrate (LBO). The OPO is pumped by the second, third or fourth harmonic of an injection-seeded,Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The measured OPO parameters are the tuning range, the threshold, the spectral linewidth, the efficiency and the output power. For the LBO-OPO critical type-I phase-matching (xy-plane) provides a wide tuning range and optimum values of the effective nonlinear coefficient. Pumped, for example, by the 355nm third harmonic the spectral range extends from 414 nm to 2.47 µm. With a 15 mm long crystal the OPO generates a total output-pulse energy of 77 mJ with an efficiency of 45%. For 266 nm pump radiation the signal wave is in the near ultraviolet at 307–325 nm. If pumped at 532 nm the OPO generates simultaneously two pairs of signal and idler waves in the infrared (0.707–2.15 µm). The pulse-energy fluctuations of the two pairs are correlated. If, however, the OPO is injection-seeded at one of the signal waves the two wavelength pairs are anti-correlated. The observed wavelength tuning as well as the measured spectral line-widths, threshold energies and efficiencies are in agreement with the values predicted by computer simulation.
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  • 67
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.70 ; 42.82
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Guided-wave second-harmonic generation using a passive planar waveguide covered with an organic nonlinear optical film as thin as a single molecular layer is demonstrated. The phase-matching condition of this process is revealed both with a high degree of waveguide-mode selectivity and a maximum in the frequency response.
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  • 68
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The anisotropy ofχ (3) in Poly-bis(p-Toluene Sulfonate) of 2.4-hexadiyne-1.6-diol (PTS) PolyDiAcetylene (PDA) single crystals is investigated by Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) at a wavelength of 720 nm. The symmetries ofχ (3)(−ω;ω, −ω,ω) identify the non-vanishing and independent components of the tensor. For the calculation of the χ(3) elements from the measured values, the anisotropy of both the linear optical index of refraction and the absorption coefficient is included in the coupled wave approach. A magnitude of 10−10 esu is measured for theχ (3) component if all beam polarizations are parallel to the polymer chains. The least upper bound for all other measurable components is estimated to be 10−12 esu. The results for the intensity dependence of the DFWM signal are explained in terms of a thermooptic effect. Measurements on the orientational dependence of the DFWM signal in the samples are carried out, and the influence of the anisotropy of the linear optical parameters on the measured curves is discussed. A method for the preparation of thin layered polymer single crystals of poly-bis (4-ButoxyCarbonyle-Methylene-Urethane) of 4.6-decadiyne-1.1-diol (4-BCMU) and the first DFWM measurements on these samples are presented.
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  • 69
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 467-470 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80 ; 42.70
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    Notes: Abstract We theoretically analyze the properties of Fabry-Perot etalons which consist of photorefractive-crystal plates with asymmetric mirror reflectance. Peak transmissions and non-reciprocities are enhanced significantly compared with the symmetric photorefractive etalons. The effect of material absorption is also considered.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 32.00
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Near-UV radiation is generated by doubling the frequency of a semiconductor laser in a nonlinear crystal. The crystal is contained in a resonant cavity in order to improve the conversion efficiency. The cavity increases the efficiency by about three orders of magnitude. This radiation has been used to perform spectroscopy of metastable magnesium in an atomic beam. We observed the (3s3p)3 P−(3s3d)3 D transition multiplet, which is of interest for metrological applications. The isotopic shift between24Mg and26Mg was measured and new information on the hyperfine structure of25Mg was obtained. This radiation source is promising also in order to improve the Mg frequency standard.
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  • 71
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    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 347-363 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55R ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Passively mode-locked diode-pumped solid-state lasers can provide practical high-power laser sources with pico- and femtosecond pulse durations. We use semiconductors not only to optically pump but also to cw mode-lock or Q-switch a solid-state laser. A novel saturable absorber design, the Antiresonant Fabry-Perot Saturable Absorber (A-FPSA), allows of using semiconductor saturable-absorber materials even though they are generally not well-matched to the characteristics required for diode-pumped solid-state lasers, i.e., the semiconductors tend to have too much optical loss, a too low saturation intensity, and a too low damage threshold. This paper gives an overview of passively mode-locked ion-doped crystalline solid-state lasers. In particular, we present a quantitative discussion of A-FPSA mode locking, and compare A-FPSA mode locking with other passive mode locking techniques such as KLM (Kerr Lens Mode locking).
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  • 72
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    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 61.80 ; 81.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical breakdown on Ar films is studied in an intensity range from 106 to 2 × 109 W/cm2 for wavelengths of 228, 281 and 282.8 nm. The amount of ablated H2O, N2, O2 and Ar increases quadratically with laser intensity and depends strongly on the exposure time to residual gas and on substrate temperature around 24 K. The results can be explained by a model which assumes that the dominant process causing ablation is the heating of a condensed residual gas layer by two-photon absorption.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 82.40
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a novel and simple experimental arrangement for single-pulse two-dimensional temperature mapping in flames by the coherent imaging techniques, degenerate four-wave mixing and polarization spectroscopy, utilizing a dual-wavelength dye laser and a diffraction grating. Each pulse of this dye laser consists of two wavelengths which were tuned to resonance with two different rotational transitions in theQ 1 branch of theA 2 ∑−X 2 ∏(0, 0) band of the OH radical. A typical coherent imaging geometry where a sheet-shaped pump beam crossed an unfocused probe beam, was used. The two generated images of OH signal distributions were spatially separated by a diffraction grating and simultaneously detected on a single CCD chip. The two-dimensional single-pulse temperature map was extracted from these images. The precision of the methods is examined and a comparison between degenerate four-wave mixing and polarization spectroscopy is made.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 61.30 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The second-order nonlinear optical properties of ferroelectric liquid crystalline polymer have been studied. Angular phase-matched Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) is observed in the chiral smectic C (SmC*) phase of siloxane copolymer with chiral mesogen in the side chain. The effective nonlinear optical coefficient deff under the phase-matching condition is determined. The intense SHG is observed even in the crystalline phase by cooling down from the SmC* phase under the electric field. The effective coefficient of SHG in the crystalline phase is more than ten times larger than that of the phase-matched SHG in the SmC* phase. The enhancement of SHG in the crystalline phase is observed only in a homeotropically aligned cell and maintained even in the non-biased state for at least several days. The angular dependence of the SHG in the crystalline phase is confirmed.
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  • 75
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 579-582 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.70 ; 72.40
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two-beam coupling gain and speed of a Cr-doped strontium-barium niobate single crystal at 514.5 nm and 632.8 nm are measured to compare photorefractive origins and responses. The same single deep center and single carriers are found to be responsible for the observed photorefractivities at both wavelengths. Self-pumped phase-conjugate reflectivities are also measured at both wavelengths.
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  • 76
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 623-629 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 61.20
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Total internal reflection Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) has been used to study a series of neat n-alkane/water interfaces. Polarization and incident angular-dependent measurements of the SH response show good agreement with theoretical predictions. Analysis of the incident and polarization angular-dependent SH response allows for determination of the nonlinear optical properties of molecules comprising the interfacial region. Based on Kleinman symmetry, the measured surface nonlinear susceptibilities suggest a high degree of interfacial order for octane and decane with less order indicated by the odd carbon n-alkanes examined, heptane and nonane. The SH response in reflection and transmission has been measured under a Total Internal Reflection (TIR) of the fundamental. The measured nonlinear susceptibilities in each case are found to be identical.
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  • 77
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    Applied physics 59 (1994), S. 531-536 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 73.30 ; 75.70
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) has been used to study the technologically very important buried semiconductor-metal and magnetic multilayer interfaces. For the case of GaAs-Au, the SHG intensity is shown to depend on the applied bias and Schottky barrier height, and is strongly affected by the sweepout of the carriers generated by the fs excitation pulses. For the M/Co/M multilayers, with M=Cu or Au, the SHG signals appear to depend strongly on the magnetization and can be shown to be interface specific.
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  • 78
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    Applied physics 58 (1994), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 77.90 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper contains a review of crystallographic, optical and nonlinear optical properties of the lithium triborate (LiB3O5 or LBO) crystal and presents a description of its typical applications in nonlinear optics and quantum electronics.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 68.35
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Direct measurement of the phase of the surface nonlinear susceptibility is based on the interference of nonlinear optical signals. Up to now, this has not been possible for Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) in geometries such as Total Internal Reflection (TIR) due to the refractive dispersion of harmonic and fundamental light created in TIR. We demonstrate two schemes which enable us to overcome this dispersion, leading to interference between two second-harmonic signals generated consecutively by the same laser. The advantages and limitations of the two approaches are discussed. We use this technique to check the theoretical predictions for the nonlinear Fresnel factors for SHG in the TIR geometry.
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  • 80
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    The European physical journal 93 (1994), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 71.35
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe the dielectric response of the semiconductor band edge in a dynamic density matrix model. Our treatment is based on a set of χ3-relevant constitutive equations involving two-, four- and six-point density matrices. We demonstrate that under certain conditions all contributions to the third order susceptibility can be expressed in terms of excitonic and biexcitonic transitions. As a first application of these χ3-relevant equations we investigate the influence of the biexciton on the optical Stark effect in CuCl. We calculate shifts and lineshapes. Our results turn out to be in excellent agreement with experiments as well as with other theoretical predictions.
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  • 81
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    The European physical journal 93 (1994), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 71.35 ; 71.45
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss the interaction of coherent electromagnetic fields with the semiconductor band edge in a dynamic density matrix model. Due to the influence of the Coulomb-interaction then-point density matrices are coupled in an infinite hierarchy of equations of motion. We show how this hierarchy is related to an expansion of the density matrices in terms of powers of the exciting field. We make use of the above results to set up a closed set of equations of motion involving two-, four-and six-point correlation functions, from which all third order contributions to the polarization can be calculated exactly. Comparison of our treatment of the hierarchy with the widely used RPA decoupling on the two-point level, gives interesting insight into the validity of the RPA. In particular we find, that a RPA-like factorization for two of the relevant density-matrices yields a solution of their respective equations of motion to lowest order in the electric field.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We represent an ultrafast beam-deflection method as a simple and powerful tool for the time-resolved measurement of induced changes of the refractive index in the order of Δn=10−5. The method is applied for measuring the changes of components of the refractive index parallel and perpendicular to the pump-pulse polarization on a femtosecond time scale. Fused silica and CS2 are used as samples for demonstrating our method.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phase-matched direct tripling of picosecond light pulses of a mode-locked Nd: glass laser in a new cyanine dye PMC is studied. The solvents trifluoroethanol (TFE) and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) are applied. The S 0–S 1 absorption peak of the dye is around λ=480 nm and the absorption cross section at the third-harmonic wavelength of λ3=351.3 nm is only σ3≈1×10−19 cm2. Phase-matching occurred at concentrations of CPM=0.0874 mol/dm3 in HFIP and 0.1088 mol/dm3 in TFE. A third-harmonic energy conversion efficiency of ηE≈0.01 was achieved at a pump-laser peak intensity of I 0L≈2.5×1011 W/cm2 in a 5 mm long sample of PMC in TFE. The conversion efficiency is limited by destruction of phase-matching due to the intensity-dependent nonlinear refractive index of the dye solutions.
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  • 84
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 431-434 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.70 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nd:YAG and a Nd:YAG-pumped dye laser are used to generate tunable deep ultraviolet radiation down to 240 nm in a lithium triborate crystal (LBO) by noncollinear sum-frequency mixing. All longer wavelengths can be generated by a combination of harmonic generation of the dye laser and sum-frequency mixing, 240 nm being the near noncritical limit. A set of versatile Sellmeier dispersion equations is derived to satisfactorily predict phase-matching in LBO.
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  • 85
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    Applied physics 56 (1993), S. 34-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80 ; 42.60.E
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract All-optical streaking in a cubic nonlinear medium is analyzed theoretically. The model based on the variational method employs the induced phase front distortion on a probe beam. The numerical calculations for a planar inert-gas filled waveguide show that on-line measurements of picosecond pulse durations in the short-wavelength region are possible.
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  • 86
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    Applied physics 56 (1993), S. 57-61 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.20 ; 42.70
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mirrorless coherent oscillation in a four-wave mixing arrangement with two phase-conjugate counterpropagating pump waves is studied in a LiNbO3:Fe crystal. Oscillation waves are observed within a wide, but limited angular window where the gain factor takes its maximum value. The spatial structure and the intensities of particular oscillating components vary continuously in time.
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  • 87
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    Applied physics 56 (1993), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.80 ; 42.65 ; 42.72
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An intense radiation at 395.0 nm has been observed when lithium vapor is optically pumped in a heat pipe with a pulsed dye laser whose output wavelength is tuned near the Li 2s–4s two-photon resonance transition. The radiation is emitted in the direction along the pump laser beam. It is proposed that the 395.0 nm radiation is mainly generated through three-photon excitation and one-Raman-photon scattering followed by two-cascade (spontaneous) emission. The overall reaction mechanism can be described by a parametric six-wave mixing process. The quantum efficiency of the observed process is estimated to be of the order of 2 × 10−6.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 51.70
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A laser beam at two different frequencies separated by 587 cm−1 is focused into pressurized hydrogen (rotational transition energy, 587 cm−1) to generate multi-color stimulated Raman emission. The polarization state and the pulse energy are measured for each generated emission line using linearly and circularly polarized pump beams. The effect of the polarization is discussed by using a parameter characterizing the polarizability of hydrogen and a conservation rule for the angular momentum in four-wave mixing. Many rotational lines are generated with linearly polarized pump beams through a four-wave mixing process. This is in striking contrast to the results obtained by using a single-color circularly polarized pump beam which generates only one rotational line through a conventional stimulated Raman process.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 31.20.Nt ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the enhancement of the values of the cubic molecular hyperpolarizability γ of the nickel benzendithiol system, resulting from the selective addition of acceptor and donor groups to the ligand structure, is presented. The polarization of the molecular electronic structure is calculated by the finite field method. Significant increases in the values of γ are obtained from bridging two p-nitroaniline molecules with the square planar nickel structure. These results show that structures with significant values of x (2) that are derived from the inclusion of donor and acceptor groups might also be included into the ligands of the nickel dithiolene complex to give rise to materials with enhanced values of x (3).
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 78.30
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A two-stage Raman-conversion system pumped with a Q-switched alexandrite laser is proposed for the generation of broadly tunable infrared radiation. The first stage is a high-pressure Raman cell which accepts a pump beam in long-focusing or parallel-beam geometry, while the successive second one is made of a multi-pass Raman cell with repeated focusing. Using a selected combination of vibrational or rotational Raman shifting by H2, a spectrum ranging from 0.75 μm to 15 μm can be covered by this system.
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  • 91
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 281-285 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20 ; 82.40
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nonresonant laser-induced gratings are created in gases employing the second-harmonic output of a Nd: YAG laser in a degenerate four-wave mixing beam geometry. The diffraction efficiency of the gratings has been investigated as a function of laser intensity and gas pressure. Single-shot images of a helium flow in ambient air illustrate that diffraction of light from a laser-induced grating has the potential for remote, two-dimensional diagnostics of gas mixing processes. In addition, this coherent technique is used to image a sooty flame.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 78.65
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a layered system consisting of Ag-islands/SiO x spacer/Ag is investigated. The efficiency of this process depends strongly on the mass thickness d of the dielectric SiO x . An enhancement by a factor of 80 of the second harmonic (SH) of this system in comparison to the SH signal of an Ag-island film for p-polarized excitation and 50° angle of incidence was observed for a specific separation distance of 40 nm. We interpret this increase of the SH as being due to the strongly increased absorption at the fundamental frequency, caused by the excitation of localized surface plasmons and thin-film resonances in this layer structure. The theoretical description of the enhancement factor is in good agreement with the experimental results using stratified medium theory for modelling the thin-film system.
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  • 93
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    Applied physics 57 (1993), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.40 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract A theory describing threshold conditions for spontaneous generation of spatial subharmonics in a photorefractive crystal with an externally applied square-wave ac voltage is presented. Predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.40 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Notes: Abstract We report the first measurement of the photo-galvanic circular current antisymmetric tensor component in BaTiO3: Co. The measurement gives a value of this coefficient, for extraordinary beam amplification, of 4×10−9 A/W using a nonstationary measurement technique at a wavelength of 0.632 μm.
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  • 95
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    Applied physics 56 (1993), S. 467-468 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract A new type of nonlinear waves of space charge in photorefractive media is presented. These waves have a sech-shaped envelope which makes them similar to solitons. The conditions for their experimental observation are discussed.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Male ; Osteoporosis ; Free testosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is unclear what proportion of the variance in bone density in elderly males is accounted for by testosterone status. We studied 112 ambulatory, elderly volunteers (mean age 71.7 years) and determined free testosterone (FT), as well as bone density measurements by photon absorptiometry at multiple sites. Our studies of 35 of these subjects 4 years later includedmorning FT and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. There were no significant correlations between FT and bone density at multiple scanning sites with the effects of age partialed out. We suspect that our inability to detect a significant effect of FT on bone density was related to the relative strength of other determinants of bone density, as well as to the fact that FT values are far more dynamic than bone density.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Insulinlike growth factor I ; Interleukin 1 ; Oophorectomy ; Estrogen ; Rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Oophorectomy (OOX) has been known to increase bone turnover, but its precise mechanism is not fully understood. In order to further investigate the mechanism, we determined insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations in serum and bone tissue and interleukin 1 (IL-1) release from spleen macrophages in oophorectomized rats because it has been demonstrated that IGF-I stimulates bone formation and IL-1 stimulates bone resorption. Female 8-week-old Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) OOX, (3) OOX given estradiol, and (4) control given estradiol. Ten μg/kg of 17β-estradiol was given daily by subcutaneous injection. After 5 weeks of treatment, IGF-I concentrations in the extract from right femur and in serum were determined by specific radioimmunoassay. IL-1 activity released from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated spleen macrophages was determined by bioassay. IGF-I contents in the femur and IGF-I concentrations in serum in oophorectomized rats were significantly higher than those in control rats. Treatment by estradiol inhibited the increase in IGF-I concentrations both in femur and in serum. IL-1 release from LPS-stimulated spleen macrophages in oophorectomized rats was increased, and treatment by estradiol also inhibited the stimulated IL-1 release. The ash weights and the calcium contents of left femur in oophorectomized rats were lower than those in control rats. These results suggest that both IGF-I and IL-1 may be involved in the mechanism of the regulation of bone turnover in oophorectomized rats.
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  • 98
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    The European physical journal 92 (1993), S. 417-429 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: 13.80 ; 42.65 ; 78.20.Bh
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have considered the processes which lead to elastic scattering between two far ultraviolet or X-ray photons while they propagate inside a solid, modeled as a simple electron gas. The new ingredient, with respect to the standard theory of photon-photon scattering in vacuum, is the presence of low-energy, nonrelativistic electron-hole excitations. Owing to the existence of two-photon vertices, the scattering processes in the metal are predominantly of second order, as opposed to fourth order for the vacuum case. The main processes in second order are dominated by exchange of virtual plasmons between the two photons. For two photons of similar energy ħΩ, this gives rise to a cross section rising likeΩ 2 up to maximum of around 10−32 cm2, and then decreasing likeΩ −6. The maximal cross section is found for the photon wavevectork∼k F , the Fermi surface size, which typically means a photon energy ħΩ in the keV range. Possible experiments aimed at checking the existence of these rare but seemingly measurable elastic photon-photon scattering processes are discussed, using in particular intense synchrotron sources.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 93 (1993), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: 43.25 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract With increasing external-field amplitude the dynamics of a driven two-level system shows a cross-over from the weak-coupling or linear-response behaviour to a non-linear regime which is characterised by the appearance of Rabi oscillations, a field-dependent dynamical susceptibility, saturation of energy dissipation and additional frequencies in the correlation function. The system any initial distribution will relax towards a stationary state with a time-dependent polarisation vector. These features are derived from the propagator of the two-level system which is calculated using a perturbative scheme with a well-defined small parameter; the roatating-wave approximation of the Bloch equations is avoided. the dynamical behaviour is discussed by means of correlation and response functions.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present the theory of electrostrictional interaction of soliton pulses in optical fibers. Solitons excite acoustic waves propagating in the direction transverse to the fiber axis. Scattering of optical radiation on these waves leads to a timing jitter of the optical pulses arrival time. We consider this effect as nonlinear self-scattering of light on acoustic waves. Because of the fact that a value of acoustic lifetime can reach a value of about 100 ns self-scattering on acoustic waves can be observed for a single optical pulse as well as for an optical pulse sequence as a whole. The value of single soliton self-frequency shift due to excitation of acoustic waves as a function of soliton duration have been obtained. For soliton duration τsol 〉 14 ps an acoustic wave soliton self-frequency shift is larger than the Raman soliton self-frequency shift. The obtained theoretical results describe well the long-range interaction of soliton pulse trains in an optical fiber. The value of bit error rate due to electrostrictional interaction of optical pulses in high bit rate, ultra long soliton communication systems have been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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