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  • Articles  (32)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (32)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (17)
  • Hordeum  (15)
  • Springer  (32)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Blackwell Publishing
  • 1980-1984  (32)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (32)
  • 1925
  • Biology  (32)
Collection
  • Articles  (32)
Source
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (32)
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (32)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Blackwell Publishing
Years
  • 1980-1984  (32)
  • 1925-1929
Year
Topic
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorophyll protein ; Hordeum ; Photosynthesis (light harvesting) ; Poly(A)RNA ; Polysomes ; Thylakoid membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polysomes from dark-grown and illuminated barley seedlings were translated in cell-free systems. The translation products reacting with the antibody against the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that, in addition to the precursor protein of LHCP, a product was obtained that co-migrated with the mature protein. Furthermore, the results show that the light-induced proly(A)RNA for LHCP is integrated into the polysomal complex without delay, indicating that the integration of LHCP into the membrane is controlled at a higher level of gene expression.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carbohydrates (in roots) ; Hordeum ; Malate ; Nitrate reductase activity ; Temperature (and nitrate reductase activity)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There was a large increase in nitrate reductase activity (NAR) assayed both in vivo and in vitro in roots of barley plants (cv. Midas_ grown with roots at 10°C and shoots at 20°C, compared with whole plants grown at 20°C. There were diurnal fluctuations in NRA in roots from both treatments, but they were much greater in roots grown at 20°C, where NRA fell to a very low value in the dark period. The diurnal fluctuations in the malate content of the roots were also related to the root growth temperature. Plants with roots grown at the lower temperature had a higher malate content, especially in the dark period where it was 20 times greater than in plants with roots at 20°C. At all times there was a three-fold increase in soluble carbohydrate in cooled roots and diurnal fluctuations were much less pronounced than those of malate. Growth at low temperatures increased the total flux of amino N into the xylem sap and increased the proportion of reduced N in the total N flux. At certain times of day both 10°C- and 20°C-grown roots responded to exogeneous malate by increasing the flux of amino acid into the xylem sap, although this effect was always more pronounced in 20°C-grown roots.
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  • 3
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    Planta 149 (1980), S. 149-154 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Germination (seeds) ; Hordeum ; Proline ; Reserve mobilization (seeds) ; Seed germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In germinating grains of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya, free proline accumulated in the starchy endosperm during the period of rapid mobilization of reserve proteins. When starchy endosperms were separated from germinating grains and homogenized in a dilute buffer of pH 5 (the pH of the starchy endosperm), the liberation of proline continued in these suspensions. The process was completely inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, indicating that it was totally dependent on serine carboxy-peptidases. The carboxypeptidases present in the starchy endosperms of germinating grains were fractionated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Four peaks were obtained, all with different activity spectra on the seven carbobenzoxydipeptides (Z-dipeptides) tested. Two of the peaks corresponded to previously known barley carboxypeptidases; these as well as a third peak hydrolyzed substrates of the types Z-X-Y and Z-X-Pro (X and Y denote any amino acid residue except proline). The fourth peak corresponded to a proline carboxypeptidase specific for substrates of the Z-Pro-X type. Apparently, in the hydrolysis of longer proline-containing peptides there must be sequential cooperation between the two carboxypeptidase types. The carboxypeptidases in extracts of starchy endosperms also liberated proline from the peptides Ala-Ala-Ala-Pro and Ala-Ala-Pro while Ala-Pro and Pro-Ala were not attacked. The dipeptides, however, were rapidly hydrolyzed around pH 7 by extracts prepared from the scutella of germinating grains. It is concluded that one part of the proline residues of the reserve proteins is liberated in situ in the starchy endosperm through the combined action of acid proteinases and carboxypeptidases, while another part is taken up in the form of small peptides by the scutellum, where proline is liberated by amino- and/or dipeptidases in some “neutral compartment”.
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  • 4
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    Planta 149 (1980), S. 252-256 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glycolate oxidase ; Hordeum ; Phytochrome ; Peroxisomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The attachment of glycolate oxidase to the peroxisomal fraction derived from etiolated barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L. cr. Dvir) is affected by light. The effect of red irradiation is reversed by subsequent far-red irradiation, indicating the involvement of phytochrome. This phytochrome effect is assumed to be related to phytochrome binding. Indeed, prevention by filipin (1.2·10-6 mol g-1 f wt) or cholesterol of phytochrome binding to membranes abolishes the effect of light on the interaction between glycolate oxidase and the peroxisomal fraction. Glycolate oxidase binding is affected by addition of quasi-ionophores such as gramicidin and filipin at a concentration of 0.6·10-3 mol g-1 f wt. This fact indicates that peroxisome-glycolate oxidase interaction may be affected by membrane potential. Since both ion transport and membrane potential are known to be affected by phytochrome, it is proposed that phytochrome acts in the light-induced modulation of glycolate oxidase attachment as a quasi-ionophore.
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  • 5
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    Planta 149 (1980), S. 262-268 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Hordeum ; Polyribosomes ; Protein synthesis ; RNA ; Seeds ; Storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membrane-bound polysomes were isolated from developing endosperms of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and shown to support the synthesis of trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material by an in vitro wheat germ protein synthesis system. The mRNA associated with the polysomes was separated from the ribosomes by affinity chromatography on oligo-dT cellulose and was also shown to support in vitro protein synthesis. The poly-A+ RNA isolated contained material of between 0.55 and 2.55 kilobases in length with about 6% poly A. The products of in vitro protein synthesis resembled hordeins (the prolamin storage proteins of the barley endosperm) in that they were predominantly soluble in 55% propan-2-ol, contained a low proportion of lysine as compared with leucine and had similar, but not identical, electrophoretic properties. The differences in the electrophoretic behaviour between the products of poly-A+ RNA translation and authentic hordeins is suggested to be due to the presence of an extra (leader?) sequence on the former.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorophyll-protein ; Hordeum ; Leaf development ; Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein ; mRNA ; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of genes in particular for light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) has been studied in the developing barley leaf. This has been done by analysis of the occurrence of both proteins within the different regions (1 to 6, beginning from the base) of the primary 7-day-old leaf. It has been found that LHCP already appears in the base of the leaf, whereas RuBPCase is primarily expressed in the apical expanding part of the leaf. The distribution of the mRNAs for both proteins within this gradient is in accordance with that of the proteins themselves, indicating that gene expression is not regulated at the level of translation in both cases. The poly(A) mRNA for LHCP occurs mainly in the basic sections 2 and 3, whereas that for RuBPCase is found throughout the leaf but primarily in the apical sections of the leaf.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Cotyledons ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Ferritin labeling ; Immunocytochemistry ; Phaseolus ; Protein (reserve) ; Reserve protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the storage parenchyma cells of the cotyledons of developing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds was examined in ultrathin frozen sections of specimens fixed in a mixture of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and acrolein, infused with 1 M sucrose, and sectioned at-80° C. Ultrastructural preservation was excellent and the various subcellular organelles could readily be identified in sections which had been stained with uranyl acetate and embedded in Carbowax and methylcellulose. The cells contained large protein bodies, numerous long endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, mitochondria, dictyosomes, and electron-dense vesicles ranging in size from 0.2 to 1.0 μm. Indirect immunolabelling using rabbit immunoglobulin G against purified phaseolin (7S reserve protein), and ferritin-conjugated goat immunoglobulin G against rabbit immunoglobulin G was used to localize phaseolin. With a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml of anti-phaseolin immunoglobin G, heavy labeling with ferritin particles was observed ober the protein bodies, the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, and the vesicles. The same structures were lightly labeled when the concentration of the primary antigen was 0.02 mg/ml. Ferritin particles were also found over the Golgi bodies. The absence of ferritin particles from other organelles such as mitochondria and from areas of cytoplasm devoid of organelles indicated the specificity of the staining, especially at the lower concentration of anti-phaseolin immunoglobulin G.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Carbohydrates (in roots) ; Hordeum ; Malate ; Nitrate reductase activity ; Temperature (and nitrate reductase activity)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There was a large increase in nitrate reductase activity (NAR) assayed both in vivo and in vitro in roots of barley plants (cv. Midas_ grown with roots at 10°C and shoots at 20°C, compared with whole plants grown at 20°C. There were diurnal fluctuations in NRA in roots from both treatments, but they were much greater in roots grown at 20°C, where NRA fell to a very low value in the dark period. The diurnal fluctuations in the malate content of the roots were also related to the root growth temperature. Plants with roots grown at the lower temperature had a higher malate content, especially in the dark period where it was 20 times greater than in plants with roots at 20°C. At all times there was a three-fold increase in soluble carbohydrate in cooled roots and diurnal fluctuations were much less pronounced than those of malate. Growth at low temperatures increased the total flux of amino N into the xylem sap and increased the proportion of reduced N in the total N flux. At certain times of day both 10°C- and 20°C-grown roots responded to exogeneous malate by increasing the flux of amino acid into the xylem sap, although this effect was always more pronounced in 20°C-grown roots.
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  • 9
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    Planta 150 (1980), S. 58-69 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Aleurone ; α-Amylase ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Hordeum ; Organelle isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Techniques for the isolation and purification of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from aleurone layers of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were assessed. Neither differential centrifugation nor density gradient centrifugation of a homogenate separate the ER or other organelles of this tissue from the lipidcontaining spherosomes. Isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation of organelles first purified by molecular sieve chromatography on Sepharose 4B, however, results in separation of the organelles based on their differing buoyant densities. Manipulation of the magnesium concentration of the isolation media and density-gradient solutions affords isolation of ER at a density of 1.13–1.14 g cc-1 and 1.17–1.18 g cc-1. Electron microscopy shows that the membranes sedimenting at 1.13–1.14 g cc-1 are devoid of ribosomes and are characteristic of smooth ER, while those sedimenting at 1.17–1.18 g cc-1 are studded with ribosomes and have the features of rough ER. Endoplasmic reticulum isolated by isopycnic density gradient centrifugation can be further purified by rate-zonal centrifugation.
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  • 10
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    Planta 150 (1980), S. 70-81 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Aleurone ; α-Amylase ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Gibberellin ; Hordeum ; Organelle isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the level of the endoplasmicreticulum (ER) marker enzyme cytochrome-c reductase (EC 1.6.2.1) were followed with time of imbibition of de-embryonated half-seeds of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the subsequent incubation of their aleurone layers in gibberellic acid (GA3) and H2O. During imbibition there is an increase in the level of cytochrome-c-reductase activity and in the amount of 280-nm absorbance associated with this enzyme. When aleurone layers are incubated for a further 42 h in water, there is a doubling of the cytochrome-c-reductase activity. In GA3, the activity of cytochrome-c reductase reaches a maximum at 24 h of incubation and thereafter falls to below 70% of its level at the beginning of the incubation period. Changes in the cytochrome-c-reductase activity correlate with changes in the fine structure of the aleurone cell. The ER isolated in low Mg2+ from aleurone layers incubated in buffer for up to 18 h has buoyant density of 1.13–1.14 g cc-1 while that from layers incubated in GA3 for 7.5–18 h has a density of 1.11–1.12 g cc-1. The α-amylase (EC3.2.1.1) isolated with the organelle fraction by Sepharose gel filtration is associated with the ER on isopycnic and rate-zonal density gradients, and its activity can be enhanced by Triton X-100. The soluble α-amylase fraction from Separose-4B columns, on the other hand, is not Triton-activated but is acid-labile. Acid phosphatase (EC3.1.3.2) is distributed in at least three peaks on isopycnic gradients. In low Mg2+ the second peak of activity has a density of 1.12 g cc-1 in GA3-treated tissue and 1.13–1.14 g cc-1 in H2O-treated tissue. With high-Mg2+ buffers, this peak of phosphatase activity disappears. Acid-phosphatase activity is not enhanced by Triton X-100 nor is it acid-labile.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Etioplast ; Gibberellin ; Hordeum ; Phytochrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Data are presented confirming that purified barley etioplasts contain, or have associated with them, consistently detectable amounts of photoreversible phytochrome. Etioplasts, separated from mitochondrial contamination by sucrose gradient centrifugation, respond in vitro to red light treatment by an increase in the level of extractable gibberellin-like substances. It is concluded that earlier reports of the substances. It is concluded that earlier reports of the phytochrome regulation of biologically-active gibberellin levels in crude plastid fractions represent responses of the etioplast alone.
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  • 12
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 412-416 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: α-Glucan ; Hordeum ; Starch synthetase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of soluble starch synthetase (ADP-glucose: α-1,4-glucan α-4-glucosyltransferase) in the non-purified extract from 16 day-old Bomi barley endosperms (Hordeum vulgare L.) was low and the reaction was non-linear when plotted against protein concentration. Starch synthetase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography and separated into four fractions. In the absence of an added carbohydrate primer two of the four fractions catalized the synthesis of a methanol-precipitable α-glucan when high concentrations of sodium citrate and bovine serum albumim were added. The rate of α-glucan synthesis by the unprimed reaction was higher than for the primed reaction. The four enzyme fractions were active with ADP-Glc, but not with UDP-Glc, both in the primed and in the unprimed reaction.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorophyll protein ; Hordeum ; Photosynthesis (light harvesting) ; Poly(A)RNA ; Polysomes ; Thylakoid membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polysomes from dark-grown and illuminated barley seedlings were translated in cell-free systems. The translation products reacting with the antibody against the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that, in addition to the precursor protein of LHCP, a product was obtained that co-migrated with the mature protein. Furthermore, the results show that the light-induced proly(A)RNA for LHCP is integrated into the polysomal complex without delay, indicating that the integration of LHCP into the membrane is controlled at a higher level of gene expression.
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  • 14
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    Planta 148 (1980), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Hordeum ; Ion localization ; Ion uptake ; Plasmolysis ; Symplast uptake (ions)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics and localization of Rb+ uptake by barley roots were studied as function of the water potential of the medium. At potentials causing plasmolysis, uptake is reduced and becomes restricted to the outer surface of the root. The conclusion is that, at least for Rb+ in the range of low external concentrations (〈1 mM), the mature root cortex has little if any primary absorption1 capacity. Therefore, the apoplasmic pathway is of little or no significance for radial transport, which occurs by primary absorption at the epidermis and — perhaps — hypodermis followed by symplasmis transport to and through the cortex. Young cortex cells possess a primary absorption capacity comparable to that of the epidermis, but this feature is (largely) lost during differentiation.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Betaine ; Hordeum ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The glycine betaine which accumulated in shoots of young barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) during an episode of water stress did not undergo net destruction upon relief of stress, but its distribution among plant organs changed. During stress, betaine accumulated primarily in mature leaves, whereas it was found mainly in young leaves after rewatering. Well-watered, stressed, and stressed-rewatered plants were supplied with [methyl-14C]betaine (8.5 nmol) via an abraded spot on the second leaf blade, and incubated for 3 d. In all three treatments the added 14C migrated more or less extensively from the second leaf blade, but was recovered quantitatively from various plant organs in the form of betaine; no labeled degradation products were found in any organ. When 0.5 μmol of [methyl-14C]betaine was applied via an abraded spot to the second leaf blades of well-watered, mildly-stressed, and stressed-rewatered plants, 14C was translocated out of the blades at velocities of about 0.2–0.3 cm/min which were similar to velocities found for applied [14C]sucrose. Heat-girdling of the sheath prevented export of [14C]betaine from the blade. When 0.5 μmol [3H]sucrose and 0.5 μmol [14C]betaine were suppled simultaneously to second leaf blades, the 3H/14C ratio in the sheath tissue was the same as that of the supplied mixture. After supplying tracer [14C]betaine aldehyde (the immediate precursor of betaine) to the second leaf blade, the 14C which was translocated into the sheath was in the form of betaine. Thus, betaine synthesized by mature leaves during stress behaves as an inert end product and upon rewatering is translocated to the expanding leaves, most probably via the phloem. Accordingly, it is suggested that the level of betaine in a barley plant might serve as a useful cumulative index of the water stress experienced during growth.
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  • 16
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    Planta 150 (1980), S. 426-430 
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Chlorophyll a/b protein, synthesis ; Hordeum ; Light-harvesting chlorophyll protein ; Phytochrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of light on the biosynthesis of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) is investigated in wild-type barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and in the chlorophyll b-less mutant chlorina f2. In dark-grown plants a short red light pulse triggers the appearance of mRNA activity for the LHCP. While the accumulation of this mRNA is controlled by phytochrome (Apel (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 97, 183–188), the red light treatment is not sufficient to induce the appearance of the LHCP within the membrane. Thus, at least one of the subsequent steps in the biosynthetic pathway leading to the assembly of the LHCP is controlled by light. The red light-induced mRNA is taken up into the polysomes during the subsequent dark period and is translated in vitro in a cell-free protein synthesizing system. However, an accumulation of the freshly synthesized polypeptide within the plant is not observed. The apparent instability of the polypeptide might be explained by the deficiency of chlorophyll in the red light-treated plants. In the chlorophyll b-less barley mutant chlorina f2 an accumulation of the freshly synthesized apoprotein of the LHCP can be observed in the light. Thus, chlorophyll a formation seems to be a light-dependent step which is required for the stabilization of the LHCP.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ; Rana temporaria ; Somatostatin-containing neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of the frog Rana temporaria was studied at the light microscopic level with the use of a double immunocytochemical staining method. The telencephalon, diencephalon and rhombencephalon contain somatostatin perikarya and fibers. In the telencephalon, the location of the somatostatin neurons largely corresponds to that of mammals. In the hypothalamus, the somatostatin perikarya are located in and near the magnocellular preoptic nucleus and also in the pars ventralis of the tuber cinereum. Like the somatostatin neurons of the rat hypothalamus, they form a separate subpopulation, different from the neurons producing neurohypophysial hormones. In Rana, somatostatin neurons are also present in (as well as in the vicinity of) the subfornical organ, in the thalamus, the tectum opticum, the interpeduncular nucleus and the caudal end of the roof of the calamus scriptorius. A precise localization of the perikarya of most somatostatin fibers, including those found in the median eminence and the neural lobe, was not attained.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 355-365 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LRH neurons ; Prosimians (Tupaia, Galago) ; Fluorescence ; microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reactive LRH neurons were characterized in prosimians (Tupaia and Galago) by immunofluorescence using rabbit immunesera against unconjugated synthetic LRH, or LRH conjugated with bovine serum albumin. These neurons, which vary individually in number in one species, are mainly concentrated in the rostral hypothalamus (medial preoptic area and anterior hypothalamic area) and in the lamina terminalis. In contrast to the simians and man, immunoreactive perikarya were not routinely found in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the prosimians investigated in the present study. Reactive axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract are more numerous and conspicuous in the retrochiasmatic area and in the postinfundibular eminence. They give rise to radiating collaterals ending mainly around the capillaries of the primary portal plexus of the median eminence and of the infundibular stem (where they are generally more numerous). Reactive axons of the preopticoterminal tract, originating from the perikarya of the lamina terminalis, end around the capillaries of the vascular organ or below and between the ependymal cells lining its ventricular side. In Galago a small but very distinct tract of reactive axons runs under the optic chiasma, between the lamina terminalis and the ventral labium of the infundibulum. Very fine reactive extrahypothalamic axons were observed in the posterior part of the habenular ganglia, along the preamygdaloid portion of the stria terminalis and along the blood vessels of the parolfactory area.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 331-343 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut hormones ; Endocrine cells ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Peptidergic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods were used in light and electron microscopical studies to demonstrate the presence of a neuroendocrine system in the gut of the urodele, Salamandra salamandra. Cytochemical stains capable of detecting peptide-producing endocrine cells demonstrate cells reacting with Masson's silver (argentaffin) method, Grimelius' argyrophil silver method, masked metachromasia method and the lead haematoxylin stain. Using antisera raised to a variety of mammalian gut peptides, cells containing bombesin-, gastrin-, somatostatin-, substance P- and glucagon-like immunoreactivity were identified; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivities were found in nerve fibres in the submucous and myenteric plexus. No immunoreactivity was detected for motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin or secretin. The ultrastructure of the immunoreactive cells and nerves was revealed by the semithin/thin method. All the cells identified contained numerous electrondense secretory granules, which varied in their chracteristic morphological structure from one cell type to another. The evidence collected in this study indicates that a complex neuroendocrine system regulating gut function is present in this amphibian and may have developed prior to the emergence of the phylum.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus (rat) ; Differentiation ; Transplant ; Histofluorescence ; Immunocytochemistry ; Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hypothalamic tissue from 16 to 18-day fetal rats was transplanted onto the choroidal pia overlying the superior colliculus in adult female rats. After survival periods of 2 weeks to 19 months, brains containing transplants were processed for monoamine fluorescence histochemistry, immunohistochemistry for three neuropeptides (LHRH, somatostatin, neurophysin), or for autoradiography in ovariectomized hosts that received [3H] estradiol. Most of the transplants survived and retained or increased in size; 14 of 25 transplants examined by fluorescence histochemistry were found to contain median eminence-like structures. In almost all of the transplants that were stained for neuropeptides, beaded processes and occasional cell bodies were observed. Although immunoreactive fibers were found near blood vessels, no palisade arrangement typical of the normal median eminence was evident. Each of the hypothalamic transplants on which steroid autoradiography was performed contained clusters of estrophilic neurons, the intensity of labeling of which was comparable to that seen in the host hypothalamus. These results indicate that many characteristic morphological and chemical features of the hypothalamus, which are not evident in the 16 to 18-day fetus, are elaborated in transplants during the survival period in the host. Transplantation of fetal hypothalamus to adult choroidal pia thus appears to be a valuable approach for studying the factors, humoral or neural, that regulate the differentiation of this brain region.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipolytic peptide B ; Pituitary ; ACTH/MSH cells ; Brain ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Several lipid-mobilizing peptides occur in the pituitary, among them β-lipotropin and “lipolytic peptide A and peptide B”. The latter two peptides are distinct from β-lipotropin and appear to be chemically related to the neurophysins. Immunohistochemistry has now revealed that the lipolytic peptide B of the pituitary is localized in the ACTH- and MSH-cells. In addition, immunoreactive peptide B was found in axons of the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Immunoreactive peptide B was found also in nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus, particularly in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and in the magnocellular neuronal system. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were numerous also in the periventricular nucleus of the thalamus. The antiserum against peptide B cross-reacts with neurophysin I, and hence, it cannot be excluded that at least part of the immunostaining in the brain reflects the presence of the latter component. However, the regional distribution of immunoreactive peptide B and neurophysin was not identical. Therefore, it is possible that authentic peptide B occurs not only in the pituitary but also in the brain.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like material ; Immunocytochemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Neurosecretory cells ; Calliphora erythrocephala
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala, has been studied by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method, with the use of antibodies to bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP). A number of immunoreactive neurones have been localised, some corresponding to neurones previously identified tentatively as neurosecretory. This finding is further evidence that biologically active peptides, previously considered to be “vertebrate”, also exist in invertebrates. It also supports the concept of their evolutionary origin in nervous tissue.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesotocin neurons ; Vasotocin neurons ; Avian hypothalamus ; Preoptic area ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory systems producing mesotocin (MT) and vasotocin (VT) (the avian homologues of oxytocin and vasopressin, respectively) were characterized in the brains of the domestic mallard and Japanese quail by means of indirect immunofluorescence techniques using specific antisera. In the anterior preoptic region, including the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, and at different levels of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, separate mesotocin- and vasotocin-producing neurons were identified. Mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic neurons were also located in the tuberomammillary area, among the ectomammillary tract fibers. The supraoptico-neurohypophysial tract, formed by vasotocin- and mesotocincontaining axons, enters the internal zone of the median eminence and ends in the posterior lobe of the pituitary. The external zone of the rostral median eminence appears to contain vasotocin and mesotocin fibers, which terminate in close contact with the capillaries of the hypophysial portal system.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myosin ; Intestinal epithelium ; Brush border ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Myosin was localized in rat intestinal epithelium by means of indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy (unlabeled antibody peroxidase method), using a specific antibody to myosin from chicken gizzard. Immunoreactivity was localized in the apical cytoplasm, where it was concentrated along the rootlets of the microvillar filament bundles and in the terminal web. A model of microvillar contraction is proposed.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 499-505 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin-immunoreactive elements ; Brain ; Lizard ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of the lizard, Ctenosauria pectinata, was studied light microscopically using an immunocytochemical staining method that is specific for neurohypophysial hormones and somatostatin. It was shown that the telencephalon and particularly the diencephalon contain somatostatin-producing perikarya, while somatostatinergic fibers occur in the entire brain. Similar to the situation in other vertebrates, somatostatin neurons in Ctenosauria pectinata form a population distinct from the neurohypophysial hormone-producing neurons. The small-sized somatostatin neurons were found in the cortex and the hypopallium of the telencephalon, and in two distinct clusters in the diencephalon: (1) ventral from, and partially overlapping with, the classical neurosecretory para ventricular nucleus; and (2) in the region of the infundibular (tuberal) nucleus. Somatostatin fibers were found among the classical neurosecretory fibers of the supraoptico-paraventricular system (tract, median eminence, neural lobe), near to and within the epiphysis, in the septum, in the vicinity of the tectum opticum and the cerebellum, and in the tegmentum.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Immunocytochemistry ; ACTH ; Lepidosiren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The histological features and distribution of cell types in the distal lobe of Lepidosiren resemble those of Protopterus. Three “basophilic” cell types are described, whereas the identification of two acidophilic cell types is uncertain. In the intermediate lobe two cell types have been found. Anti-(1–24) ACTH IgG was used in the unlabeled antibody-enzyme method to identify corticotropin-containing cells in the adenohypophysis of Lepidosiren with light and electron microscopy. Corticotropin was demonstrated in cells of the distal lobe and the intermediate lobe. The staining reaction in the distal lobe is localized in the rostrally distributed lead-hematoxylin positive cells. At the ultrastructural level the immunoreaction in these distal lobe cells is localized on polymorphic granules ranging from 130 to 210 nm. Absorption experiments show that the immunoreactive cells in the distal lobe contain at least residues 1–3 and 14–17 of the naturally occurring corticotropin hormone, while the intermediate lobe cells contain α-MSH or at least residues 1–3 of ACTH. The plasma level of corticotropin was determined to be 71 ng/l by means of radioimmunoassay (RIA).
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland ; Cell types ; Estrogen ; Autoradiography ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In vivo estrogen uptake was measured in five anterior pituitary cell types of the rat by a quantitative autoradiographic-immunocytochemical technique. In male and female rats that had been castrated and adrenalectomized for one day all five cell types showed nuclear concentration of label one hour after injection of 3H-estradiol. The order of labeling intensity was lactotropes 〉 somatotropes 〉 gonadotropes 〉 corticotropes 〉 thyrotropes. No significant overall sex difference in estrogen uptake was apparent although male pituitaries tended to take up slightly more. Physiological correlates to these data are discussed.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 365-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells ; Paracrine secretion ; Human pancreas ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pancreatic endocrine tumours
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells were studied in human endocrine pancreatic tumours and in normal human pancreata by immunohistochemical techniques and electron microscopy. The existence of long cytoplasmic processes was demonstrated both in tumours and normal tissue. These processes are in close contact with other endocrine cells or with acinar cells. This particular morphological aspect suggests that PP cells may control the function of other cells via paracrine secretion.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Brush border ; Epithelial cells ; Vitamin D ; Cell maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) was studied in relation to the age of the cell, in isolated epithelial cell populations removed from rat duodenum. Alkaline phosphatase and thymidine kinase activities were used as markers to characterize differentiated villus cells and undifferentiated (mitotically active) crypt cells, respectively. CaBP distribution along the length of the villus, as established by radioimmunoassay, appears as a gradient increasing from the crypt to the tip of the villus. CaBP concentration in cells is shown to be (i) negatively correlated with the thymidine kinase activity of cells, and (ii) positively correlated with the alkaline phosphatase activity of cells. This indicates that CaBP is absent in crypt cells and appears in differentiated cells with the development of the brush border. Thus CaBP, like alkaline phosphatase, can be considered as an indicator of enterocyte maturation. These data were also confirmed by studying the cellular localization of the protein. In addition both indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining methods reveal that antibody against CaBP decorates the terminal web, but not the microvilli of the brush border of mature absorptive cells. The results suggest that CaBP may act as a modulator of some Ca2+-mediated biochemical processes at the level of the enterocyte brush border.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; FMRF-amide ; Central nervous system ; Neurohormone ; Neurotransmitter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With an antiserum to the molluscan cardio-excitatory tetrapeptide FMRF-amide neurons and/or nerve fibers were immunocytochemically identified in the central nervous systems of a snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), some insects (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Periplaneta americana, Locusta migratoria, Pieris brassicae), a fish (Poecilia latipinna) and a mammal (mouse). The fact that immunoreactive material was observed in neurohaemal organs (corpora cardiaca of the insects) as well as in axon terminals ending on other neurons, seems to indicate that this peptide can function as a neurohormone and/or as a neurotransmitter. The results sustain the hypothesis that biologically active peptides have a wide distribution in the animal kingdom.
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  • 31
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 53-68 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peptidergic neuroendocrine system ; Domestic fowl ; Metenkephalin system ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the central nervous system of the male domestic fowl, met-enkephalin (ENK) immunoreactive perikarya and fiber tracts as well as extensive but sharply delimited fiber networks were visualized by means of the PAP technique. The most striking results were: (1) The demonstration of an association of ENK-containing structures with branchial nerves; (2) the spatial relationship of ENK-containing perikarya and fibers to somatostatin (SOM) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT)-immunoreactive systems; (3) the presence of dense and extensive ENK fiber networks within (a) the caudo-basal wall of the third ventricle and (b) the septal-preoptic area; in both regions mainly ENK fibers, but also SOM and AVT fibers, may cross to the contralateral side.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin ; Pancreas ; Neural crest cells ; Avian embryo ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The possibility that the somatostatin cells are derived from the neurectoderm has been questioned in avian embryos. Isotopic and isochronic transplantations of the neural primordium from quail into chick embryos were made at the vagal level (somites 1 to 7). Quail and chick cells can be distinguished by the structure of their nucleus. The somatostatin cells were characterized immunocytochemically. In no case did quail cells showing the immunological reaction originate from the neural crest.
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