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  • Articles  (355)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (355)
  • Springer  (355)
  • American Chemical Society
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 1990-1994  (355)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1993  (355)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (355)
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  • Articles  (355)
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  • 1990-1994  (355)
  • 1985-1989
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the control of an infinite capacity storage system (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 195-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Infinite dam ; resolvent operator ; Lévy process ; integrated Markov chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We consider an infinite-capacity storage system. The cumulative input to the system is assumed to be either (a) a non-decreasing Lévy process or (b) an integrated continuous-time Markov chain. Reward accumulates at a rate depending on the instantaneous release rate. The objective is to choose the release rule in such a way as to maximize the expected total discounted return. In this note we show how to determine the expected discounted return when the release rate is either constant or a linear function of the content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01585598
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic perturbation analysis of groundwater flow. Spatially variable soils, semi-infinite domains and large fluctuations (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 213-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic hydrology ; perturbation ; random fields ; graph theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As is well known, a complete stochastic solution of the stochastic differential equation governing saturated groundwater flow leads to an infinite hierarchy of equations in terms of higher-order moments. Perturbation techniques are commonly used to close this hierarchy, using power-series expansions. These methods are applied by truncating the series after a finite number of terms, and products of random gradients of conductivity and head potential are neglected. Uncertainty regarding the number or terms required to yield a sufficiently accurate result is a significant drawback with the application of power series-based perturbation methods for such problems. Low-order series truncation may be incapable of representing fundamental characteristics of flow and can lead to physically unreasonable and inaccurate solutions of the stochastic flow equation. To support this argument, one-dimensional, steady-state, saturated groundwater flow is examined, for the case of a spatially distributed hydraulic conductivity field. An ordinary power-series perturbation method is used to approximate the mean head, using second-order statistics to characterize the conductivity field. Then an interactive perturbation approach is introduced, which yields improved results compared to low-order, power-series perturbation methods for situations where strong interactions exist between terms in such approximations. The interactive perturbation concept is further developed using Feynman-type diagrams and graph theory, which reduce the original stochastic flow problem to a closed set of equations for the mean and the covariance functions. Both theoretical and practical advantages of diagrammatic solutions are discussed; these include the study of bounded domains and large fluctuations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01585600
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of unbiased plotting position formula for General Extreme Value distributions (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unbiased plotting position ; General Extreme Value distribution ; order statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Expressions for the expected values of GEV order statistics have been derived in simple summation form and in terms of probability weighted moments. Using exact plotting positions from GEV order statistics a new unbiased plotting position formula has been developed for the General Extreme Value distribution. The formula can, explicitly, take into account the coefficient of skewness, γ (or the shape parameter, k), of the underlying distribution. The developed formula better approximates the exact plotting positions as compared to other existing formulae and is quite easy to use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581563
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of stochastic space transformation and diagrammatic perturbation techniques in subsurface hydrology (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 14-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic hydrology ; random fields ; space transformation ; perturbation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops concepts and methods to study stochastic hydrologic models. Problems regarding the application of the existing stochastic approaches in the study of groundwater flow are acknowledged, and an attempt is made to develop efficient means for their solution. These problems include: the spatial multi-dimensionality of the differential equation models governing transport-type phenomena; physically unrealistic assumptions and approximations and the inadequacy of the ordinary perturbation techniques. Multi-dimensionality creates serious mathematical and technical difficulties in the stochastic analysis of groundwater flow, due to the need for large mesh sizes and the poorly conditioned matrices arising from numerical approximations. An alternative to the purely computational approach is to simplify the complex partial differential equations analytically. This can be achieved efficiently by means of a space transformation approach, which transforms the original multi-dimensional problem to a much simpler unidimensional space. The space transformation method is applied to stochastic partial differential equations whose coefficients are random functions of space and/or time. Such equations constitute an integral part of groundwater flow and solute transport. Ordinary perturbation methods for studying stochastic flow equations are in many cases physically inadequate and may lead to questionable approximations of the actual flow. To address these problems, a perturbation analysis based on Feynman-diagram expansions is proposed in this paper. This approach incorporates important information on spatial variability and fulfills essential physical requirements, both important advantages over ordinary hydrologic perturbation techniques. Moreover, the diagram-expansion approach reduces the original stochastic flow problem to a closed set of equations for the mean and the covariance function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581564
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two kinds of moment ratio diagrams and their applications in hydrology (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 41-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Moment ratio diagrams ; Log-Pearson Type III ; Generalized Gamma ; geometric mean ; harmonic mean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We refocus attention on moment ratio diagrams and their uses in hydrology with four major objectives: (1) to summarize the information available in the literature about possible uses of the traditional moment ratio diagram introduced by Karl Pearson, which uses the coefficient of skewness and of kurtosis to compare the shapes of various distributions commonly used in hydrology; (2) to complete this traditional MRD by integrating into it the regions occupied by the log-Pearson Type III and generalized gamma distributions which are more and more used in hydrology; (3) to present another MRD which uses ratios of moments of orders −1 (harmonic mean), quasi zero (geometric mean) and 1 (arithmetic mean); (4) to stress the need to consider the different MRD's (along with the more recently introduced L-moment ratio diagrams) as complementary tools for choosing between distributions fitted to hydrologic data. Finally, using Monte Carlo simulation we compare the two types of diagrams as tools to identify and discriminate between different distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581566
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameter identification in particle models (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 109-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Particle models ; transport equations ; parameter identification ; adjoint modelling ; cost function ; gradient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract For the simulation of the transport of dissolved matter particle models can be used. In this paper a technique is developed for the identification of uncertain parameters in these models. This model calibration is formulated as an optimization problem and is solved with a gradient based algorithm. Here adjoint particle tracks are used for the calculation of the gradient of the cost function. The performance of the calibration method is illustrated by simulations and an application to a river Rhine water quality calamity in November 1986.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581420
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of spatial random fields: Theory, accuracy of the numerical approximations and sampling effects (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 146-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: EOF analysis ; numerical approximations ; sampling effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of spatial random fields involves calculation of the eigenfunctions of the covariance kernel of the field. For real-world applications, a numerical approximation is necessary because the process is spatially discretized. An approximation for two-dimensional fields is proposed and then, analytical solutions of the integral problem are derived and used to study the accuracy of the numerical approximations. Sampling effects are also considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581422
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiscale adaptive estimation of the conductivity field from head and tracer data (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 66-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Parameter identification ; multiscale ; transport ; adaptive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Large scale fluctuations in the conductivity field are regionalized and estimated via a maximum likelihood, adjoint-state methodology. Small-scale fluctuations within each region are estimated adaptively via a Kalman-like stochastic filter. The variance and integral scale within each region are assumed to control the small-scale fluctuations. A Monte Carlo technique is used to examine the distribution of large-scale conductivity estimates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581567
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 83-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581568
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A scale-invariant approach to flood-frequency analysis (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Fractal ; flood-frequency ; scale-invariant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In order to study historical flood-frequency records we plot the log of the number of floods on a river per unit time in which the peak discharge exceeds a specified value against the log of that value. For ten benchmark stations we find good correlations with scale-invariant (fractal) statistics. We suggest that the underlying physical processes associated with the generation of floods are sufficiently scale invariant over time scales from one to one hundred years that they provide a rational basis for the application of scale-invariant statistics. Our results fall within the range of flood-frequency estimates made by other statistical techniques. We propose that the ratio of the ten-year peak discharge to the one-year peak discharge β is a quantitative measure of flood potential. With scale invariance β is also the ratio of the one-hundred year flood to the ten-year flood. We find that the values of β for ten stations on rivers throughout the country range from 2.04 to 8.11 and find strong regional variations that can be correlated in terms of climate. Our results are consistent with the observed fractal statistics in sedimentary sections. We have also carried out R/S analyses for the ten stations and have obtained values of the Hurst exponent. We find that the Hurst exponent cannot be used for flood-frequency forecasting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581565
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of safety of hydraulic structures affected by migrating pits (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 131-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Safety ; reliability analysis ; uncertainty analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Because it can be carried by flowing water, a sand/gravel pit on the river bed could migrate downstream. Consequently, the presence of pits on river beds could pose a safety threat to in-stream hydraulic structures such as bridge piers. A pit migration model can be used to predict progressive changes of pit geometry as it migrates downstream. However, due to the existence of many uncertainties, the maximum pit depth cannot be predicted with certainty. This paper adopted a simple pit migration model and evaluated the uncertainty associated with the calculated maximum pit depth. Such information is essential for evaluating the probability that a migrating pit could pose a safety threat to a downstream hydraulic structure. Three reliability analysis techniques were applied and their performances were compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581421
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating the effect of land development on sediment transport using a probability density function (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 102-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Sedimentation ; probability density function ; synthetic study ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract An important problem in sedimentation analysis is the development of a channel section that preserves, as best as possible, the current sedimentation regime even though the flood frequency tendencies have been altered due to land development within the catchment. In order to accomplish this task, a methodology is needed that estimates sediment transport capacity for various channel configurations. Such a procedure is described which allows the computation of the total sediment transport capacity for each of several T-year return frequency runoff hydrographs. This information is used to obtain an approximate probability distribution for the total sediment transport capacity, and the mean and standard deviation of this distribution are computed. Comparing the results for the catchment in its present state with a future developed state, using a selection of new channel parameters, indicates how to improve the channel to control changes in sedimentation due to development. The analysis procedure provides a basis for estimating a new channel configuration such that the new flow conditions retain, as best as possible, the existing condition sedimentation effects, and hence retain the natural sediment supply and transport trends even though runoff flow rates have changed due to land development within the catchment. The results of Wilson Creek are typical of the several sites examined, see Table 3 below. The T=2, T=5, T=25, and T=100 year values for total sediment transport capacity, in kilotons, are 6.9, 39.4, 61.3, and 96.7 with a mean of 17.1 and standard deviation of 19.3. After development with no change in the channel the respective values increase to: 17.9, 84.6, 128.1, and 258.0 with a mean of 39.1 and standard deviation of 44.3. A new channel can be constructed which will reduce these sediment transport capacity values, after development, to 5.2, 41.0, 62.0, and 124.8 with a mean of 17.4 and standard deviation of 22.0.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581419
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameter estimation for 3-parameter log-logistic distribution (LLD3) by Pome (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 163-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was employed to derive a new method of parameter estimation for the 3-parameter log-logistic distribution (LLD3). Monte Carlo simulated data were used to evaluate this method and compare it with the methods of moments (MOM), probability weighted moments (PWM), and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). Simulation results showed that POME's performance was superior in predicting quantiles of large recurrence intervals when population skew was greater than or equal to 2.0. In all other cases, POME's performance was comparable to other methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01585596
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the validity of empirical power laws (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 179-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrological processes ; power laws ; spurious self-correlation ; lake hydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Empirical power laws are frequently used to relate parameters in complex hydrological and hydrometeorological processes. The validity of power laws relating two parameters with a common variable may be compromised by spurious influences of the common variable. Theoretical results are presented that allow both the spurious self-correlation coefficient and the slope of a spurious self-correlation to be determineda priori. Raising a common variable to a higher power in either parameter amplifies the spurious effects. Power law regression equations are not single-valued analytical functions and must not be treated as such. Because of the strong influence of a common variable on the correlation coefficient, the transfer of a common variable from one side of a power-law regression equation to another (by cross-multiplying) may severely distort the results. Examples from lake hydrology are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01585597
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A master equation for reactive solute transport in porous media (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 255-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Groundwater hydrology ; solute transport ; master equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The mean value of a density of a “cloud of points” described by a generalized Liouville equation associated with a convection dispersion equation governing adsorbing solute transport yields a joint concentration probability density. The general technique can be applied for either linear or nonlinear adsorption; here the application is restricted to linear adsorption in one-dimensional transport. The equation generated for the joint concentration probability density is in the general form of a Fokker-Planck equation, but with a suitable coordinate transformation, it is possible to represent it as a diffusion equation with variable coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581614
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of Weibull- and exponential-based partial duration stochastic flood models (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 283-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A stochastic flood model with a Weibull distribution for flood exceedances is examined and compared to the traditional exponential-based model in terms of predictive and descriptive properties. The model is based upon the traditional representation of the flood mechanism as a Poisson counting process. It is expected that the more flexible Weibull distribution will be capable of modeling flood series which exhibit a wider range of variability than the exponential model. The Weibull-based model is shown to possess predictive properties which are superior to the exponential model when samples exhibit coefficients of variation less than 1.5 and sample sizes are on the order of 2 events per year. These characteristics are shown to exist in many observed flood series in the Gulf Coast of the United States.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581616
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpolation of runoff applying objective methods (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 269-281 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Runoff ; stochastic interpolation ; objective analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The paper treats the problem of interpolating annual runoff from regular streamflow measurements in a regional scale applying objective methods. These methods are adapted to point processes like temperature and precipitation. Modifications are needed to account for the fact that streamflow is an integrated process following the hierarchical structure of river systems. The most straightforward method is therefore to relate the interpolation to the existing river network. For theoretical reasons it is preferable to interpolate the lateral inflow rather than the flow in the river itself. Procedures for the interpolation with the different approaches are developed and discussed. Special attention is put on the question how the equation of continuity can be satisfied. The Laagen drainage basin in southern Norway is used as a test area. The data consist of annual observations of streamflow and digital map information on river networks and drainage basin boundaries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581615
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Configuration factor for radiation in a tunnel or partial cylinder (1993)
    Springer
    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The configuration factor for thermal radiation from a section of the ceiling of a tunnel or the inner surface of a partial cylinder to a point on the axis has been derived. Calculations indicate the possibility of high incident radiative heat fluxes from the ceiling to the center. Configuration factors have been calculated for a column furnace used for fire resistance testing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01152111
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  • 19
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    Book Review (1993)
    Springer
    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 289-290 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01152112
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  • 20
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    Fire safety re-engineering (1993)
    Springer
    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 297-297 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052525
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  • 21
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    News and meetings (1993)
    Springer
    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 291-296 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01152113
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  • 22
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    Exploratory backdraft experiments (1993)
    Springer
    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 298-316 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Fires ; backdraft ; flashover ; fire initiation ; explosions ; hazards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This study is a qualitative exploration of backdraft phenomena. Backdraft is defined as a rapid deflagration following the introduction of oxygen into a compartment filled with accumulated excess pyrolyzates. A scenario describing the physical and chemical fundamentals underlying backdraft phenomena is presented. A half-scale apparatus, designed to avoid dangerous overpressures, was used to obtain data from backdraft experiments. A gas burner supplied a 150 kW natural gas fire in a 1.2 m high, 1.2 m wide, 2.4 m long compartment with a small, 25 mm high, 0.3 m wide vent to ambient at floor level. Significant unburnt fuel accumulates in 180 seconds, when a hatch covering a 0.4 m high, 1.2 m wide vent, centered on a short wall, is opened, simulating a window breaking due to thermal stresses. The propagation across the compartment of the cold density-driven flow, which enters through the new opening, is called a “gravity current.” This gravity current carries a flammable mixed layer to a spark located near the burner on the opposite wall. The rapid deflagration that results upon ignition of the mixed layer is the backdraft. A compartment fire model is used to calculate conditions in the compartment before the vent opens. The hypothesized scenario appears to be confirmed by the deflagrations and exterior fire balls observed in these preliminary experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052526
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Response characteristics of glass bulb sprinkler heads mounted in a paint spray booth (1993)
    Springer
    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 317-331 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Paint spray booth ; paint layer ; glass bulb sprinkler ; plunge test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The response of sprinklers mounted in a paint spray booth is usually influenced by paint covering the heat-sensitive element. To avoid this problem, sprinklers are often covered to prevent the paint from accumulating on the heat-sensitive element. The influence of various numbers of paint layers and different types of covers on the response time of two different types of glass bulb sprinkler heads has been investigated. Both wind-tunnel tests and large-scale fire tests were performed in the test series. It was found that covers delayed the activation of the sprinklers considerably, though a faster response was obtained with a quick response sprinkler than with a standard response sprinkler. It was found that the accumulated paint on the heat-sensitive element also affected the response time, but not nearly as much as the covers. It was also found that a paint layer covering both the glass bulb and the frame acted as a glue; the consequence was that the spray pattern of the sprinkler was considerably affected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052527
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  • 24
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    Cleaning and reliability of smoke-contaminated electronics (1993)
    Springer
    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 226-245 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Smoke-contaminated electronics ; surface-mounted ; recondition ; hydrogen chloride ; cleaning ; reliability ; conformal coating ; decontamination ; migration ; cleanliness ; PVC ; ultrasonic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This work deals with problems that arise when modern surface-mounted electronics are to be reconditioned after smoke contamination. In a fire, hydrogen chloride, which is formed when polyvinylchloride is present, is deposited on various materials. Electronic equipment is especially sensitive since malfunction may occur after a longer or shorter time of operation due to the chloride contamination. Earlier work has shown that through-hole electronics can be reconditioned, with good results, after deposition of up to 100 µg chloride/cm2 in the surrounding area. The lower limit when cleaning is needed is often specified to 10 µg chloride/cm2. In this work, therefore, surface-mounted electronics have been exposed to smoke containing hydrogen chloride, which has contaminated the test boards with 45 to 75 µg chloride/cm2. Three different methods for cleaning smoke-contaminated electronics were investigated: manual, automatic spray, and ultrasonic. Each method was able to clean to a contamination level lower than 1.5 µg sodium chloride equivalents/cm2. The automatic spray method could not remove all contaminants beneath the components. All three methods were capable of improving the surface insulation resistance to a satisfactory level. Conformal coating can, to a large extent, protect the electronics against corrosive smoke. However, decontamination of boards conformally coated with acrylic coatings may be complicated since smoke products are partly absorbed into the conformal coating. The large difference between chloride contamination in a fire and during the manufacture of electronic equipment is the nature of deposition. Experiments have shown that the hydrogen chloride reacts with lead in the solder to form lead chloride. During manufacture, chloride salts are deposited all over the test board. Migration between conductors of different potential has not occurred. This is due to the fact that chloride is localized on the conductors as lead chloride. Galvanic corrosion, on the other hand, has occurred between metals within one conductor.
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    Fan pressurization uses for fire protection (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 374-386 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Today's fire protection community is witnessing the coming-of-age of fan pressurization technology, which is currently providing much-needed support in the struggle to approve and maintain applications involving fire protection halons. Yet the advantages of this technology go far beyond halon applications. Fan pressurization techniques provide an effective tool for handling some of the most fundamental fire protection concepts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052530
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    Testing wall assemblies on an intermediate-scale calorimeter (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 332-349 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Rate of heat release ; wall assemblies ; testing ; intermediate-scale calorimeter ; radiant panel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A new intermediate-scale calorimeter for measuring the rate of heat release based on oxygen-consumption methodology has been developed at Weyerhaeuser Fire Technology Laboratory. A 1 m2 sample, vertically oriented, can be exposed to a uniform radiant flux of up to 50 kW/m2 provided by the gas-fired radiant panel. The test method was primarily developed to test wall assemblies, since features such as the joints of assembly panels, sheets of noncombustible protective materials, cracking, material collapse, and melting and spilling of thermoplastic materials cannot be represented in a bench-scale sample. Large-scale tests are expensive and time-consuming. A series of tests was run to determine whether features known to exist in real structures during a fire could be adequately represented and reproduced in this test method. The results show that the behavior characteristics during tests are consistent with heat release data.
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    News and meetings (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 387-388 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052531
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    A Swedish investigation of arson (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 350-373 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract After correction, a Swedish investigation of selected crimes of arson reported to the police in 1988 revealed 6,327 incidences of arson, or 0.075% arson fires per capita, for that year. Based on estimates of the “dark factor,” which is the ratio between the actual number of crimes and those reported, and on the rising trends, the figure over the next few years is not likely to exceed 0.12%. Using material provided by insurance companies, a total loss volume of Swedish crowns (SEK) 1.1 ± 0.1 × 1000 m, or about U.S. $160 + 16 m, was calculated after correction; this corresponds to 0.09% of the Gross National Product. The loss that resulted from the different types of arson was distributed by size according to the lognormal distribution function. Vandalism accounted for 55% of the incidents and 23% of the cost, while arson committed in connection with another crime accounted for 6% of the incidents and 15% of the cost. Revenge, spite, and conflicts accounted for 5% of the incidents and 10% of the cost. Mental illness accounted for 4% of the incidents and 6% of the cost. And arson for which the motive was unknown accounted for 23% of the incidents and 36% of the cost. Most of the arson fires were set in containers, refuse storage rooms, basements, attics, and so on. Fewer arson fires occurred in commercial properties, but these accounted for a greater proportion of the loss. This was also true for enterprises, dwellings, and schools. Fifty percent of the arson was committed by children and people under age 18, a figure that appears likely to increase. For minor property damage, the figure was 60%, and the rising trend there was more pronounced. A breakdown of arson over the period 1979–1988 by police districts with different population densities showed that the frequency of arson increases as population density increases, particularly for minor property damage. A breakdown of the material for Stockholm by districts clearly showed a higher frequency of arson in problem areas and a lower frequency of arson in high-status areas.
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    Communicating technical information (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215354
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    "THE" Sprinkler Program (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 60-68 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215358
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    A study of the effect of partial loss of protection on the fire resistance of steel columns (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 3-21 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Missing fire protection material on steel structural members is generally recognized as a problem, though little information is available to quantify the effect. A finite element heat transfer analysis is used to compare the thermal response of steel columns with lost protection material when exposed to the ASTM E-119 furnace environment. Based on the predicted thermal response and using thermal endpoint criteria specified in ASTM E-119, estimates are made of the fire resistance of each column with varying amounts of missing protection. Relatively small proportional losses of fire protection material are required before significant reductions in fire resistance are realized. The degradation in fire resistance is most significant for light-weight columns and for cases where the fire protection material is missing from the flange rather than web.
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    Scale effect of cup burner on flame-extinguishing concentrations (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 22-33 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: halons ; fire extinguishment ; cup bumer ; flammable liquid ; diffusion flame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to reduce the amount of chemical used in fire suppression testing of halon alternative agents, smaller cup burner systems than that of ISO were constructed, and the flame-extinguishing concentrations of Halon 1301 for three liquid fuels were measured. Reducing the cup diameter or the chimney diameter of the cup burner changed significantly not only the flame-extinguishing concentrations but also the flame behavior near extinction. Nevertheless, the reduced size cup burners with which the flame-extinguishing concentration was equal to that of the ISO cup burner were found. One cup burner can reduce the amount of extinguishing agent used in testing by 90%.
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    Factors affecting the early detection of fire in electronic equipment and cable installations (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 34-59 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The early detection of any fire condition is dependent upon several seemingly unrelated, yet interconnected, factors. When selecting an appropriate detection device, the fuel type and its arrangement, compartment configuration, environmental conditions, and maximum allowable fire size at the time of detection are four key items which must be considered. Often, these items are not adequately addressed. As a result, generalizations can be made which may lead to improper device selection or installation. It is important that fire size and growth rate, smoke characteristics, ambient temperature, ventilation system induced air flows, and detector response characteristics be considered, as each affects the ability to detect a fire within the time frame desired. This paper briefly discusses these factors as they pertain to early detection of fire in electrical equipment and cable installations and offers guidelines for appropriate detection device selection.
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    New directions for the NFL (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 76-79 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215360
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    Concerned comments on Meade's "first pass at computing the cost of fire safety in a modern society" (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 69-75 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    Fire research with flammable and combustible liquids in bulk merchandising retail facilities (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 80-81 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Environmental issues driving force in protection strategies (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 82-83 
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    Errata (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 83-83 
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    Appreciation to referees (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 84-86 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215364
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    News and meetings (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 87-95 
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    Protecting our heritage from fire (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 97-98 
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    ⋯The winners of the 1993 Harry C. Bigglestone Award (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 99-99 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Visibility of exit signs in clear and smoky conditions (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 154-182 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038537
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    Responses to November 1992 editorial (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 194-194 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038539
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    Development of a fire-resistant cardboard compressible block for use in stopping construction in underground mines (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 131-153 
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    Keywords: Fire-Resistance ; Walls ; Cardboard ; Blocks ; Mining ; Stoppings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract An engineering study was undertaken to develop a cost-effective compressible block for use in stopping construction in areas of underground coal mines exposed to convergent ground and roof conditions. A cardboard block consisting of 1.25-cm hexagonal cells with a nominal 0.4-mm face coating of intumescent paint was judged to be a viable solution to this problem and met the important performance characteristics of high fire resistance at low pressure differentials, low flame spread, resistance to air leakage, and relatively low compressive strength. These units may not perform well in areas of high humidity (above 90%). A special block, treated with 18% by weight of phenolic resin, displayed excellent resistance to moisture and adequate fire-resistance characteristics. It may be considered an attractive alternative to untreated blocks for use in mines experiencing high humidity (above 90%).
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    Extinction of lithium fires: Thermodynamic computations and experimental data from literature (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 100-130 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: air ; combustion ; combustion extinction ; fire extinction ; fire extinguishment ; fires ; ignition ; lithium ; lithium fire extinguishment ; lithium fires
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract As described in the literature, various substances have been tried as extinguishants for metallic lithium fires. For many of these substances, the equilibrium temperature was computed from the reaction of the substance with hot (1040°C) lithium. For some of these substances, the computed equilibrium temperature was sufficiently low that the substances could be considered good extinguishants, and this was generally borne out by literature data. Some of the more promising substances for use as lithium fire extinguishants are silicon carbide (SiC), magnesium oxide (MgO), liquid argon, and boron nitride. Compounds found both by computation and in the literature to enhance combustion include carbon dioxide, TeflonTM, Halon 1211, and carbon tetrachloride.
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    News and meetings (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 196-200 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038541
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    The developer responds to "THE" SPINKLER PROGRAM software review (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 194-195 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01038540
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    Risk factors for fatal residential fires (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 183-193 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Residential fires are the most important cause of fire-related mortality in the United States. Previous research has concentrated on fatal fires in urban areas; considerably less is known about fatal fires in rural areas. We studied fatal and nonfatal residential fires in predominantly rural areas. Using a casecontrol design, we compared all 151 fatal fires (cases) in single-family dwellings in North Carolina during a 13-month period with a sample of nonfatal fires (controls). Case fires were identified through the medical-examiner system, and control fires that occurred within a few weeks of the case fires were chosen from the records of randomly selected fire departments statewide. For each fire, fire officials were interviewed about the dwelling, the fire, the people involved, and the fire-response system. Although heating incidents were the leading cause of fires, fatal fires were more likely to have been caused by smoking (31% of fatal fires vs. 6% of nonfatal fires). Mobile homes posed a higher risk of death if a fire occurred (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.6), as did the absence of a smoke detector (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.1 to 5.6). Smoke detectors were more protective against death in fires involving young children and when no one present was impaired by alcohol or drugs or had a physical or mental disability. The presence of an alcohol-impaired person was the strongest independent risk factor for death in the case of a fire (odds ratio, 7.5; 95% confidence interval, 4.4 to 12.7). In conclusion, residential fires are most likely to be caused by heating equipment or smoking materials. The risk of death is greatest in fires in mobile homes, in those involving alcoholimpaired persons, and in those in houses without smoke detectors.
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    Greek fire (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 201-202 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01152106
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    Computer program for an uninhibited smoke plume and associated computer software (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 246-267 
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    Keywords: fire ; plume ; hot layer ; smoke control ; computer software
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A Program Plume has been created to compute the air entrainment for a given fire size and a specified hot layer height. The solution is based on integration of conservation law equations. The empirical assumptions are related to the flame height and to the coefficient of entrainment and are based on the experimental data of California's Institute of Technology. Calculations are compared with the experimental results obtained in the field tests. The program seems to describe the experimental data better than other known methods. A software package called “Firecalc” includes seven modules, based on the plume model, which describe hot layer properties in confined compartments relevant to practical situations. The computational results of these modules are also in good agreement with available results of field and laboratory tests.
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    Limited-water-supply sprinklers for manufactured (mobile) homes (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 203-225 
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    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: limited-water-supply ; manufactured (mobile) homes ; NFPA 13D ; residential sprinklers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A prototype limited-water-supply (LWS) sprinkler has been developed for manufactured (mobile) homes in a research program sponsored by the United States Fire Administration. The LWS sprinkler is designed to be installed at a 2.44 m (8-foot) spacing and to have a total water supply of 380ℓ (100 gallons). The installation spacing was determined in a series of freeburn fire tests that indicated that the heat release rate at sprinkler actuation could be halved by reducing the sprinkler spacing from 3.66 m to 2.44 m (12 feet to 8 feet). A series of eight fullscale fire tests, including a corner living room scenario similar to that used in the Los Angeles Residential Test Program, was conducted to evaluate the performance of the prototype sprinkler. In five of the tests, room tenability was maintained during the 10-minute period following the actuation of a single sprinkler at a flow rate of 38 ℓpm (10 gpm). In three tests, tenability was maintained with multiple sprinkler actuation (2 or 3 sprinklers) and a total system flow rate of 49 ℓpm (13 gpm). The spray of the sprinkler was characterized in terms of its water flux distribution and drop size distribution. The thermal sensitivity requirements of the sprinkler are to be based upon RTI, C, and temperature rating, which would ensure that sprinkler actuation would occur at fire sizes comparable to those encountered using the prototype LWS sprinkler in this study.
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    Teaching children fire safety skills (1993)
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    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 268-280 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This investigation examined the effectiveness of three training procedures (elaborative rehearsal, rehearsal-plus, and behavioral rehearsal) in producing children's acquisition and maintenance of fire safety skills, as well as knowledge of fire safety skills. In addition, reduction of fire-related fears was targeted. Fifty-two randomly assigned second- and third-grade children served as subjects. The children were assessed before, immediately following, and three months after their training. The three training groups demonstrated significantly greater behavioral performance gains than an untrained control group at post-test. However, treatment gains did not persist at follow-up. Regarding knowledge, the elaborative rehearsal group reported significantly more knowledge of skills than rehearsal-plus, behavioral rehearsal, and untrained control groups at post-test. At follow-up, elaborative rehearsal and rehearsal-plus groups reported significantly more knowledge of skills than behavioral rehearsal and untrained control groups. Finally, no differences were found among groups concerning fear at post-test and follow-up.
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    Planning with vision: The development of traffic strategies for Melbourne (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 59-75 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: consultation ; strategy development ; transport policy ; vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes an approach to the development of metropolitan transport strategies based on community needs and values. A search conference and other consultation methods were used to raise community awareness of transport issues and to give the transport planners an understanding of community concerns and values. The collective values were used to develop a vision statement of where Melbourne could be in the future. Transport strategies were then developed which helped achieve the vision. By this approach transport strategies can be integrated with the delivery of other services so that they are complementary and achieve consistent ends. The process encouraged community debate and helped strategy development to focus on what was to be achieved, rather than on particular techniques or interest group agendas. Integrated strategies which have wide interest group and community support can be developed by the process.
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    Car ownership and public transport use: Revisiting the interaction (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 21-33 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: buses ; car ownership ; demand elasticity ; panel surveys ; transit ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract At the beginning of the 1980s, it seemed that a consensus was emerging among researchers that public transport service levels, fares or quality had a small but possibly important effect on car ownership, and that this should be taken into account for those purposes where car ownership forecasts are used for developing policy on public transport or roads. Somehow, the findings faded away, and had little effect on policy thinking or on analytical techniques. The results of six surveys carried out in South Yorkshire over the period 1972 to 1991, during which there were extreme changes in public transport policy, tend to support a prima facie case for reopening the question. At the household level, car ownership rates are shown to be more volatile than is often assumed, especially in multiple car households. This volatility provides a context within which the quality of public transport provision appears to influence both the level of car ownership and the relationship between changes in the level of car ownership and changes in public transport use.
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    Socially and environmentally appropriate urban futures for the motor car (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 1-19 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: automobile ; pricing ; sustainable future ; environment ; public transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In its relatively short life, the automobile has provided a level of mobility unlikely to have been feasible with a reliance on conventional forms of land based public transport. It has contributed in both a positive and negative way to the quality of life, transforming our cities, our way of life, and giving us a greater command over time and space. Concern over the undesirable social and environmental impacts has increased over time, with calls for governments to take action to reduce the automobile's dominant role. New investment in fixed-track public transport and bus priority systems together with strategies to discourage travel have been proposed to improve accessibility and to aid in cleaning up the physical environment. This paper reviews some of the issues facing society as it works to identify policies to achieve an economically and environmentally sustainabie future. There is a need for a broader set of policies to facilitate alternative land use-transport lifestyles while facing appropriate pricing signals. Some of the key issues are adjustments in the relative prices of location and transport, spatial incentives to make public transport economically viable (i.e. changing urban densities, zoning/incentive changes to allow more infill), road pricing (i.e. charging cars the economic cost of using the roads), new information technology systems (e.g. IVHS) to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of transport infrastructure, major improvements in the fuel efficiency of fossil fuelled vehicles, and alternative-fuelled vehicles (“clean-air vehicles”).
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    How big should transit be? Evidence on the benefits of reorganization from the San Francisco Bay Area (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 35-57 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: costs ; organization ; scale ; scope ; transit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies whether the many public urban transit providers in the San Francisco Bay Area could realize cost economies by consolidating into larger systems. In this discussion, any benefits of rationalization are excluded, since these could be achieved without organizational changes. The results support the formation of larger multi-modal systems in the Bay Area. But care must be taken in selecting the candidates for reorganization, and a broad-brush approach could result in important lost opportunities for cost reduction. But if these economies are taken into account, and transit grows in the right directions, the benefits could be substantial.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01099975
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    Guest editorial (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 79-82 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307053
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    Stated preferences for investigating commuters' diversion propensity (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 107-127 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: route choice ; stated preferences ; travel behavior ; traveler information systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A reasonable response to increasing traffic congestion may come from the rapidly developing traveler information systems. Such systems may be successful if they effectively influence drivers' enroute decisions; in this regard, a critical factor may be commuters' willingness to divert from their regular route in response to information about traffic congestion. This study evaluates the effects of real-time traffic information along with driver attributes, roadway characteristics and situational factors on drivers' willingness to divert. The empirical portion of this study is based on a survey of downtown Chicago automobile commuters. The stated preference approach was used to study commuters' diversion propensity. Drivers expressed a higher willingness to divert if expected delays on their usual route increased, if the congestion was incident-induced as opposed to recurring, if delay information was received from radio traffic reports compared with observing congestion, and if trip direction was home-to-work rather than work-to-home. Respondents were less willing to divert if their alternate route was unfamiliar, unsafe or had several traffic stops. Socioeconomic characteristics were also significant in predicting willingness to divert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307055
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    Models for route choice behavior in the presence of information using concepts from fuzzy set theory and approximate reasoning (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 129-155 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: approximate reasoning ; fuzzy control ; fuzzy sets ; route choice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The need for realistic route choice models has become essential in light of the on going research in the IVHS (Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems) area, where drivers are required to incorporate verbal, visual and prescriptive information into their own perceptions while making route choices. We present a modeling framework for route choice in the presence of information based on concepts from fuzzy set theory, approximate reasoning and fuzzy control. We use fuzzy sets to model perceptions of network attributes, and traffic information provided by an information system. Rules of the form: “if ... then ...” are used to model the decision process, and to describe attitudes towards taking a specific route given (possibly vague) perceptions on network attributes. The rules are used as anchoring schemes for decisions, while the adjustment of the rules to changing conditions is done by an approximate reasoning mechanism. The suggested approach provides a route choice model in which the final choice is a combination of various considerations each of which captures a certain aspect of the final decision in a non-linear fashion. We demonstrate the methodology through a small example and discuss calibration issues and implementation difficulties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307056
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    A conflict model and interactive simulator (FASTCARS) for predicting enroute driver behavior in response to real-time traffic condition information (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 83-106 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) ; conflict theory ; driver behavior ; interactive simulation ; real time traffic information
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a theoretical methodology and practical data collection approach for modeling enroute driver behavioral choice under Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). The theoretical framework is based on conflict assessment and resolution theories popularized in psychology and applied to models of individual consumer behavior. It is posed that enroute assessment and adjustment is a reactionary process influenced by increased conflict arousal and motivation to change. When conflict rises to a level at which conflict exceeds a personal threshold of tolerance, drivers are likely to alter enroute behavior to alleviate conflict through either route diversion of goal revision. Assessment and response to conflict arousal directly relate to the driver's abilities to perceive and predict network conditions in conjunction with familiarity of network configurations and accessible alternate routes. Data collection is accomplished through FASTCARS (Freeway andArterialStreetTrafficConflictArousal andResolutionSimulator), in interactive microcomputer-based driving simulator. Limited real-world implementation of ATIS has made it difficult to study or predict individual driver reaction to these technologies. It is contended here that in-laboratory experimentation with interactive route choice simulators can substitute for the lack of real-world applications and provide an alternate approach to data collection and driver behavior analysis. This paper will explain how FASTCARS is useful for collecting data and testing theories of driver behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307054
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    An investigation of the reliability of real-time information for route choice decisions in a congested traffic system (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 157-178 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: ATIS ; dynamic assignment ; IVHS ; reliability ; route guidance ; traffic simulation ; travel behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the reliability of information on prevailing trip times on the links of a network as a basis for route choice decisions by individual drivers. It considers a type of information strategy in which no attempt is made by some central controller or coordinating entity to predict what the travel times on each link would be by the time it is reached by a driver that is presently at a given location. A specially modified model combining traffic simulation and path assignment capabilities is used to analyze the reliability of the real-time information supplied to the drivers. This is accomplished by comparing the supplied travel times (at the link and path levels) to the actual trip times experienced in the network after the information has been given. In addition, the quality of the decisions made by drivers on the basis of this information (under alternative path switching rules) is evaluated ex-post by comparing the actually experienced travel time (given the decision made) to the time that the driver would have experienced without the real-time information. Results of a series of simulation experiments under recurrent congestion conditions are discussed, illustrating the interactions between information reliability and user response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307057
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    Editorial (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 227-228 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098927
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    Contributors to this issue (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 225-227 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307060
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    The acquisition of pre-trip information: A stated preference approach (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 179-198 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: information acquisition ; pre-trip information ; stated preference ; travel information systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a study into the effects of pre-trip information on travel behaviour, carried out as part of the DRIVE project EURONETT. The aim of the study was to investigate travellers' requirements for different types of travel information and methods of enquiry and to relate the process of information acquisition to changes in travel behaviour. The study was carried out using a stated preference approach, built on the use of a microcomputer based simulation of an in-home pre-trip information system offering information on travel times from home to City Centre, by bus and car, at different times of the day. A novel feature of the stated preference exercise was that respondents effectively generated their own choice set of alternatives through the process of information acquisition. Surveys were undertaken in parallel in Birmingham and Athens, thus allowing a comparison to be made between behaviour in typical Southern and Northern European settings. The first part of the paper discusses some of the fundamental behavioural and modelling issues raised by the introduction of advanced traveller information systems. It then describes the study methodology and the stated preference experiment. Results are presented from an analysis of the information acquisition process itself and from choice models relating the acquired information to effects on different dimensions of travel behaviour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307058
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    Exploration of route choice behavior with advanced traveler information using neural network concepts (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 199-223 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: back propagation ; experience factor ; neural network ; replications ; route choice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A model of driver's route choice behavior under advanced traveler information system (ATIS) is developed based on data collected from learning experiments using interactive computer simulation. The experiment subjected drivers to 32 simulated days in which they were to choose between the freeway or a side road. A neural network model is used as a convenient modeling technique in this initial phase of the analysis. The results indicated that most subjects made route choices based mainly on their recent experiences. It was also demonstrated that route choice behaviors are related to the personal characteristics as well as the characteristics of the respective routes. Travel experiences have less effect on the choice of the side road compared to the freeway and the results indicate that the prediction accuracy of the model, the acceptance rate of advice, and the quality of advice are closely correlated. The model developed here was for advice consistently provided at a level of 75 percent accuracy. The paper concludes with a discussion of experimental limitations and suggestions for future research.
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    Financing urban transport projects in Europe (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 251-265 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: finance ; infrastructure ; investment ; subsidies ; transport policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Transport demand in western Europe has risen steadily in recent years and the forecasts are that the unrestrained demand will continue to rise in the foreseeable future. This growth has put considerable pressure on the resources available to finance infrastructure investments and to fund what are seen as socially important social services. The recent developments in eastern Europe and the anticipated growth of the post-Communist states will put further strains on the fiscal ability of authorities in these countries to fund transport investments and operations. The outcome has been revisions in the way transport projects are funded. This paper, taking a very broad view of what constitutes a transport project, examines the specific nature of urban transport financing in Europe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098929
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    Financing urban rail projects: The case of Los Angeles (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 229-250 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: benefit assessment ; financing ; public involvement ; rapid transit ; value capture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the potential use of the financing strategy of value capture or benefit assessment for an urban mass transportation project. The paper describes the legal background to the use of benefit assessment, and the process of implementation for the first construction phase of the Los Angeles Metro Rail project. The process of developing the benefit assessment structure was a consultative one, utilizing technical inputs from a team of specialist consultants, a task force consisting of major developers and property owners in the affected area, and politicians representing many of the interests in the region. The initial benefit assessment districts were set up to raise $130 million of the cost of the first 4.4 miles of the rail project, and are based on the benefits accruing to certain categories of property in the vicinity of stations. The assessment would be collected for about 18 years and bonding would be used to provide the capital at the time of construction. The paper describes the procedure for setting boundaries, the structuring of the assessment rates, the definition of benefiting properties, and the uses and tenure of the assessment. In almost all cases, the theory of value capture indicated a different result than was achieved from a consensus of the task force, and the nature of these differences is explored in the paper. The establishment of the benefit assessment districts withstood early court challenges, but has subsequently been appealed and was overturned on appeal. Action is pending with the Supreme Court currently, and efforts are also underway to pass new legislation to deal with some of the issues raised in the court proceedings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098928
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    Benefit incidence of urban ring road — Theory and case study of the Gifu ring road (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 285-303 
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    Keywords: benefit incidence ; land price ; urban ring road
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This study aims at measuring the benefit incidence of each socio-economic sector in each zone by using a benefit measurement model and a simple socio-economic model, especially discussing the absentee landowners' share of the total benefit from the viewpoint of the degree of the city's openness or stickliness. The case study is on the ring road construction being undertaken in Gifu City, Japan.
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    Land rents and transport improvements: Some urban parables (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 267-283 
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    Keywords: benefit/cost ; land rents ; transport improvement benefits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Define a transportation improvement's “impact zone” as the area within which resident households and business firms regularly utilize the improvement. Three simple parables suggest that the increases in impact-zone land rents that usually accompany improvements do not accurately reflect its benefits. Seemingly modest variations in the demand and supply relationships that characterize impact-zone residents can have major effects on the relationship between benefits received and the land-rent changes that are measured. Generally speaking, increases in impact-zone land rents substantially understate benefits unless these benefits are small either absolutely (because the improvement is modest) or relatively (because the impact zone is part of a homogeneous area of much larger size).
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    Contributors to this issue (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 325-326 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01098933
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    Preface (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 327-328 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01100462
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    The impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 305-323 
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    Keywords: impact of road development ; sphere of urban influence ; individual behavior model ; expressway network
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This study aims to measure the impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities. First, the sphere of urban influence is defined by application of an individual behavior model. The model explains the number of trips to representative cities in regions from the residential place of each individual using the following factors; the attractiveness of cities, the travel time to cities and the individual's free time. Development of major roads shortens the travel time, and this causes the change in the sphere of urban influence. The model we propose has the structure to explain this phenomenon. Second, this method is applied to all of Japan where expressways are now being rapidly constructed and, how they change spheres of urban influence is explained. In the application, as a measure of attractiveness of cities, population, commercial and industrial activity, etc. are considered. From these points of view, the impacts of construction of expressways in Japan are estimated.
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    Learning from Los Angeles: transport, urban form, and air quality (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 329-354 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: policy ; urban form ; Los Angeles ; transport economics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Los Angeles is well known around the world as an automobile-oriented low density community, yet recent transportation policies have emphasized greater capital investment in rail transportation than in highways, and recent policies have attempted to discourage automobile usage through transportation demand management. While these policies have accomplished small shifts toward public transport and somewhat lower dependence upon singly occupied automobilies for work commuting, the financial costs of these policy changes has been very large in relation to their benefits. Proper pricing of transportation alternatives, more creative use of new and emerging transportation technologies, and the provision of many more opportunities for simpler private sector transport services, would all appear to be more promising as cost-effective approaches to coping with congestion in Los Angeles than the current regional transportation policies.
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    New methods of controlling vehicle ownership and usage in Singapore (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 355-371 
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    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: car ownership ; congestion management ; transportation policy ; traffic restraint ; vehicle quota system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Over the years Singapore has introduced several fiscal measures aimed at restraining car ownership and usage and thus preventing traffic congestion. Two new methods have recently been added: the “Vehicle Quota System” which limits the number of new vehicles registered each month and the “Weekend Car Scheme” which allows cars to be registered for use during off-peak hours only, with substantial financial savings to the owners. The Vehicle Quota System involves monthly public tenders for “Certificates of Entitlement” needed to register new cars. Over the past 30 months the cost of COE's has been increasing and now constitutes between 12% and 27% of the on-the-road price of a new car. The fluctuations in the COE premiums for different vehicle categories are presented and analysed. The initial problems and the recent modifications made as a result of public pressure are also described. It seems that the increases in COE premiums are likely to continue under strong economic growth conditions as the demand for cars is more income-elastic than price-elastic.
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    Adaptive choice behaviour of motorists in congested shopping centre parking lots (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 395-408 
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    Keywords: adaptive behaviour ; parking choice ; stated choice model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Currently existing models of parking choice behaviour typically focus on the choice of types of parking spaces. Implicitly these models assume that motorists have a free choice in that spaces are available. The adaptive behaviour which they reveal when faced with congested parking spaces is not explicitly modelled. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the growing literature on parking choice modelling by developing and testing a stated choice model of adaptive behaviour of motorists who are faced with fully occupied parking lots. The findings of the analyses indicate that the model performs satisfactory as indicated by its goodness-of-fit and the fact that all significant parameters were in anticipated directions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01100466
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    Effect of parking information on travelers' knowledge and behavior (1993)
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    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 373-393 
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    Keywords: parking behavior ; real-time information ; United Kingdom ; traveler information systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In many urban centers the demand for parking increases sharply before Christmas mainly due to shopping activity — causing parking congestion. One way to ameliorate such congestion is by disseminating parking information. Informed drivers may divert to relatively under-utilized parking facilities relieving the pressure on congested facilities. The City of Nottingham in England tested a real-time parking information system designed to alleviate congestion in the City Center parking facilities. Real-time information was disseminated through the radio, while historical information regarding parking locations was disseminated through newspaper advertisements and leaflets. The objective of this study is to assess impacts of the parking information system on travelers' knowledge and decisions. Survey research was used to understand traveler response. Respondents' levels of knowledge regarding car parks were analyzed by developing Poisson regression models. Drivers were more likely to have greater knowledge of city center car parks if they used several information sources (radio broadcasts, newspaper advertisements or leaflets and word-of-mouth), were active seekers of parking information, and searched for parking rather than going directly to a parking facility. In addition, the study of behavior showed that drivers were more inclined to use the relatively under-utilized Park-and-Ride facilities instead of the city center car parks if they received parking information from Newspaper advertisements/leaflets. Overall, the parking information service in Nottingham was effective; it seems reasonable to establish such information dissemination and monitoring systems at parking facilities in other urban areas. Furthermore, to support informed travel and activity participation decisions, parking information should be integrated with traffic and transit information.
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    Book reviews (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01019871
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    Application of seepage flow models to a drainage project in fractured rock (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 113-135 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Various theoretical approaches are used to model groundwater flow in fractured rock. This paper presents the application of several approaches to the restoration of the drainage of Rofla tunnel, Grisons, Switzerland. In this tunnel it became necessary to take measures against the washing out of calcium carbonates from the tunnel lining cement, because the calcium carbonate clogged up the existing drainage tubes leading to increased rock water pressures on the inside arch of the tunnel. Drainage boreholes were drilled on a section of the tunnel and their influence on the water pressures was monitored. On the basis of the geological survey different seepage flow models were established to reproduce the measured water pressures. The models were then used to predict the future water pressures acting on the tunnel lining after restoration. Thus, the efficacy of the different drainage proposals could be predicted and therefore optimised. Finally, the accuracy of the predictions is discussed and illustrated using the measurements in the test section.
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    Book review (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 191-192 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023623
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    Mechanisms of shear failure in artificial fractures of sandstone and their implication for models of hydromechanical coupling (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 195-214 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Direct shear tests, in which the behaviour of the rock surfaces during shear could be continuously observed, were used to study the shear failure of a profiled and clean discontinuity artificially prepared from natural sandstone. Displacement transducers were used to measure the normal and shear displacements. A series of strain gauges glued on the sides of the upper block provided information on the change of the stress field occurring close to the discontinuities whilst shear displacement increased, and these changes were then compared with the behaviour of the profiled surface. The results of the laboratory tests, the sequence of photographs taken for most of them, and the results conducted with a sample of similar shape made from the same rock material and tested in a rotary shear machine, allowed several stages and mechanisms of failure to be defined: static friction and mobilization of initial shear stiffness; mobilization of sliding; mobilization of brittle fracture; post-peak failure of the teeth; descent of the teeth; gliding and ploughing; commencement of second cycle of shearing. In many respects these stages are similar to those occurring between sliding surfaces of metal and suggest that the analyses developed in tribology may be relevant to the development of constitutive models for predicting the hydromechanical coupled behaviour of a discontinuity with shear displacement. Such models will have to consider these different stages of shear, because the original discontinuity changes its geometry with displacement and is filled with gouge which changes its grain size with displacement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040115
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    Announcements (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 353-353 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01027117
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    Back analysis of tunnel lining deformation: Development and application of passive resistance method (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 71-79 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01019870
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    Elastic stress and strain in jointed rock masses by means of crack tensor analysis (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 89-112 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Summary An elastic stress-strain relation is formulated in terms of crack tensors which makes it possible to take into account explicitly the effect of joints on elastic behavior of rock masses. The present study is to discuss some related topics which may be encountered in its practical application. Two problems are solved by incorporating the elastic stress-strain relation into a program for three-dimensional finite element analyses; i. e., stress concentration by surface loading and displacement by excavation of an intersecting tunnel. Validity of the results is checked by comparing them with a laboratory model test and a field test, with the following conclusions: The overall distribution of stress definitely depends on a joint stiffness ratio (i. e., normal stiffness to shear stiffness). If the ratio is chosen as unity, the stress concentration occurs mainly in the direction parallel to major joints. If the ratio is high, say 10, then the stress concentrates along the perpendicular as well as the parallel directions to major joints. It can be said, on the basis of the fairly good agreement of the calculations using the high stiffness ratio with the field and laboratory measurements, that the elastic solution by crack tensors provides a practical tool for estimating the stress and strain in strongly jointed rock masses.
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    The squeezing potential of rocks around tunnels; Theory and prediction (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 137-163 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The deformational behaviour of tunnels, which underwent large deformations, socalled squeezing, have been recently receiving great attention in the field of rock mechanics and tunnelling. Contrary to rockbursting phenomenon in which the deformation of the medium takes place instantaneously, the deformation of the surrounding rock in squeezing phenomenon takes place slowly and gradually when the resulting stress state following the excavation exceeds the strength of the surrounding medium. Although there are some proposals for the definition of squeezing rocks and prediction of their squeezing potential and deformations of tunnels in literature, it is difficult to say that they are concise and appropriate. In the first half of this paper, the squeezing phenomenon of rock about tunnels and its mechanism and associated factors are clarified by studying carefully observed failures in-situ and laboratory model tests. Then, an extensive survey of tunnels in squeezing rocks in Japan is presented and the results of this survey are summarised. In the second half of the paper, a new method is proposed to predict the squeezing potential and deformations of tunnels in squeezing rock. Then, the method is applied to actual tunnelling projects, where squeezing problems have been encountered, to check its validity and applicability. As a concrete example, an application of the method to predict the squeezing potential and deformations of the rock along a 300 m long section of an actual tunnel was made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023620
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    Effects of couplants on acoustic transmission (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 63-69 
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    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01019869
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    Basic consideration on storage of compressed natural gas in rock chambers (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 1-27 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Compressed gas energy storage (CGES) works with gas in the gas phase and not in the liquid phase, thus avoiding the necessity of temperatures below 0° C. The paper discusses fundamental aspects of the two possible concepts of gas storage in rock: in lined and unlined chambers. Emphasis is placed on the rock engineering problems associated with the design of such schemes. It becomes clear, however, that the thermodynamic background, the operational aspects and safety concerns strongly interact with rock mechanics considerations.
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    Announcements (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 87-87 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01019872
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    Interpretation of indirect tensile strength tests when moduli of deformation in compression and in tension are different (1993)
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 183-189 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023622
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    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 26 (1993), S. 193-193 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023624
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    A penetration test to evaluate wood decay and its application to the Loggia monument (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 8-14 
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    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Quand on se trouve confronté aux problèmes de restauration et de consolidation de poutres de bois soutenant les planchers et toitures de monuments historiques et de maisons en maçonnerie ancienne, il convient d’évaluer avec sûreté l’altération du bois. Les techniques dont on se sert habituellement demandent le prélèvement d’échantillons, des essais de laboratoire, une analyse radiographique ou ultrasonique; d’autre part, les essais in situ s’appuient en général sur une technique lde terrain, et fournissent seulement quelques informations qualitatives sur l’état du bois. Dans ce travail, on propose une méthode et une technique opératoire qui permettent d’effectuer un essai de pénétration que l’on peut considérer comme une extension de l’essai de pénétration dynamique utilisé pour les études de sol. Le principe de cette technique réside dans la pénétration d’une tige graduée qui avance grâce aux rebonds répétés d’un marteau. On a effectué une étude préliminaire pour trouver et mettre au point l’appareillage le mieux adapté. On s’est également efforcé d’établir une corrélation entre la résistance à la flexion du bois et les résultats de l’essai de pénétration. La courbe de corrélation pour le bois de sapin semble donner un résultat sérieux. Cette technique, proposée et adoptée pour une vaste étude menée sur la voûte en bois du Palazzo della Loggia, un bâtiment du 16ème siècle de Brescia, a fourni des indications utiles sur l’étendue et la profondeur de l’altération de la structure portante en bois.
    Notes: Abstract Facing the problem of restoration and consolidation of wooden beam floors and roofs of historical buildings and ancient masonry houses, it is important to evaluate wood decay in a reliable way. The techniques usually adopted require the taking of samples, laboratory tests, radiographs or ultrasound analysis, while tests in situ are usually based on yard practice and generally give only some qualitative information about wood condition. In the present work a method and an operative technique are proposed which make penetration measurements possible. The test can be regarded as an extension of the dynamic penetration test used for soil investigation and it is based on the pentration of a graduated rod, which advances by means of repeated blows of a rebound hammer. A preliminary study was done to identify and prepare the most suitable equipment. An attempt to find a possible correlation between wood flexural strength and penetration test results was also done and the correlation curve for spruce wood seems to give a reliable result. This technique was proposed and adopted for a broadbased investigation of the roof vault of the Palazzo della Loggia, a 16th century building in Brescia (Italy), and it gave useful indications of the extent and depth of the decay of the supporting wood structure.
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    Draft recommendation forin situ concrete strength determination by combined non-destructive methods (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 43-49 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02472237
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    RILEM Workshops (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 53-55 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02472239
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    Application of microcomputers in the retrieval and processing of data in the study of the durability of reinforced concrete (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 587-593 
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    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Cet article donne un exemple de l'utilisation de micro-ordinateurs dans l'étude de la durabilité du béton armé dans lequel des grains de silice de l'ordre du micromètre ont été utilisés pour remplacer une partie du ciment Portland ordinaire. Une balance thermogravimétrique, un appareil de propagation alimenté électriquement, un appareil de mesure de la corrosion et un porosimètre à mercure ont été connectés au réseau informatique. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été regroupés dans un système de traitement de données pour l'analyse. Un nombre total de 96 mesures différentes a été effectué et 9 propriétés supplémentaires ont été calculées. Une analyse statistique de variance et de régression multiple a permis la détermination de l'effet de paramètres de base sur les propriétés de durabilité du béton à base de grains de silice.
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an example of the use of microcomputers in the study of the durability of reinforced concrete in which silica fume was used to replace part of the ordinary Portland cement. A thermogravimetric balance, a voltage-driven permeation apparatus, a corrosion apparatus and a mercury intrusion porosimeter were connected to the computer network. The data obtained from the experiments were assembled into a ‘spreadsheet’ for analysis. A total of 96 different measurements were made and a further nine properties calculated. Statistical analysis of variance and multiple regression allowed the determination of the effect of basic parameters on the durability properties of silica fume concrete.
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    Building to last into the future (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 65-66 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02472852
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    Random particle model for concrete based on Delaunay triangulation (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Cette publication traite d’une méthode de simulation efficace pour l’obtention d’un modèle à particules aléatoires pour le béton. On donne d’abord un aperçu de la méthode ‘prenez-et-placez’ et de son extension, la méthode du ‘procédé de placement dirigé’. La méthode prenez-et-placez produit un modèle numérique à troi dimensions. On réalise la structure composite en plaçant les granulats dans un ordre de grosseur décroissante. Les principles qui sont à l’origine de cette méthode sont d’une simplicité remarquable. Néanmoins on n’obtient de bons résultats qu’à l’aide d’un ordinateur assez puissant, même en considérant le ‘procédé de placement dirigé’. Ce procédé, qui est une forme primaire d’intelligence artificielle, tient compte des zones occupées pour la sélection de la position des granulats. Une méthode nouvelle qui, de plus, permet l’utilisation d’un PC ordinaire, est la méthode ‘divisez-et-remplissez’. Cette méthode donne un modèle de simulation à deux dimensions et procède en deux étapes. D’abord, on divise la section en triangles de Delaunay. Ensuite, on remplit ces triangles de particules en tenant compte de la distribution granulométrique et de la teneur en gravier. La courbe granulométrique bidimensionnelle peut être calculée facilement à partir de la courbe tridimensionnelle. La triangulation de Delaunay peut être réalisée sur la base d’un algorithme ‘divisez-et-vainquez’, avec un procédé dit ‘bubble’ et contrôle ‘swap’. La méthode divisez-et-remplissez donne quasi automatiquement un maillage d’éléments finis. La géométrie des granulats naturels roulés peut être décrite par une loi morphologique, basée sur la méthode développée par Beddow et Meloy.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, an efficient simulation method for obtaining a random particle model for concrete is outlined. First, the ‘take-and-place method’ and its extension, the ‘directed searching process’, are discussed briefly and the shortcomings are indicated. A new method, the ‘divide-and-fill method’, appears to be more convenient, especially when only a small computer is used. In this simulation method the available space (two-dimensional) is divided in separate areas, using a Delaunay triangulation. These areas are filled with particles taking into account a given grading curve and gravel content. Comparison with physical concrete sections, obtained by means of image analysis, shows that the results of this method closely represent reality. The divide-and-fill method also yields a finite-element mesh in a quasi-automatic way.
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    Activity report 1987–1992 (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 111-119 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02472858
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    RILEM workshop—Concrete technology in the future (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 124-128 
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    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This summary paper describes very briefly the facts and results concerning the workshop in question. The results of ‘short visions’ and working groups have quite a degree of overlap. These have, however, been presented separately because these two phases of the workshop had a totally different character.
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    Matériaux hétérogènes: analyse expérimentale de la localisation et de l’influence de la taille des hétérogénéités sur le comportement en traction (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 136-143 
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    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The mechanical behaviour of ordinary concrete depends on the spatial distribution of heterogeneities. One of the direct consequences of this random distribution of its constituents is the localization of deformation (damage) that appears when concrete is subjected to direct tension. The zone in which damage localizes can be characterized by a parameter lc called the characteristic length. This parameters is found to be between four and six times the maximum aggregate grain size in the case of microconcrete and concrete. The correlation between the peak stress or fracture energy and the size of the aggregate is established.
    Notes: Abstract Le comportement du béton est fortement guidé par la distribution spatiale des hétérogénéités. L’une des conséquences de cette répartition aléatoire des constituant est la localisation des déformations lors d’essais de traction. Lazone où se localisent les déformations peut être caractérisée par un paramètre, lc appelé longueur caractéristique. Cette étude montre que ce paramètre dépend de la taille des hétérogénéités et peut être, dans le cas des bétons et microbétons, estimé entre quatre et six fois la dimension du plus gros granulat. La dépendance entre la valeur de la contrainte de pic ou l’énergie de rupture et la taille des agrégats a également été retrouvée au cours de ce travail.
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    The RILEM Strategic Workshop MADRID II (1993)
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    Materials and structures 26 (1993), S. 121-123 
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    ISSN: 1359-5997
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Conclusions It can be seen that many fundamental issues were addressed during the RILEM Madrid Workshop II. This is a healthy situation and one that is likely to lead to valuable changes in the future work programme and in the service that is provided that will be of considerable interest and of real benefit to current members and potential new members of RILEM. As expressed earlier, this note is only a preliminary taste of what will finally result from the Madrid deliberations and during the next meetings of the TAC and the Bureau the future direction of RILEM during the next few years is likely to be more clearly determined. This will be debated at the next General Council Meeting and surely will lead to another successful period in RILEM’s history.
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